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My Lecture Notes Have tutorial values Comply with research-based principles

for design Power Point presentation Concepts are presented visually with

many diagrams and pictures. They use visual aids (diagrams, pictures

etc.) and pictures are presented near each other on the page or screen.

The context is presented in the hierarchical way, details are indented

Important key words are highlighted or written in different color

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expanded by Jozef Goetz, 2008

Credits: Parts of the slides are based on slides created by textbook authors, Syed M. Sarwar, Robert Koretsky, Syed A. Sarwar

Jozef Goetz, 2009

3Objectives To explain what an operating system

is To describe briefly operating system

services To describe character and graphical

user interfaces - GUI To discuss different types of

operating systems To briefly describe the LINUX

operating system To describe briefly the history of the

LINUX operating system To provide an overview of the

different types of LINUX systems

Jozef Goetz, 2009

4What is an Operating System?

Primary purpose is to facilitate: Easy, efficient, fair, orderly and secure use of

hardware and software resources.

Allows users to employ application software, language libraries, system calls and program generation tools.

Two ways of viewing an operating system: Top-down – user view

E.g., The OS performs the task of dealing with complicated hardware resources and gives you a comprehensive and simple machine, ready to use.

In this way the OS provides a virtual machine Bottom up – system view

E.g., the OS decides how much space how much RAM space is to be allocated to a program before it is loaded and executed, use commands such as cp memo myLetters

In this was the OS can be viewed as a resource manager.

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Layered View of a Computer System

App. User’s Interface

App. Programmer's Interface

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6Operating System Services

1. Communication between processes• Process control

• Create, terminate processes• Allocate and free memory

2. Execution of a program3. Input and output operations

performed by programs• Device management

4. Manipulation of all types of files• File management

5. Management of users and security6. Error detection and reporting

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7Character Versus Graphical User Interface.

Character (Command Line) User Interface – CUI or CLI Input device (e.g., Keyboard is used to issue a

command) Efficient

A minimal layer of software is needed between you and your task on computer

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8Character Versus Graphical User Interface.

Graphical User Interface - GUI Input is taken from a point-and-click device.

Most popular desktop environments GNU (pronounced /gnu/) is a computer

operating system composed entirely of free software. Its name is a recursive acronym for GNU's Not Unix, which

was chosen because its design is Unix-like, but differs from Unix by being free software and by not containing any Unix code.

GNU was founded by Richard Stallman GNU - A set of programs written by the Free Software

Foundation to provide a Free UNIX framework. GNU is a large component of a Linux distribution.

Variants of the GNU operating system, which use the kernel called Linux, are now widely used;

though these systems are often referred to as “Linux”, they are more accurately called GNU/Linux systems.

GNU Network Object Model Environment – GNOME K Desktop Environment - KDE

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Types of Operating Systems

1. Single-user, single-process system (e.g. DOS)

2. Single-user, multiprocess system3. Multiuser, multiprocess system

1. The CPU can be moved from one process to another process - multiprogramming

2. multiprocess system increases resource utilization and system throughput

4. Time-sharing systems - Multiuser, multiprocess and interactive operating system OS

1. The CPU is switched from one process to another giving the impression of sole use of the system

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10The Development of the UNIX Operating System

Research Operating System UNIX Version 1 through UNIX Version 6

Developed and Written in C Releases distributed as C Source Code The design of the system allowed users to run

multiple processes concurrently and to connect these processes with streams.

AT& T System V Released in 1983

Berkley Software Distributions 3BSD and 4BSD

The History of Shells Bourne Shell, C Shell, Korn Shell.

Current and Future Developments - UNIX

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Web Resources

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What is Linux?

Linux is a clone of the operating system Unix, written from scratch by Linus Torvalds ’91 with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across the Net.

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Table 2.1 Web Resources (continued on next slide)

http://www.linuxbase.org/

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Table 2.1 Web Resources (continued from previous slide)

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Table 2.2 Major LINUX Distributions

Top Ten Distributions as of 11/19/09: http://distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=major

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Distribution of Linux If you're new to Linux, you don't want to

download the kernel - a component in a working Linux system.

Instead, you want what is called a distribution of Linux, which is a complete Linux system there are over 250 varieties of LINUX

There are numerous distributions available for download on the Internet as well as for purchase from various vendors http://www.linuxiso.org/

some are general-purpose, and some are optimized for specific uses.

mirrors of several distributions available at mirrors.kernel.org

To install Linux visit http://www.linux.org/docs/beginner/install.html

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Linux growthhttp://www.linuxdevices.com/ - Linux related articles http://www.apache.com/ - Apache’s projects Web sitehttp://www.gnu.org - GNU website

Linux growth in 2004- 2.5x the unit growth of all other major commercial

operating environments combined- Triple the revenue growth of all other major commercial

operating environments combined IBM is the Linux market leader

- 30% share vs. HP at 26% and vs. Dell at 15%- Took market share from both HP and Dell in Linux x86

revenue in 2004 (surpassing Dell for the first time) Linux in 2005

New 2.6 kernel addresses both scalability and linear performance issues

Linux 2.6.32 as 11/14/2009

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Linux growth Reliability remains outstanding

- Note: reliability is highly dependent on systems manufacturer

Availability/failover extensions can now be readily found

failover - the transfer of operation from a failed component (e.g., controller, disk drive) to a similar, redundant component to ensure uninterrupted data

flow and operability

LINUX can be received:- From Linux suppliers such as Red Hat, Novell (SuSE),

or other United Linux suppliers- From traditional hardware/software vendors such as

Sun and IBM- From point product failover software makers- From grid suppliers (in the form of distributed resource

management software)

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Linux growth Linux is, today, a solid enterprise-class environment

with a rich infrastructure ecosystem Needs improvement in packaged applications support value Linux over Windows in terms of

security, low cost, and reliability.”

Red Hat Enterprise Linux is the leading platform for open source computing.

It is sold by subscription, delivers continuous value and is certified by top enterprise hardware and software vendors.

From the desktop to the datacenter, Enterprise Linux couples the innovation of open source technology and the stability of a true enterprise-class platform.

The Fedora Project (2002-2005) is a Red Hat sponsored and community-supported open source project with the goal of working with the Linux community to build a complete, general purpose OS exclusively from free software.