Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
JOURNEY from IPR to DPR
TECHNOLOGIES & REGULATIONS
Moderator
Amy Tracy, President Florida WateReuse
Senior Scientist
National Regulatory Framework
Jeff Mosher, Executive Director
Jeff Mosher
National Water Research Institute
WateReuse Florida Webcast“Journey from Indirect Potable Reuse to Direct Potable Reuse: Technologies & Regulations”August 8, 2016
1
Overview - DPR Background
Drivers
Recent Activities
Key Questions
Examples
Supporting Information
Topics of interest for implementing DPR
Need for research
What’s Next?
2
Our Goal:
Water Resiliency
and Reliability
• Reliable, drought-proof water supplies
• Use of local water supplies
3
How to Think About Wastewater
in the 21st Century
Wastewater is a renewable
recoverable source of energy,
nutrients, and potable water
- George Tchobanoglous, Professor Emeritus, UC Davis
4
5
Direct Potable Reuse
Wastewater Treatment
Urban Water Use
Water Treatment
Environmental Buffer
Advanced Water Treatment
5
Drivers for Implementing IPR and DPR Limitations with nonpotable reuse
(Large) increases in water supply
Improves reliability
Drought proof and locally controlled
Technology well established
Increases water quality
Good policy
Value of water will increase in the future
Diversified water portfolio
Part of integrated resources planning
Sustainable supplies (use as a resource)6
7
Proven Treatment for Potable Reuse
TertiaryWater
ReverseOsmosis(RO)
ConcentrateBackwash
UltravioletLight(UV)
Advanced Treated Recycled Water(ATRW)
H2O2
Micro/Ultrafiltration(MF/UF)
Advanced Oxidation
7
8
Potable Reuse is Cost Effective
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
Per
Acr
e-Fo
ot
Non-potableRecycled
ProjectedImported2020 (CA)
Brackish Ground-water inland
OceanDesal
DPR and IPR
8
National Research Council
“…the use of treated wastewater for beneficial purposes including irrigation, industrial uses, and drinking water augmentation – could significantly increase the nation’s total available water resources.” (2012)
9
Urban Water Revolution
10
David L. Sedlak, Ph.D.Professor, UC Berkeley
Water 3.0: Centralized Vision
WaterIn
Water Treatment
WastewaterTreatment
WaterOut
potablesewage
runoff
Source: David Sedlak, Berkeley11
Water 4.0: Centralized Vision
WaterIn
Water Treatment
ResourceRecovery
WaterOut
potablesewage
runoff
potable
non-potable
ManagedSurface Water
ManagedAquifer
Source: David Sedlak, Berkeley12
Supporting Organizations Research Support
Water Environment & Reuse Foundation (WE&RF)
Merger of WateReuse Research Foundation and Water Enjoinment and Research Foundation (WERF)
WateReuse DPR Research Initiative
34 projects
Industry Associations
WateReuse Association
State Sections13
Use of Expert Panels Panels can:
Validate objectives, approach, and progress
Provide credibility through an independent review
Support regulatory review
Assure the public
Promote sound public policy decisions by managers and decision makers
Viewpoint: Protection of Public Health
14
15
DPR – Key Questions
• Treatment requirements
Need for criteria for pathogen and chemical control
• On-line monitoring
Performance monitoring
• Treatment technologies
Defining reliability
• Source control
Managing the collection system
• Operations and operators
• Response time (respond to off-spec water)
• Public acceptance 15
Potable Reuse Water Quality and Human Health Risks
Microbial risk (mostly acute)
Virus
Protozoa
Pathogenic Bacteria
Chemical risk (mostly chronic)
Natural and synthetic compounds
Regulated and Unregulated
NDMA
16
17
Direct Potable Reuse
AdvancedTreatment
Drinking WaterTreatment
Plant
Water Consumers
The Gap!
No environmental buffer!
Source: Adam Olivieri and Jim Crook 17
Maintaining the “Gap’s” Functionality Means to maintain positive attributes of the environmental buffer:
More robust treatment barriers
Additional treatment barriers (redundancy)
Enhanced monitoring for chemicals, pathogens, or surrogates
High frequency (near real-time) monitoring capability
Storage of product water to provide time (engineered storage buffer)
Alternative water supply source
Means to quickly respond to “off-spec” water (time to respond)
Source: Adam Olivieri and Jim Crook18
Recent/Proposed DPR Projects Big Spring, TX (current)
Wichita Falls, TX (emergency)
Cloudcroft, NM (2017)
More planned in TX
El Paso
Strong interest in:
California
Florida
Arizona
Other States (Colorado, etc.) 19
El Paso Water UtilitiesAdvanced Purified WTP Concept
Advanced
Purified
WTP
Bustamante
WWTP
with Additional
Treatment(29.2 MGD average flow)
MF Backwash = 0.8 MGD
RO or NF Concentrate = 1.4 MGD
Riverside Irrigation Canal
Distribution
System
Rio Bosque
Wetland
Park
7.8 MGD
Reclaimed
Water
Customers
25.7 MGD Discharge
17.9 MGD Required
5.6 MGD
1.5 MGD 2 MGD
20Source: ARCADIS, 2015
Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director
Fountain Valley, CA
Cloudcroft, New Mexico
• Water Supply is low, and DPR is the answer
– Small system
– At 9,000 feet, there are limited groundwater resources
– No surface water resources
– Population doubles/triples during peak tourist season
• Public support is split 50/50
Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director
Fountain Valley, CA
Proposed DPR System for Cloudcroft• System is not yet operational
– 80% constructed
– Goes online 2017
• Highly advanced and redundant processes
Membrane Bioreactor
Reverse Osmosis
UV/AOPChlorine
Disinfection
Wastewater Purification
UltrafiltrationUVChlorine
Disinfection 1 MG Storage (10 days)
Water Treatment
~50% Blending with Raw Water
NWRI New Mexico Panel Cloudcroft Topics of Interest:
Operation and maintenance (O&M) issues are key!
Training
Staff redundancy (small community!)
Budgeting - this will be a large increase in O&M costs.
Outreach and Education 23
Arizona Potable Reuse Guidance Document Development by WateReuse AZ and AZ Water
NWRI Panel Scope:
Direct Potable Reuse
Indirect Potable Reuse: covered by existing regulations
Overall Goal:
To provide “permitting predictability” for DPR projects
Focus on a water quality (not prescribed treatment)
Schedule
July – Aug 201624
Nevada IPR Regulations Draft Regulations developed
NWRI Panel review
IPR only
Issues:
Strong interest in non-RO treatment trains
Pathogen control – 12/10/10 log removals
Straightforward approach
Chemical control
Do “dilution” requirement
25
Publication:“Framework for DPR”
Published by WateReuse(Tchobanoglous, 2015)
Sponsors: WateReuse, AWWA, and WEF
Developed by an NWRI Expert Panel
Available from www.watereuse.org
26
Texas projects• DPR projects
• Direct Potable Reuse
Resource Document
27
• Groundwater replenishment
(final)
• Surface water augmentation
(draft)
• Expert Panel Report on
Feasibility of Developing DPR
Criteria for Calif. (draft)
California
regulations
28
Surface water augmentation
Secondary/
tertiary
wastewater
treatment
Advanced
water
treatment
Reservoir or
water
conveyance
structures
Surface
water
treatment
Drinking
water
distribution
system
29
Direct potable reuse (first type)
producing advanced treated water
Wastewater
treatment
Advanced
water
treatment
Surface
water
treatment
Drinking
water
distribution
system
30
Direct potable reuse (second type)
producing finished drinking water
Wastewater
treatment
DPR facility:
Advanced water treatment
that meets SDWA
requirements for Surface
Water Treatment Plant
Drinking
water
distribution
system
31
KEY COMPONENTS OF A DPR PROGRAM:
TECHNICAL, REGULATORY, AND PUBLIC OUTREACH
32Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
TECHNICAL, OPERATIONAL, AND MANAGEMENT BARRIERS
33Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
1. Public Health Protection Pathogens Criteria
Choose pathogen control criteria for DPR.
Potential options are:
(1) Texas TCEQ approach
(2) California IPR approach (12/10/10 log removals for virus/Crypto/Giardia)
(3) the use of an Expert Panel
Chemicals Criteria:
Tier 1: Meet water MCLs
Tier 2: Monitoring could be required for unregulated chemicals (including CECs)
Tier 3: Surrogates or unregulated chemicals that are useful for evaluating treatment 34
Example Pathogen Log Reduction Credits (Tchobanoglous et al., 2015)
Process MonitoringLog Reduction Credits
NotesV G C
Secondary treatment
Study needed 0 - 1.9 0 - 0.8 0 - 1.2 “0” is the default.
MF or UF Daily PDT 0a 4.0 4.0Pressure decay test (PDT) should be done daily to verify proper performance.
RO Online EC 1.5 1.5 1.5Electrical conductivity (EC) should be monitored in RO influent and effluent. Log reduction in system control must be based upon measured values.
UV-AOPIntensity sensors
6 6 6UV sensors should be calibrated per U.S. EPA (2006).
ESB with free chlorine, CL2,
Online Cl2 6 3 0System control is based on maintaining a minimum free residual of 0.4 mg/L.
Total 13.5 14.5 11.5 35
2. Source Control Program
Modify the pretreatment/source control program so it is suitable for DPR.
Identify constituents in wastewater that may be difficult to remove or are precursors to disinfection byproduct formation (depending on the treatment technologies used).
Information is needed on the sources and concentrations of selected constituents.
Include commercial and industrial entities in the source control program.
Develop a program to inform consumers of best practices for home waste disposal.
36Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
ELEMENTS OF A SOURCE CONTROL PROGRAM
37
Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
3. DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
FOR ALTERNATIVE END POINT
38Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
MEASURES TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE AND
ENHANCE RELIABILITY OF EXISTING WWTPs
39Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
4. ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT
• What are the objectives of advanced water treatment?
• What are typical examples of treatment trains for advanced
water treatment?
• What are the performance levels for advanced treatment
processes, including determination of pathogen log
reduction credit?
• What is the reliability of various treatment trains based on
redundancy, robustness, and resilience?
• What happens to the flows when AWT plant must be taken
off-line? 40Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
41
IPR: Treatments – Proven
Tertiary
Water
ReverseOsmosis
(RO)
ConcentrateBackwash
UltravioletLight(UV)
Advanced
Treated
Recycled
Water
(ATRW)
H2O2
Micro/Ultrafiltration
(MF/UF)
Advanced Oxidation
41
42
Disadvantages of O3-BAC
Disinfection byproducts
No TDS reduction
Higher product water TOC
Advantages of O3-BAC
Excellent CEC removal
Eliminates RO concentrate
Reduces capital and O&M costs
Alternative Approach for Potable Reuse
MF O3 BAC UV
MF RO UV/H2O2
Alternative
based on
O3-BAC
Full
Advanced
Treatment
Source: Trussell Technologies 42
Differences
in Effluent
Quality
Between
Advanced
Water
Treatment
Processes
43
Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
5. Reliability of Treatment Trains
44Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
6. Monitoring and Instrumentation Requirements
Strategies for process control and monitoring
Pathogen credit allocation for treatment processes
Strategies for MCLs, Secondary MCLs, and CECs
Pilot and/or demonstration
Start-up and commissioning
Long-term performance monitoring
Critical Control Points
45
Performance Monitoring: Example Online and Calibration Sampling (Tchobanoglous et al., 2015)
Process Test Type and Frequency of Sampling
Secondary effluentTurbidity and microbial indicators
Turbidity: online (continuous) and grab (weekly); microbial: grab (weekly)
Ammonia, TSS, and BOD Grab (weekly)
MF or UFPDT Offline testing (daily)
Turbidity Online (continuous) and grab (weekly)
RO Influent and effluent EC and TOC Online (continuous) and grab (weekly)
UV-AOP
UV sensorsOnline (continuous) and verification (weekly)
Influent UVT Online (continuous) and grab (weekly)
Influent and effluent chloramine Online (continuous) and grab (weekly)
ESB with free chlorination
Effluent free chlorine residual Online (continuous) and grab (weekly) 46
7. Critical Control Points• What? Point in the treatment train (i.e., a unit treatment process) that is
designed to reduce, prevent, or eliminate a human health risk and for
which controls exist to ensure the proper performance of that process.
• Why? Systematic approach to inform the effective operation of AWTF
through performance-based monitoring (augment end-of-pipe monitoring)
• Specific recommendations:
• Steps:
• Identify hazards
• Identify CCPs
• Identify monitoring procedures
• Identify corrective actions and procedures
Regulation Permit Guidance
47
Example: Control Control Points
48Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
8. Facility Operation
Importance of facility operation to produce advanced treated water
Facility startup and commissioning
Use of Operations and Maintenance Plan
Operator requirements for potable reuse facilities
Endorsement for advanced treatment.
49
Components of an O&M Plan for a DPR System (Tchobanoglous et al., 2015)
Staffing (i.e., for daily operations and emergencies)
Operator training and certification
Checklists for operations procedures (daily, weekly, and monthly)
Routine maintenanceof equipment
Critical spare parts and failure training
Control system (e.g., SCADA, shutdown procedures, and alarms)
Process monitoring and control
Regulatory compliance
Frequency of monitoring
Distribution System
Response time to treatment failures or non-compliant water quality 50
9. TMF Capacity
• What? Technical, Managerial, and Financial Capacity – ability of a water
utility to provide safe and dependable water (required by SDWA)
• Why? Regulators can assess a utilities potential or existing weaknesses
to provide safe and reliable advanced treated water.
• Specific recommendations:
• Build on existing capacity develop program for PWSs
• Expand current TMP program to address DPR
• Ability to review small systems
51
Is “public attitude” the biggest challenge to potable reuse?
52
10. Public Acceptance
Public Outreach: Key Activities
Outreach Activity Purpose
Provide a rationale for the need for DPR
Raise public confidence of the benefits and value of the DPR project to the community.
Identify public perception challenges to the DPR project
Use to assist in the development of strategies to alleviate these concerns and improve public perception.
Develop a DPR Communication PlanProvide strategies to communicate about the DPR project to the public, elected officials, and others, with the goal of building public confidence in and support of the DPR project.
Develop and disseminate communications materials on the DPR project
Provide objective, accurate, and timely information to raise awareness of the DPR project and address public concerns.
Connect with outreach staff at other AWTFs
Gain practical information and lessons learned from the real-world experiences of other potable reuse public outreach efforts.
Prepare a participation program for source control
Engage industrial and commercial dischargers, as well as the public, on means to eliminate or control the discharge of constituents into wastewater that can impact the production of ATW. 53
Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
• Inter-agency coordination (MOU)
• Blending water into drinking water supply
• Bioassays
• Antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes
• Research
11. Other considerations
55
Support from WRRF #15-01 Objective: Summarize and synthesize key results of 34 research projects on
DPR undertaken as part of WateReuse’s DPR Initiative.
End product: Collection of nine synthesis documents addressing specific DPR research topics.
Provide a better understanding of the state-of-the-science on DPR and identify remaining research needs.
Organize into one cohesive summary document and provide to the Expert Panel to help complete its charge.
PI: NWRI and George Tchobanoglous
WateReuse Project Manager: Julie Minton
56
WRRF 15-01 Topics1. Source Control Program
Robert Emerick, Consultant
2. Evaluation of Potential DPR Treatment Trains
Larry Schimmoller, Jim Lozier, and Ufuk Erdal, CH2M Hill
3. Pathogens (surrogates, credits)
Phil Brandhuber, HDR
4. Pathogens (rapid/continuous monitoring)
Channah Rock, University of Arizona
Dan Gerrity, UNLV
5. CEC Removal and Risk
Jean Debroux and Laura Kennedy, Kennedy/Jenks
Megan Plumlee, OCWD57
WRRF 15-01 Topics6. Monitoring DPR Systems and the Critical Control Point Approach
Andy Salveson, Carollo Engineers
7. Operations, Maintenance, and Operator Training/Certification
Debbie Burris, DDB Engineering
8. Resilience in Potable Reuse
Brian Pecson and Sarah Triolo, Trussell Technologies
9. Demonstration of Reliable, Redundant Treatment Performance
Ben Stanford, Hazen and Sawyer
58
59
Research Topics Non-Reverse Osmosis (RO) DPR treatment trains
Evaluate Ozone-BAC for DPR treatment trains
Control for chemicals with out RO and characterize TOC
Source control Control for industrial and commercial chemicals
Technology Validation
Characterize “concentrations” of pathogens (viruses, Crypto, Giardia) in wastewater (and removal)
ARB/ARG
Monitoring and operations Shift from compliance monitoring to performance monitoring
DPR System Performance 60
Future of DPR DPR criteria and regulations
Criteria are feasible
Develop formal regulations (or use existing regulations to permit DPR projects)
Driver:
Planning for water sustainability
IPR will continue to grow
Including surface water augmentation
DPR planning will continue
Pilot and demonstration projects
Research and Pilot Projects
WE&RF, states, etc.61
Thank you for listening!
Questions?
Jeff MosherNational Water Research Institute
62
IPR & DPR Treatment Technologies
Andrew Salveson, Vice President
WateReuse Practice Lead
Jeff Mosher
National Water Research Institute
WateReuse Florida Webcast“Journey from Indirect Potable Reuse to Direct Potable Reuse: Technologies & Regulations”August 8, 2016
1
Overview - DPR Background
Drivers
Recent Activities
Key Questions
Examples
Supporting Information
Topics of interest for implementing DPR
Need for research
What’s Next?
2
Our Goal:
Water Resiliency
and Reliability
• Reliable, drought-proof water supplies
• Use of local water supplies
3
How to Think About Wastewater
in the 21st Century
Wastewater is a renewable
recoverable source of energy,
nutrients, and potable water
- George Tchobanoglous, Professor Emeritus, UC Davis
4
5
Direct Potable Reuse
Wastewater Treatment
Urban Water Use
Water Treatment
Environmental Buffer
Advanced Water Treatment
5
Drivers for Implementing IPR and DPR Limitations with nonpotable reuse
(Large) increases in water supply
Improves reliability
Drought proof and locally controlled
Technology well established
Increases water quality
Good policy
Value of water will increase in the future
Diversified water portfolio
Part of integrated resources planning
Sustainable supplies (use as a resource)6
7
Proven Treatment for Potable Reuse
TertiaryWater
ReverseOsmosis(RO)
ConcentrateBackwash
UltravioletLight(UV)
Advanced Treated Recycled Water(ATRW)
H2O2
Micro/Ultrafiltration(MF/UF)
Advanced Oxidation
7
8
Potable Reuse is Cost Effective
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
Per
Acr
e-Fo
ot
Non-potableRecycled
ProjectedImported2020 (CA)
Brackish Ground-water inland
OceanDesal
DPR and IPR
8
National Research Council
“…the use of treated wastewater for beneficial purposes including irrigation, industrial uses, and drinking water augmentation – could significantly increase the nation’s total available water resources.” (2012)
9
Urban Water Revolution
10
David L. Sedlak, Ph.D.Professor, UC Berkeley
Water 3.0: Centralized Vision
WaterIn
Water Treatment
WastewaterTreatment
WaterOut
potablesewage
runoff
Source: David Sedlak, Berkeley11
Water 4.0: Centralized Vision
WaterIn
Water Treatment
ResourceRecovery
WaterOut
potablesewage
runoff
potable
non-potable
ManagedSurface Water
ManagedAquifer
Source: David Sedlak, Berkeley12
Supporting Organizations Research Support
Water Environment & Reuse Foundation (WE&RF)
Merger of WateReuse Research Foundation and Water Enjoinment and Research Foundation (WERF)
WateReuse DPR Research Initiative
34 projects
Industry Associations
WateReuse Association
State Sections13
Use of Expert Panels Panels can:
Validate objectives, approach, and progress
Provide credibility through an independent review
Support regulatory review
Assure the public
Promote sound public policy decisions by managers and decision makers
Viewpoint: Protection of Public Health
14
15
DPR – Key Questions
• Treatment requirements
Need for criteria for pathogen and chemical control
• On-line monitoring
Performance monitoring
• Treatment technologies
Defining reliability
• Source control
Managing the collection system
• Operations and operators
• Response time (respond to off-spec water)
• Public acceptance 15
Potable Reuse Water Quality and Human Health Risks
Microbial risk (mostly acute)
Virus
Protozoa
Pathogenic Bacteria
Chemical risk (mostly chronic)
Natural and synthetic compounds
Regulated and Unregulated
NDMA
16
17
Direct Potable Reuse
AdvancedTreatment
Drinking WaterTreatment
Plant
Water Consumers
The Gap!
No environmental buffer!
Source: Adam Olivieri and Jim Crook 17
Maintaining the “Gap’s” Functionality Means to maintain positive attributes of the environmental buffer:
More robust treatment barriers
Additional treatment barriers (redundancy)
Enhanced monitoring for chemicals, pathogens, or surrogates
High frequency (near real-time) monitoring capability
Storage of product water to provide time (engineered storage buffer)
Alternative water supply source
Means to quickly respond to “off-spec” water (time to respond)
Source: Adam Olivieri and Jim Crook18
Recent/Proposed DPR Projects Big Spring, TX (current)
Wichita Falls, TX (emergency)
Cloudcroft, NM (2017)
More planned in TX
El Paso
Strong interest in:
California
Florida
Arizona
Other States (Colorado, etc.) 19
El Paso Water UtilitiesAdvanced Purified WTP Concept
Advanced
Purified
WTP
Bustamante
WWTP
with Additional
Treatment(29.2 MGD average flow)
MF Backwash = 0.8 MGD
RO or NF Concentrate = 1.4 MGD
Riverside Irrigation Canal
Distribution
System
Rio Bosque
Wetland
Park
7.8 MGD
Reclaimed
Water
Customers
25.7 MGD Discharge
17.9 MGD Required
5.6 MGD
1.5 MGD 2 MGD
20Source: ARCADIS, 2015
Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director
Fountain Valley, CA
Cloudcroft, New Mexico
• Water Supply is low, and DPR is the answer
– Small system
– At 9,000 feet, there are limited groundwater resources
– No surface water resources
– Population doubles/triples during peak tourist season
• Public support is split 50/50
Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director
Fountain Valley, CA
Proposed DPR System for Cloudcroft• System is not yet operational
– 80% constructed
– Goes online 2017
• Highly advanced and redundant processes
Membrane Bioreactor
Reverse Osmosis
UV/AOPChlorine
Disinfection
Wastewater Purification
UltrafiltrationUVChlorine
Disinfection 1 MG Storage (10 days)
Water Treatment
~50% Blending with Raw Water
NWRI New Mexico Panel Cloudcroft Topics of Interest:
Operation and maintenance (O&M) issues are key!
Training
Staff redundancy (small community!)
Budgeting - this will be a large increase in O&M costs.
Outreach and Education 23
Arizona Potable Reuse Guidance Document Development by WateReuse AZ and AZ Water
NWRI Panel Scope:
Direct Potable Reuse
Indirect Potable Reuse: covered by existing regulations
Overall Goal:
To provide “permitting predictability” for DPR projects
Focus on a water quality (not prescribed treatment)
Schedule
July – Aug 201624
Nevada IPR Regulations Draft Regulations developed
NWRI Panel review
IPR only
Issues:
Strong interest in non-RO treatment trains
Pathogen control – 12/10/10 log removals
Straightforward approach
Chemical control
Do “dilution” requirement
25
Publication:“Framework for DPR”
Published by WateReuse(Tchobanoglous, 2015)
Sponsors: WateReuse, AWWA, and WEF
Developed by an NWRI Expert Panel
Available from www.watereuse.org
26
Texas projects• DPR projects
• Direct Potable Reuse
Resource Document
27
• Groundwater replenishment
(final)
• Surface water augmentation
(draft)
• Expert Panel Report on
Feasibility of Developing DPR
Criteria for Calif. (draft)
California
regulations
28
Surface water augmentation
Secondary/
tertiary
wastewater
treatment
Advanced
water
treatment
Reservoir or
water
conveyance
structures
Surface
water
treatment
Drinking
water
distribution
system
29
Direct potable reuse (first type)
producing advanced treated water
Wastewater
treatment
Advanced
water
treatment
Surface
water
treatment
Drinking
water
distribution
system
30
Direct potable reuse (second type)
producing finished drinking water
Wastewater
treatment
DPR facility:
Advanced water treatment
that meets SDWA
requirements for Surface
Water Treatment Plant
Drinking
water
distribution
system
31
KEY COMPONENTS OF A DPR PROGRAM:
TECHNICAL, REGULATORY, AND PUBLIC OUTREACH
32Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
TECHNICAL, OPERATIONAL, AND MANAGEMENT BARRIERS
33Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
1. Public Health Protection Pathogens Criteria
Choose pathogen control criteria for DPR.
Potential options are:
(1) Texas TCEQ approach
(2) California IPR approach (12/10/10 log removals for virus/Crypto/Giardia)
(3) the use of an Expert Panel
Chemicals Criteria:
Tier 1: Meet water MCLs
Tier 2: Monitoring could be required for unregulated chemicals (including CECs)
Tier 3: Surrogates or unregulated chemicals that are useful for evaluating treatment 34
Example Pathogen Log Reduction Credits (Tchobanoglous et al., 2015)
Process MonitoringLog Reduction Credits
NotesV G C
Secondary treatment
Study needed 0 - 1.9 0 - 0.8 0 - 1.2 “0” is the default.
MF or UF Daily PDT 0a 4.0 4.0Pressure decay test (PDT) should be done daily to verify proper performance.
RO Online EC 1.5 1.5 1.5Electrical conductivity (EC) should be monitored in RO influent and effluent. Log reduction in system control must be based upon measured values.
UV-AOPIntensity sensors
6 6 6UV sensors should be calibrated per U.S. EPA (2006).
ESB with free chlorine, CL2,
Online Cl2 6 3 0System control is based on maintaining a minimum free residual of 0.4 mg/L.
Total 13.5 14.5 11.5 35
2. Source Control Program
Modify the pretreatment/source control program so it is suitable for DPR.
Identify constituents in wastewater that may be difficult to remove or are precursors to disinfection byproduct formation (depending on the treatment technologies used).
Information is needed on the sources and concentrations of selected constituents.
Include commercial and industrial entities in the source control program.
Develop a program to inform consumers of best practices for home waste disposal.
36Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
ELEMENTS OF A SOURCE CONTROL PROGRAM
37
Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
3. DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
FOR ALTERNATIVE END POINT
38Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
MEASURES TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE AND
ENHANCE RELIABILITY OF EXISTING WWTPs
39Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
4. ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT
• What are the objectives of advanced water treatment?
• What are typical examples of treatment trains for advanced
water treatment?
• What are the performance levels for advanced treatment
processes, including determination of pathogen log
reduction credit?
• What is the reliability of various treatment trains based on
redundancy, robustness, and resilience?
• What happens to the flows when AWT plant must be taken
off-line? 40Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
41
IPR: Treatments – Proven
Tertiary
Water
ReverseOsmosis
(RO)
ConcentrateBackwash
UltravioletLight(UV)
Advanced
Treated
Recycled
Water
(ATRW)
H2O2
Micro/Ultrafiltration
(MF/UF)
Advanced Oxidation
41
42
Disadvantages of O3-BAC
Disinfection byproducts
No TDS reduction
Higher product water TOC
Advantages of O3-BAC
Excellent CEC removal
Eliminates RO concentrate
Reduces capital and O&M costs
Alternative Approach for Potable Reuse
MF O3 BAC UV
MF RO UV/H2O2
Alternative
based on
O3-BAC
Full
Advanced
Treatment
Source: Trussell Technologies 42
Differences
in Effluent
Quality
Between
Advanced
Water
Treatment
Processes
43
Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
5. Reliability of Treatment Trains
44Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
6. Monitoring and Instrumentation Requirements
Strategies for process control and monitoring
Pathogen credit allocation for treatment processes
Strategies for MCLs, Secondary MCLs, and CECs
Pilot and/or demonstration
Start-up and commissioning
Long-term performance monitoring
Critical Control Points
45
Performance Monitoring: Example Online and Calibration Sampling (Tchobanoglous et al., 2015)
Process Test Type and Frequency of Sampling
Secondary effluentTurbidity and microbial indicators
Turbidity: online (continuous) and grab (weekly); microbial: grab (weekly)
Ammonia, TSS, and BOD Grab (weekly)
MF or UFPDT Offline testing (daily)
Turbidity Online (continuous) and grab (weekly)
RO Influent and effluent EC and TOC Online (continuous) and grab (weekly)
UV-AOP
UV sensorsOnline (continuous) and verification (weekly)
Influent UVT Online (continuous) and grab (weekly)
Influent and effluent chloramine Online (continuous) and grab (weekly)
ESB with free chlorination
Effluent free chlorine residual Online (continuous) and grab (weekly) 46
7. Critical Control Points• What? Point in the treatment train (i.e., a unit treatment process) that is
designed to reduce, prevent, or eliminate a human health risk and for
which controls exist to ensure the proper performance of that process.
• Why? Systematic approach to inform the effective operation of AWTF
through performance-based monitoring (augment end-of-pipe monitoring)
• Specific recommendations:
• Steps:
• Identify hazards
• Identify CCPs
• Identify monitoring procedures
• Identify corrective actions and procedures
Regulation Permit Guidance
47
Example: Control Control Points
48Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
8. Facility Operation
Importance of facility operation to produce advanced treated water
Facility startup and commissioning
Use of Operations and Maintenance Plan
Operator requirements for potable reuse facilities
Endorsement for advanced treatment.
49
Components of an O&M Plan for a DPR System (Tchobanoglous et al., 2015)
Staffing (i.e., for daily operations and emergencies)
Operator training and certification
Checklists for operations procedures (daily, weekly, and monthly)
Routine maintenanceof equipment
Critical spare parts and failure training
Control system (e.g., SCADA, shutdown procedures, and alarms)
Process monitoring and control
Regulatory compliance
Frequency of monitoring
Distribution System
Response time to treatment failures or non-compliant water quality 50
9. TMF Capacity
• What? Technical, Managerial, and Financial Capacity – ability of a water
utility to provide safe and dependable water (required by SDWA)
• Why? Regulators can assess a utilities potential or existing weaknesses
to provide safe and reliable advanced treated water.
• Specific recommendations:
• Build on existing capacity develop program for PWSs
• Expand current TMP program to address DPR
• Ability to review small systems
51
Is “public attitude” the biggest challenge to potable reuse?
52
10. Public Acceptance
Public Outreach: Key Activities
Outreach Activity Purpose
Provide a rationale for the need for DPR
Raise public confidence of the benefits and value of the DPR project to the community.
Identify public perception challenges to the DPR project
Use to assist in the development of strategies to alleviate these concerns and improve public perception.
Develop a DPR Communication PlanProvide strategies to communicate about the DPR project to the public, elected officials, and others, with the goal of building public confidence in and support of the DPR project.
Develop and disseminate communications materials on the DPR project
Provide objective, accurate, and timely information to raise awareness of the DPR project and address public concerns.
Connect with outreach staff at other AWTFs
Gain practical information and lessons learned from the real-world experiences of other potable reuse public outreach efforts.
Prepare a participation program for source control
Engage industrial and commercial dischargers, as well as the public, on means to eliminate or control the discharge of constituents into wastewater that can impact the production of ATW. 53
Source: Tchobanoglous, 2015
• Inter-agency coordination (MOU)
• Blending water into drinking water supply
• Bioassays
• Antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes
• Research
11. Other considerations
55
Support from WRRF #15-01 Objective: Summarize and synthesize key results of 34 research projects on
DPR undertaken as part of WateReuse’s DPR Initiative.
End product: Collection of nine synthesis documents addressing specific DPR research topics.
Provide a better understanding of the state-of-the-science on DPR and identify remaining research needs.
Organize into one cohesive summary document and provide to the Expert Panel to help complete its charge.
PI: NWRI and George Tchobanoglous
WateReuse Project Manager: Julie Minton
56
WRRF 15-01 Topics1. Source Control Program
Robert Emerick, Consultant
2. Evaluation of Potential DPR Treatment Trains
Larry Schimmoller, Jim Lozier, and Ufuk Erdal, CH2M Hill
3. Pathogens (surrogates, credits)
Phil Brandhuber, HDR
4. Pathogens (rapid/continuous monitoring)
Channah Rock, University of Arizona
Dan Gerrity, UNLV
5. CEC Removal and Risk
Jean Debroux and Laura Kennedy, Kennedy/Jenks
Megan Plumlee, OCWD57
WRRF 15-01 Topics6. Monitoring DPR Systems and the Critical Control Point Approach
Andy Salveson, Carollo Engineers
7. Operations, Maintenance, and Operator Training/Certification
Debbie Burris, DDB Engineering
8. Resilience in Potable Reuse
Brian Pecson and Sarah Triolo, Trussell Technologies
9. Demonstration of Reliable, Redundant Treatment Performance
Ben Stanford, Hazen and Sawyer
58
59
Research Topics Non-Reverse Osmosis (RO) DPR treatment trains
Evaluate Ozone-BAC for DPR treatment trains
Control for chemicals with out RO and characterize TOC
Source control Control for industrial and commercial chemicals
Technology Validation
Characterize “concentrations” of pathogens (viruses, Crypto, Giardia) in wastewater (and removal)
ARB/ARG
Monitoring and operations Shift from compliance monitoring to performance monitoring
DPR System Performance 60
Future of DPR DPR criteria and regulations
Criteria are feasible
Develop formal regulations (or use existing regulations to permit DPR projects)
Driver:
Planning for water sustainability
IPR will continue to grow
Including surface water augmentation
DPR planning will continue
Pilot and demonstration projects
Research and Pilot Projects
WE&RF, states, etc.61
Thank you for listening!
Questions?
Jeff MosherNational Water Research Institute
62
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/1
Potable Water Reuse
Water Quality and Treatment
Andrew Salveson, P.E.
Water Reuse Practice Director at Carollo Engineers
…with thanks to many people and organizations
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/2
Experts and Regulators
Agree on Water
Quality Goals for
Potable Reuse
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/3
Organization Confidence in the Safety of Potable Water
Reuse?
State of California
Division of Drinking
Water (formerly CDPH)
Yes, formal regulations finalized in 2014
National Research
Council
Yes, 2012 report documents safety of potable
water reuse and demonstrates comparative
safety of potable reuse to conventional water
supplies
California Medical
Association
Yes, CMA demonstrates support for potable
reuse in 2012
Texas Commission on
Environmental Quality
Yes, multiple approved projects based upon a
case by case analysis
Arizona, Virginia,
Colorado, New Mexico,
etc.
Yes, many states have potable reuse projects
safely producing water based upon different
regulatory approaches
Properly Engineered Potable Water Reuse is Supported by National Health Experts
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/4
Water Quality Targets for Potable Water Reuse are Defined
Pathogens
Chemicals173-page DPRFramework
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/5
Regulations are Clear for Indirect Potable Reuse in California
Pathogen Removal from Raw Sewage to Potable Water
o 12-log Virus (99.9999999999%)
o 10-log Giardia
o 10-log Cryptosporidium
Water Quality
o Maximum TOC of 0.5 mg/L of wastewater origin
o Maximum TN 10 mg/L
o Advanced oxidation for direct injection projects – 0.5-log 1,4-dioxane
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/6
Screenshot from “Ways of Water”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwrYFJEJSQ0
Potable reuse treatment includes a multi-faceted monitoring system for real-time water quality confidence
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/7
Different Treatment Trains
Can Reliably Meet Water
Quality Goals
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/8
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/9
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/10
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/11
Full-Scale MBRs Produce High Quality
Water With Minimal Pathogens
• Project Partners: GE and Evoqua
• Research Team: SCVWD, Carollo, NWRI, BioVir, and SNWA
• Host Utilities: Ironhouse SD (CA), Hamby (TX), Modesto (TX), Healdsburg (CA), King County (WA)
• 12 months of full-scale testing
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/12
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/13
No protozoa in MBR effluent
4+ LRV Virus
3+ LRV Protozoa
Under all conditions (fouled, clean, etc)
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/14
O₃/BAF Pollutant Destruction (and DBPs)
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/15
O₃/BAF Pollutant Destruction (and DBPs)
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/16
Ozone Disinfection in Wastewater
Ct Does Not Tell the Story
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/17
Ozone Disinfection in Wastewater
Ct Does Not Tell the Story
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/18
MF Continues to Perform for
Protozoa Removal
4 LRV Protozoa
demonstrated daily
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/19
RO Provides Robust Pathogen Removal
But conventional
monitoring limits
credit
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/20
High Dose UV Provide 6+ LRV Virus
Even Under Damaged Conditions
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/21
UV AOP Needs 0.5-log removal of 1,4-dioxane
Credit: David Hokanson, Trussell Tech
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/22
UV AOP Well Proven…But Well Controlled?
Oxidant
Weighted Dose
Demonstrates
Accuracy
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/23
UV AOP Well Proven…But Well Controlled?
Oxidant
Weighted Dose
Demonstrates
Accuracy
Peroxide Weighted UV Dose
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/24
Putting It All Together
For DPR
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/25
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/26
NaOCl or H2O2
UV
Pressure Filters
Disinfection and Advanced
Oxidation
Kills Pathogens, Destroys NDMA
and Trace Pollutants
Removes turbidity and TSS
Microfiltration
Tertiary Filtration
Filters Pathogens,
Pretreats ahead of RO
Secondary Effluent
Pasteurization
Advanced Disinfection
Kills A LOT of Pathogens
Reverse Osmosis
Removes Pathogens,
Removes Salt, Removes Trace
Pollutants
Membrane Processes Finished Water
Engineered Storage
Multiple Barrier Treatment Train for VenturaWaterPureDemonstration Facility
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/27
Multiple Barrier Treatment Train for Water Purification
Process Pathogen
Removal
Chemical
Removal
Salt
Removal
Pasteurization X
Membrane
Filtration
Reverse
Osmosis
Ultraviolet
Light
Advanced
Oxidation
Engineered
Storage
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/28
Multiple Barrier Treatment Train for Water Purification
Process Pathogen
Removal
Chemical
Removal
Salt
Removal
Pasteurization X
Membrane
Filtration
X
Reverse
Osmosis
Ultraviolet
Light
Advanced
Oxidation
Engineered
Storage
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/29
Multiple Barrier Treatment Train for Water Purification
Process Pathogen
Removal
Chemical
Removal
Salt
Removal
Pasteurization X
Membrane
Filtration
X
Reverse
Osmosis
X X X
Ultraviolet
Light
Advanced
Oxidation
Engineered
Storage
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/30
Multiple Barrier Treatment Train for Water Purification
Process Pathogen
Removal
Chemical
Removal
Salt
Removal
Pasteurization X
Membrane
Filtration
X
Reverse
Osmosis
X X X
Ultraviolet
Light
Advanced
Oxidation
X X
Engineered
Storage
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/31
Multiple Barrier Treatment Train for Water Purification
Process Pathogen
Removal
Chemical
Removal
Salt
Removal
Pasteurization X
Membrane
Filtration
X
Reverse
Osmosis
X X X
Ultraviolet
Light
Advanced
Oxidation
X X
Engineered
Storage
X X
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/32
Advanced Monitoring of RO Shows Substantial Pathogen Removal and Much Improved System Monitoring
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/33
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/34
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/35
Innovative UV AOP Without Oxidants
Patented electrode
system for in-situ
radical generation
(for UV AOP)
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/36
UV AOP Meets DDW Criteria Without Peroxide
CA Regulatory Standard
UV w/Peroxide
Electrode Only
UV W/Electrode
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/37
Final Water Quality Results Show High Quality Water that is Protective of Public Health
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/38
DPR Treatment Train Virus Giardia Crypto
Potable Reuse Goals 12-log 10-log 10-log
Primary and Secondary Treatment 1.9-log 0.8-log 1.2-log
Pasteurization 5+ log 3.8+ log 3.8+ log
Ultrafiltration 4-log 4-log
RO 4-log 4-log 4-log
GAC (if needed)
UV (high-dose) AOP 6-log 6-log 6-log
Engineered Storage with Chlorine
(future)4-log 0.5-log
Subtotal 20.9-log 19.1-log 19.0-log
Advanced Fluorescent Monitoring
Failure &
Response
Time
CEC
Treatment
CEC
Treatment
CEC Treatment
Safety Factor of 100,000,000 to 1,000,000,000
CEC Treatment and Salt Removal
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/39
Continue to Address
Emerging Concerns
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/40
0.0000
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0010
CD18.0 CD28.0 CE28.5 CG18.0 AD28.0 AE18.5 AE28.5 BD18.0 BD28.0 BE28.5
% T
ota
l Seq
ue
nce
sChart Title
Bulk
Water
Biofilm
Bulk
Water
Biofilm
10% DPR
90% Potable
10% DPR w/
Biofiltration
90% Potable
100% Potable
Bulk
Water
Biofilm
Bulk
Water (Culturable)
WRF 4536 Tackling ARGs in Finished
Water Supplies (including DPR)
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/41
Conclusions
1. Multiple Barriers and Advanced Monitoring Provide Water Quality Confidence
2. Different Treatment Trains, including those without RO, can purify reclaimed water.
mm
wd1013i1
.pptx
/42
Questions?
Speaker Contact Information
Jeff Mosher
National Water Research Institute
Executive Director
Andrew Salveson
Carollo Engineers
Vice President & WateReuse Practice Lead
Amy Tracy, President Florida WateReuse
England - Thims & Miller, Inc
Senior Scientist
