Upload
violet-bryan
View
215
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Joyce M. Chitja (PhD)University of Kwazulu-
Natal, South Africa
WOMEN’ ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE & FOOD
INSECURITY
Focus of rural farming womenFocus on rural women who turn to agriculture for livelihoods and economic empowerment
Disclaimer
INTRODUCTION
Although climate change is prominent in food security discourse, there is poor attention paid to the role of women.
Women are at the epicentre for feeding their families.
Women are dependent on natural resources (land, water, wood).
Women’s access to these resources is limited (gender, culture and practices).
Empowerment
A concept with many definitions… Kabeer (2001), according to which
empowerment describes “the expansion in people's ability to make strategic life choices in a context where this ability was previously denied to them” (Kabeer 2001).
Why women are important in the Climate Change debate Women are important agents of change for
climate mitigation and adaptation remains untapped.
Women’s extensive theoretical and practical knowledge of the environment and resource conservation is not given due consideration.
given their vast knowledge, are able to develop and disseminate innovative cultivation methods that are adapted to climate change.
Key Challenges in improving food Insecurity Women are usually responsible for
providing the family with its basic nutrition,
Women have poor access to and weak control over land rights, ownership, means of production and technology, lack finances, information and training, e.g., in climate adaptation and disaster prevention (Rodenberg 2009).
Climate-induced crop failure puts the food security of the entire population at risk (Denton 2002: 14).
Opportunities
Less attention is paid to the potential that lies in the combination of climate mitigation/ adaptation and the economic empowerment of women.
Mitigation or adaptation activities offer opportunities to advance the economic empowerment of women.
In South Africa, 6
million black individuals
practise smallholder agriculture,
among which 92% are
subsistence farmers, and
61% are women.
(Stats SA, Labour Force Survey, 2000-07)
CASE: SWAYIMANE KZN & LIMPOPO
RESEARCH PROBLEM & CONTEXTWHAT ROLE DOES GENDER PLAY IN ACCESS TO RESOURCESS KEY FOR LAND BASED LIVELIHOODS THAT LEADS TO WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENTEconomically empowering women is essential both to realize women’s rights and to achieve broader development goals such as economic growth, poverty reduction, health, education and welfare. Secure access to natural resources for the ultra poor women is important for improved livelihoods (Thamaga-Chitja et al 2010).
KEY-Definitions:
A woman is economically empowered when she has both the ability to succeed and advance economically and the power to make and act on economic decisions (International Centre of Research on Women)
Agency is defined as a set of concepts around people-centred development that allows people to take own actions to meet their needs, manage risks and make progress towards achieving their aspirations (Bennett 2002).
Participatory Approaches employing mixed methods:Case study methodologySustainable Livelihoods Analysis (SLA):Purposive sampling within cases: Focus groups
METHODS
RESULTS-RESOURCES/ASSETS/WEIA • Human Asset Gaps
• New and Demanded crops • Agro-chemical use • Non-conventional
methods (agroecological) • Protective clothing • Monolinguliasm• Poor and no record
keeping, poor financial planning
• Poor to no market linked crop scheduling
Agency link: Dependent upon financial and spatial limitation rather than knowledge and capability constraints (institutions are key)
IDENTIFIED INSTITUTIONS-barriers/enhancing ability and power
Traditional Chief ( & State) (true for Swayimane)
Marriage State extension services Civic Organisations Market Agents (formal &
informal) Agrochemical companies Welfare (Grants)
Institutions structure people’s access to assets and capabilities, ie structure how agency is enhanced or hindered.
KEY INSTITUTIONS LINKS TO AGENCY
Cont…
Poorly capacitated to resolve technical issues related to production and marketing, women negatively affected.
Current key function is reporting and discussion of problem to “tell” the extension officer.
FARMERS GROUP MEETINGS
Enhancing Agency We can do
this…
THE ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT JOURNEY
CURRENT FUTURE
ABILITY= skills + resources
POWER= possessing agency, decision making, control over profits
Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI)
A composite measure tool that indicates women’s control over critical parts of their lives in the hh, community and economy
Identifies disempowered women & hw to increase autonomy and decision making
tracks empowerment, useful for policy making
Piloted in Bangladesh, Guatemala and Uganda
Measures empowerment, agency and women’s inclusion in agriculture
WEAI = 5DE + Gender Parity index
WEAI
• 5DE measure of how many domains women are empowered in– Decisions about agricultural production– Access to + decisions about productive
resources– Control over use of income– Leadership in the community– Time use
• Gender parity – a percentage of women who are as empowered as men in their households
Key findings
Mafefe Steelpoort
Rambuda Total
Disempowered Women Head Count
31% 55% 39% 41.2%
Empowered WHC
69% 45% 61% 58.5%
5DE 0.58 0.49 0.55 0.54
KE A LEBOGA