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Effect of Bulb Cutting and Pot Medium on Propagation of Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum hybridumHort.)......................................................................................................................................123-132
Mohammad Khalid Jamil, Mohammad Mizanur Rahman and Mohammad Moshiur Rahman
The Effect of Organic Media and Fertilization Method on the Yield and Nutrients Uptake of
Bellis perennis L. ..................................................................................................................133-144
Fatemeh Ramezanzadeh, Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand, Nazanin Khakipour
Trichoderma harzianum and Fe Spray Improve Growth Properties of Spathiphyllum sp...145-152
Zahra Jalali, Mahmood Shoor, Sayed Hosein Nemati and Hamid Rouhany
Response of Marigold Flower Yield and Yield Components to Water Deficit Stress and Nitrogen
Fertilizer...............................................................................................................................153-162
Seyyed Gholamreza Moosavi, Mohamad Javad Seghatoleslami, Mansour Fazeli-Rostampoor and
Zeinolabedin Jouyban
Effect of Thidiazuron and Salicylic Acid on the Vase Life and Quality of Alstroemeria
(Alstroemeria hybrida L .cv. Modena) Cut Flower.............................................................163-168
Zahra Bagheri Tirtashi, Davood Hashemabadi, Behzad Kaviani and Ameneh Sajjadi
The Effect of Cola on Postharvest Physiological Characteristics of Cut Alstroemeria...169-174
Mehrdad Babarabie, Hossein Zareie and Feryal Varasteh
Plantlet Regeneration through Indirect Organogenesis of Flame Gold Tree (Koelreuteria elegansLaxm.)..................................................................................................................................175-180
Rameshwar Groach, Muzafar Hussain Dar, Kartar Chand Badgal, Priyanka Pal, Narender Singh
and Kuldeep Yadav
Influence of Explant Nodal Positions on the In Vitro Shoot Regeneration of Rose........181-187
Shreef Mahmood and Bernhard Hauser
Volume 4, Number 3
September 2014
Journal of Ornamental Plants
Journal of Ornamental Plants
It is approved publication of Journal of Ornamental Plants (based on approbation of 61st session
of "Survey and Confirmation Commission for Scientific Journals" at Islamic Azad University dated
on 01/25/2010.
Publisher: Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
Executive Director: Dr. Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand
Editor-in-Chief: Professor Roohangiz Naderi
Executive Manager: Dr. Shahram Sedaghat Hoor
Editorial Board:
Professor Ramin, A., Isfahan University of Technology, Iran
Professor Abdollah Hatamzadeh, University of Guilan, Iran
Professor Honarnejad, R., Islamic Azad University-Varamin Branch, Iran
Associate Professor Shahram Sedaghathoor, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran
Dr. Davood Hashemabadi, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran
Associate Professor Moazzam Hassanpour Asil, University of Guilan, Iran
Assistant Professor Behzad Kaviani, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran
Professor Nagar, P.K., Institute of Himalayan Bio-Resource Technology, India
Professor Salah El Deen, M.M., Al Azhr University, Egypt
Assistant Editor: Zahra Bagheramiri
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SID, Index Copernicous, Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC), Open-J-Gate, Magiran,
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Journal of Ornamental Plants is an international journal devoted to the publication of original papers
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Effect of Bulb Cutting and Pot Medium on Propagation of Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum hybridumHort.)......................................................................................................................................123-132
Mohammad Khalid Jamil, Mohammad Mizanur Rahman and Mohammad Moshiur Rahman
The Effect of Organic Media and Fertilization Method on the Yield and Nutrients Uptake of Bellisperennis L. ................................................................................................................................133-144
Fatemeh Ramezanzadeh, Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand, Nazanin Khakipour
Trichoderma harzianum and Fe Spray Improve Growth Properties of Spathiphyllum sp..............145-152
Zahra Jalali, Mahmood Shoor, Sayed Hosein Nemati and Hamid Rouhany
Response of Marigold Flower Yield and Yield Components to Water Deficit Stress and Nitrogen
Fertilizer..................................................................................................................................153-162
Seyyed Gholamreza Moosavi, Mohamad Javad Seghatoleslami, Mansour Fazeli-Rostampoor and Zeinolabedin Jouyban
Effect of Thidiazuron and Salicylic Acid on the Vase Life and Quality of Alstroemeria (Alstroemeriahybrida L .cv. Modena) Cut Flower........................................................................................163-168
Zahra Bagheri Tirtashi, Davood Hashemabadi, Behzad Kaviani and Ameneh Sajjadi
The Effect of Cola on Postharvest Physiological Characteristics of Cut Alstroemeria...............169-174
Mehrdad Babarabie, Hossein Zareie and Feryal Varasteh
Plantlet Regeneration through Indirect Organogenesis of Flame Gold Tree (Koelreuteria elegansLaxm.).....................................................................................................................................175-180
Rameshwar Groach, Muzafar Hussain Dar, Kartar Chand Badgal, Priyanka Pal, Narender Singh and Kuldeep Yadav
Influence of Explant Nodal Positions on the In Vitro Shoot Regeneration of Rose..................181-187
Shreef Mahmood and Bernhard Hauser
Content Page
www.jornamental.com
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 123-132, September, 2014 123
Effect of Bulb Cutting and Pot Medium on Propagation
of Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum hybridum Hort.)
Keywords: Bulb cutting, Hippeastrum, Pot medium, Propagation.
Mohammad Khalid Jamil1, Mohammad Mizanur Rahman2 and Mohammad Moshiur Rahman3*
1 Senior Scientific Officer, Biotechnology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur,
Bangladesh2 Professor, Department of Horticulture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University
(BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh3 Senior Scientific Officer, Horticulture Research Center, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute,
Gazipur, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted at the Horticulture Research Farm of
Horticulture Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural
University (BSMRAU), Salna, Gazipur during December, 2007 to May, 2009
to investigate the effect of bulb cutting and potting media on propagation of
hippeastrum. The bulb cutting significantly influenced all the parameters
except days required to first leaf emergence and leaf breadth at 60 DAP. Leaf
number at 60 DAP, leaf length at 60 and 100 DAP, number of plant per
section of bulb and number of bulb per pot were found to be significantly in-
creased upto second treatment and then gradually decreased with the increase
of bulb cutting. The highest number (2.20) of plant per section of bulb,
bulblets (2.20) per section of bulb were obtained from 4 sections/bulb while
diameter (20.74 mm) of bulb and combined weight (57.65 g) of bulb and
plant were maximum at treatment 2 sections/bulb. Potting media also showed
significant influence on all studied parameters. The maximum number (2.04)
of plant per section of bulb and bulblets (2.04) per section of bulb were
revealed at potting media containing only compost while the potting media
contained sand, soil and compost at equal amount produced the biggest size
of bulblets (20.07 mm) and maximum weight (44.75 g) of bulb and plant
combinedly. However, the combined effect of T2 x P3 produced the maximum
number (2.60) of plant and bulblets per section of bulb while the biggest size
(23.05 mm) of bulblets and the highest yield (68.66 g) of bulb and plants
were obtained in T1 x P4.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 123-132, September, 2014124
INTRODUCTION
Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum hybridum Hort.) is a perennial and tunicated bulb suitable for
planting in the bed, pot, rockery, shrubbery and in landscaping. They are also popular as cut flowers
because of their large size, attractive color, and good keeping quality. Generally hippeastrum prop-
agated through bulbs. The bulb is composed entirely of enlarged leaf bases only and there are no
true bulb scales. There are usually six shoot units (generations) in a mature bulb. Daughter bulbs
are initiated in the axils of senescing bulb scales in the outer parts of the bulb. New daughter bulbs
produce nine leaves before initiating the first inflorescence. Because of their tropical origin, there
is no real dormant period in the growth and development cycle of hippeastrum (Rees, 1985).
The basic objective of ex-vitro propagation of hippeastrum is to produce off-spring i.e.
daughter bulbs that will be exactly similar to the mother plant and to get more bulb lets in a very
short time than natural propagation method in a year of growth.
Conventional propagation of hippeastrum by bulb offsets is slow. Seasonal and variable
with some hippeastrum hybrids not producing offsets (Smith et al., 1999). In fact, normally a plant
produces 2-3 bulb lets in a year of growth (Dohare, 1989). Since the natural multiplication rate of
hippeastrum is slow, bulb cutting may be suitable to overcome this deficiency. Developments of
plantlets from small sections of bulb i.e. scale and stem has been reported by a number of workers
(Heaton, 1934). Ephrath et al. (2001) conducted an experiment on various cutting methods for the
propagation of hippeastrum and found fewer bulblets were developed when the mother bulb was
divided into un-separated sections, compared to twin scales. Increasing the number of sections
into which the bulb was divided resulted in larger number of bulb lets. Zhu et al. (2005) reported
that the chipping method was suitable for cutting mother bulb at propagation and the appropriate
technique was to make 12-16 segments, depending on the size of the mother bulb. As the conven-
tional propagation method by bulb offset is slow and they produce a few bulblets naturally, for
this reason the experiment was taken to determine the suitable method for hippeastrum multipli-
cation and to identify the appropriate media for hippeastrum plantlet development.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was carried out at the horticultural research Farm of BSMRAU, Salna,
Gazipur during March 2008 to June 2008. It is located between 24.090 N latitude and 90.260 E
longitudes. The altitude of the location is 8.5 m from sea level. Cumulative rainfall of about 119
mm during August to May with average 82.9 % relative humidity. The mean maximum and min-
imum temperatures during cropping period were 26.290 C and 15.750 C, respectively. The soil of
the experimental farm was clay loam having pH 6.2, organic carbon (0.95 %), phosphorus (9 ppm)
and potassium (0.17 meq/100 g soil).
The bulbs of hippeastrum cv. `Apple Blossom, were collected from Kyushu University,
Japan. The bulbs were grown in the garden of Horticulture Department at BSMRAU, Salna, Gazipur.
When the bulbs attain 8-9 cm diameter then it were used as mother bulb for the experiment.
Mature and large size (8-9 cm in diameter) bulbs were selected for this experiment. Selected
bulbs were cleaned by removing the roots, leaves and dry scales. The knife used in the cuttage op-
eration was sterilized to avoid spread of diseases.
The bulbs were cut first horizontally keeping about 1.5 cm scale portion and basal stem por-
tion of similar thickness and then longitudinally into small pieces according to the treatment, each
containing scale and stem portions. The roots of the bulbs were cut back to about an inch in length
from the basal plate. The extraneous matter sticking to the bulb was also removed through washing.
Cut pieces of bulb were then dipped for 5 minutes into dithan M-45 (0.2%) solution to ensure proper
disinfection. The green portion of the leaves was removed by cutting off the top of the ‘neck’ of the
bulb. The treated bulbs were wrapped in tissue paper and immediately planted in a pot.
The experiment was consisted of two factors: Factor A- Five bulb segment: 2 sections, 4
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 123-132, September, 2014 125
sections, 8 sections, 12 sections and 16 sections and Factor B- Four potting media: Sand (100%),
Soil (100%), Compost (100%) and Sand + Soil + compost (1:1:1).
The pot experiment was laid out in a (RCBD) with five replications. One bulb section was
planted in one pot, containing the potting media according to the treatments and five plants were
constituted the unit of treatment. Total 100 (20 x 5) bulb sections were used from different treat-
ments in the experiment.
Fungicide treated cut pieces of bulbs were planted in a pot containing different type of pot-
ting media for rooting. The cut pieces became reddish in color, gradually turn greenish and finally
shoot arises from the junction of scale-stem section within 35 to 40 days after planting. After a
few days of shoot emergence, the seedlings were shifted everyday for a week from the shaded
place to partly sunny place for hardening.
Data were collected on the following parameters for interpretation of the result of the ex-
periment: i) Days to first leaf emergence, ii) Leaves per plant at 100 days after planting (DAP),
iii) Plant height at 60 and 100 DAP, iv) Leaf breadth at 60 and 100 DAP, v) Number of plants
emerged per bulb section at 100 DAP, vi) Bulblets per pot at 100 DAP, vii) Diameter of bulbs at
100 DAP and viii) Plant weight at 100 DAP.
The recorded data for different characters were analyzed statistically using MSTAT C pro-
gram to find out the variation among the treatments by F-test. Treatment means were compared
by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for interpretation of results (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of bulb segments
Days to first leaf emergence: Days to first leaf emergence of hippeastrum was not signif-
icantly influenced by bulb cutting (Table 1). However, the first leaf emergence (44.55 days) com-
menced earlier in T1 (i.e. 2 sections per bulb) while late (48.65 days) in plants of T5 (i.e.16 sections
per bulb) which was followed by T4, T3 and T2. This may be due to T1 had more reserve food than
other treatments which favoured the early leaf emergence of bulb sections. Misra, (1995) reported
that entire corm and radial cut corm showed 100% sprouting which supports the present findings.
Leaves per plant: Number of leaf was counted at 100 days after planting (DAP) and ex-
hibited significant variation among the different segments per bulb (Table 1). It varied from 1.5 to
2.65 per plant, the highest (2.65) leaves per plant was recorded from T2 (i.e. 4 sections per bulb)
and the lowest (1.5) from T5 (16 sections per bulb). A gradual decrease of number of leaf per plant
was found with the gradual increase in section per bulb except T2 in the present investigation.
Plant height: Plant height of hippeastrum was measured at 60 and 100 days after planting.
It was observed that plant height was significantly influenced by different segments per bulb at 60
DAP and 100 DAP (Table 1). The plant height increased gradually as the time passed after planting.
The highest plant height (19.91 cm and 29.11 cm) was observed in T2 at 60 DAP and 100 DAP re-
spectively. On the other hand, it was the lowest (10.25 cm and 24.62 cm) in T5 at both 60 and 100
DAP, respectively. Plant height was statistically similar among up to 12 segmented bulb than 16
segmented bulb. These findings are partially agreed by Singh (1996) where he found statistically
similar heights with whole and half corm use.
Leaf breadth: Leaf breadth of hippeastrum was not significantly influenced by the bulb
cutting at 60 DAP but significantly differed at 100 DAP (Table 1). However, the broader leaf (1.37
cm at 60D AP and 2.12 cm at 100 DAP) was visualized in T1 (2 sections per bulb) and the narrower
leaves (1.12 cm at 60 DAP and 1.69 cm at 100 DAP) produced from T5 (16 sections per bulb).
This might be due to that an increase in the number of sections resulted in a smaller quantity of
available nutrients in the sections which failed to produce broader leaves.
Plants emerged per bulb section: Plants emerged per bulb section of hippeastrum were
counted at the time of bulb lifting from the pot. A significant variation in plants per bulb section
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 123-132, September, 2014126
was observed (Table 1). The value for plants/section of bulb decreased gradually from T1 (2 sec-
tions) to T5 (16 sections) except T2 (Table 1). The maximum plants/bulb (2.2) was obtained when
mother bulb was cut at 4 sections (T2) and the lowest (1.1) was found in T5 (i.e. 16 sections per
bulb) which was at par with T4 and T3. Ephrath et al. (2001) also observed similar trend in hip-
peastrum.
Bulblets per pot: Number of bulblets per pot differs significantly due to mother bulb cutting
(Table 2.). The highest number of bulblets per pot (2.20) was found in T2 (i.e. 4 sections/bulb)
which was at par with T1 and T3. The lowest number of bulblets per pot (1.10) was obtained from
T5 (i.e.16 sections/bulb) followed by T4 and T3. This was possibly due to size of bulb sections
which produce bulb-lets after attaining optimum size. This was in line with the findings of Gromov
(1972) who suggested that faster propagation in gladiolus was achieved by planting halved seg-
ments of large corms.
Bulb diameter: Bulb diameter of hippeastrum was significantly influenced by the bulb
segments (Table 2). The highest diameter of bulb (20.74 mm) was recorded in T1 (i.e. 2 segments
per bulb) which was statistically identical to T2. The lowest diameter of bulb (14.73 mm) was
achieved in T5 (i.e. 16 segments per bulb) followed by T4 and T3. The results of the study presented
here revealed to the fact that the smaller the number of sections into which the mother bulb was
cut, the larger the average diameter of the resulting bulblets. The result is in full agreement with
the findings of Zhu et al. (2005) in hippeastrum who reported that the bigger the daughter bulb at
planting, the larger the bulb obtained.
Plant weight: Plant weight of hippeastrum as influenced by bulb sections showed statisti-
cally significant (Table 2). It can be noted that plant weight including bulb decreased gradually
with the increase of bulb sections. The highest plant weight (57.65 g) was obtained from T1 i.e. 2
Treatment
Days to
first leaf
emergence
Leaves per
plant
Plant height
(cm)
Leaf breadth
(cm)
Plants
emerged per
bulb section
60 DAP 100 DAP 60 DAP 100 DAP
T1=2 sections
T2=4 sections
T3=8 sections
T4=12 sections
T5=16 sections
Level of significance
CV%
44.55
44.75
44.95
46.65
48.65
NS
8.86
2.05 ab
2.65 a
2.10 ab
1.70 b
1.50 b
**
22.94
17.72 a
19.91 a
18.03 a
16.98 a
10.25 b
**
12.08
28.81 a
29.11 a
26.90 ab
25.63 ab
24.62 b
**
9.53
1.37
1.27
1.18
1.15
1.12
NS
15.12
2.12 a
1.99 ab
1.83 ab
1.74 b
1.69 b
**
11.89
1.95 ab
2.20 a
1.70 abc
1.55 bc
1.10 c
**
24.51
Means having same letter(s) in a column are not significantly different from each other
DAP = Days after planting.
Table 1. Effect of bulb cutting on vegetative growth of hippeastrum
Treatment Bulblets per pot Bulb diameter (mm) Plant weight (g)
T1=2 sections
T2=4 sections
T3=8 sections
T4=12 sections
T5=16 sections
Level of significance
CV%
1.95 ab
2.20 a
1.70 abc
1.55 bc
1.10 c
**
24.51
20.74 a
18.26 ab
17.38 bc
16.40 bc
14.73 c
**
10.73
57.65 a
51.09 b
36.97 c
24.68 d
23.72 d
**
5.73
Means having same letter(s) in a column are not significantly different from each other
Table 2. Effect of bulb cutting on bulb production of hippeastrum
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 123-132, September, 2014 127
sections per bulb and the treatment T5 i.e. 16 sections per bulb produced the lowest weight (23.72
g) which was statistically similar with that of T4. This finding is in agreement with that of Witomska
et al. (2005) in hippeastrum. They found that cutting size significantly affected the number of re-
generated bulblets, as well as their diameter and fresh weight.
Effect of potting media
Days to first leaf emergence: Potting media was found significantly influenced on days
to first leaf emergence of hippeastrum (Table 3). Days to first leaf emergence was observed earlier
(42.64 days) in P4 [i.e. sand, soil and compost (1:1:1)] which was statistically similar to P3 and P2.
Leaf emergence was late (50.36 days) in P1 (i.e. 100% sand only). This might be due to suitable
moisture content in P4 which enhanced the leaf emergence earlier than other potting media. In an
experiment with gladiolus, Misra, (1994) found maximum emergence of sprouts in pots by 50:50
sand and soil mixture which is also in partial agreement with the present findings.
Leaves per plant: The number of leaves per plant produced in different potting media varied
significantly (Table 3). The maximum number of leaves per plant (2.64) was recorded from potting
media P3 which was statistically similar to P4. It may be due to good aeration and nutrient availability
to the plant which ultimately results proper vegetative growth of plant. Whereas the minimum leaves
per plant (1.24) was produced in P1 (100% sand) which was statistically identical to P2.
Plant height: Potting media also showed significant influence on plant height of hippeas-
trum at 60 and 100 DAP (Table 3). Plant height increased gradually with the pave of time and it
was observed that there was significant differences of potting media in respect of plant height at
60 DAP and 100 DAP. From table 3, it was clear that plant height increases sharply at 60 DAP and
then slight increases at 100 DAP in all the potting media. However, the longest plant (20.65cm
and 32.26 cm) at 60 DAP and 100 DAP was found in P4 while the dwarf plant (11.50 cm and 19.45
cm) at 60 DAP and 100 DAP was recorded in P1. Adequate numbers of leaves are essential for
Treatment
Days to
first leaf
emergence
Leaves per
plant
Plant height
(cm)
Leaf breadth
(cm)
Plants
emerged per
bulb section
60 DAP 100 DAP 60 DAP 100 DAP
P1= 100% Sand
P2= 100% Soil
P3= 100% Compost
P4=Sand+Soil+Compost
Level of significance
CV%
50.36 a
47.00 ab
43.64 ab
42.64 b
**
8.86
1.24 c
1.72 bc
2.64 a
2.40 ab
**
22.94
11.50 b
14.56 b
19.60 a
20.65 a
**
12.08
19.45 c
25.44 b
30.90 a
32.26 a
**
9.53
0.76 c
1.10 b
1.43 a
1.57 a
**
15.12
1.31 b
1.55 b
2.20 a
2.43 a
**
11.89
1.32 b
1.52 ab
2.04 a
1.92 ab
**
24.51
Means having same letter(s) in a column are not significantly different from each other
Table 3. Effect of potting media on vegetative growth of hippeastrum
Treatment Bulblets per pot Bulb diameter (mm) Plant weight (g)
P1= 100% Sand
P2= 100% Soil
P3= 100% Compost
P4=Sand+Soil+Compost
Level of significance
CV%
1.32 b
1.52 ab
2.04 a
1.92 ab
**
24.51
14.86 c
16.42 bc
18.66 ab
20.07 a
**
10.73
32.61 b
36.20 b
41.73 a
44.75 a
**
5.73
Means having same letter(s) in a column are not significantly different from each other
Table 4. Effect of potting media on bulb production of hippeastrum
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 123-132, September, 2014128
normal growth and development of plants as well as bulbs. In the present study, P4 media produced
more leaves per plant, so it resulted in accumulation of more photosynthates that leading to better
growth of the plant.
Leaf breadth: Significant variation was observed in leaf breadth as influenced by potting
media (Table 3). A mixture of sand, soil and compost at the ratio of 1:1:1 (i.e.P4) showed the highest
value (1.57 cm at 60 DAP and 2.43 cm at 100 DAP) for leaf breadth and it was the lowest (0.76
cm at 60 DAP and 1.31cm at 100 DAP) was visualized in P1 (100% sand media). This may be due
to more numbers of leaves produced by P4 media which favours the accumulation of more photo-
synthates leading to broader leaf of the plant.
Plants emerged per bulb section: Significant variation in the plants per bulb was also
found due to different potting media (Table 3). A gradual increase in plants/bulb was observed
when bulb sections were planted in compost media solely and also in the mixture of sand, soil and
compost at the ratio of 1:1:1.The compost media (P3) solely produced the maximum number of
Treatment Days to first
leaf emergence
Leaves per
plant
Plant height
(cm)
Leaf breadth
(cm)
Plants
emerged per
bulb section
60 DAP 100 DAP 60 DAP 100 DAP
T1 X P1
T1 X P2
T1 X P3
T1 X P4
T2 X P1
T2 X P2
T2 X P3
T2 X P4
T3 X P1
T3 X P2
T3 X P3
T3 X P4
T4 X P1
T4 X P2
T4 X P3
T4 X P4
T5 X P1
T5 X P2
T5 X P3
T5 X P4
Level of significance
CV%
44.2 c-g
45.4 c-f
44.4 c-g
38.6 g
50.2abc
49.6 abc
40.6 fg
45.8 b-f
51.8 ab
47.2 b-e
45.0 c-f
42.6 d-g
52.0 ab
44.8 c-g
41.2 efg
40.2 fg
53.6 a
48.0 a-d
47.0 b-e
46.0 b-f
*
8.86
2.0 bc
2.8 abc
2.6 abc
3.0 abc
2.0 bc
2.8 abc
3.6 a
3.6 a
2.0 bc
2.4 abc
3.4 ab
3.4 ab
1.6 c
2.2 abc
2.8 abc
3.4 ab
1.8 c
2.4 abc
2.8 abc
2.4 abc
**
25.83
12.08 efg
16.50 bcd
20.46 ab
21.84 a
13.24 c-f
16.90 bc
24.68 a
24.80 a
12.54 d-g
15.24 cde
21.44 a
22.90 a
11.26 efg
14.62 cde
20.50 ab
21.52 a
8.36 g
9.54 fg
10.92 efg
12.18 efg
**
12.08
23.28
28.14
31.82
32.00
21.36
25.64
34.24
35.22
18.96
23.92
31.04
33.66
17.86
24.18
29.46
31.00
15.78
25.30
27.96
29.44
NS
9.53
0.86 fg
1.26 b-e
1.60 ab
1.74 a
0.72 g
0.96 efg
1.40 a-d
1.64 ab
0.78 fg
1.16 c-f
1.56 abc
1.58 ab
0.72 g
1.06 d-g
1.30 b-e
1.50 abc
0.70 g
1.06 d-g
1.30 b-e
1.40 a-d
**
15.12
1.50 ef
1.98 cd
2.40 abc
2.60 a
1.44 f
1.66 def
2.38 abc
2.50 ab
1.22 f
1.42 f
2.28 abc
2.40 abc
1.22 f
1.36 f
2.02 bcd
2.36 abc
1.18 f
1.34 f
1.94 cde
2.30 abc
**
11.89
1.6 b-e
1.8 a-e
2.2 abc
2.2 abc
1.8 a-e
2.0 a-d
2.6 a
2.4 ab
1.2 de
1.4 cde
2.2 abc
2.0 a-d
1.0 e
1.4 cde
2.0 a-d
1.8 a-e
1.0 e
1.0 e
1.2 de
1.2 de
**
24.51
Means having same letter(s) in a column are not significantly different from each other
DAP = Days after planting
T1 X P1 = 2 sections x sand only
T3 X P3 = 8 sections x compost only
T1 X P2 = 2 sections x soil only T3 X P4 = 8 sections x (sand+soil+compost)
T1 X P3 = 2 sections x compost only T4 X P1 = 12 sections x sand only
T1 X P4 = 2 sections x (sand+soil+compost) T4 X P2 = 12 sections x soil only
T2 X P1 = 4 sections x sand only T4 X P3 = 12 sections x compost only
T2 X P2 = 4 sections x soil only T4 X P4 = 12 sections x (sand+soil+compost)
T2 X P3 = 4 sections x compost only T5 X P1 = 16 sections x sand only
T2 X P4 = 4 sections x (sand+soil+compost) T5 X P2 = 16 sections x soil only
T3 X P1 = 8 sections x sand only T5 X P3 = 16 sections x compost only
T3 X P2 = 8 sections x soil only T5 X P4 = 16 sections x (sand+soil+compost)
Table 5. Combined effect of bulb cutting and potting media on vegetative growth of hippeastrum
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 123-132, September, 2014 129
plants per bulb (2.04) and the media contain solely sand (P1) produced the lowest (1.32) plant per
section of bulb. This may be due to good aeration and water holding capacity of the compost media
which favors the regeneration ability of the cutting bulb. This result is also supported by the find-
ings of Witomska et al. (2005). They observed in a trial regarding the effect of cutting size on
propagation efficiency of Hippeastrum x chmielii by scale cuttings that perlite was more appro-
priate medium for incubation of cuttings than a mixture of perlite and peat.
Bulblets per pot: The number of bulblets per pot was significantly varied due to potting
media (Table 4). However, the highest number of bulblets per pot (2.04) was found in potting media
containing solely compost (P3) which was closely followed by potting media P4 that containing
sand, soil and compost at the ratio of 1:1:1 and P2. 100% compost (P3) showed better performance
may be due to the profuse rooting of the bulb sections which absorbed more nutrients that encourage
the production of more bulblets per plant. On the other hand, the lowest number of bulblets per pot
(1.32) was observed in potting media containing only sand (P1). This may be due to that sand alone
is a nutrient deficient medium. Misra, (1994) reported that the treatment sand and soil mixture was
found to be superior among different soil media and provided largest size corms in gladiolus.
Diameter of bulb: Significant variation was observed in bulb diameter as influenced by
Treatment Bulblets per pot Bulb diameter (mm) Plant weight (g)
T1 X P1
T1 X P2
T1 X P3
T1 X P4
T2 X P1
T2 X P2
T2 X P3
T2 X P4
T3 X P1
T3 X P2
T3 X P3
T3 X P4
T4 X P1
T4 X P2
T4 X P3
T4 X P4
T5 X P1
T5 X P2
T5 X P3
T5 X P4
Level of significance
CV%
1.60 b-e
1.80 a-e
2.20 abc
2.20 abc
1.80 a-e
2.00 a-d
2.60 a
2.40 ab
1.20 de
1.40 cde
2.20 abc
2.00 a-d
1.20 de
1.40 cde
2.00 a-d
1.80 a-e
1.00 e
1.00 e
1.20 de
1.20 de
**
24.51
18.48 b-f
19.38 a-e
22.05 ab
23.05 a
15.77 e-i
17.00 d-h
19.10 a-e
21.18 abc
14.73 f-i
16.16 d-i
18.53 b-f
20.08 a-d
14.18 hi
15.36 e-i
17.65 c-g
19.42 a-e
12.13 i
14.20 ghi
15.98 d-i
16.60 d-h
**
10.73
45.32 d
55.82 c
60.82 b
68.66 a
45.32 d
47.30 d
55.38 c
56.36 c
33.70 fg
35.70 ef
38.84 e
39.62 e
20.90 j
21.38 j
27.70 hi
30.74 gh
19.82 j
20.78 j
25.90 i
28.38 hi
**
5.73
Means having same letter (s) in a column are not significantly different from each other
T1 X P1 = 2 sections x sand only T3 X P3 = 8 sections x compost only
T1 X P2 = 2 sections x soil only T3 X P4 = 8 sections x (sand+soil+compost)
T1 X P3 = 2 sections x compost only T4 X P1 = 12 sections x sand only
T1 X P4 = 2 sections x (sand+soil+compost) T4 X P2 = 12 sections x soil only
T2 X P1 = 4 sections x sand only T4 X P3 = 12 sections x compost only
T2 X P2 = 4 sections x soil only T4 X P4 = 12 sections x (sand+soil+compost)
T2 X P3 = 4 sections x compost T5 X P1 = 16 sections x sand only
T2 X P4 = 4 sections x (sand+soil+compost) T5 X P2 = 16 sections x soil only
T3 X P1 = 8 sections x sand only T5 X P3 = 16 sections x compost only
T3 X P2 = 8 sections x soil only T5 X P4 = 16 sections x (sand+soil+compost)
Table 6. Combined effect of bulb cutting and potting media on bulb production of hip-
peastrum
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 123-132, September, 2014130
potting media (Table 4). The media P4 (containing sand, soil and compost at the same ratio) showed
the highest value (20.07 mm) for bulb diameter which was statistically similar to P3. A mixture of
sand, soil and compost (P4) showed better performance may be due to the lower number of bulblets
per pot which obtained available space to attain proper growth. On the other hand, the lowest di-
ameter of bulb (14.86 mm) was recorded in 100% sand (P1). This was also supported by Misra,
(1994) in gladiolus where he found that the size of corms was highly discouraging in only sand.
Plant weight: Plants weight of hippeastrum was also observed significant as influence by
potting media (Table 4). The highest plant weight (44.75 g) was recorded from potting media con-
taining sand, soil and compost at the ratio of 1:1:1 (P4) which was at par with P3. The minimum
plant weight (32.61 g) was recorded from potting media contained only sand (P1). This may be
due to that the longest root was produced by the treatment P4 and number of roots was also good
in this treatment which was able to uptake necessary nutrients. On the other hand, though number
of roots per plant was highest in 100% sand but root length was not good. So, these could not
uptake sufficient nutrients from the soil.
Combined effect of bulb segments and potting media
Days to first leaf emergence: Days to first leaf emergence of hippeastrum were significant
as influenced by the combined effect of bulb section and potting media (Table 5). From the table,
it was found that T1P4 i.e. 2 sections per bulb with sand, soil and compost (1:1:1) media took the
minimum period (38.6 days) for first leaf emergence which was at par with T1P1, T1P3, T2P3, T3P4,
T4P2, T4P3 and T4P4. On the other hand, T5P1 i.e. 16 sections per bulb with 100% sand media took
the maximum period (53.6 days) which was statistically similar with T2P1, T2P2, T3P1, T4P1 and
T5P2. This may be due to available moisture content of the potting media (P4) and sufficient food
reserves in the bulb section (T1) enhanced the leaf emergence of the bulb. This was in close con-
formity with the findings of Misra (1995) in gladiolus.
Leaves per plant: Regarding the combined effect of bulb sections and potting media on
the number of leaves per plant, significant difference was observed (Table 5). Number of leaves
per plant varied from 1.6 to 2.6, the highest (2.6) being observed in T2P3 followed by T2P4 (Table
5).This may be due to that T2P3 favours the congenial environment for the growth of bulb which
encouraged to produce more leaves per plant for better growth. On the other hand, the minimum
leaves (1.6) was visualized in T4P1 (i.e. 12 sections/bulb + 100% sand) which was statistically sim-
ilar with T5P1 (16 sections/bulb + 100% sand). This may be due to insufficient food reserves to the
bulb section (16 sections per bulb) and deficient in nutrient in potting media (100% sand only).
Plant height: The combined effect of bulb sections and potting media had significant in-
fluence on plant height of hippeastrum at 60 days after planting but it was not significantly dif-
fered at 100 DAP (Table 5). However, the periodic growth study revealed that plant height
increased with the advancement of the plant duration. The maximum plant height (24.80 cm)
was recorded in T2P4 at 60 DAP which was statistically identical to T2P3. The minimum plant
height (8.36 cm at 60 DAP and 15.78 cm at 100 DAP) was found in T5P1.These findings are
partially agreed by Singh (1996) where he found statistically similar heights with whole and
half corm use.
Leaf breadth: The combined effect of bulb section and potting media also exhibited
significant influence on leaf breadth of Hippeastrum (Table 5). Maximum leaf breadth (1.74
cm at 60 DAP and 2.60 cm at 100 DAP) was observed in T1P4 (2 sections per bulb + potting
media containing a mixture of sand, soil and compost equally) which was statistically iden-
tical with that of T2P4 and T3P4 {i.e.4 and 8 sections per bulb + potting media containing a
mixture of sand, soil and compost} (Table 5). The lowest value for leaf breadth (0.70 cm at
60 DAP and 1.18 cm at 100 DAP) was observed in T5P1 (16 sections per bulb + 100% sand
media). Good aeration to the root zone, water and nutrient availability to the plant favoured
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 123-132, September, 2014 131
better growth and development of the plant, which eventually produced broader size of leaf
in the experiment.
Plants emerged per bulb section: The combined effect of bulb sections and potting media
showed significant influence on the plants produced per bulb of hippeastrum (Table 5). However,
the maximum no. of plants (2.6) was produced in T2P3 and T2P4. This may be due to that smaller
section of bulb and 100% compost or a mixture of sand, soil and compost possesses sufficient food
reserves and available nutrients to the plant which encouraged new plantlets from bulb sections.
On the other hand, the media contain only sand or only soil with 12 or 16 sections per mother bulb
(T4P1, T5P1 and T5P2) produced the minimum number of plantlets per bulb section (1.0) (Table 5).
This result is also in partial agreement with the findings of Misra (1994) who found that the highest
percent of plant emergence in pots was obtained by 50:50 sand and soil mixture.
Bulblets per pot: The combined effect of bulb sections and potting media also showed sig-
nificant influence on number of bulblets per pot of hippeastrum (Table 6). However, the maximum
bulblets per pot (2.60) were recorded from T2P3 (i.e.2 sections/bulb and potting media containing
sand, soil and compost at the ratio 1:1:1). This may be due to that maximum number of leaves per
plant was produced in T2P3 which accumulated more photosynthates that diverted into sink (bulb)
and ultimately produced more bulblets per plant. On the other hand, the minimum (1.00) was ob-
tained from 16 sections /bulb with sand or soil media solely (T5P1 and T5P2).
Diameter of bulb: The combined effect of bulb sections and potting media also exhibited
significant influence on bulb diameter of hippeastrum (Table 6). However, the maximum bulb di-
ameter (23.05 mm) was observed in the treatment consists of T1P4 (i.e. 2 sections per bulb with
potting media containing a mixture of sand, soil and compost at the same ratio). The lowest value
for bulb diameter (12.13 mm) was observed in the treatment comprises of 16 sections per bulb
and 100% sand containing potting media (T5P1). Potting media containing sand, soil and compost
at the same ratio produced greater number of roots which uptake sufficient nutrients that favoured
better growth and development of the individual plant, which eventually produced larger size of
bulbs in the present experiment. This result is in full agreement with that of Ephrath et al. (2001)
who reported that as the number of sections that the mother bulb was divided to decreased, the
percentage of developing bulblets with a large circumference increased.
Plant weight: The combined effect between bulb sections and potting media on plant
weight of hippeastrum was found significant (Table 6). However, the highest plant weight (68.66
g) was obtained from T1P4 i.e. 2 sections per bulb with potting media containing a mixture of sand,
soil and compost which was closely followed by T2P4 i.e. 4 sections /bulb with potting media con-
taining a mixture of sand, soil and compost (Table 6). The lowest value for plant weight (19.82 g)
was found in T5P1 (i.e.16 sections per bulb and potting media contain only sand) which was closely
followed by T5P1, T5P2 and T4P1. The combination of 2 sections /bulb and potting media contain sand
+ soil + compost at the same ratio produced the highest plant weight. Equal amount of sand, soil and
compost in a pot ensured the availability of nutrient, moisture and aeration to the root zone which ul-
timately results in better growth and development of the plant and producing heavier bulb.
CONCLUSION
From this experiment it was revealed that bulb cutting significantly influenced all the pa-
rameters except days required to first leaf emergence and leaf breadth at 60 DAP. The highest num-
ber of plant per section of bulb, bulblets per section of bulb were obtained from treatment 2 while
diameter of bulb and combined weight of bulb and plant were maximum at treatment 1. Potting
media also showed significant influence on all parameters studied on hippeastrum bulb cutting.
The maximum number of plant per section of bulb and bulblets per section of bulb were found at
potting media containing only compost while the potting media contained sand, soil and compost
at equal amount produced the biggest bulblets and heaviest bulb.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 123-132, September, 2014132
Literature Cited
Dohare, S.R. 1989. Amaryllis and Hippeastrum. In: Commercial Flowers. T.K. Bose, R.G. Maiti
and R.S. Dhva, (eds.), Naya Prokash, Calcutta. pp. 558-564.
Ephrath, J.E., Ben-Asher, J., Baruchin, F., Alekperov, C., Dayan, E. and Silberbush, M. 2001. Various
cutting methods for the propagation of hippeastrum bulbs. Biotronics. 30: 75-83.
Gomez, K.A. and Gomez. A.A. 1984. Statistical procedures for agricultural Research (2nd edition).
Int. Rice Res. Inst. John Wiley and Sons Publication, New York. pp. 28-192.
Gromov, A.N. 1972. Propagation by division. In: The world of gladiolus, Edge. Wood Press, Maryland.
pp. 98-102,
Heaton, I. W. 1934. Vegetative propagation of Amaryllis. Herbertia, 1: 75-82.
Misra, R.L. 1994. Propagatiion of gladiolus through sprouts- An entirely new method in gladiolus
propagation. In: Floriculture Technology, Trades and Trends. Oxford and IBH Publishing
Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. pp. 67-70.
Misra, R.L. 1995. Studies on gladiolus propagation through fractionated corms. Haryanan Journal
of Horticultural Science. 24(3-4): 203-208.
Rees, A.R. 1985. Hippeastrum. In: Handbook of flowering. A.H. Halevy (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Florida. pp. 294-296.
Singh, K.P. 1996. Response of whole and excised corms on production of spikes in gladiolus. Indian
Journal of Horticulture. 53(3): 228-232.
Smith, R.H., Burrows, J. and Kurten, K. 1999. Challenges associated with micropropagation of
Zephyranthes and Hippeastrum sp. (Amaryllidaceae). In vitro Cellular and Development of
Biology Plant. 35(4): 281-282.
Witomska, M., Ilczuk, A. and Zalewska, I. 2005. Effect of cutting size on propagation efficiency
of Hippeastrum x Chmielii by scale cuttings. Propagation of Ornamental Plants. 5(4): 205-209.
Zhu, Y., Liu, K.S. and Yiu, J.C. 2005. Effect of cutting method on bulb production of Hippeastrum hybridum in Taiwan. Acta-Horticulturae. 2: 531-535
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 133-144, September, 2014 133
The Effect of Organic Media and Fertilization Method
on the Yield and Nutrients Uptake of Bellis perennis L.
Keywords: Azolla, Foliar spray, Growth indices, Municipal waste compost, Tea waste.
Fatemeh Ramezanzadeh 1, Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand1* and Nazanin Khakipour2
1Department of Horticulture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran2Department of Soil Science, Savadkooh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran, Iran
*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]
In order to investigate the effect of growth media and nutrition
method on the growth of Bellis perennis L. and nutrients uptake, a factorial
experiment was conducted with two factors: growth media (municipal
waste compost, Azolla compost, tea wastes compost) and nutrition method
(without fertilizer, soil application, foliar spray) in comparison to the
control medium (60% soil + 20% manure + 10% composted leaves + 10%
sand) based on RCD with 45 treatment and three replications. Plant growth
indices during growth and after plant harvest were measured. The total
nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and
manganese were measured in the shoot of plant. The results showed that the
height of plant increased in medium "control, municipal waste compost,
Azolla" through foliar spray and soil application of fertilizer. The growth
medium "control, municipal compost and Azolla" increased plant height,
shoot dry weight and flower number and uptake of nitrogen, potassium,
zinc, calcium, iron and magnesium in plant shoot.
Abstract
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 133-144, September, 2014134
INTRODUCTION
Bellis perennis L. is annual plant to grow in Europe and the west of Asia widely in
bushes, wet lands and forest region (Vaziri Elahi, 1987). It grows to the 1800-2000 height
(Zargari, 1989). Easy cultivation, lack of high care and also many flowers are the invariants of
mentioned plant (Vaziri Elahi, 1987). Color of petals is varied from red, red-purple, white or
pink colors (Kavalcioglou et al., 2010). Nutritional management has an important role at the
increase of production and quality of ornamental plants. Nowadays, different matters are used
as growth media of ornamental plants (Raviv et al., 2002). The cultivation of plants on soilless
media started in 1960 by using organic media, especially peat (Shi et al., 2002). Peat is the
most public matter used as basis at growth media and in many countries in the world it consti-
tutes the most part of greenhouse soil, but its removal from ecosystems is a global problem
(Vaughn et al., 2011). Many researches about the effect of compost produced from different
resources of agricultural on the growth of ornamental plants has been done in the world that
denotes their beneficial effects at improvement of physical, chemical condition and soil fertility
(Levy and Taylor, 2003).
Growth media may be provided from different matters with optimized physical and nutri-
tional characteristics, but suitable organic matters was expensive and providing them is difficult
(Dibenedetto et al., 2004). The positive effect of using municipal waste compost in many agricul-
tural, garden and pasture products has been reported (Marcote et al., 2001; Mbarki et al., 2008;
Ostos et al., 2008; Almasiyan et al., 2006; Cala et al., 2005; Eghball et al., 2004; Somare et al.,2003; Garcy Gil et al., 2000). Using compost at growth of marigold had positive effect on growth
indices and uptake macronutrients by plant (Sharifi et al., 2010). Papafotiou et al. (2004) used
olive wastes compost as alternative of peat to cultivate some ornamental plants and suggested that
this compost can be replaced amounted 25%, 75% and 75% v/v instead of peat for cultivating
Ficus benjamina L., Cordyline and Syngonium podophyllum L., respectively.
Grigatti et al. (2007) showed that the peat can be replaced by the composition of waste
compost of plant pruning and sewage sludge (20:80) at growth media of seasonal transplant
(marigold, sage, and begonia) at the rations 25 and 50 percent. The aim of this research was deter-
mining suitable media for the growth of Bellis perennis and increasing uptake of nutrients by using
tea waste, Azolla and municipal waste compost.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A factorial experiment (two factors) was conducted to evaluate impact of growth media
and nutrition method on Bellis perennis L. Factor A was the different growth media obtained from
organic wastes in 15 treatments. Factor B was nutrition method including soil fertilization, foliar
spray and without fertilization. Bellis perennis L. seeds was bought from Farid seed company and
was planted in plot provided by garden soil (60% soil + 20%manure + 10% composted leaves +
10% sand) and the produced transplant with the same size were transferred to the pots having dif-
ferent media at the five or six leaves step. Municipal waste compost was prepared from the factory
of recycling municipal waste in Rasht, tea waste compost from Tea Research Station of the north
of Iran and Azolla compost were bought from Rice Research Center of Agriculture Ministry in
Rasht. After preparation compost, firstly they were passed through 5mm sieve and were combined
as volume with the proportion that is mentioned in Table 1. Then the composition was poured into
4 liters pot and transferred to the field and arranged according to the experiment design. After
transferring the seedlings to the pots and after one month, they were sprayed. Two plants in each
pot were maintained until the end of the growing season. Liquid fertilizer of Megafol was used
for fertilization whose its compound is shown in Table 2. Fertilization was done three times at in-
tervals 15 days in both soil and spray. The plant height monthly during growing season and flow-
ering stem was measured.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 133-144, September, 2014 135
At the end of the growth period, the plants were removed from pots. Shoots from the crown
removed and their fresh weight was recorded. The harvested shoot were dried at 70°C for 48 h.
Sub samples of dry shoot were ground and then dry-ashed in a furnace at 550°C and then extracted
with 2M HCl. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn were measured in the extracts by
atomic absorption (Ali Ahyaei, 1994), K by flame photometry and P by spectrophotometry (Paye
Treatment
symbol
Treatment
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11
A12
A13
A14
A15
Control (60% v/v soil+ 20% v/v manure+ 10% sand, 10% composted leaves)
100% Tea wastes compost
100% Municipal wastes compost
100% Azolla compost
50% Control+50% Tea wastes compost
50% Control+50% Municipal wastes compost
50% Control+ 50% Azolla compost
50% Tea wastes compost+ 50%Municipal wastes compost
50% Tea wastes composte+50% Azolla compost
50% Municipal wastes compost +50%Azolla compost
33.3% Control+33.3%Tea wastes composte+33.3%Municipal wastes compost
33.3% Control + 33.3% Tea wastes compost+ 33.3% Azolla compost
33.3% Control+ 33.3%Municipal wastes composte+33.3%Azolla compost
33.3% Tea wastes compost+ 33.3%Municipal wastes composte+33.3% Azolla compost
25% Control+ 25%Tea wastes compost+ 25%Municipal wastes compost+ 25%Azolla
Means having same letter (s) in a column are not significantly different from each other
Table 1. The compounds of organic wastes used in different treatments
P2O5 (%) C Organic (%) N Organic (%) Fe (%) Amino acides (%) K2O (%)
4.5-5.6 2.9-3.6 28-35 0.05-0.06 4.5-5.6 0.04-0.05
Table 2. The compounds of nutrient solution used in experiment
Treatment Nitrogen
(%)
Phosphorus
(mg/kg)
Potassium
(mg/kg)
C/N
ratiopH EC
(dS/m)
Control
Tea wastes compost
Municipal wastes compost
Azolla compost
Control + Tea wastes compost
Control + Municipal wastes compost
Control + Azolla compost
Tea wastes compost + Municipal wastes compost
Tea wastes compost + Azolla compost
Municipal wastes compost + Azolla compost
Control + Tea wastes compost + Municipal wastes compost
Control + Tea wastes compost + Azolla compost
Control + Municipal wastes compost + Azolla compost
Tea wastes compost + Municipal wastes compost +
Azolla compost
Control + Tea wastes compost + Municipal wastes
compost + Azolla
0.25
2.80
3.22
2.73
2.99
1.89
0.70
3.71
3.50
2.94
1.96
1.89
1.94
2.85
2.17
6
120
208
26
80
72
14
156
44
248
80
48
56
104
88
24
82
660
102
62
320
56
540
146
290
300
104
420
510
340
17.72
6.44
7.11
8.58
3.91
8.25
13.93
5.91
5.29
7.13
7.96
5.16
4.53
7.53
8.54
6.9
4.8
8.0
6.1
5.1
7.7
6.5
7.6
4.9
7.6
7.1
4.9
7.6
7.3
7.2
0.85
5.69
16.36
3.94
1.64
8.55
1.47
11.73
7.65
10.74
8.52
2.6
5.23
8.8
6.28
Table 3. Some chemical properties of the used media
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 133-144, September, 2014136
et al., 1982). The chemical properties of beds were measured. For measuring total N of media,
method of Kjeldahl was used (Paye et al., 1984). For measuring phosphorus and potassium, first
the beds were extracted by the ammonium bicarbonate-DTPA. Then in produced extract, the phos-
phorus was measured with the phosphomolybdate method and by Spectrophotometer model Apel-
PD-303 UV in the wave 470 nonometer. Potassium was measured by a flame photometer model
Jenway. The pH and EC were measured in extract 1:5 dried material to water. The pH was measured
with pH meter model elmetron and EC was measured with Jenway. Organic carbon was measured
by walkey-black method (Paye et al., 1984) Table 3 shows some chemical properties of the used
media.
The experiment was a completely randomized design in three replications and MSTATC
software was used for variance analysis of data by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The effect of treatment on the growth indices
The results of variance analysis in Table 4 showed that the effect of growth media and nu-
trition method on shoot dry matter, plant height and flower number were significant. The interaction
impact of treatments on shoot dry matter was not significant at 5% level.
Table 5 shows that the highest shoot dry weight and flower number was observed in control
+ municipal waste compost. Municipal waste compost in combination with control could be ef-
fective at increasing plant growth. Chen et al. (1988) introduced mixture of manure and composted
Table 4. The ANOVA results of the treatments effect on growth of Bellis perennis L.
Variation sources
Mean Squared
Freedom degree Plant height Flower number Shoot dry matter
Growth medium (A)
Nutrition method (B)
A × B
Error
14
2
28
90
16.7**
8.6**
3.1*
1.2
412.1**
176.4*
190.9*
67.3
180.6**
74.4*
13.6 ns
18.165
**, * significant at 1 and 5% level, respectively, ns not significant at 5% level.
Treatment Shoot dry
matter (g)
Plant height
(cm)
Flower
number
Control
Tea wastes compost
Municipal wastes compost
Azolla compost
Control + Tea wastes compost
Control + Municipal wastes compost
Control + Azolla compost
Tea wastes compost + Municipal wastes compost
Tea wastes compost + Azolla compost
Municipal wastes compost + Azolla compost
Control + Tea wastes compost + Municipal wastes compost
Control + Tea wastes compost + Azolla compost
Control + Municipal wastes compost + Azolla compost
Tea wastes compost + Municipal wastes compost + Azolla compost
Control + Tea wastes compost + Municipal wastes compost + Azolla
11.8 de
16.6 bc
15.1 cd
9.6 e
17.3 bc
23.8 a
13.7 cde
20. 5 ab
14.2 cd
20.7 ab
22.6 a
14.6 cd
22.2 a
22.0 a
22.0 a
7.9 ef
9.5 bcd
8.9 cde
7.3 f
8.4 def
10.9 a
7.5 f
11.0 a
8.9 cde
10.5 ab
10.1 abc
8.2 def
11.3 a
10.8 a
10.5 ab
30.7 cd
34.2 bcd
26.1 de
20.8 e
34.2 bcd
46.3 a
28.0 de
37. 7 abc
32.8 bcd
43.9 a
34.6 bcd
28.0 de
40.1 ab
32.1 bcd
37.9 abc
Table 5. The impact of growth media on the growth indices of Bellis perennis L.
Values followed by the same letters in each column are not significantly different at the 0.05 level (least significant difference)
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 133-144, September, 2014 137
grape as a suitable replacement for peat at producing ornamental plants. Ikeda et al. (2001) reported
that organic media have higher yield than mineral media. Results of Tables 3 and 5 showed that
Bllis perennis L. could tolerate EC more than 8 dS/m. The greatest height of plants is observed in
the medium 33.3% control, 33.3% municipal wastes compost + 33.3% Azolla compost (11.3 cm).
Municipal waste compost because of high pH and EC can’t be a good bed for plant growth, but
municipal waste compost in combination with Azolla compost and garden soil can be a suitable
combination for plant growth because of stabilizing pH and EC, increasing nutrition material. Gar-
cia-Gomez et al. (2001) reported that medium including 20 to 50% municipal waste compost will
increase growing index and over 50% will decrease growing. Some beds including municipal waste
compost, increases growing of English daisy because of pH 7-8, this plant prefers a pH about 7.5
to 8.5 (Mitich, 1997).
Results of Table 6 showed that the soil application of fertilizer increased plant height, shoot
dry weigh and flower number in compared foliar spray application and without fertilization. Base
on Table 7, the most flower number obtained in a mixed medium of control + municipal wastes
compost in soil application of fertilizer. Interaction influence of bed and nutrition method of flower
index is significant so the most number of flowers is in 50% control+50% municipal wastes com-
post and nutrition method of soil fertilization. Interaction influence of medium and nutrition method
on plant height was significant and the most amount of height was shown in “control + municipal
wastes compost + Azolla compost” and nutrition method of spraying leaves and soil consumption.
A suitable result of medium in relation with plant height is the combination of municipal wastes
compost with Azolla compost and garden soil. Municipal wastes compost because of high pH and
EC can’t be a good bed for plant growth, but municipal waste compost in combination with Azolla
compost and garden soil (control+ municipal wastes compost + Azolla compost) can be a suitable
combination for plant growth because of stabilizing pH and EC, increasing nutrition material. Gar-
cia-Gomez et al. (2001) reported that medium including 20 to 50% municipal waste compost will
increase growing index and over 50% will decrease growing. Some beds including municipal waste
compost increases growing of English daisy because of pH 7-8 which is needed for English daisy.
This plant prefers a pH about 7.5 to 8.5 is preferred (Mitich, 1997).
The effect of treatment on nutrients uptake
The ANOVA result showed that the effect of various growth media on nutrients uptake by
plant shoot was significant at 1% level (Table 8). Results showed that tea waste, municipal compost
and Azolla medium increased the nitrogen uptake in plant shoot (Table 9). The increase in nitrogen
uptake is due to high yield and the high concentration of nitrogen in plant. The highest C/N ration
and the least concentration of nitrogen were seen in substrates control and control + Azolla in
media (Table 3). If C/N in organic matter is high, microorganisms obtain the nitrogen from media
so the concentration of media nitrogen decreases that this process is called immobilization. In
medium of control + tea wastes + Azolla, low uptake of nitrogen was seen (Table 9) so in plant
shoot the lowest uptake of nitrogen was measured. Researchers believe that adding organic matters
to soil may be accompanied by decrease of nitrogen uptake for the plant so when using organic
Nutrition method Shoot dry matter (g) Plant height (cm) Flower number
B1
B2
B3
16.46 b
19.03 a
17.84 ab
9.16 b
9.97 a
9.28 b
31.69 b
35.60 a
34.18 ab
Table 6. The impact of nutrition method on the growth indices
B1: Without fertilization, B2: Soil application of fertilizer, B3: Foliar spray of fertilization Values fol-
lowed by the same letters in each column are not significantly different at the 0.05 level (least sig-
nificant difference)
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 133-144, September, 2014138
Gro
wth
med
ium
Nu
trition
meth
od
Sh
oot d
ry
matter (g
)
Pla
nt
heig
ht(cm
)
Flo
wer
nu
mb
er
Gro
wth
med
ium
Nu
trition
meth
od
Sh
oot d
ry
matter (g
)
Pla
nt
heig
ht (cm
)
Flo
wer
nu
mb
er
Gro
wth
med
ium
Nu
trition
meth
od
Sh
oot d
ry
matter (g
)
Pla
nt
heig
ht(cm
)
Flo
wer
nu
mb
er
A1
A1
A1
A2
A2
A2
A3
A3
A3
A4
A4
A4
A5
A5
A5
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
11.5
0 a
13.1
0 a
10.8
0 a
16.9
0 a
19.2
6 a
13.7
3 a
14.1
3 a
18.3
3 a
12.1
70 a
7.0
6 a
13.8
6 a
7.9
3 a
15.5
0 a
19.6
0 a
17.4
0 a
7.2
7c-f
9.0
7a-d
7.4
7b-f
9.4
3ab
c
10.1
0ab
8.8
3a-d
8.1
0a-f
9.6
7ab
9.0
0a-d
6.5
7ef
9.3
0ab
c
6.0
0 f
8.8
0a-d
8.0
7a-f
8.3
3a-e
23.0
fgh
37.7
b-f
31.3
c-g
31.7
c-g
29.7
c-g
41.3
b-e
27.0
e-h
28.7
c-h
fgh 2
2.7
13.0
h
29.0
c-h
20.3
gh
28.0
c-h
40.3
b-e
34.3
c-g
A6
A6
A6
A7
A7
A7
A8
A8
A8
A9
A9
A9
A10
A10
A10
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
25.1
3 a
22.2
a
23.9
a
12.7
6 a
15.3
3 a
13.0
a
19.2
0 a
20.1
6 a
22.0
a
13.3
3 a
15.7
3 a
13.4
6 a
17.1
3 a
23.3
6 a
21.6
3 a
12.1
0 a
11.2
7 ab
9.4
0 ab
c
7.0
3def
8.9
0 a-d
7.0
0 d
ef
10.4
7 ab
11.4
0 ab
11.2
7 ab
8.6
0 a-e
9.6
0 ab
8.7
0 a-e
9.9
0 ab
11.0
3 ab
10.6
0 ab
38.7
b-f
57.7
a
42.7
a-e
27
.3 e-h
29
.0 c-h
27.7
d-h
35
.7 c-g
32
.7 c-g
44.7
abc
33
.0 c-g
31
.7 c-g
32
.7 c-g
44
.3 a-d
35
.0 c-g
52.3
ab
A11
A11
A11
A12
A12
A12
A13
A13
A13
A14
A14
A14
A15
A15
A15
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
19.4
3 a
21.1
0 a
27.2
6 a
12.6
3 a
15.4
0 a
15.9
3 a
22.8
3 a
20.8
3 a
22.9
0 a
20.9
3 a
22.0
6 a
23.0
a
18.5
0 a
25.6
3 a
21.9
6 a
10.1
ab
8.7
a-e
11.4
ab
7.8
a-f
9.2
a-d
7.7
b-f
10.3
ab
11.7
ab
11.8
a
10.7
ab
10.9
ab
10.7
ab
10.2
ab
10.5
ab
10.8
ab
33.3
c-g
35.0
c-g
35.3
c-g
26.7
e-h
29.7
c-g
27.7
d-h
42.7
a-e
42.3
b-e
35.3
c-g
29.7
c-g
34.3
c-g
32.3
c-g
41.3
b-e
41.3
b-e
31.0
c-g
Valu
es follo
wed
by th
e same letters in
each co
lum
n are n
ot sig
nifican
tly d
ifferent at th
e 0.0
5 lev
el (least significan
t differen
ce)
Tab
le 7. T
he in
teraction effect o
f gro
wth
med
ia and n
utritio
n m
ethod o
n th
e gro
wth
indices
Varia
tion
sou
rcesF
reedom
deg
reeN
itrogen
Ph
osp
horo
us
Pota
ssium
Calciu
mM
agn
esium
Iron
Zin
cM
an
gan
ese
Gro
wth
med
ium
(A)
Nutritio
n m
ethod (B
)
A ×
B
Erro
r
14228
88
839354.6
1**
205718.3
4**
98351.4
2**
30950.4
2
30600.4
8**
18432.4
9*
7412.6
*
3502.2
198922.6
8**
63585.4
4*
42361.6
*
18074.4
9948.2
9**
3691.7
2**
859.8
5**
345.9
0
160.3
7
129.8
0
10.0
7ns
13.6
3
197.7
2**
137.1
5**
21.3
3ns
14.4
9
0.8
6**
0.5
3**
0.0
7ns
0.0
5
2.4
1**
2.0
9**
0.5
0**
0.1
1
**, *
significan
t at 1 an
d 5
% lev
el, respectiv
ely, ns n
ot sig
nifican
t at 5%
level.
Tab
le 8. T
he A
NO
VA
results o
f the treatm
ents effect o
n th
e uptak
e of n
utrien
ts by p
lant.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 53-60, September, 2014 139
wastes for preventing nitrogen deficiency, we should use nitrogen chemical fertilizer (Mkhabela
and Warman, 2005).
The most uptake of phosphorous was measured in medium of control + tea waste + munic-
ipal compost. Some researchers reported that organic matters increases available phosphorous of
plants and indirectly it prevents phosphate precipitation at pH 6-9 (Baure and Balck, 1992). Sarwar
et al. (2009) reported that when Azolla compost is used, nitrogen and phosphorous in rice seed in-
creases. Increase in potassium uptake obtained in treatment containing control + municipal compost
+ Azolla (Table 9). Municipal waste compost due to high organic matters can improve the capacity
of water conservation in medium (Levy and Taylor., 2003), because water stress decreases the ni-
trogen, phosphorous and potassium uptake (Younesi et al., 2010).
According to the Table 9, substrate municipal compost + Azolla increases uptake of calcium
in plant shoot and also the highest uptake of magnesium was observed in substrate control + tea
waste. The highest uptake of iron was observed in the medium containing substrates control + mu-
nicipal waste compost. The highest uptake of manganese at plant shoot was observed in substrates
tea waste + municipal compost + Azolla. In a study, the highest Mn uptake by elephant foot tree
had been observed in substrates including Azolla (Kholghi et al., 2009). Galardo-Lara et al. (2006)
reported the increase of manganese at lectuca sativa L. and decrease of manganese in Hordeumvulgare L. in calcareous soil amended with municipal waste compost. Increase of zinc uptake at
substrates 50% municipal waste compost and 50% Azolla compost was observed (Table 9). Uptake
and transference of elements in different plants is not equal. Many studies showed that the type of
plant is one important factor affecting transfer of elements at systems of soil and plant (Erikson
and Soderstorm, 1996; Twining et al., 2004).
Tables 10-12 show the effect of growth media and nutrition methods on nutrients uptake
by plant. The maximum nitrogen uptake obtained at method of soil application of fertilizer and
Treatment Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium Calcium Magnesium Iron Zinc Manganese
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11
A12
A13
A14
A15
358.8g
624.0de
562.8ef
446.7efg
420.1fg
575.1ef
402.3fg
928.5bc
449.5efg
1072.6b
607.6de
271.2g
981.3b
1345.5a
778.9cd
149.9de
216.7abc
49.9f
119.4dc
108.2ef
185.5bcd
145.0de
227.0abc
216.5abc
238.7ab
257.3a
147.0de
125.8de
168.1de
226.4abc
259.2fg
504.6bcde
427.3cde
197.8g
512.4bcd
610.2ab
365.0ef
554.8abc
407.3de
566.6abc
605.7ab
368.1ef
686.4a
662.7a
640.2ab
48.9e
19.9fg
73.7cd
24.0fg
37.8ef
73.2cd
37.6ef
82.6cd
17.2g
126.2a
90.9bc
32.2efg
86.7bcd
103.5b
67.7d
9.1d
17.9ab
8.0de
5.1e
20.3a
16.4bc
9.3d
17.1abc
15.1bc
13.7c
15.6bc
13.4c
16.6abc
15.8bc
15.9bc
4.7gh
5.5fgh
9.3c-f
2.5h
11.9bcd
20.4a
7.5efg
8.9def
3.9gh
10.1b-e
11.9bcd
7.0efg
13.3bc
13.0bc
14.1b
0.29de
0.28de
0.85abc
0.17e
0.68c
0.90abc
0.43d
0.84bc
0.29de
1.09a
0.95ab
0.41d
0.96ab
0.86abc
0.89abc
0.51g
1.09de
0.67fg
0.66fg
1.80b
1.20cde
0.51g
0.93def
1.24cd
0.73fg
1.49bc
1.20cde
0.85dfg
2.28a
1.72b
Table 9. The effect of growth media on the uptake of nutrients (mg/pot)
Values followed by the same letters in each column are not significantly different at the 0.05 level (least significant difference)
Nutrition method Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium Calcium Magnesium Iron Zinc Manganese
B1
B2
B3
577.3b
700.9a
686.8a
151.3b
191.7a
173.4ab
450.7
525.0a
497.9ab
51.0b
67.1a
66.3a
12.3c
15.6a
14.04b
7.7b
11.0a
10.2a
0.542b
0.75a
0.701a
0.88b
1.3a
1.2a
Table 10. The effect of nutrition on the uptake of nutrients (mg/pot)
Values followed by the same letters in each column are not significantly different at the 0.05 level (least significant difference)
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 133-144, September, 2014140
Gro
wth
med
ium
Nu
trition
meth
od
NP
KG
row
th
med
ium
Nu
trition
meth
od
NP
KG
row
th
med
ium
Nu
trition
meth
od
NP
K
A1
A1
A1
A2
A2
A2
A3
A3
A3
A4
A4
A4
A5
A5
A5
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
313.9
jk
357.6
ijk
404.9
h-k
631.6
d-j
72316
b-h
517.3
f-k
527.5
f-k
685.1
c-i
475.7
g-k
337.8
ijk
525.5
f-k
476.6
g-k
354.9
ijk
434.9
h-k
470.4
g-k
128.7
e-l
202.1
a-h
118.9
g-l
186.1
a-j
270.9
abc
193.1
a-i
37.9
l
51.1
kl
60.9
jkl
71.8
i-l
180.5
a-j
105.9
g-l
102.5
h-l
123.8
f-l
98.1
h-l
224.6
jkl
327.1
f-l
225.7
jkl
471.0
a-j
591.5
a-h
451.4
b-k
366.9
e-l
553.8
a-i
361.2
e-l
150.4
l
272.2
i-l
170.9
kl
434.3
b-l
552.7
a-i
550.2
a-i
A6
A6
A6
A7
A7
A7
A8
A8
A8
A9
A9
A9
A10
A10
A10
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
463.8
h-k
825.0
b-g
436.4
h-k
288.8
jk
448.0
h-k
469.9
g-k
387.3
h-k
1044.3
b
1353.9
a
490.2
f-k
429.6
h-k
428.9
h-k
939.5
bcd
1394.6
a
883.7
b-e
252.6
a-e
132.7
d-l
171.1
b-k
90.3
h-l
170.3
b-k
174.4
b-k
250.3
a-e
184.1
a-j
246.5
a-f
189.2
a-i
277.3
ab
183.0
a-j
199.2
a-h
248.3
a-f
268.7
abc
644.8
a-e
586.2
a-h
599.5
a-g
297.3
h-l
424.8
c-l
372.8
e-l
526.9
a-i
554.1
a-i
583.6
a-h
401.4
d-l
420.5
c-l
399.9
d-l
499.3
a-j
608.0
a-f
592.4
a-g
A11
A11
A11
A12
A12
A12
A13
A13
A13
A14
A14
A14
A15
A15
A15
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
521.7
f-k
565.9
e-k
735.2
b-h
233.5
k
285.1
jk
294.9
jk
944.7
bcd
946.5
bcd
1052.7
b
1545.8
a
1011.9
bc
1478.8
a
679.1
c-i
835.7
b-f
822.0
b-g
207.8
a-h
262.4
a-d
301.6
a
153.1
b-l
194.8
a-i
93.1
h-l
139.3
d-l
81.9
h-l
156.2
b-l
111.9
g-l
193.4
a-i
199.0
a-h
148.0
c-l
301.2
a
229.9
0 a-g
511.9
a-j
550.7
a-i
754.3
a
308.4
g-l
390.9
e-l
404.9
c-l
728.3
ab
642.7
a-e
688.1
a-d
653.9
a-e
635.7
a-e
698.5
abc
541.4
a-i
764.0
a
615.1
3 a-f
Valu
es follo
wed
by th
e same letters in
each co
lum
n are n
ot sig
nifican
tly d
ifferent at th
e 0.0
5 lev
el (least significan
t differen
ce)
Tab
le 11. T
he in
teraction effect o
f gro
wth
med
ia and n
utritio
n m
ethod o
n th
e uptak
e of n
itrogen
, phosp
horu
s and p
otassiu
m.
Gro
wth
med
ium
Nu
trition
meth
od
Ca
Mg
Zn
Gro
wth
med
ium
Nu
trition
meth
od
Ca
Mg
Zn
Gro
wth
med
ium
Nu
trition
meth
od
Ca
Mg
Zn
A1
A1
A1
A2
A2
A2
A3
A3
A3
A4
A4
A4
A5
A5
A5
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
45.6
3 k
-q
45.5
3 k
-q
55.5
3 i-n
18.6
0 o
pq
23.8
3 n
-q
17.2
3 p
q
60.6
0 h
-n
86.8
3 c-j
73.6
3 d
-k
15.2
0 p
q
39.4
3 k
-q
17.4
0 p
q
38.3
0k-q
38.3
3k-q
36.9
0 k
-q
8.4
6 a
10.9
1a
7.9
5 a
18.2
0 a
21.1
8 a
14.5
6 a
7.9
2 a
10.3
0 a
6.0
5 a
3.3
6 a
7.8
1 a
4.1
9 a
17.1
6 a
22.4
5 a
21.3
6 a
0.1
5 a
0.4
56 a
0.2
66 a
0.2
53 a
0.3
50 a
0.2
56 a
0.4
96 a
1.3
1a
0.7
60 a
0.1
06 a
0.2
76 a
0.1
53 a
0.6
80 a
0.8
06 a
0.5
76 a
A6
A6
A6
A7
A7
A7
A8
A8
A8
A9
A9
A9
A10
A10
A10
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
84.3
3 c-j
66.6
f-m
68.6
g-m
37.7
0 k
-q
46.2
3 k
-q
28.9
0 m
-q
42.1
0 k
-q
99.8
3 c-g
106.0
3 cd
e
16.8
6 p
q
25.0
n-q
9.7
3 q
115.3
6 b
c
108.6
3 cd
154.6
a
17.2
7 a
15.3
2 a
16.6
9 a
9.4
0 a
11.3
1 a
7.2
2 a
15.1
2 a
16.6
1 a
19.6
1 a
11.5
3 a
18.5
0 a
15.4
1 a
10.5
0 a
15.2
5 a
15.3
a
0.9
66 a
0.8
2 a
0.9
1 a
0.3
76 a
0.4
00 a
0.5
40 a
0.8
43 a
0.6
76 a
1.0
0 a
0.2
26 a
0.3
53 a
0.3
03 a
1.0
4 a
1.1
8 a
1.0
4 a
A11
A11
A11
A12
A12
A12
A13
A13
A13
A14
A14
A14
A15
A15
A15
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
89.4
3 c-i
86.9
3 c-j
96.4
3 c-h
25.3
6 n
-q
34.3
0 l-q
37.1
3 k
-q
70.6
0 e-l
103.3
6 c-f
86.1
6 c-j
54.3
6 i-o
113.0
6 b
c
143.2
6 ab
51.2
6j-p
89.3
6c-i
89.4
3 c-i
12.0
0 a
17.3
5 a
17.4
7 a
11.3
5 a
13.4
6 a
15.5
8 a
14.3
1 a
18.8
3 a
16.7
3 a
13.5
5 a
17.2
7 a
16.8
5 a
13.7
7 a
18.2
7 a
12.0
0 a
0.6
7 a
1.1
0 a
1.0
8 a
0.2
8 a
0.3
3 a
0.6
2 a
0.7
6 a
0.9
6 a
1.1
8 a
0.6
1 a
1.1
6 a
0.8
1 a
0.6
4 a
1.0
4 a
1.0
0 a
Valu
es follo
wed
by th
e same letters in
each co
lum
n are n
ot sig
nifican
tly d
ifferent at th
e 0.0
5 lev
el (least significan
t differen
ce)
Tab
le 12. T
he in
teraction effect o
f gro
wth
med
ia and n
utritio
n m
ethod o
n th
e uptak
e of calciu
m, m
agnesiu
m an
d zin
c.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 133-144, September, 2014 141
foliar spray, also the most phosphorus, potassium uptake in soil application. The highest calcium
uptake was measured at soil application method and foliar spray application. The method of soil
application increased magnesium uptake. The highest uptake of iron, zinc and manganese was ob-
tained at method of soil application and foliar spray application. Foliar spray application can be
assure nutrient availability to plants. The foliar spray application is more acceptable, because it
provides lower nutrients for immediate consumption by plants (Stampar et al., 1998). Necessity
nutrients foliar spray application was reported by Pierre et al. (2007) and Ryan et al. (2007) in
compensation deficiency nutrients through roots or leaves of reproductive stage.
The highest uptake of nitrogen at growth media "tea waste, municipal compost and Azolla"
was measured without fertilization. Results showed that the highest uptake of phosphorous in
growth medium of "control, tea waste and municipal compost" is measured in foliar spray appli-
cation. The least uptake of phosphorous in municipal compost medium was observed without fer-
tilization. Mkhabela and Warman (2005) reported that the use of municipal waste compost in a
potato field leads to the significant increase of phosphorous of soil. They said that municipal waste
compost like chemical fertilizers can be effective in increasing available phosphorous. This can
be due to increase in microbial activity after application of compost and consequently to release
phosphorus during mineralization organic matter.
In this experiment it was shown that the highest uptake of potassium in plant shoot was ob-
tained at growth medium "control, tea waste, municipal compost and Azolla" in soil application
nutrition method. The highest calcium uptake was observed from media of "municipal compost
and Azolla" at foliar spray application method. Akbarinia et al. (2003) investigated effect of dif-
ferent nutrition systems on soil properties, nutrients uptake and concentration by a medicinal plant
and stated that the nutrient uptake in the plant shoot at different fertilizer treatments had significant
difference compared to control (without fertilizer).
The highest uptake of iron was measured from "control, municipal compost" at foliar ap-
plication method that didn’t have significant difference with soil application and without fertiliza-
tion method. The highest manganese uptake was measured at growth media "control and tea waste"
at foliar spray application method. Organic fertilizer consumption, increases organic matters of
soil and improves microbial activities, consequently it provides micro and macro nutrients required
for plant (Yadav et al., 2000; Yadvinder et al., 2004). Tombacz and Rise (1999) showed that organic
matters by complexion nutrients increase their uptake by plants. The effect of foliar application in
lilium, a significant increase at the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and zinc in the leaf
Growth
medium
Nutrition
method
Fe Mn Growth
medium
Nutrition
method
Fe Mn Growth
medium
Nutrition
method
Fe Mn
A1
A1
A1
A2
A2
A2
A3
A3
A3
A4
A4
A4
A5
A5
A5
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
2.80 a
7.87 a
3.64 a
6.00 a
6.10 a
4.63 a
8.05 a
12.20 a
7.81 a
1.42 a
3.83 a
2.27 a
7.05 a
14.70 a
14.0 a
0.433 jkl
0.563 i-l
0.543 i-l
1.12 e-i
1.28 e-h
0.880 g-k
0.526 i-l
0.973 f-k
0.513 i-l
0.200 l
0.543 i-l
1.24 e-h
0.800 g-l
2.19 abc
2.41 a
A6
A6
A6
A7
A7
A7
A8
A8
A8
A9
A9
A9
A10
A10
A10
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
19.39 a
19.73 a
22.14 a
3.47 a
13.12 a
5.86 a
10.20 a
7.25 a
9.42 a
2.84 a
4.79 a
4.36 a
11.33 a
8.06 a
11.1 a
1.28 e-h
1.06 e-j
1.25 e-h
0.316 kl
0.813 g-l
0.423 jkl
0.510 i-l
1.04 e-j
1.25 e-h
0.736 g-l
1.38 d-g
1.61 c-f
0.556 i-l
0.916 g-k
0.723 g-l
A11
A11
A11
A12
A12
A12
A13
A13
A13
A14
A14
A14
A15
A15
A15
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
4.46 a
15.29 a
16.13 a
3.78 a
6.93 a
10.38 a
11.15 a
16.63 a
12.37 a
9.95 a
12.55 a
16.59 a
13.41 a
16.57 a
12.35 a
0.86 g-l
1.92 a-d
1.69 b-e
0.44 i-l
1.08 e-j
2.09 abc
0.96 f-k
0.95 f-k
0.64 h-l
2.30 ab
2.25 ab
2.28 ab
2.15 abc
1.99 abc
1.03 e-j
Values followed by the same letters in each column are not significantly different at the 0.05 level (least significant difference)
Table 13. The interaction effect of growth media and nutrition method on the uptake of iron and manganese (mg/pot)
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 133-144, September, 2014142
was observed (Sadeghi Cherveri et al., 2012). Organic fertilizer has significant effect on increase
in available iron and zinc (Sharifi et al., 2010).
Different studies showed that organic waste has considerable amount of micronutrients to
form organic chelates caused to increase their solubility and availability (Mohammadinia, 1994;
Razavi Toosi, 2000). Using chemical fertilizer through soil application or foliar application is one
of the most common approaches to reduce the deficiency of micronutrients in plants. Using chem-
ical fertilizer has some problems including deficiency of micronutrients fertilizers, high expenses
and biological pollutions (Hamoon Yek, 2011).
CONCLUSION
The result showed that the growth medium mixed of control (garden soil), municipal wastes
compost and Azolla increased plant height, shoot dry weight and flower number and uptake of ni-
trogen, potassium, zinc, calcium, iron and magnesium in plant shoot. Municipal waste compost
because of high pH and EC can’t be an appropriate medium for plant growth, but municipal waste
compost in combination with Azolla compost and garden soil can be a suitable combination for
plant because of stabilizing pH and EC, increasing nutrition material.
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Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 145-152, September, 2014 145
Trichoderma harzianum and Fe Spray Improve Growth
Properties of Spathiphyllum sp.
Keywords: Bi strain, Fe, Growth characteristics, Potted plant.
Zahra Jalali*, Mahmood Shoor, Sayed Hosein Nemati and Hamid Rouhany
Horticulture Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Khorasan razavi, Iran
*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]
Effects of Fe and Trichoderma harzianum Bi strain on plant growth
and development of Spathiphyllum were investigated. Experiments were
carried out in an glasshouse and in pots filled with soil, perlite and coco peat
(1:1:1) were used as the growing medium. Plant roots (seedlings with three
leaves) were inoculated with Trichoderma (0 and 8% w/w) as media mixture.
Fe spray (0, 0.75, 1.5, 3 g/L), was applied 3 times on a month interval after
Trichoderma inoculation. Factorial experiment was conducted in a completely
randomized design with 3 replications. After six months, the plants were
sampled for growth comparisons. Based on results Trichoderma improved
morphological characteristics (P≤0.01). There were differences between the
untreated control and the treatments for all of the growth parameters with the
exception of spathe area and number of flowers. Fe spray and intraction
between Trichoderma and Fe significantly increased all morphological growth
parameters with the exception of spathe area, leaf area and number of flowers.
By applying Terichoderma sucker number (400%), leaf number (586%),
sucker fresh weight (386 %) and sucker dry weight (583%) significantly
increased compared with control. The data obtained from the experiment
showed the potential of Trichoderma and Fe spray to enhance growth and de-
velopment of Spathiphyllum sp. in greenhouse conditions.
Abstract
146 Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 145-152, September, 2014
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma is a saprophytic fungus which is used generally as a biological control agent
against a wide range of economically important aerial and soil-borne plant pathogens (Papavizas,
1985). The genus Trichoderma is cosmopolitan in soils and on decaying wood and vegetable mat-
ter. Species of Trichoderma are frequently dominant components of the soil microflora in widely
varying habitats. This may be attributable to the diverse metabolic capability of Trichodermaspecies and their aggressively competitive nature. Strains of Trichoderma are rarely associated
with diseases of living plants, although an aggressive strain of Trichoderma causes a significant
disease of the commercial mushroom (Muthumeenakshi et al., 1998). Trichoderma species are
cosmopolitan and abundant fungi in soil in a wide range of ecosystems and climatic zones. They
are characterized by rapid growth, capability of utilizing diverse substrates and resistance to nox-
ious chemicals (Klein and Eveleigh, 1998). Trichoderma species can improve plant growth and
development (De Souza et al., 2008; Gravel et al., 2007). Growth stimulation is evidenced by in-
creases in biomass, productivity, stress resistance and increased nutrient absorption (Hoyos-
Carvajal et al., 2009). In vitro studies have shown that micronutrients and insoluble phosphates
became soluble and available, therefore useful to the roots interacting with Trichoderma in the
root zone (Altomare et al., 1999). Various species of Trichoderma were also effective in the pro-
motion of growth and yield of various crops (Bal and Altintas, 2006). T. harzianum and T. virenspromoted growth of cucumber, muskmelon and cotton seedlings (Hanson, 2000; Poldma et al.,2000; Yedidia et al., 2001, Kaveh et al., 2011). Root and shoot growth of sweet corn were consid-
erably increased by Trichoderma (Bjorkman et al., 1998). Several mechanisms, by which Tricho-derma influences plant development were suggested, such as production of growth hormones
(Windham et al., 1986), solubilization of insoluble minor nutrients in soil (Altomare et al., 1999)
and increased uptake and translocation of less-available minerals (Inbar et al., 1994; Kleifeld and
Chet, 1992). Uptake of certain minerals, such as P and N, is of key importance considering their
role in plant growth (Johansen, 1999; Kim et al., 1997). Promotion of growth and yield by Tricho-derma may also be a result of increased root area allowing the roots to explore larger volumes of
soil to access nutrients, and increased solubility of insoluble compounds as well as increased avail-
ability of micronutrients (Altomare et al., 1999; Yedidia et al., 2001). The increased growth re-
sponse of plants caused by Trichoderma depends on the ability of the fungus to survive and develop
in the rhizosphere (Kleifield and Chet, 1992). A possible mechanism for increased plant growth is
an increase in nutrient transfer from soil to root, which is supported by the fact that Trichodermacan colonize the interior of roots (Kleifield and Chet, 1992). Increasing effects of Trichoderma on
plant growth and yield was suggested to be more pronounced in soils relatively poor in nutrients
(Rabeendran et al., 2000). Availability of water in the soil may play an important role in facilitating
establishment and effectiveness of Trichoderma in the soil (Altintas and Bal., 2007). In addition
to having a stimulating effect on plant growth, exogenous IAA in the rhizosphere can also have a
detrimental effect on the elongation of roots over a wide range of concentrations. Such an effect
has been associated with an increase in the level of ethylene in the plant (Glick et al., 1998). IAA
can increase the activity of ACC synthase, which catalyses the conversion of S-adenosyl methio-
nine to ACC, the precursor of ethylene in the plant (Kende, 1993).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An experiment was conducted in the greenhouse facilities at Ferdowsi University of Mash-
had, Iran. Inoculum production of T. harzianum Bi was obtained from fungi collection of Ferdowsi
University's plant protection department. The Bi strain was cultured on PDA and incubated at 25˚C
for 7 days. Four discs of 1.5 cm diameter were cut from the margin of Trichoderma colony and
added to wheat grain, autoclaved two times in polyethylene bags (resistant to high temperatures)
for 45 minutes, and placed at 25˚C ± 5, in laboratory condition. Ten days later, when the peat was
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 145-152, September, 2014 147
covered by Trichoderma, the contents of the bags were used as Trichoderma inoculums. Prepared
inoculums were added to the main potting mixture (30% coco peat+ 40% fertile soil+ 30% perlite)
at the rate of 0 and 8% of used medium.
Seedling preparation
Seedlings of Spathiphyllum were obtained from university greenhouse and were cultivated
in pots with 10 cm in diameter.
Experimental Design and Data Analysis
To asses the effect of Trichoderma (Bi) and Fe spray on growth characteristics of
Spathiphyllum, a factorial experiment was performed in situ using RCD with 8 treatments and
three replications. The data was analyzed with JMP8 software. Tukey HSD was used for grouping
and comparing the means.
RESULTS
Leaf count
Leaf number was showed to be significant with applying Trichoderma and Fe treatments.
Minimum number of leaf (7) was observed in 0.75 g/L Fe, whereas maximum number (48) was
observed in Trichoderma and 0.75 g/L Fe interaction. Rising Fe treatments showed no significant
leaf number increase, but adding Trichoderma had a noticeable increase. It means that interaction
effects were the most effective for leaf number in this experiment. Fe treatments up to 0.75 were
observed simulative for growth and leaf number, but higher concentrations decreased this trait
which could be considered as a toxic influence (Fig. 1).
Sucker count
By applying Trichoderma and Fe treatments, number of sucker was significantly increased
(p≤0.01). Minimum (0) and maximun (4) number of sucker was observed in Fe treatments and in
Trichoderma and 0.75 g/L Fe interaction, respectively. Rising Fe treatments showed no significant
sucker number increase, but applying Trichoderma had a considerable increase. Generally inter-
action effects were the most effective in sucker number. Fe treatments up to 0.75 g/L were observed
simulative for growth and sucker number, but higher concentrations decreased this trait which
could be considered as a toxic influence (Fig. 2).
Sucker fresh weight
Sucker fresh weight was showed to be significant with applying Trichoderma and Fe treat-
ments (p≤0.01). Minimum weight was observed for Fe (0 g/L) which had no significant differences
with 1.5 g/L Fe. Maximum weight was related to Trichoderma and 0 g/L Fe interaction. It means
0 0.75 1.5 3 0 0.75 1.5 3
Fig. 1. Effect of interaction between
Trichoderma and Fe on average number of leafFig. 2. Effect of interaction between
Trichoderma and Fe on average number of sucker
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 145-152, September, 2014148
that applying Trichoderma had a noticeable effect on sucker fresh weight increase with the excep-
tion of 3 g/L Fe. Increasing Fe levels, decreased average sucker fresh weight in Trichoderma treat-
ments that seem to be due to the toxicity of high concentrations of Fe in plant (Fig. 3).
Leaf fresh weight
Leaf fresh weight was showed to be significant in the presence of Trichoderma and Fe treat-
ments. The highest (24 g) weight was related to Trichoderma and 0 g/L Fe. While the lowest weight
(7 g) was observed in 0 g/L Fe. It generally seem that Fe would not have any positive effect on this
trait and with increasing concentration, decreases the average fresh weight of leaf. Trichoderma sig-
nificantly increased leaf fresh weight. Interaction effects were less effective for this trait (Fig. 4).
Root fresh weight
Applying Trichoderma and Fe had a remarkable effect on root fresh weight (p≤0.01). Min-
imum fresh weight of root was observed in 3 g/lit Fe (8 g) and maximum weight was related to
Trichoderma and 0/lit Fe (31 g). In Fe treatments with increasing level of Fe, decrease fresh weight
of root. While, in Trichoderma and Fe interaction treatments, 0g/L Fe had a greater effect than oth-
ers. This reduction in fresh weight in high concentrations could be due to a toxic influence (Fig. 5).
Flower fresh weight
Flower fresh weight was showed to be significant with applying Trichoderma and Fe treat-
ments (p≤0.01). For this trait the most effective treatment was Trichoderma and 0 g/L Fe, which
was significantly more than other treatments (10.8 g). Minimum flower fresh weight was observed
in Trichoderma and 3 g/L Fe (2 g). Rising Fe treatments showed significant leaf number decrease
and by adding Trichoderma, just 0 and 1.5 g/L Fe showed an increase. It means that interaction
effects were less effective for this trait (Fig. 6).
0 0.75 1.5 3 0 0.75 1.5 3
Fig. 3. Effect of interaction between Trichodermaand Fe on average fresh weight of sucker
Fig. 4. Effect of interaction between Trichoderma and
Fe on average fresh weight of leaf
0 0.75 1.5 30 0.75 1.5 3
Fig. 5. Effect of interaction between Trichodermaand Fe on average fresh weight of root
Fig. 6. Effect of interaction between Trichoderma and
Fe on average fresh weight of flower
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 145-152, September, 2014 149
Sucker dry weight
Applying Trichoderma and Fe had a remarkable effect on dry weight of sucker. Maximum
weight(4.1 g) was observed in Trichoderma and 0 g/L Fe interaction whereas minimum weight
(0.5 g) was related to 0.75 g/L Fe. Rising Fe treatments showed significant sucker dry weight in-
crease and adding Trichoderma had a noticeable increase except in 3 g/L. It means that interaction
effects were the most effective for sucker dry weight generally. Fe treatments up to 3 were observed
simulative for growth and dry weight of sucker (Fig. 7).
Root dry weight
Applying Trichoderma and Fe treatments, root dry weight was significantly increased.Min-
imum weight was observed in 3 g/L Fe (1.2 g), whereas maximum weight was related to Tricho-derma and 0 g/L Fe interaction (6.15 g). Rising Fe treatments showed no significant weight
increase, but adding Trichoderma had a noticeable increase in most treatments especially at 0 g/L
Fe (37%). It means that interaction effects were the most effective for root dry weight in this ex-
periment (Fig. 8).
Flower Dry Weight
Flower dry weight was showed to be significant in the presence of Trichoderma and Fe
treatments. Dry weight of flower had the highest range in 0.75 g/L Fe (1.35 g) which had no sig-
nificant differences with 1.5 g/L. Minimum weight was observed in Trichoderma and 3 g/L Fe
(0.21 g). Application of Trichoderma could increased weight about 55% at 0 g/L Fe. It means that
interaction effects were the less effective for flower dry weight. Fe treatments up to 0.75 g/L were
observed simulative for growth and flower dry weight, but higher levels decreased this trait which
could be considered as a toxic influence (Fig. 9).
0 0.75 1.5 30 0.75 1.5 3
Fig. 7. Effect of interaction between Trichodermaand Fe on average dry weight of sucker
Fig. 8. Effect of interaction between Trichoderma and
Fe on average dry weight of root
0 0.75 1.5 3
0 0.75 1.5 3
Fig. 9. Effect of interaction between Trichodermaand Fe on average dry weight of flower
Fig. 10. Effect of interaction between Trichoderma and
Fe on average day to flowering
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 145-152, September, 2014150
Day to flowering
Applying Trichoderma and Fe had a remarkable effect on day to flowering. Minimum time
to flowering (170 days) was observed in 0.75 g/L Fe, whereas maximum (195 days) was related
to Trichoderma and 0.75 g/L Fe interaction. Rising Fe treatments showed no significant increase,
but adding Trichoderma had a noticeable increase, except at 1.5 g/L. It generally means that inter-
action effects were the most effective for day to flowering in this experiment. Fe treatments up to
0.75 were observed simulative, but higher concentrations decreased this trait which could be con-
sidered as a toxic influence (Fig. 10).
DISCUSSION
In this experiment, was observed Trichoderma (Bi) could significantly increase more mor-
phological traits of Spathiphyllum. such as leaf number, sucker number, fresh and dry weight of
leaf, sucker, root, flower and number day to flowering. Fresh weight, dry weight and leaf area of
Spathiphyllum as well as seedling weight of cabbages were increased significantly by the application
of Trichoderma (Poldma et al., 2000). The ability of Trichoderma to produce growth hormones
(Windham et al., 1986), solubilization of insoluble minor nutrients in soil (Altomare et al., 1999),
uptake and translocation of less-available minerals (Inbar et al., 1994; Kleifeld and Chet, 1992), in-
creased root area allowing the roots to explore larger amount of soil to access nutrients and increased
solubility of insoluble compounds as well as increased availability of micronutrients (Altomare etal., 1999; Yedidia et al., 2001), could be caused of the significant differences we observed in this
study. Dry weight of leaf, sucker and root in the present work was significantly increased which is
contrary to the findings of Yeidia et al. (2001). The effect of Trichoderma on leaf number was sig-
nificant either. In most cases, increasing Fe concentration reduced traits, which could be considered
as a toxic influence. Generally 0 g/lit Fe were most effective in improving the growth characteristics.
Although Fe is an essential element for plants, Fe excess is believed to generate oxidative stress
(Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1984). Toxic reduced O2, species are inevitable by-products of biological
oxidations. The toxicity of the relatively non-reactive superoxide radicals and H2O2, arises by the
Fe-dependent conversion into the extremely reactive hydroxyl radicals (Haber-Weiss reaction) that
cause severe damage on membranes, proteins, and DNA (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1984).
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, using Trichoderma (Bi) could increase most studied characteristics of
spathiphyllum in this experiment and improve rate of growth and development in plant. Also, dif-
ferent levels of Fe increased most studied traits in this experiment. Based on the results of this
study, Trichoderma (Bi) and 0g/L Fe had better results in improved traits of Spathiphyllum.
C.V. Leaf area
Trichoderma harzianum Bi (w/w)
0
8%
Fe ( g/L)
0
0.75
1.5
3
35.30b
58.89a
51.31a
38.97a
51.16a
46.93a
Means with different letter have significant difference at
p<0.01, Tukey HSD range test.
Table 1. Effect of Trichoderma harzianum Bi and dif-
ferent levels of Fe on average leaf area
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 145-152, September, 2014 151
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Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 153-162, September, 2014 153
Response of Marigold Flower Yield and Yield Components
to Water Deficit Stress and Nitrogen Fertilizer
Keywords: Calendula officinalis L., Irrigation, Nitrogen, WUE, Yield.
Seyyed Gholamreza Moosavi1*, Mohamad Javad Seghatoleslami1, Mansour Fazeli-Rostampoor2 and
Zeinolabedin Jouyban3
1 Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch, Birjand, Iran2 Institute of Technical Vocational Higher Education of Jahade Keshavarzi of Zahedan, Sistan and
Balochestan, Iran3 Member of Young Researchers Club, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bruojerd, Iran
*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]
In order to study the effect of water deficit stress and different nitrogen
levels on flower yield, yield components and water use efficiency of Calendulaofficinalis L., an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized
complete block design with three replications, at research field of Islamic Azad
University, Birjand branch in 2009. In this experiment, irrigation treatments (ir-
rigation after 60, 120 and 180 mm cumulative evaporation from pan class A)
set as main plots and nitrogen rates (0, 60,120 and 180 kg N ha-1) set as sub
plots. The results showed that increasing irrigation interval from 60 to 180 mm
cumulative evaporation reduced flower number per m-2, biomass yield and
plant height 65.6, 69.3 and 8.3%, respectively. Also in comparison with control,
irrigation after 120 and 180 mm evaporation reduced flower dry yield 16.2 and
72%, respectively. However, the highest WUE was related to irrigation after
120 mm evaporation (0.161 and 0.788 kg m-3 for dry flower and biomass, re-
spectively). Nitrogen fertilizer utilization significantly increased flower yield,
flower number, biological yield, WUE and plant height, but there was not any
significant difference between 120 and 180 kg N ha-1 treatments. Interaction of
irrigation and nitrogen on all traits was not significant. Totally, the results
indicated that treatment of irrigation after 120 mm evaporation with 120 kg N ha-1
application is suitable for marigold cultivation in Birjand.
Abstract
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 153-162, September, 2014154
INTRODUCTION
Iran is considered as an arid and semi-arid region in the world. Therefore, efficient water
use and understanding the influential factors such as N fertilization, and identifying drought-tol-
erant plants are crucially important. The diverse climate with a great temperature difference (over
50°C) of Iran and coastal, mountainous and desert lands (Javadzadeh, 1997) provides favorable
conditions for the cultivation of most drought-tolerant medicinal herbs.
Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is an annual to perennial plant belonging to the family
of Asteraceae. It needs high solar radiation during growing period and is able to well tolerate
drought. It is, however, susceptible to high soil moisture. Hence, it can be considered for cultivation
in such regions as Southern Khorasan, Iran. Marigold is known as blood purifier, energizer and
anti-convulsion. It heals nausea, liver disorders, peptic ulcer disease, skin wounds, burns and blood
cholesterol. It acts as skin softener, too. Marigold is used in production of toothpaste, shampoo
and infant lotions (Omidbeigi, 2005., Zargari, 1982). The results of some studies show that essential
oil of marigold counteracts HIV (Kalvatchev et al., 1997).
In their study on marigold, Shubhra et al. (2004) found that drought stress considerably de-
creased the number of flowers per plant. Raesi et al. (2010) in a study on the effect of different
manure levels and drought stress on roselle, stated that the delay in irrigation from 50 to 200 mm
accumulative evaporation from evaporation pan significantly decreased sepal yield and the number
of fruits per area unit. Arazmjo et al. (2009) studied the effect of drought stress on German
chamomile and reported reduction in dry flower yield, single-plant biomass, plant height and num-
ber of flowers under drought stress conditions. Moosavi et al. (1988) indicated that both high and
low irrigation levels decreased water use efficiency (WUE) of soybean compared with moderate
irrigation level. Also, in a study on the effect of irrigation levels on WUE for seed and biological
yield, Khajoenejad et al. (2005) revealed that the highest WUE was obtained under moderate water
deficit stress.
In another experiment on chamomile, the effect of irrigation treatments (irrigation after 25,
50, 75 and 100 mm accumulative evaporation) on the plant was evaluated. The results showed that
the highest capitulum yield per plant and per area unit and the highest number of capitulum per
plant was obtained under the treatment of irrigation after 50 mm accumulative evaporation. On
the other hand, significant increase in chamomile capitulum and seed harvest index was reported
with the increase in water deficit stress. Also, the treatments of irrigation after 50 and 75 mm ac-
cumulative evaporation had significantly higher WUE for capitulum and seed production as com-
pared with other treatments (Pirzad, 2007).
In a study on the effect of different N fertilization levels on flower yield of marigold, it was
reported that the highest dry flower yield (102.86 g m-2) was obtained by the application of 150 kg
N ha-1 (Ameri and Nasiriemahalati, 2008). Arganosa et al. (1998) reported the highest biological
yield of marigold at N fertilization level of 80 kg ha-1.
In other study on German chamomile, different N levels were shown to have significant
effects on the number of flowers per plant and flower fresh and dry yield per plant and per ha In
the experiment increase in N level significantly affected these traits (Hamzeie et al., 2004).
This experiment was carried out to study the effect of irrigation and N fertilization levels
on yield and yield components of marigold in Birjand, Iran.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad Uni-
versity, Birjand branch, Iran (latitude: 32°52’; longitude: 59°13' and 1400 m above sea level) in
2009. The soil texture was loam with pH 8.21, organic matter 0.29%, total nitrogen 0.015% and
EC 4.33 ms/cm.
The average long-time minimum and maximum temperature in Birjand are 4.6 and 27.5°C
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 153-162, September, 2014 155
with average annual precipitation of 169 mm and average minimum and maximum relative hu-
midity of 23.5 and 59.6%, respectively. The regional climate is warm and arid.
Given the results of soil analysis, the field was fertilized with 150 kg triple super phosphate
per ha and 100 kg potassium sulfate per ha All phosphorus and potash fertilizer were applied at
field surface at planting time. However, N fertilizer was applied at two phases (half after thinning
and other half before start of flowering) with irrigation water in closed furrows. The seeds were
planted in 20 April at the depth of 2-3 cm.
In this research, water deficit stress set as main factor with three levels (irrigation after 60,
120 and 180 mm cumulative evaporation from pan class A) and nitrogen set as sub factor with
four levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1 from urea source).
The studied traits included the number of flowers per m2, flower fresh and dry yield, bio-
logical yield, harvest index, single-plant weight, WUE for flower and biomass production, plant
height and flower diameter. For this purpose given the unsimultaneous ripening of flowers, the
ripened flowers were harvested from two middle rows of each experimental plot from an area of
3 m2 twenty times during growth period. Then, they were counted to have the number of flowers
per m2 and flower yield which was the total flower weight harvested at different stages. The mean
single-flower weight was calculated by dividing flower dry yield by the number of flowers per
area unit. The division of flower yield by biological yield multiplied by 100 resulted flower harvest
index. In addition, WUE for flower and biomass production (in terms of kg m-3) was measured
through dividing flower dry yield by the amount of applied water and through dividing biological
yield (biomass) by the amount of applied water, respectively. In order to measure plant height, 10
plants were randomly selected from two middle rows of experimental plots and their means were
recorded as plant height. The flower diameter was measured out of the diameter of 20 flowers at
each flower harvesting step.
The data were analyzed by software MSTAT-C and the means were compared by Multiple
Range Duncan Test at 5% probability level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Yield and yield components of flower
Analysis of variance showed that irrigation and N fertilization significantly affected the
number of flowers per m2 and flower fresh and dry weight (p<0.01), but single-flower dry weight
was affected only by irrigation levels (Table 1). The number of flowers per m2 was 2.58 times
greater in the treatment of irrigation after 120 mm accumulative evaporation than in the treatment
of irrigation after 180 mm, but it showed an 11.2% loss compared with the treatment of irrigation
after 60 mm accumulative evaporation (Table 2). Probably the loss of the number of flowers per
C.V. df
Means of squares
Flower number
per m2
Single-flower
dry weight
Flower fresh
yield
Flower dry
yield
Biological
yield
Harvest
index
Replication
Irrigation (A)
Error a
Nitrogen rate (B)
A × B
Error b
CV (%)
2
2
4
3
6
18
-
101963.14*
139611**
12545.82
68415.48**
12891.48 ns
5291.81
11.13
0.0001ns
0.003**
0.0001
0.0001 ns
0.0001ns
0.0001
1.72
6234955.45 ns
104713138.8**
922421.57
5386648.11**
1107872.43ns
454253.76
12.61
207474.35ns
3353845**
26023.59
173498.09**
34024.26 ns
14027.19
11.99
6323723.22*
69896139.9**
796955.25
2778626.88**
535532.52 ns
314431.17
11.81
2.12 ns
9.612*
1.142
1.1**
0.256 ns
0.149
1.88
Table 1. Results of analysis of variance for yield and yield components of marigold as affected by different levels
of irrigation and nitrogen.
ns Non Significant at 0.05 probability level and *, ** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 153-162, September, 2014156
m2 with the increase in water deficit stress can be related to the loss of leaf area and their shedding
and the resulting loss of assimilates, the decrease in the activities of photosynthesis-affecting en-
zymes and the disruption of pollination.
Means comparison revealed that although there was no significant difference in single-
flower dry weight between the treatments of irrigation after 60 and 120 mm accumulative evapo-
ration at 5% level, the increase in irrigation interval and drought stress up to the treatment of
irrigation after 180 mm accumulative evaporation decrease of single flower weight by 13.3 and
18.2% at the treatments of irrigation after 120 and 60 mm accumulative evaporation, respectively
(Table 2). Seemingly, shortened flowering period and the adverse effect of water deficit stress on
the existing photosynthesis and the loss of assimilates translocation into flowers were the main
causes of the significant decrease in single-flower dry weight under severe water deficit stress.
The treatments of irrigation after 120 and 180 mm accumulative evaporation resulted in
18.7 and 73.6% loss of flower fresh yield and 16.2 and 72% loss of flower dry yield compared
with the treatment of irrigation after 60 mm accumulative evaporation, respectively (Table 2). To
be able to bear flowers, plants need suitable vegetative growth and must produce constituting parts
of the flowers at different vegetative and reproductive growth stages. The effect of water deficit
stress on every yield component can finally change the number of flowers. Therefore, it can be
said that the loss of current photosynthesis as well as the coincidence of flowering with high tem-
peratures and the increase in embryo abortion under water deficit conditions can lead to the loss
of flower fresh and dry yield through reducing the number of flowers per m2 and single-flower
weight. Also, Mohamadkhani and Heydari (2007) stated that the loss of leaf area resulted in the
loss of light interception and the resulting loss of total photosynthesis capacity and obviously, the
limitation of assimilate production under water deficit conditions led to the stunted growth of the
plants and finally decreased their yield. The decrease in flower yield with the increase in water
deficit stress has been reported for marigold (Shubhra et al., 2004) and chamomile (Arazmjo etal., 2009), too.
Means comparison showed that the increase in N fertilization rate from 0 to 180 kg N ha-1
increased the number of flowers per m2 by 33.7% (Table 2). Soil fertility deeply influences the
flowering. Higher levels of N fertilization induces vegetative growth, increases leaf area index and
duration and increases assimilate availability and flowering potential per area unit through increas-
ing photosynthesis duration. In addition, N increases flower formation percentage by supplying
the protein needed by pollens to move through stigma and reach to ovule, by increasing effective
pollination time and helping the formation of stronger embryo sac (Rahemi, 2004). Therefore, the
increase in N rate can justifiably increase the number of flowers per m2. Also, some researchers
Treatment
Flower
number
per m2
Single-
flower dry
weight (gr)
Flower
fresh yield
(kg ha-1)
Flower
dry yield
(kg ha-1)
Biological
yield
(kg ha-1)
Harvest
index
(%)
Irrigation (mm accumulative evaporation)
60
120
180
Nitrogen rate (kg N ha-1)
0
60
120
180
878.27 a
779.91 a
302.17 b
562.19 b
600.98 b
698.54 a
751.98 a
0.159 a
0.150 a
0.130 b
0.146 a
0.146 a
0.146 a
0.148 a
7719.78 a
6274.49 b
2036.12 c
4581.34 b
4846.83 b
5676.83 a
6269.06 a
1399.12 a
1172.26 b
391.34 c
850.40 b
897.30 b
1051.31 a
1151.30 a
6499.53 a
5752.28 a
1996.1 b
4180.36 b
4408.75 b
5012.97 a
5395.12 a
21.47 a
20.44 ab
19.68 b
20.12 b
20.27 b
20.71 a
20.93 a
Table 2. Means comparison for yield and yield components of marigold as affected by different levels of irrigation
and nitrogen
Means followed by the same letters in each column-according to Duncan’s multiple range test are not significantly (p<0.05)
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 153-162, September, 2014 157
have revealed that higher N fertilization levels increase shoot growth and the number of flowers
in chamomile (Zeinali et al., 2008, Hamzeie et al., 2004, Letchmo, 1993).
Means comparison for flower fresh and dry yield of marigold at various N rates indicated
that although the increase in N rate from 0 to 180 kg N ha-1 significantly increased flower fresh
and dry yield by 36.8 and 35.4%, respectively, no significant differences in these traits were ob-
served between N rates of 0 and 60 kg N ha-1 and between N rates of 120 and 180 kg N ha-1 (Table
2). Since N application increased leaf area index and green area duration through which it positively
influenced photosynthesis, light use efficiency, plant growth period duration, dry matter accumu-
lation in shoots and flower bearing potential per area unit, it expectedly increased flower fresh and
dry yield, too. In addition, given statistically non-significant difference in single-flower dry weight
means of marigold (Table 2) and significant difference in flower yield at different N fertilization
levels, it can be concluded that N fertilization enhanced flower yield mainly through increasing
the number of flowers per area unit. Ameri and Nasiriemahalati (2008) reported the increase in light
use efficiency for flower bearing in marigold with the increase in N rate from 0 to 150 kg N ha-1
and Al-Badavi et al. (1995) reported the positive impact of various nitrogenous fertilizers on veg-
etative growth, the concentration of photosynthesizing pigments and the flowering of marigold com-
pared with no-N fertilization treatment which could be the possible reasons for higher flower yield
under abundant N levels. Higher flower yield at higher N fertilization levels has been reported by
Ameri and Nasiriemahalati (2008) and Pop et al. (2007) for marigold and Rahmati et al. (2009) and
Hamzeie et al. (2004) for chamomile as well which is in agreement with our findings.
Biological yield and harvest index
Irrigation and N rate significantly affected biological yield and harvest (Table 1). Biological
yield at the treatment of irrigation after 120 mm accumulative evaporation was decreased by 11.5%
as compared with that at the treatment of irrigation after 60 mm accumulative evaporation, while
the increase in irrigation interval up to 180 mm accumulative evaporation reduced biological yield
by 69.3%. The loss of biomass production by drought stress can be associated with the loss of plant
height, the loss of leaf area and the increase in the partitioning of assimilates to roots vs. shoots. In
total, it can be drawn that drought stress significantly decreased economical and biological yield of
marigold by shortening growth period and consequent loss of photosynthesis rate, shortening as-
similation period and decreasing the mobilization of assimilates (Black and Squire, 1979).
N application increased dry matter production of marigold, so that biological yield was in-
creased by 5.5, 19.9 and 29.1% with the application of 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1 compared with
no-N application, respectively and the application of 180 kg N ha-1 gave rise to the highest biolog-
ical yield with mean dry matter of 5395.12 kg ha-1 (Table 2). It seems that N deficiency decreased
leaf area and duration which resulted in lower light interception rate, light use efficiency and pho-
Sources of
variation df
Means of squares
Plant height Flower diameter WUE for flower WUE for biomass
Replication
Irrigation (A)
Error a
Nitrogen rate (B)
A × B
Error b
CV (%)
2
2
4
3
6
18
-
20.514 ns
211.286**
6.444
14.911**
1.359 ns
1.56
6.41
7.83 ns
163.99**
1.577
0.314 ns
0.09 ns
0.394
2.21
0.004 ns
0.016**
0.001
0.002**
0.0001ns
0.0001
10.18
0.121ns
0.386**
0.021
0.038**
0.007 ns
0.003
10.02
Table 3. Results of analysis of variance for plant height, flower diameter and water use efficiency for
flower and biomass production of marigold as affected by different levels of irrigation and nitrogen
ns Non Significant at 0.05 probability level and *, ** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 153-162, September, 2014158
tosynthesis rate of canopy. Consequently, N deficiency led to the loss of biological yield. The stud-
ies conducted by Rahmani et al. (2008) on marigold and by Alizadeh Sahzabi et al. (2007) on sa-
vory showed significantly higher biological yield at higher N fertilization rate, too.
The results revealed that water deficit stress negatively affected harvest index of marigold,
so that this index in treatments of irrigation after 180 and 60 mm accumulative evaporation was
19.7 and 21.5%, respectively. Moreover, means comparison showed that the increase in N fertiliza-
tion rate from 0 to 180 kg N ha-1 increased flower harvest index from 20.12 to 20.92% (Table 2).
In other words, water and nitrogen deficit stress disrupted the mobilization of assimilates
to reproductive organs. Thus, it decreased potential flower yield more than biological yield. The
results of the study of Ansarinia (2010) indicated that water deficit stress significantly decreased
harvest index of sunflower. Also, Aboomardani et al. (2010) on canola and Ansarinia (2010) on
sunflower reported that harvest index increased with the increase in rate of N application.
Plant height and flower diameter
Considering the results of analysis of variance, plant height and flower diameter were sig-
nificantly affected by irrigation treatment (p<0.01), but the effect of N rate was significant only
on plant height (Table 3). The non-significant effect of N fertilization on flower diameter has been
reported in chamomile, too (Rahmati et al., 2009). As irrigation interval was increased from 60 to
180 mm accumulative evaporation, plant height and flower diameter were significantly decreased
by 39.4 and 22.5%, respectively. Means comparison for plant height and flower diameter indicated
classification of irrigation levels in distinct groups (Table 4). Some likely causes of plant height
and flower diameter loss under water deficit conditions are the decrease in cell vigor and cellular
growth and the resulting loss of leaf area, stomatal closure (Safarnejad, 2003) and photosynthesis
limitation (Hassani and Omidbeigi, 2002). The loss of plant height with the increase in water deficit
stress has been reported in basil (Hassani and Omidbeigi, 2002), chamomile (Arazmjo et al., 2009)
and isabgol (Najafi and Rezvanimoghadam, 2002), too.
Means comparison for plant height and flower diameter showed that although different
rates of N application had no significant effect on increasing flower diameter, it significantly af-
fected plant height, so that 180 kg N ha-1 application had 6.3, 8.3 and 17.5% higher plant height
than N rates of 120, 60 and 0 kg N ha-1, respectively (Table 4). It is likely that higher N fertilization
levels paved the way for longitudinal growth of stem by extending vegetative growth period and
supplying the required assimilates. Moreover, it has been reported that N deficiency decreased
plant height by inhibiting the formation of parenchyma and sclerenchyma and N application im-
proved plant height by increasing the division of meristem cells and the turgidity of these cells
(Mengel, 1988). Also, Najafpoorenavaei (2002) found the application of N fertilizer important in
TreatmentPlant
height (cm)
Flower diameter
(mm)
WUE for flower
(kg m-2)
WUE for biomass
(kg m-2)
Irrigation (mm accumulative evaporation)
60
120
180
Nitrogen rate (kg N ha-1)
0
60
120
180
23.80 a
19.21 b
14.42 c
17.84 c
19.37 b
19.72 b
20.97 a
31.26 a
29.74 b
24.23 c
28.21 a
28.43 a
28.34 a
28.66 a
0.108 b
0.161 a
0.090 b
0.102 b
0.111 b
0.128 a
0.137 a
0.501 b
0.788 a
0.459 b
0.508 b
0.555 b
0.618 a
0.651 a
Table 4. Means comparison for plant height, flower diameter and water use efficiency for flower
and biomass production of marigold as affected by different levels of irrigation and nitrogen.
Means followed by the same letters in each column-according to Duncan’s multiple range test are not significantly (p<0.05)
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 153-162, September, 2014 159
improving the growth of borage. The increasing effect of N fertilization on plant height has been
reported in savory (Alizadeh Sahzabi et al., 2007) and Tanacetum parathenium (Hassani Malayer
et al., 2004), too. The results of the current study regarding the effect of water and N deficiency
on plant height are consistent with the reports of Ram et al. (1995) and Mishra and Srivastava
(2000) about mint, Mirshekari et al. (2007) about chamomile and Hassani and Omidbeigi (2002)
about basil.
WUE for flower and biomass production
The results of analysis of variance showed that the effects of irrigation and N were signif-
icant on WUE for flower and biomass production at 1% level (Table 3). Means comparison indi-
cated that the delay in irrigation until reaching to 120 mm accumulative evaporation significantly
increased these traits as compared with two other irrigation levels; that is, at this irrigation treatment
(moderate stress) more flower and biomass yield per each m-3 applied water were produced. The
highest WUE for flower and biomass production (on average, 0.161 and 0.788 kg m-3, respectively)
was obtained at the treatment of irrigation after 120 mm accumulative evaporation which was 78.9
and 71.7% higher than those obtained at the treatment of irrigation after 180 mm accumulative
evaporation (Table 4).
Higher WUE for flower and biomass production under moderate water deficit stress can
be related to greater loss of water by evapotranspiration and deeper penetration at optimum irriga-
tion treatment. On the other hand, the disruption of photosynthesis due to stomatal closure, the
loss of leaf area and finally, the loss of biomass and flower yield at severe water deficit stress treat-
ment. Nissanka et al. (1997) stated that the loss of WUE at severe moisture stress was caused by
greater loss of photosynthesis vs. respiration. They related it to the injuries to leaf mesophyl under
moisture stress. In addition, it can be said that increase in mesophyl and stomatal resistance under
severe water stress decreased the entrance of CO2 into plants which in turn, reduced net photosyn-
thesis rate. Therefore, biomass was decreased under water stress. Higher WUE under moderate
water deficit stress than under severe or no stress had been reported for chamomile (Pirzad, 2007),
soybean (Moosavi et al., 1998) and rape (Vafabaksh et al., 2009), too which is in agreement with
the results of the current study.
As N fertilization rate was increased from 0 to 180 kg N ha-1, WUE for flower and dry mat-
ter production improved. Means comparison for these traits showed that although N application
rate of 180 kg N ha-1 by producing 0.137 kg flower and 0.651 kg biomass per m3 applied water
had the highest WUE, the treatments of 120 and 180 kg N ha-1 were ranked in the same statistical
group for these traits (Table 4). Given that the same amount of water was used at all fertilization
rates, higher WUE for flower and biomass production at higher N rates can be related to the in-
crease in flower and biomass yield. The increase in N application rate enhanced biomass weight
by increasing net photosynthesis. Under the conditions of the current study, although higher N
rates probably increased transpiration, they finally resulted in higher WUE due to higher flower
yield. The increase in WUE with the increase in N fertilization rate has been reported in spinach
(Sadegipoor Marvi, 2010), too.
CONCLUSION
Generally it can be concluded that given the prevailing water deficit in Southern Kho-
rasan, Iran, the treatment of irrigation after 120 mm accumulative evaporation was superior over
the treatment of irrigation after 60 mm accumulative evaporation because of its 51% higher
WUE in spite of its 16% lower dry flower yield. Also, it is recommended to use N rate of 120
kg N ha-1 owing to its statistically non-significant difference with N rate of 180 kg N ha-1, pre-
venting environmental problems, avoiding redundant costs of fertilization and realizing optimum
yield of marigold.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 153-162, September, 2014160
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to Research Department of Islamic Azad University, Birjand
Branch, Iran for their financial support of the experiment.
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Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 163-168, September, 2014 163
Effect of Thidiazuron and Salicylic Acid on the Vase Life
and Quality of Alstroemeria (Alstroemeria hybrida L .cv.
`Modena`) Cut Flower
Keywords: Alstroemeria, Salicylic acid, Thidiazuron, Vase life.
Zahra Bagheri Tirtashi1, Davood Hashemabadi2*, Behzad Kaviani2 and Ameneh Sajjadi2
1Former MSc Student, Department of Horticultural Science, Islamic Azad University, Rasht
Branch,Iran2 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch,Iran.
*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]
In this research, the effects of thidiazuron pulse treatment and salicylic
acid were examined to improve vase life and maintain the quality of Alstroemeria҅Modena̓ cut flowers. The experiment was done in a factorial experiment based
on RCD with 16 treatments, 3 replications and 48 plots. The flowers were
placed in different concentrations of thidiazuron (0, 10, 20, and 50 µM) and
salicylic acid (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg l-1) for 24 hours. Then cut flowers were
put in a preservative solution containing 3% sucrose and 300 mg l-1 8-HQS.
Then, vase life and quality traits such as fresh weight, dry weight, water
uptake, amount of soluble solids (˚brix) and cell membrane stability (electrolyte
leakage) were evaluated during examination. The results showed that the con-
centration of 200 mg l-1 salicylic acid, has the highest water uptake and lowest
reduction of fresh weight in comparison with the other treatments. In all
treatments except for the control, dry weight and soluble solids increased.
Also, 20 µM thidiazuron and 100 mg l-1 salicylic acid showed the greatest
stability of the cell membrane compared to the control treatment. Finally, 20
µM thidiazuron and 200 mg l-1 salicylic acid with the highest vase life of cut
alstroemeria ̔ Modena̓ compared to the other treatments is recommended to
extend the vase life.
Abstract
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 163-168, September, 2014164
INTRODUCTION
Alstroemeria (Alestroemeria hybrida L.) is one of the most beautiful of flowers family ̓s
Alstroemeria which is also known as Peruvian Lilies (Kim, 2005). In the past 20 years, Alstroe-meria varieties and hybrids are known as important and new business cut flowers in the world due
to their long life of postharvest, beautiful flowers and different patterns and colors (Ferrant et al.,2002). Greenhouse cultivation of this flower has been increased significantly in recent decades in
Iran. Despite the economic value of cut flowers, postharvest Alstroemeria is exposed to vulnera-
bility and corruption like other horticultural crops and is faced with postharvest problems like yellow
leaves, petal fall, turgor loss of leaves, dried florets and petal senescence and wilt (Naseri and
EbrahimiGaravi, 1999). Studies show that the external application of cytokinin delay senescence
due to lack of cytokinin during the senescence process. Synthetic cytokinin like thidiazuron are
effective in delaying senescence (Fathi and Esmaeilpor, 2002). Thidiazuron (TDZ), is a combina-
tion of non-metabolized phenyl urea with potential cytokinin-like activity that affects some posthar-
vest traits via ethylene biosynthesis (Ferrant et al., 2002; Ferrant et al., 2003). Salicylic acid is a
phenolic derivatives which involved in a wide range of oxidativet stress and has effects on the
longevity of cut flowers through inhibition of the activity of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase
(Zhang, 2003). Due to the importance of durability and maintaining the quality of cut flowers in
their business in recent years, this study examined the effects of thidiazuron and salicylic acid on
improving the vase life and maintaining the quality of alstroemeria cut flowers life.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In June 2012, Alstroemeria ҅Modena̓ cut flowers were harvested in commercial stage from
the greenhouse located in Tehran and transferred to horticultural lab of Rasht Azad University. The
flowers were recut 52 cm height and after weighing they were located in two liter volume vase and
were pulse treated for 24 hours. During testing, the flowers were kept in 20±2 ̊ C temperature, relative
humidity (RH) of 60-70% with a12 hour light-dark photoperiod and light intensity of 12 µmol s2- m2.
This study based on RCD with 8 treatments, 3 replications, 24 plots and 96 cut flowers.
The flowers were treated 24 hour in TDZ (0, 10, 20 and 50 µM ) and salicylic acid (0, 100, 200,
and 300 mgl -1). After the end of pulse period and vase replacement, the flowers were put in pre-
servative protective solution containing %3 sucrose and 300 mg l-1 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate.
Vase life, fresh weight, dry weight, water uptake, soluble solids and membrane stability
(electrolyte leakage) were measured.Vase life defined as leaves'yellowing and petals' wilting
process and is expressed as days. Fresh weight was measured by digital scale (0.01 g) and fresh
weight loss, dry weight and water uptake calculated by followed formula:
Fresh weight loss = fresh weight in lst day – ( fresh weight in final day + recuts weights).
Dry weight = (dry weight in final day / fresh weight in final day )× 100
Solution uptake = 500 – (Amount of vase solution in final day + Amount of room evap-
oration) / fresh weight in frist day.
To determine the amount of soluble solids in stem (˚brix), the carried out with refractometer
ATAGO Ltd. Model 1 α, Japan..
Cell membrane stability, carried out according to protocol of Ezhilmathi et al., (2007).
Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and mean comparison carried out with
test in 1 and 5 percent probability level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Vase life
the effect of different concentrations of TDZ and salicylic acid was significant (p≤0.01). In
comparison with other treatments, thidiazuron with 20 µM concentration and control treatment
showed the most (14.32 days) and the least (8.33 days) vase life, respectively. In this analysis, sal-
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 163-168, September, 2014 165
icylic acid in a concentration of 200 and 300 mg l-1 showed the most (14.44 days) and the least
(8.64 days) vase life (Fig. 1). The researchers reported that thidiazuron delays the programmed
cell death through increased protein synthesis and decreased levels of reactive oxygen species and
thereby increases the durability of cut flowers life (Weaver et al., 1998). Rezvanipoor et al. (2012)
examined the effect of thidiazuron and benzyl adenine in postharvest Alstroemeria cut flowers,
their results showed that the highest durability were observed in 10 µM thidiazuron . Also salicylic
acid increases cut flowers life by preventing the production of ethylene (Srivastava and Dwivedi,
2000). Pulse treatment (18 hours) salicylic 150 mg l-1 acid on ̔Yellow Island̓ rose cut flowers in-
creases the vase life in comparison to control (Geraylou and Ghasemnejad, 2011). These results
are with the findings of other researchers Macnish et al. (2010).
Fresh weight
The effect of thidiazuron and salicylic acid loss of fresh weight was significantat (p≤0.01).
Thidiazuron in a concentration of 20 µM and control treatment showed the most (8.87 g) and the least
(5.40 g) loss of fresh weight, respectively. In salicylic acid effects the most and least loss of fresh
weight were observed in 200 and 300 concentrations, respectively (Fig. 2). As decreasing fresh weight
during maintenance of the flowers is a sign of senescence, applying the two compounds in order to
keep cut flowers from oxidative stress caused by lack of water has been effective and these results are
consistent with the findings of other researchers (Rezvanipour et al., 2012; A'laee et al., 2010).
Dry matter
The effect of thidiazuron and salicylic acid on dry matter of cut flowers is significantat
(p≤0.01). Thidiazuronin and control treatment showed the most (26.06%) and the least (14.77%)
dry matter respectively (Fig.3).The investigation of salicylic acid 200 mg l-1 and control treatment
showed the most (24.70%) and the least (16.92%) dry matter respectively. It seems that thidiazuron
and the salicylic acid prevented oxidative stress through increased water absorption and increased
dry matter percentage through protein degradation and respiration rates reduction.
Water uptake
Effect of thidiazuron and salicylic acid had a significant on the solution absorption
(p≤0.01). In comparison of data means, 50 µM TDZ and control treatment showed the most (2.44ml
g-1 F.W.) and the least (1.18ml g-1 F.W.) solution absorption, respectively. Results on salicylic
acid showed that 200 and control showed that 2.85 and 1.26 mg L-1 solution absorption. Re-
searchers said that water balance is the most important factor in determining the quality and dura-
bility of cut flowers and the. Also, balance between water absorption and transpiration is highly
Fig. 1. Effect of different treatments on vase life of cut
Alstroemeria cv. Modena.
T0: control, T1: 10 µM, T2: 20 µM, T3: 50 µM
S0: control, S1: 100 mg l-1, S2: 200 mgl-1, S3: 300 mg l-1
Fig. 2. Effect of different treatments on fresh weight
loss of cut Alstroemeria cv. Modena.
T0: control, T1: 10 µM, T2: 20 µM, T3: 50 µM
S0: control, S1: 100 mg l-1, S2: 200 mgl-1
, S3: 300 mg l-1
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 163-168, September, 2014166
influence in the quality of the flower. Rezvanipour et al. (2012) examined the effects of thidiazuron
on alstroemeria ̔ Saint Point ̓ increase and said the most solution absorption is obtained in 10µM
thidiazuron treatment. Application of salicylic acid with acidic preservative solution prevents ac-
cumulationand proliferation of bacteria in cutting areas and improves the solution absorption. In-
creased water absorption and fresh weight cut flowr. (Samadi et al., 2012).
Total soluble solids (°brix)
Effects of TDZ and salicylic acid on soluble solids is significant (p≤0.01). According to
the table data means comparison, thidiazuron in concentration of 20 µM and control treatment
showed the most (2.54%) and the least (1.39%) soluble solids reduction, respectively. In salicylic
acid, control treatment and concentration 300 mg l-1 it showed the most (2.44%) and the least soluble
solids reduction (Fig.5). Rezvanipour et al. (2012) said that thidiazuron (10 μm) had the most
amount of soluble solids in alstroemeria ̔Saint Point̓ cut flowers.
Loss of cell membrance stability
Effects of thidiazuron and salicyli cacid on cell membrane stability is significant (p≤0.01).
And control flowers and 20 μm TDZ had the most (81.75%) and the least (25.75%) cell membrane
stability reduction. Also in salicylic acid, control treatment (77%) and of 100 mg l-1 (37%) showed
the most and the least loss of cell membrane stability reduction (Fig.6). Lorentez et al. (2002) in-
dicated that during Alstroemeria senescence,the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in-
creased and semi-permeability feature of cell membranes and cell stability are decreased. Existence
of sucrose in preservative solution inhibits protein and ribonucleic acid break down increases the
Fig. 3. Effect of different treatments on dry matter
loss of cut Alstroemeria cv. Modena.
T0: control, T1: 10 µM, T2: 20 µM, T3: 50 µM
S0: control, S1: 100 mg l-1, S2: 200 mg l-1, S3: 300 mg l-1
Fig. 4. Effect of different treatments on water uptake
of cut Alstroemeria cv. Modena.
T0: control, T1: 10 µM, T2: 20 µM, T3: 50 µM
S0: control, S1: 100 mg l-1, S2: 200 mg l-1), S3: 300 mg l-1
Fig. 5. Effect of different treatments on soluble solid
of cut Alstroemeria cv. Modena.
T0: control, T1: 10 µM, T2: 20 µM, T3: 50 µM
S0: control, S1: 100 mg l-1, S2: 200 mg l-1, S3: 300 mg l-1
Fig. 6. Effect of different treatments on membrane
stability of cut Alstroemeria cv. Modena.
T0: control, T1: 10 µM, T2: 20 µM, T3: 50 µM
S0: control, S1: 100 mg l-1, S2: 200 mg l-1, S3: 300 mg l-1
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 163-168, September, 2014 167
cell membrane stability and delays the senescence of flowers (Liao et al., 2000., Steinitz,1982).
Based on the findings in Table 1 and 6, there is a direct relationship between the vase life and the
amount of cell membrane stability. Treatments with higher cell membrane stability showed higher
vase life. Thereby using appropriate concentration of these two compounds, we can increase the
vase life of cut flowers by increasing the cell membrane stability.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, thidiazuron treatments with cytokinin-like activity and salicylic acid with an-
tioxidant system had significant effects on vase life and postharvest qualitative indicators improve-
ment. Due to the qualitative and business value of cut flowers and lack of knowledge about
application of effective materials, these compounds can be used to improve the qualitative value
and durability of Alstroemeria cut flowers.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thanks Islamic Azad University Rasht Branch, specific Dr. Ali
Mohamadi Torkashvand (Reaserch Office Manager) for financial supports.
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Macnish, A.J., Jiang,C.Z. and Reid, M.S. 2010. Treatment with thidiazuron on improves opening and
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Rezvanipour, Sh., Hatamzadeh, A. and HassanpourAsil, M. 2012. Effect of thidiazuronand benzyladenine
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Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 169-174, September, 2014 169
The Effect of Cola on Postharvest Physiological Characteristics
of Cut Alstroemeria
Keywords: Alstroemeria, Cola, Vase life.
Mehrdad Babarabie1*, Hossein Zareie2 and Feryal Varasteh2
1 MSc Student of Horticulture, University of Natural Resource and Agricultural Science, Gorgan,
Iran.2 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, University of Natural Resource and Agricultural
Science, Gorgan, Iran.
*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]
Abstract
The present study has assessed the effect of Cola in increasing flower
longevity of flower and delaying aging of cut Alstroemeria ‘Balance’. Distilled
water was used as control. Traits of flower diameter, solution absorption ,an-
thocyanins, total soluble solids and chlorophyll were measured at 3 times and
vase life was measured daily. Based on the results, flower diameter, anthocyanins
and chlorophyll were significant at 1% level and solution absorption was
significant at 5% level. The highest flower longevity was related to concentration
500 ml L-1 Cola with 16 days, while the control was 9 days. The highest
solution absorption rate belonged to 250 ml L-1 treatment of Cola. Cola con-
centration of 375 ml L-1 had the greatest flower diameter and chlorophyll. Ac-
cording to the results of means comparison, amount of anthocyanin in different
concentrations of Cola was the same. In general, Cola delayed aging Alstroemeriaflowers due to having compounds such as citric acid, phosphoric acid, sugar,
sodium benzoate, etc., and by providing flowers with required carbohydrates
and antimicrobial effect.
170 Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 169-174, September, 2014
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, using natural compounds in the control of bacterial, yeast and fungus in-
fections and reduction of wastes after harvesting horticultural products such as cut flowers has
been proposed. Because most chemicals are toxic and cause environmental pollution, using natural
compounds that have no adverse effects on human and environment and are relatively inexpensive
is of great importance (Okigbo and Ikediugwn, 2005). Most natural compounds that have been
studied for this purpose were essences and extracts of medicinal plants, but using Cola and some
fruit juices, due to having specific compounds as can be studied and experimented as cut flowers
preservative solutions, but they have rarely been investigated of course it has been already recom-
mended use Cola.
Ebrahimzadehand Seifi (1999) offered compound of 250-500 ml L-1 sevenup and half a tea-
spoon bleach along with water as a simple and affordable solution. Cola are made up of materials
such as citric acid, sucrose, carbon dioxide, sodium benzoate, etc. These drinks, due to containing
citric acid and phosphoric acid, have pH range of 2.9-3.8. Appropriate pH for preservative solution
of cut flowers is 3.5 to 4.5 (Edrisi, 2009). Water used in the vase solution must have least hardness
and microorganisms. One of features of Cola that makes it suitable for vase solution is the features
of water used in it. For producing Cola, water hardness and microorganisms are removed through
the use of disinfectants and deionizers.
Sucrose has been used to extend the life of various types of flowers (Asadi et al., 2010;
Emamian and Mortazavi, 2010; Khalighi and Shafie, 2000; Kazemi et al., 2010). Sucrose regulates
transport of water and minerals within the vessels by controlling transpiration (Capdeville et al.,2003). Amount of sugar in Cola is about 10%. If sucrose is put the vase solution alone, causes
growth of microorganisms. Using a germicidal agent along with sucrose in preservative solutionis
always recommended (Mir Saeed Qazi et al., 2013). In addition to containing sugar, due to having
compounds such as citric acid and phosphoric acid, Cola provides suitable pH for cut flowers.
In the research by Mortazavi and Elahi (2011), it was found that treatment of carnation cut
flowers to75 mg L-1 of citric acid increases solution absorption and vase life. Reddy et al., (1995)
tested compound of 100 mg L-1 citric acid with 4% sucrose for tuberose, that led to improved water
absorption and flower longevity to 16 days.
Alstroemeria belongs to Amarilidaceae family and it is one of the worlds important cut
flowers. It has many applications due to having various colors.
The aim of conducting this study is to investigate the possibility of replacing simple com-
pounds such as Cola as and determine its best concentration in preservative solutions of cut flowers
in order to increase vase life of cut Alstroemeria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This experiment was performed in Laboratory of Horticultural Sciences Department, Gor-
gan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in April 2014. In this study,
Alstroemeria flowers were prepared from Azin Behesh greenhouse in Isfahan. The temperature of
vase life room was 2 ± 24°C, relative humidity 5 ± 60% and light intensity was 850 lux. Flowers
were cut open as 30 cm of length and put into containers with 500 ml of preservative solution.
Thise xperiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement in
three replications and each replication consisted of 3 flowers. The treatments used was commercial
Cola at 4 levels (0, 250, 375, 500 ml L-1). Parameters of flower diameter, solution absorption, dis-
solved solids, anthocyanin and chlorophyll were measured in 3 stages (days 3, 6 and 9), and flower
longevity was measured daily. Vase life was calculated as flower wilting per day. The flowers were
examined daily for observing signs of wilting. Chlorophyll content of leaf was gauged through
chlorophyll meter model Hansatech CL-01.Water absorption was measured by dipping the volume
of the solution and diameter of Floret using a digital caliper. To measure the petal anthocyanins,
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 169-174, September, 2014 171
Vangr method(1979) was used and for measuring wet weight digital scale was used and was finally
expressed using the following formula (Pompodakis et al., 2005).
FW= (St-1)-St /wt = 0) In this formula, the symbols listed are as follows.
FW: Absorbed solution
St: Weight of solution (g) in days 0,3 and ...
St-1: Weight of solution (g)in previous day
Wt = 0: Wet weight of shoot in day 0
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Flower diameter
Based on analysis of variance, effect of treatment, time and interaction effects of treatment
and time was significant at the 1% level (Table 1).
Concentration Cola as 375 ml L-1 made the greatest flower diameter and the lowest value
was related to the control (Table 2). Also the highset flower diameter was obtained on the sixth
day of measurement (Table 3). Sucrose, as a source of carbohydrates, compensates for the shortage
of sugars consumed by breathing (Erin et al., 2002). It seems that Cola’s sugar, which is a kind of
sucrose, has provided the energy needed for expansion of florets in Alstroemeria vase solutions
and increased flower diameter.
Solution absorption
According to ANOVA, the effect of treatment and time on preserving solution’s absorption
was significant at 5% and the interaction effect of treatment and time was significant at 1%. Results
showed that the highest rate of solution absorption belonged to treatment 250 ml L-1 Cola (Table 2).
Also, the highest rate of solution absorption was obtained on sixth day of measurement (Table 3).
By increasing concentration, the absorption rate of solution decreased. In the research by
Reddy et al., (1995) on tuberose, the combined treatment of 100 mg l-1 citric acid and 400 mg l-1
hydroxyqueinoline sulfate and sucrose 4% increased flower longevity and water uptake by flowers.
It can be concluded that citric acid, by providing suitable pH and reducing number of bac-
teria, increases water uptake by flowers treated by Cola compared to the control.
S.O.V df Flower diameter
(mm)
Solution absorbs
(ml. g F.W.)
TSS
(%)
Anthocyanin
(mg 100 g-1 F.W)
Chlorophyll
(mg g-1 F.W.)
treatment
time
treatment*time
error
cv(%)
3
2
6
24
6397.67**
16827.79**
3014.66**
2.83
6.35
1.71*
2.3*
2.99**
140.46
16.6
15.75**
63.92**
2.66**
0.17
4.09
0.006**
0.04**
0.001*
0.0002
8.69
25.9**
10.37**
1.64 ns
0.29
6.46
Table 1. Analysis of variancetheeffect oftreatment and timeonqualitytraitsof cut Alstroemeria.
ns:Nonsignificant,*:Significantat5%,** Significantat 1%
Treatment Flower diameter
(mm)
Uptake solution
(ml. g F.W.)
TSS
(%)
Anthocyanin
(mg 100 g-1 F.W)
Cholorophyl
(mg g-1 F.W.)
Vase life
(days)
S1
S2
S3
C
28.23b
30.85a
27.34b
19.55c
3.23a
3a
2.46b
2.31b
11.53a
10.46b
9.95c
8.35d
0.21a
0.21a
0.2a
0.15b
9.04a
9.39a
9.12a
5.8b
14.33b
14.33b
16a
9c
Table 2. Mean comparison the effect treatment on vase life and quality traits cut Alstroemeria.
In each column, means with the similar letters are not significantly different at1% level of probability using LSD test
S1: 250 ml L-1 , S2: 375 ml L-1, S3: 500 ml L-1, C: Control
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 169-174, September, 2014172
Total solution solids (TSS)
The results showed that effect of treatment, time and interaction between treatment and
time on amount of TSS of petal was significantat 1%. Table 2 shows that the highest rate of TSS
belonged to 250 ml L-1 concentrations of Cola and the lowest to the control treatment. On the sixth
day highest rate of TSS were obtained (Table 3).
Because of its high sugar, Cola increase solube solids. Also, due to other ingredients such
as citric acid and phosphoric acid in Cola that because of the role they play in improving water
absorption and delayed wilting, it is able to maintain carbohydrates. Ichimura et al.(2005) consider
higher dissolved carbohydrate content in petals of rose, ‘Delilah’ as the reason for its more flower
longevity .
Anthocyanin
ANOVA related to anthocyanins showed that effect of treatment and time at 1% and inter-
action effect of treatment and time at the 5% was significant (Table 1). Means comparison showed
that there was no significant difference between treatments (Table 2). The highest rate of antho-
cyanin belonged to concentration 250 ml L-1 (Table 2).
Colorless is a common symptom in many old flowers. Carotenoids and anthocyanins are
two main of flowers pigments. Anthocyanins show greater stability in acidic pH compared to al-
kaline pH (Edrisi, 2009). Cola with pH 3 above 3 leads to satability in Alstroemeria of anthocyanin
flower petals. Also, dyes in black Cola may influence the color of the petals.
Chlorophyll
Effect of treatment and time were significantat 1%, but interaction of treatment on time did
not have significant difference. Table 2 shows the results of comparing means of chlorophyll, the
highest and lowest levels of chlorophyll were related to 375 ml L-1 concentration of Cola and the
control, respectively and maximum chlorophyll was observed at first stage (Table 3). Alstromeria
is one of flowers that are very sensitive to ethylene (Ebrahimzadehand Seifi, 1999).Yellowness of
Alstroemeria leaves after harvest is related to early aging, which is one of problems of Alstroemeria(Mutui et al., 2001). Results of the study by Hamidi Imani et al. (2012) showed that sodium ben-
zoate with concentration of 250 mg L-1, reduced ethylene production. It seems that sodium benzoate
in Cola may some what inhibit ethylene synthesis and prevents leaves yellowing and contributes
to the maintenance ofchlorophyll in leaves.
Time (Day) Flower diameter
(mm)
Uptake solution
(ml. g F.W.)
TSS
(%)
Anthocyanin
(mg 100 g-1 F.W)
Cholorophyl
(mg g-1 F.W.)
3
6
9
21.21b
35.85a
22.41b
3.25a
2.59b
2.42b
7.47c
10.88b
11.87a
0.12b
0.23a
0.22a
9.1a
8.61b
7.3c
Table 3. Mean comparison the effect time on vase life and quality traits cut Alstroemeria.
In each column, means with the similar letters are not significantly different at1% level of probability using LSD test
S.O.V df vase life (days)
Treatment
error
cv
3
8
27.86**
0.16
3.04
Table 4. Analysis of variance the effect vase life of
cut Alstroemeria.
** Significantat 1%
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 169-174, September, 2014 173
Vase life
ANOVA related to vase life of Alstroemeria showed that treatment effect was significant at
1%, (Table 4). The highest flower longevity belonged to concentration 500 ml L-1 of Cola with 16
days. This is while the control had 9 days of life (Table 2)
Compounds such as sodium benzoate, citric acid, sulfuric acid and sugar in Cola improve
the quality traits of flowers after harvest and consequently increase vase life. Results of research
by Oraei et al., (2011) showed that the concentration of 250 mg l-1 sodium benzoate increased
vase life of gerbera flower that is consistent with results of current study. There are a lot of re-
search on the effect of sucrose on increase of vase life of cut flowers. Due to its high sugar content,
(% 8-10), by supplying required carbohydrates for cut flowers, Cola increase their longevity.
CONCLUSION
Results of this study showed that using simple, safe ingredients available for the environ-
ment, such as Cola, as a preservative solution of cut flowers, especially Alstroemeria can replace
expensive, dangerous and difficult to access compounds.
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Time (Day)
3
6
9
S1
18.71c
40.86a
25.14b
S2
28.6b
40.52a
23.43bc
S3
20.78c
37.38a
23.86bc
C
16.77c
24.66bc
17.24c
S1
2.77ab
3.46ab
3.46ab
S2
4.01a
2.67ab
2.33b
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4.11a
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0.82c
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2.11bc
2.71ab
2.11bc
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7.5d
13.1a
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11.8ab
10.86bc
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8.3cd
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12.4a
C
6.9d
9.46c
8.7cd
Table 5. Mean comparison the interaction effect treatment and time on flower diameter, solution uptake and TSS of cut
Alstroemeria.
In each column, means with the similar letters are not significantly different at1% level of probability using LSD test.
S1: 250 ml L-1 , S2: 375 ml L-1, S3: 500 ml L-1 , C: Control
Anthocyanin (mg 100 g-1 F.W) Cholorophyl (mg g-1 F.W.)
Time(Day)
3
6
9
S1
0.14bc
0.25a
0.23a
S2
0.11bc
0.26a
0.24a
S3
0.14bc
0.25a
0.23a
C
0.09c
0.2ab
0.16b
S1
9.5a
9.23ab
8.39ab
S2
9.78a
9.61a
8.78ab
S3
9.55a
9.35a
8.45ab
C
7.58b
6.25b
3.58c
Table 6. Mean comparison the interaction effect treatment and time on Anthocyanin and
cholophyl cut Alstroemeria.
In each column, means with the similar letters are not significantly different at1% level of probability
using LSD test.
S1: 250 ml L-1 , S2: 375 ml L-1, S3: 500 ml L-1 , C: Control
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 169-174, September, 2014174
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Plantlet Regeneration through Indirect Organogenesis of
Flame Gold Tree (Koelreuteria elegans Laxm.)
Keywords: Auxins, Cytokinins, Koelreuteria elegans, Ornamental tree.
Rameshwar Groach1, Muzafar Hussain Dar1, Kartar Chand Badgal2, Priyanka Pal1, Narender Singh1*
and Kuldeep Yadav1
1Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119 (India)2Principal, Govt. Degree College, Hiranagar, Kathua
*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abbreviations: BAP- 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kn- Kinetin, NAA- α-Naphthalene Acetic Acid, 2,4-
D- 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
Abstract
Koelreuteria elegans, popularly known as “Flame Gold” is an ornamental
tree. In vitro callus induction and regeneration from various explants (eaf
segments and cotyledonary leaf) were studied on modified MS medium. The
highest callus induction rate (80%) and multiplication was obtained in 2 mg/l
2,4-D from leaf segments. Calli transferred in 1.5 mg/l BAP resulted in
efficient shoot regeneration (70%) and development (4.35 shoots). MS half
strength medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l NAA reported 80% rooting after
21 days of implantation. Mostly, the roots were long and healthy. Plants were
successfully transferred in sterilized mixture of vermiculite: soil: sand (3:1:1)
with 65% survival rate under field conditions. The in vitro regenerated plantlets
were hardened and acclimatized successfully.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 175-180, September, 2014176
INTRODUCTION
Koelreuteria elegans Laxm. (Sapindaceae) popularly known as “Flame gold” is a fast grow-
ing medium-sized evergreen ornamental tree, capable of reaching up to 25 m in height having bip-
innate compound leaves with relatively small leaflets and bright yellow flowers (Anonymous,
2003). The tree is native to Taiwan and is locally naturalised in the subtropical, tropical and warmer
temperate regions of Australia, south-eastern USA, Hawaii and Guam (Meyer, 1976). The tree is
often recommended for arboretum, parking lots, plantings along the highway, shade tree, residential
street tree in urban areas (Gilman and Watson, 1993).
Biotechnology has emerged as a strong tool in mass multiplication and improvement of all
plant species. Clonal multiplication is production of true of type plants in large number, in short
period of time. It offers a method to increase valuable genotype rapidly and expedite release of
large number of plantlets. Biotechnology involving modern tissue culture, cell biology and mo-
lecular biology offers an opportunity to develop new germplasm that are well adapted to changing
demands (Yadav et al., 2013). Plant tissue culture facilitates the accomplishment of a large number
of uniform plants irrespective of season and serves as an alternative source of seed materials. Invitro preservation of germplasm is also a safe method in protecting the species by reducing the
risk of natural vagaries (Yadav and Singh, 2012).
Many ornamental plants like Euphorbia pulcherrima (Osternack et al., 1999), Ficus reli-giosa (Nagaraju et al., 1998), Saintpaulia ionantha (Mithila et al., 2003) Rosa hybrid (Van der
Salm et al., 1996), (Atta-Alla and Van Staden, 1997) have been successfully propagated under invitro conditions using various concentrations of different plant growth regulators.
Till now, there is no report of in vitro propagation of this species. The aim of this work was
to achieve mass multiplication of Koelreuteria elegans under in vitro conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant Material
The seeds of this plant were collected from a mature tree growing in Herbal Garden of
Botany Department, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India. Seeds were initially washed under
running tap water with liquid detergent and sterilized with freshly prepared 0.1% (w/v) mercuric
chloride solution for 6-7 minutes under aseptic conditions. After this, the seeds were rinsed 4-5
times thoroughly with sterilized double distilled water to remove any traces of mercuric chloride.
Then, seed were inoculated on MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962).
Medium preparation and Culture conditions
MS medium containing 30 g/l sucrose and solidified with 8 mg/l agar with and without
growth regulators (Table 1 and 2) was prepared. The pH of media was adjusted to 5.8 with 1 N
NaOH or 1 N HCl.
Data based on 20 explants per treatment on fourth week of culture. (–) No Response, (+) Poor growth, (++) Moderate growth, (+++)
Good growth.
Table 1. Effect of 2,4-D on callus induction on the explants of Koelreuteria elegans.
Concentration
of 2,4-D in MS
media (mg/l)
Explant
Average number of
days required for
callus induction
% Response/
callus induction
Visual growth
of callus
Color and texture of
callus
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Leaf
Cotyledonary leaf
Leaf
Cotyledonary leaf
Leaf
Cotyledonary leaf
Leaf
Cotyledonary leaf
19.09de
21.00e
16.23bc
18.14cd
15.13ab
17.55cd
13.12a
14.90ab
55
30
65
35
75
45
80
55
++
+
++
+
+++
+
+++++
++
Light Yellow, Fragile
Light Yellow, Fragile
Light Yellow, Fragile
Light Yellow, Fragile
Light Yellow, Fragile
Light Yellow, Fragile
Light Yellow, Fragile
Light Yellow, Fragile
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 175-180, September, 2014 177
10 ml of medium was poured into each glass culture tubes and sterilized by autoclaving at
1.05 kg/cm2; 121 °C for 18 min. Cultures were maintained at 25±2ºC temperature in 16/8 h light/dark
photoperiod of 20 μmol m-2s-1 photon flux intensity produced from cool white 40 watt tube lights.
Callus induction
Leaves and cotyledonary leaves from in vitro grown seedlings (25 days old) were excised
and cut into small segments and inoculated on MS medium fortified with different concentrations
of 2,4-D (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/l) for callus induction. Subculturing was done after every four weeks
for maintenance and increasing the amount of calli. Black, brown or dead calli was discarded
during sub culturing. Visual observations like per cent callus induction, growth of callus, colour
and texture of callus was recorded.
Shoot and root induction
The fourth subcultured calli was transferred to MS medium supplemented with various
concentration (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/l) of cytokinins (BAP and Kn) (Table 2) for shoot regen-
eration. Observations like per cent shoot regeneration and average number of days required
for regeneration was recorded. The in vitro developed shoots (1-3 cm) were excised and im-
planted in culture tubes containing half strength MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962)
fortified without or with NAA (0.2, 0.5, 0.1 mg/l) under aseptic conditions for root initiation.
After development of sufficient roots, the plantlets were gradually removed and transferred
to polycups containing sterilized mixture of vermiculite: soil: sand (3:1:1) maintained under
high humidity.
*Data based on 20 explants per treatment on 28th day of culture. (–) No Response, (+) Poor growth, (++) Moderate
growth, (+++) Good growth. LC – Callus from Leaf, CC – Callus from Cotyledons.
Table 2. Effect of cytokinins on shoot regeneration from calli of Koelreuteria elegans.
Cytokinins
(mg/l)
Callus
source
Visual growth
of callus
Calli forming
shoots (%)
No. of shoots per
culture Shoot Length
BAP 0.5
BAP 1.0
BAP 1.5
BAP 2.0
BAP 0.5
BAP 1.0
BAP 1.5
BAP 2.0
Kinetin 0.5
Kinetin 1.0
Kinetin 1.5
Kinetin 2.0
Kinetin 0.5
Kinetin 1.0
Kinetin 1.5
Kinetin 2.0
LC
LC
LC
LC
CC
CC
CC
CC
LC
LC
LC
LC
CC
CC
CC
CC
+
+
++
++
+
+
++
++
+
+
++
+++
+
+
++
+++
50
60
70
65
55
55
60
60
20
20
45
60
10
10
20
45
2.10cd
3.16abc
4.35a
3.76ab
1.72cd
2.09cd
2.16cd
2.38bcd
1.00d
1.25d
1.77cd
2.50bcd
1.00d
1.50d
1.50d
1.77cd
1.58bcd
2.11bc
3.17a
2.56ab
0.69d
0.92d
1.29cd
1.70bcd
0.85d
1.17cd
1.54bcd
2.25abc
0.60d
0.80d
1.22cd
1.45bcd
*Data based on 20 explants per treatment. (–) No sustainable rooting.
Table 3. Effect of different concentrations of NAA on root development.
MS half strength without growth regulators
MS half strength +0.2 mg/l NAA
MS half strength +0.5 mg/l NAA
MS half strength +1.0 mg/l NAA
60
80
40
-
28.05c
21.00a
22.95b
--
Thin
Long, Healthy
Short, Callus formation
Profuse Callus, formation
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 175-180, September, 2014178
Data analysis
% response = (No. of explants with response/Total no. of explants cultured) × 100
% calli forming shoots = (No. of calli producing shoots/Total no. of calli cultured for
shooting) × 100
% of culture forming roots = (No. of shoots producing roots/ Total no. of shoots inoculated
for rooting) × 100
Statistical analysis
All the experiment were conducted with a minimum of 20 replicates per treatment. The
data was analyzed statistically using (SPSS) one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the dif-
ferences contrasted using a Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at p ≤ 0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Micropropagation offers a viable alternative for conventional methods because it can also
be used as a complimentary strategy for conservation and utilization of genetic resources. Further,
in vitro plant regeneration is an easy and economic way for obtaining a large number of consistently
uniform and true- to- type plants within a short span of time (Yadav et al., 2014).
All the explants (leaf segments and cotyledonary leaf) induced calli in MS media supple-
mented with different concentration of 2,4-D (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/l) (Table 1). Better growth was
observed in media containing 2 mg/l 2,4-D. This concentration was efficient in term of less number
of days required for callus induction and per cent response. Callus induction started at the cut ends
(A) Undifferent mass of callus
(B) Shoots regenerated from callus in 1.5 mg/1 BAP
(C) Shoots
(D) Rooting of excised shoots in rooting medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/1 NAA
(E) Plants after one week of transfer in acclimatizing mixture Vermiclite: Soil: Sand (3:1:1)
Fig. 1. Different stages of micropropagation of Koelreuteria elegans from callus
formation to acclimatization.
179Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 175-180, September, 2014
of the explants, which later involved the whole surface. Leaf segments were proved to be the better
explants for callus induction, multiplication and showed best percent response (80%) with less av-
erage number of days required for induction (13.12) as compared to cotyledonary leaf (Table 1,
Fig.1 A). The supremacy of 2,4-D in callus induction has also been reported in Momordica charantia(Agrawal and Kamal, 2004); Spilanthes acmella (Yadav and Singh, 2010); Aegle marmelos (Yadav
and Singh, 2011); and Cissus quadrangularis (Teware et al., 2012).
Calli derived from leaf segments were better in terms of regeneration of shoots on media
fortified with cytokinins (BAP and Kn). BAP was found to be more suitable than Kn for shoot re-
generation. Highest per cent response (70%) of calli forming shoots, maximum number of shoots
(4.35) with highest shoot length (3.17 cm) were observed in media supplemented 1.5 mg/l of BAP
(Table 2, Fig.1 B and C) from leaf derived calli. Any deviation from this concentration resulted in
the decreased response. In case of Kn, maximum per cent response was recorded in medium sup-
plemented with 2 mg/l in both the explants derived calli. Shoot regeneration using BAP or Kn has
been observed in Momordica charantia (Agarwal and Kamal, 2004); Ipomoea batatas (Getu and
Feyissa, 2013); Aconitum violaceum (Rawat et al., 2013).
The shoot regenerated from calli were excised aseptically and implanted on half strength
MS media fortified with NAA (0.2 - 1.0 mg/l) (Fig. C; Table 3). Long, healthy roots were observed
in 80% of shoots on half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l NAA after 21 days of
implantation (Fig. D; Table 3). Further increase in concentration of NAA (0.5, 1.0 mg/l) decreased
the per cent root formation. The use of NAA in enhancing the root formation has also been observed
in Eucalyptus grandis (Sita and Rani, 1985); Celastrus paniculatus (Lal et al., 2010); Kinnow
(Sharma et al., 2012) and Hippeastrum johnsonii, (Zakizadeh et al., 2013).
After successful production of sufficient roots, the plantlets were gently taken out from
rooting medium and washed carefully with a soft brush in sterilized water to remove the adhering
agar-agar with plant tissue. The plants were transferred in the sterilized mixture of vermiculite:
soil: sand (3:1:1) in polythene cups (Fig. E). Each of the transferred plants was covered with a
polythene bag to maintain high humidity and check morality due to dehydration. Each plant was
irrigated with ¼ strength of MS salt solution on every second day. After two weeks, the covering
of polythene bags was removed for 2-3 hours daily to acclimatize the plants to the natural envi-
ronment. After about 4-5 weeks of transfer, the plantlets were transferred in field conditions of
natural photoperiod and temperature. Sixty five percent of the plants survived after acclimatization.
Successful acclimatization and field transfer of the in vitro regenerated plantlets have also been
reported in Hildegardia populifolia (Lavanya et al., 2012); Salvadora persica (Kumari and Singh,
2012) and Gloriosa superba (Yadav et al., 2013).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra for providing necessary
laboratory facilities to carry out this work.
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135-138.
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Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 181-187, September, 2014 181
Influence of Explant Nodal Positions on the In VitroShoot Regeneration of Rose
Keywords: Node, Proliferation, Rosa Hybrid L., 6-benzylaminopurine,
Shreef Mahmood1* and Bernhard Hausera2
1 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology
University Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh.1 Greenhouse Laboratory Center Technische Universität München Dürnast 3, D-85354 Freising, Germany.2 Hochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf Fakultät Gartenbau und Leben smittel Technologie Am
Staudengarten 8 D-85354 Freising, Germany.
*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]
Abstract
The influence of explant nodal positions on the in vitro shoot growth and
proliferation were studied in the two rose cvs. ‘Bianca’ and ‘El Torro’. Third,
fourth and fifth nodal explants were cultured on the modified MS medium sup-
plemented with 1.0 and 5.0 mg/l BA. In both the cultivars, higher rate of
proliferation (‘Bianca’ 3.75; ‘El Torro’ 2.65) were obtained from the explants
distal to the apex than those of the proximal position with 5.0 mg/l BA. But pro-
liferating shoots derived from the fifth nodal explant with 1.0 mg/l attained
highest shoot length (‘Bianca’ 1.43 cm; ‘El Torro’ 1.19 cm) and produced higher
number of leaves (‘Bianca’ 5.45; ‘El Torro’ 6.30) and fresh weight (‘Bianca’
659.38 mg; ‘El Torro’ 255.95 mg) per explant than the third and fourth nodal
explants. The fifth nodal explant with 1.0 mg/l BA was found the best treatment
for the shoot regeneration of rose cvs. ‘Bianca’ and ‘El Torro’.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 181-187, September, 2014182
INTRODUCTION
Rose is one of the most important florist crop grown all over the world. In Germany, the
production area of roses in greenhouses is 124.2 hectares, which is 32.14% of the greenhouse area
in use for cultivation of cut flowers (Anonymous, 2013). Commercial propagation of roses are
usually done by cutting, although they can also be propagated by budding and grafting, which are
difficult, undesirable and tedious processes (Horn, 1992). In vitro culture on the other hand, is an
alternative method for propagation of a large number of pathogen-free plants in a short time with
high uniformity. In Germany, it is the second most micropropagated species within the woody
plants, with approximately 330,000 plantlets per year (Anonymous, 2009). In rose, the most com-
monly used explant is a nodal stem segment, where in the axillary bud is made to proliferate to
form multiple shoots. The success of micropropagation of roses is involved with several factors:
the composition of the medium used (Davies, 1980; Podwyszynska and Olszewski, 1995; Asadi
et al., 2009), cultural environment (Bressan et al., 1982; Horn, 1992; Rout et al., 1999; Carelli
and Echeverrigaray, 2002) and genotype (Marcelis-van Acker and Scholton, 1995; Kim et al.,2003; Misra and Chakrabarty, 2009). There are some other factors like the explant’s position on
the mother plant which have much less studied, but can be determinant in the success of micro-
propagation of roses. Hence, the present experiment was initiated with the aim to investigate the
effects of explants nodal position on the shoot regeneration of rose cultivars.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
About 15-20 cm long young healthy flowering shoots of rose (Rosa hybrid L.) cvs. ‘Bianca’
and ‘El Torro’ were collected from the Greenhouse Laboratory Center, Technische Universität
München, Freising, Germany. The top and basal axillary buds were discarded and only the axillary
buds of the third, fourth and fifth nodal portions of the stem were taken. After removing leaves
and thorns, the shoots were neatly cut into nodal pieces (3-4 cm long) each bearing one axillary
bud with a fragment of petiole. The mean diameter of the third, fourth and fifth nodal explants
were 4.85, 5.29 and 5.47 cm, respectively for ‘Bianca’ and 4.45, 4.81 and 5.06 cm, in that order
for ‘El Torro’. The explants were disinfected by immersing for 1 min. in 70% ethanol, afterwards
for 15 min. in 1% sodium hypocholoride solution with some drops of Tween 20. The nodes were
rinsed 3 times with sterile deionized distilled water and approximately 0.5 cm was trimmed from
both the ends of each nodal segment to remove damaged tissues and used as the explant sources.
About 1.5-1.8 cm long explants was planted vertically into 150 × 25 mm culture-tube containing
15 ml of the modified MS medium.
The modified MS medium (Davies, 1980) having 40 g/l of sucrose and 7 g/l agar was used
in the proliferation phase. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 5.8 before agar was added. The
medium was supplemented with 1.0 and 5.0 mg/l (equivalent to 4.43 and 22.17 µM) of 6-benzy-
laminopurine (BA). The test tubes containing the media were autoclaved at 1.2 kg cm-2 pressure
and 121ºC temperature for 15 min. The instruments like scalpels, forceps, needles etc. were also
pre-sterilized by autoclaving and subsequent sterilization was done by flaming and cooling method
inside the laminar air-flow cabinet. The cabinet was usually started half an hour before using and
wiped with 70% ethyl alcohol to reduce the chances of contamination. Hands were also sterilized
by wiping with the mixture of 0.26% glycerine and 70% ethyl alcohol solution. The neck of the
test tubes with the glass cap were flamed before opening and closing.
The culture tubes containing the explants were transferred to the growth room where the
temperature was maintained at 24 ± 1ºC and 70% relative humidity under 16 h photoperiod. Arti-
ficial light was provided by parallel white fluorescent tubes installed above the culture. Photosyn-
thetic photon flux density was 60 µmol m-2 s-1 at the plant level. The data had been taken after 5
weeks from the culture initiation when the new shoots are optimum to transfer into another madia
for rooting although the new shoots started to grow after 25 days from the culture initiation. The
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 181-187, September, 2014 183
experiments were arranged in completely randomized design (CRD). In the experiments, treatments
consisted of three explant nodal positions (third, fourth and fifth) and three different concentration
of BA (control, 1.0 mg/l and 5.0 mg/l). These treatments were applied to the cvs. ‘Bianca’ and ‘El
Torro’. In all cases, each treatment combinations consisted of 30 culture tubes. A general ANOVA
was conducted for all the variables using Statgraphics Plus Version 2.1 statistical program (STSC,
1987). The means were compared using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD). All analyses
were regarded as significant at p < 0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Number of shoot per explant
The rates of shoot proliferation in the both cultivars were significant due to the explant
nodal positions cultured in the differents of BA (Table 1).
But no significant difference was observed among the explant nodal positions when those
were grown in BA lacking MS medium. A gradual increase in number of shoots were observed
with an increasing position of nodal explant in both the cultivars in different concentrations of BA
(Table 1). However, the fifth nodal explant produced the highest number of shoots in different
concentrations of BA followed by the fourth and the third nodal explants, respectively (Table 1).
Higher level of endogenous auxins presence in the nodal explant closest to the apex zone may in-
hibit the proliferation of shoot in in vitro conditions. A similar behavior was reported by Ara et al.
(1997), where the second nodal explant was found to be best for multiple shoot regeneration than
shoot tip grown in MS media supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BA. But a contradictory report of Hisa
and Korban (1996) indicated that the higher shoot proliferation was possible from shoot tips than
the lateral buds. In another report, Salehi and Khosh-Khui (1997) concluded that due to the nutri-
tional factors particularly carbohydrate availability in the explant, the explants with larger in di-
ameter and length were best for the shoot multiplication and development compared to the explants
with lower diameter and length, which is in support of the present findings. However, Horn (1992)
found that the size of the explant did not affect the proliferation rate of roses. It was observed that
different nodal explants of both the cultivars produced about only one shoot from the control treat-
ment (Table 1). The supplementation of BA in the culture media resulted in increasing number of
shoots per explant for all the nodal explants and both ‘Bianca’ and ‘El Torro’ yielded the maximum
number of shoots which were 3.70 and 2.35, respectively with 5.0 mg/l BA. The in vitro shoot
proliferation is mainly based on medium containing cytoknins as the major plant growth regulator
in stimulating shoot proliferation in roses (Vijaya et al., 1991).
Explant nodal position
No. of shoots per explant Length of main shoot (cm)
Control 1.0 mg/l BA 5.0 mg/l BA Control 1.0 mg/l BA 5.0 mg/l BA
Bianca
3rd
4th
5th
Lsd (0.05)
El Torro
3rd
4th
5th
Lsd (0.05)
1.05 a
1.20 a
1.20 a
0.21
1.00
1.00
1.00
00
2.25 c
2.55 b
2.85 a
0.28
1.05 b
1.40 a
1.55 a
0.30
3.15 b
3.40 b
3.75 a
0.26
2.25 b
2.30 b
2.65 a
0.32
1.01 c
1.22 b
1.30 a
0.06
0.67 b
0.94 a
0.97 a
0.04
1.20 b
1.37 a
1.43 a
0.09
0.73 c
0.92 b
1.19 a
0.08
0.81 c
0.96 b
1.02 a
0.05
0.62 b
0.59 b
0.75 a
0.07
Table 1. Effect of explant nodal positions on the number and length of shoots per explant of ‘Bianca’ and ‘El Torro’
In each column, means followed by the same letters are not significantly different according to Fisher’s least significant difference
test (p < 0.05).
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 181-187, September, 2014184
Length of the shoot
The explant nodal positions significantly influenced the length of the shoot grown in the
different concentrations of BA (Table 1). It was observed that the nodal explant furthest from the
apex grew quickly and developed in the tallest shoots than the nodal explant closest to the apex.
In both cultivars, the fifth nodal positions produced the tallest shoot followed by the fourth and
the third nodal positions, respectively (Table 1). Possibly, the fifth nodal position with the large
diameter had better nutrient translocation and, therefore, produced the tallest shoot. This result is
in full agreement with the findings of Bressan et al. (1982), Kim et al. (2003) and Razavizadeh
and Ehsanpour (2008) where they reported that lateral buds from midsection of a stem grew vig-
orously than those closest to the shoot-tips. It was also observed that the growth of the buds near
the apex was slow while the fifth nodal explant developed very quickly. A similar finding was also
observed by Ma et al. (1996) where the buds nearest to the apex exhibited the slowest rate of de-
velopment and the best growth of explants was obtained from the fourth and the advanced nodal
positions. However, inclusion of BA in the medium promoted the elongation of the shoot in both
the cultivars but regenerated shoots failed to elongate when the explants were grown in the MS
medium containing the higher concentration of BA (Table 1). BA is a strong cytoknin which de-
presses the length of the shoot by an increased number of axillary buds (Hameed et al., 2006;
Waseem et al., 2009) as all the nutrients are utilized for the formation of lateral shoots (Yakimova
et al., 2000). In both the cultivars, the highest lengths of the shoot was measured in 1.0 mg/l BA
followed by the 5.0 mg/l and the BA lacking medium.
Number and length of leaves
The number and the length of the leaves varied significantly among the explant’s nodal po-
sitions, except in ‘Bianca’ no significant variation was found in terms of number of leaves when
those were grown on the medium without BA (Table 2).
The present results showed that the number of leaves increased with the advancement of
nodal positions and simultaneously the length of the leaves also increased. The fifth nodal explant
had significantly higher number of big leaves than the fourth nodal explant where the third nodal
position, in turn, had the minimum number of smallest leaves in different concentrations of BA
(Table 2). A possible explanation could be that the higher storage of carbohydrate in the fifth nodal
explant induces for developing of new larger leaves in the plantlet. The results is in accordance
with the findings of Hisa and Korban (1996) who observed that the explants derived from the distal
nodes produced the higher number of leaves. However, the higher number of leaves in the furthest
nodal explant from the apex increasing the chance of quick development of microshoots in the
Explant nodal position
No. of shoots per explant Length of main shoot (cm)
Control 1.0 mg/l BA 5.0 mg/l BA Control 1.0 mg/l BA 5.0 mg/l BA
Bianca
3rd
4th
5th
Lsd (0.05)
El Torro
3rd
4th
5th
Lsd (0.05)
4.35 a
4.25 a
4.50 a
0.30
4.05 b
3.90 b
4.60 a
0.35
4.75 b
5.25 a
5.45 a
0.38
4.95 c
5.55 b
6.30 a
0.44
4.25 b
4.65 a
4.70 a
0.33
4.75 b
5.35 a
5.75 a
0.46
5.59 b
6.05 a
6.16 a
0.19
3.96 c
4.43 b
4.56 a
0.11
3.82 b
4.31 a
4.41 a
0.15
2.97 c
3.32 b
3.56 a
0.10
2.95 b
3.19 a
3.24 a
0.13
2.48 b
2.61 a
2.68 a
0.08
Table 2. Effect of explant nodal positions on the number and length of leaves of ‘Bianca’ and ‘El Torro’.
In each column, means followed by the same letters are not significantly different according to Fisher’s least significant difference
test (p < 0.05).
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 181-187, September, 2014 185
rose cultivars. In relation to the use of different levels of BA, the highest number of leaves was
achieved from 1.0 mg/l BA followed by higher concentration of BA (5.0 mg/l) and also BA lacking
medium. This result indicates that the inclusion of BA in the medium was synergistic for producing
new leaves but the higher concentration (5.0 mg/l) had the adverse effect on the number of leaves
in both the cultivars. An increasing trend in the length of leaf was observed with the advancement
of nodal positions. However, the presence of BA in the medium suppressed the length of leaf in
both the cultivars (Table 2). Davies (1980) also found a similar result where higher concentration
of BA induced the smaller leaves and also reduced the number of leaves per explant.
Fresh and percent of dry weights per explant
The explant nodal positions significantly influenced the fresh and percent of dry
weights per explant due to different concentrations of BA for cvs. ‘Bianca’ and ‘El Torro’
(Table 3).
Both the fresh and the percent of dry weight per explant increased with the advanced
nodal position which indicated higher development of explant in the increasing positions of
node (Table 3). Horn et al. (1988) reported that the fourth and the fifth nodal positions were
superior regarding the growth and the shoot weight, which supports the present findings. The
fifth nodal position of both the cultivars cultured in 1.0 mg/l BA secured the highest fresh
weight per explant. It might be due to the cumulative effect of the tallest shoot and the maxi-
mum number of leaves produced by the same treatment (fifth nodal explant with 1.0 mg/l BA).
The poor performance of nodes near the apex was possibly due to their less diameter and herba-
ceous nature (Ma et al., 1996). However, fresh weight declined when the concentrations of BA
were further increased. In relation to the percent of dry weight, better accumulation of dry mat-
ter per explant was observed from the control treatment whereas the supplementation of BA in
the medium reduced the dry weight in both the cultivars (Table 3). The decrease in dry weight
of explant with the increasing the BA concentration was caused, in part, probably by the oc-
currence of explant with hyperhydricity symptoms (data not shown), which consequently re-
duced the dry weight of explant. This is not surprising as higher concentrations of cytokinin
are known to induce hyperhydricity in in vitro raised culture, which reduce the percentage of
dry matter in explant. In the present study, ‘Bianca’ was more responsive in presence of BA in
the medium than ‘El Torro’, which could be attributed to their genetic constituents. However,
the fifth nodal explant with 1.0 mg/l BA performed better in the in vitro shoot regeneration of
rose cvs. ‘Bianca’ and ‘El Torro’.
Explant nodal position
No. of shoots per explant Length of main shoot (cm)
Control 1.0 mg/l BA 5.0 mg/l BA Control 1.0 mg/l BA 5.0 mg/l BA
Bianca
3rd
4th
5th
Lsd (0.05)
El Torro
3rd
4th
5th
Lsd (0.05)
4.35 a
4.25 a
4.50 a
0.30
4.05 b
3.90 b
4.60 a
0.35
4.75 b
5.25 a
5.45 a
0.38
4.95 c
5.55 b
6.30 a
0.44
4.25 b
4.65 a
4.70 a
0.33
4.75 b
5.35 a
5.75 a
0.46
5.59 b
6.05 a
6.16 a
0.19
3.96 c
4.43 b
4.56 a
0.11
3.82 b
4.31 a
4.41 a
0.15
2.97 c
3.32 b
3.56 a
0.10
2.95 b
3.19 a
3.24 a
0.13
2.48 b
2.61 a
2.68 a
0.08
Table 3. Effect of explant nodal positions on the fresh and percentage of dry weight of shoots per explant of
‘Bianca’ and ‘El Torro’.
In each column, means followed by the same letters are not significantly different according to Fisher’s least significant difference
test (p < 0.05).
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 181-187, September, 2014186
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www.jornamental.com
تاثیر موقعیت های گره منونه گیاهی، روی رشد و پرآوری درون شیشه ای دو رقم
رز به نام های ‘بیانکا’ و ‘ال تورو’ مطالعه شد. منونه های گیاهی از گره های سوم، چهارم و
پنجم روی محیط کشت تغییر یافته MS که با 1 و 5 میلی گرم در لیر BA تکمیل شده
بود، کشت شدند. در هر دو رقم، رسعت بیشر پرآوری )‘بیانکا’ 3/75؛ ‘ال تورو’ 2/65( از
منونه های دورتر از مریستم انتهایی نسبت به مریستم های نزدیکر در غلظت 5 میلی گرم
در لیر BA حاصل شد. اما پرآوری شاخساره های حاصل از گره پنجم با 1 میلی گرم در لیر
BA بیشرین طول شاخساره )‘بیانکا’ 1/43 سانتی مر؛ ‘ال تورو’ 1/19 سانتی مر( بدست
)‘بیانکا’ تر ‘ال تورو’ 6/3( و بیشرین وزن )‘بیانکا’ 5/45؛ آمد و بیشرین تعداد برگ
659/38 میلی گرم؛ ‘ال تورو’ 255/95 میلی گرم( در هر منونه گیاهی از قطعات گره سوم و
پنجم حاصل شد. منونه گره پنجم با غلظت 1 میلی گرم در لیر بهرین تیار برای باززایی
شاخساره رز ارقام ‘بیانکا’ و ‘ال تورو’ بود.
دهــیـکـچ
اثر موقعیت گره روی باززایی شاخساره در محیط درون شیشه ای در رز
شریف محمود1* و برنهارد هاسرا 21 گروه باغبانی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی و تکنولوژی حاجی محمد دانش، دانشگاه دیناجپور، بنگالدش
2 دانشگاه تریزدورف فرایزنگ، دانشکده باغبانی و صنایع غذایی، فرایزنگ، آلمان
تاریخ تایید: 30 خرداد 1393 تاریخ دریافت: 11 خرداد 1393 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *
.Rosa hybrid L. ،کلیــد واژگــان: گره، پرآوری، 6-بنزیل آمینوپورین
مجله گیاهان زینتیwww.jornamental.com قابل دسترس در سایت
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مجله گیاهان زینتی، سال چهارم، شماره 3، )1393(8
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باززایـی گیاهچه از طریق اندام زایی غیرمسـتقیم در درخت شـعله طالیی )Koelreuteria elegans LXXM(
رامشوار گوراچ1، پیریانکا پال کولدیپ یاداو1، نارندر سینق1* ، کریشان چندر بادگیال2 و مظفر حسین دار21 گروه گیاهشناسی، دانشگاه کروکشترا، کروکشترا، هندوستان
2 مدیر کالج هیرانگار، کاتوآ
تاریخ تایید: 3 آبان 1393 تاریخ دریافت: 8 مهر 1393 [email protected], [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *
کلیــد واژگــان: Koelreuteria elegans Lxxm، درخت زینتی، اکسین ها، سیتوکنین ها.
7 مجله گیاهان زینتی، سال چهارم، شماره 3، )1393(
درخـــت Koelreuteria elegans Lxxm یـــک درخـــت زینتـــی اســـت. القـــای کالوس زایـــی
ـــی درون شیشـــه ای از منونه هـــای گیاهـــی گوناگـــون )قطعـــات برگـــی و لپه هـــا( و باززای
ـــرار گرفـــت. بیشـــرین القـــای ـــه، مـــورد مطالعـــه ق ـــر یافت ـــط کشـــت MS تغیی روی محی
ــر D-2,4 از ــرم در لیـ ــت 2 میلی گـ ــط کشـ ــر در محیـ ــد( و تکثیـ ــوس )80 درصـ کالـ
ــرم در ــه 1/5 میلی گـ ــده بـ ــل شـ ــای منتقـ ــد. کالوس هـ ــل شـ ــرگ حاصـ ــای بـ منونه هـ
ـــاره ـــو شاخس ـــش من ـــد( و کاه ـــی )70 درص ـــان باززای ـــش راندم ـــار کاه ـــر BAP دچ لی
)4/35 شاخســـاره( شـــدند. محیـــط کشـــت MS 1/2 حـــاوی 0/2 میلی گـــرم در لیـــر
ـــل و ـــه ها طوی ـــاً ریش ـــد. غالب ـــس از 21 روز ش ـــه زایی پ ـــد ریش ـــث 80 درص NAA باع
ـــه ـــاک: ماس ـــت: خ ـــریل ورمی کولی ـــوط اس ـــه مخل ـــی ب ـــان به خوب ـــد. گیاه ـــامل بودن س
)3 : 1 : 1( منتقـــل و در رشایـــط مزرعـــه 65 درصـــد زنـــده ماندنـــد. گیاهچه هایـــی
ـــت مقاوم ســـازی و ســـازگار ـــا موفقی ـــی شـــدند، ب ـــط درون شیشـــه ای باززای ـــه در محی ک
ـــدند. ش
دهــیـکـچ
کوتاهه ها: BAP: 6- بنزیل آمینوپورین، NAA: نفتالین استیک اسید، D-2,4: 2 و 4- دی کلروفنوکسی استیک اسید.
در مطالعه حارض تاثیر کوال روی افزایش ماندگاری و تاخیر در پژمردگی گل بریده
آلسرومریا رقم ‘باالنس’ بررسی شد. آب مقطر بهعنوان شاهد استفاده شد. صفاتی از
قبیل قطر گل، جذب محلول، آنتوسیانین کل، مواد جامد محلول و کلروفیل در سه زمان
اندازه گیری شد. عمر گلجایی نیز هر روز محاسبه شد. براساس نتایج بدست آمده، قطر
گل، آنتوسیانین و کلروفیل در سطح 1 درصد و جذب محلول در سطح احتال 5 درصد
معنی دار شد. بیشرین ماندگاری در تیار 500 میلی لیر بر لیر با 16 روز نسبت به شاهد
) 9 روز( بدست آمد. بیشرین میزان جذب محلول به تیار 250 میلی لیر بر لیر کوال
تعلق داشت. غلظت 375 میلی لیر بر لیر کوال بیشرین قطر گل و کلروفیل را داشت.
یکسان کوال مختلف غلظت های در آنتوسیانین مقدار میانگین، مقایسه نتایج برطبق
بود. بطورکلی، کوال پیری گل های بریده آلسرومریا را به دلیل داشنت ترکیباتی نظیر اسید
سیریک، اسید فسفریک، ساکارز، بنزوات سدیم و همچنین توسط کربوهیدرات مورد
نیاز گل ها و خاصیت ضد میکروبی به تاخیر انداخت.
دهــیـکـچ
تاثیـر کـوال روی خصوصیـات فیزیولوژیکـی پـس از برداشـت گل بریده لسترومریا آ
مهرداد باباربیع1* حسین زارعی2 و فریال وارسته21 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران
2 استادیار گروه باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران
تاریخ تایید: 19 آذر 1393 تاریخ دریافت: 23 آبان 1393 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *
کلیــد واژگــان: آلسترومریا، کوال، عمر گلجایی.
مجله گیاهان زینتیwww.jornamental.com قابل دسترس در سایت
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مجله گیاهان زینتی، سال چهارم، شماره 3، )1393(6
در ایــن تحقیــق اثــر تی دیــازورون و اســید سالیســیلیک به صــورت پالــس بــا هــدف
ــا’ ــم ‘مودن ــده ی آلســرومریا رق ــت گل شــاخه بری ــظ کیفی ــی و حف ــر گلجای ــش عم افزای
آزمایــش شــد. آزمایــش به صــورت فاکتوریــل بــر پایــه ی RCD بــا 16 تیــار، 3 تکــرار و 48
واحــد آزمایشــی انجــام شــد. گل هــا در غلظت هــای مختلــف تی دیــازورون )0، 10، 20 و
50 میکرومــول( و اســید سالیســیلیک )0، 100، 200 و 300 میلی گــرم در لیــر( بــه مــدت
24 ســاعت تیــار شــدند. ســپس گل هــا در محلــول نگهدارنــده حــاوی 3 درصــد ســاکارز و
300 میلی گــرم در لیــر 8 - هیدروکســی کینولین ســولفات قــرار گرفتنــد. در ایــن مطالعــه،
عمــر گلجایــی، وزن تــر، وزن خشــک، جــذب آب، درجــه بریکــس و ثبــات غشــای ســلولی
ــرم در ــت 200 میلی گ ــه غلظ ــان داد ک ــج نش ــدند. نتای ــی ش ــی( ارزیاب ــت الکرولیت )نش
ــه ــر را نســبت ب ــن کاهــش وزن ت ــر اســید سالیســیلیک بیشــرین جــذب آب و کمری لی
دیگــر تیارهــا داشــت. در همــه تیارهــا به جــز شــاهد، وزن خشــک و درجــه بریکــس
ــر اســید ــازورون و 100 میلی گــرم در لی ــن، 20 میکرومــول تی دی افزایــش یافــت. همچنی
ــار 20 ــتند. تی ــاهد داش ــه ش ــبت ب ــلولی را نس ــای س ــات غش ــرین ثب ــیلیک بیش سالیس
ــر ــرین عم ــیلیک بیش ــید سالیس ــر اس ــرم در لی ــازورون و 200 میلی گ ــول تی دی میکروم
گلجایــی را داشــت و بــرای افزایــش مانــدگاری ایــن رقــم توصیــه می شــود.
دهــیـکـچ
ــت ــی و کیفی ــازورون و اســید سالیســیلیک روی عمــر گلجای ــر تی دی اثگل شــاخه بریــده ی آلســترومریا رقــم ‘مودنــا’
زهرا باقری تیرتاشی1، داوود هاشم آبادی2*، بهزاد کاویانی2 و آمنه سجادی21 دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد، گروه باغبانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی، واحد رشت، رشت، ایران
2 استادیار گروه باغبانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی، واحد رشت، رشت، ایران
تاریخ تایید: 21 شهریور 1393 تاریخ دریافت: 22 بهمن 1392 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *
کلیــد واژگــان: آلسترومریا، تی دیازورون، اسید سالیسیلیک، عمر گلجایی
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5 مجله گیاهان زینتی، سال چهارم، شماره 3، )1393(
ــرد، ــروژن روی عملک ــف نی ــطوح مختل ــود آب و س ــش کمب ــر تن ــی تاثی ــور بررس به منظ
ــپلیت ــان مــرف آب گل همیشــه بهار، آزمایشــی به صــورت اس ــرد و راندم اجــزای عملک
ــد در ــگاه آزاد بیرجن ــی دانش ــه تحقیقات ــرار در مزرع ــا 3 تک ــه ی RCBD ب ــر پای ــات ب پ
ســال 2009 انجــام شــد. در ایــن تحقیــق، تنــش آبــی به عنــوان فاکتــور اصلــی بــا 3 ســطح
)آبیــاری پــس از 60 تــا 120 و 180 میلی مــر تبخیــر از تشــت تبخیــر کاس A( و نیــروژن
ــص در ــروژن خال ــرم نی ــطح ) 0، 60، 120 و 180 کیلو گ ــا 4 س ــی ب ــل فرع ــوان عام به عن
هکتــار( در نظــر گرفتــه شــد. نتایــج نشــان داد کــه افزایــش فاصلــه آبیــاری از 60 بــه 120،
باعــث کاهــش تعــداد گل، وزن خشــک گل، عملکــرد بیومــاس و ارتفــاع گیــاه به ترتیــب بــه
میــزان 60، 18/2، 69/3 و 39/4 درصــد شــد. همچنیــن، در مقایســه بــا شــاهد، آبیــاری پــس
از 120 و 180 میلی مــر تبخیــر، وزن خشــک را به ترتیــب 16/2 و 72 درصــد کاهــش داد.
ــب 0/161 ــد )به ترتی ــت آم ــر به دس ــر تبخی ــس از 120 میلی م ــرین WUE پ ــه، بیش البت
و 0/788 کیلوگــرم در مرمکعــب بــرای وزن گل خشــک و بیومــاس(. کاربــرد نیــروژن
به طــور معنــی داری عملکــرد گل، تعــداد گل، عملکــرد بیولوژیکــی، WUE و ارتفــاع بوتــه
ــک ــر در هیچ ی ــر تبخی ــن 120 و 180 میلی م ــی داری بی ــاف معن ــا اخت ــش داد ام را افزای
ــس از ــاری پ ــار آبی ــه تی ــان داد ک ــج نش ــی، نتای ــور کل ــد. به ط ــاهده نش ــات مش از صف
ــت و کار ــرای کش ــار ب ــروژن در هکت ــرم نی ــا 120 کیلوگ ــراه ب ــر هم ــر تبخی 120 میلی م
ــار مناســبی باشــد. ــد تی همیشــه بهار در بیرجن
دهــیـکـچ
واکنش، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گل همیشه بهار به تنش آبی و کود نیتروژن
سید غالمرضا موسوی1*، محمد جواد ثقه االسالمی1، منصور فاضلی رستم پور2 و زین العابدین جویبان31 استادیار گروه حشره شناسی مرکز تحقیقات منابع طبیعی و کشاورزی، اراک، ایران
2 جهاد کشاورزی زاهدان، سیستان و بلوچستان، ایران
3 باشگاه پژوهشگران جوان و نخبگان، واحد بروجرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی، بروجرد، ایران
تاریخ تایید: 20 مهر 1393 تاریخ دریافت: 29 آذر 1392 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *
WUE ،کلیــد واژگــان: همیشه بهار، آبیاری، نیتروژن، عملکرد
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مجله گیاهان زینتی، سال چهارم، شماره 3، )1393(4
اثر آهن و Trichoderma harzianum سـویه Bi روی رشـد و منو گیاه اسـپاتی فیلوم
بررسـی شـد. آزمایش هـا در یـک گلخانـه شیشـه ای و در گلدان هـای حـاوی خـاک، پرلیت و
Trichoderma کوکوپیـت )1:1:1( انجـام شـد. ریشـه های گیـاه )دانهال هـای سـه برگـی( بـا
harzianum )صفر، 8 درصدw/w( به صورت مخلوط با بسـر کاشـت، تلقیح شـدند. اسـپری
آهـن )0، 0/75، 1/5 و 3 گـرم در لیـر( 3 مرتبـه بـه فاصلـه یک ماه پس از تلقیح انجام شـد.
Trichoderma پـس از شـش مـاه از گیاهـان منونه گیـری انجـام شـد. نتایـج نشـان داد کـه
harzianum خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی را بهبود بخشـید )P≥0/01(. اسـپری آهن و واکنش
صفـات همـه معنـی داری به صـورت آهـن و Trichoderma harzianum بیـن متقابـل
Trichoderma .مورفولوژیکـی به جـز مسـاحت اسـپات و تعداد گل را تحـت تاثیر قـرار داد
harzianum تعـداد پاجـوش )400 درصـد(، تعداد برگ )586 درصـد(، وزن تر پاجوش )386
درصـد( و وزن خشـک پاجـوش )583 درصد( را نسـبت به شـاهد افزایـش داد. نتایج حاصله
نشـان داد که پتانسـیل Trichoderma harzianum و اسـپری آهن برای افزایش رشـد و منو
اسـپاتی فیلوم در رشایـط گلخانه مطلوب اسـت.
دهــیـکـچ
Trichoderma harzianum بهبود خصوصیات رشـد اسـپاتی فیلوم بـه کمـکو اسـپری آهن
زهرا جاللی *، محمود شور، سید حسین نعمتی و حمید روحانیگروه باغبانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، خراسان رضوی، ایران
تاریخ تایید: 21 شهریور 1393 تاریخ دریافت: 32 تیر 1393 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *
کلیــد واژگــان: سویه Fe ،Bi، خصوصیات رشد، گیاه گلدانی
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3 مجله گیاهان زینتی، سال چهارم، شماره 3، )1393(
ــذب ــرد و ج ــر عملک ــه ب ــت و روش تغذی ــر کش ــر بس ــی اث ــور بررس ــه منظ ب
عنــارص غذایــی در گیــاه مینــا چمنــی )Bellis Perennis(، یــک آزمایــش فاکتوریــل بــا دو
فاکتــور بســر کشــت ) کمپوســت زبالــه شــهری، آزوال، ضایعــات چــای( و روش تغذیــه
ــا بســر شــاهد )60% خــاک )بــدون کــود، مــرف خاکــی، بــرگ پاشــی( در مقایســه ب
ــرح ــه ط ــر پای ــه ( ب ــربگ + 10% ماس ــیده + 10% خاک ــی پوس ــود دام ــه + 20% ک باغچ
بلــوک کامــاً تصادفــی بــا 45 تیــار و 3 تکــرار انجــام گرفــت. شــاخص های رشــد گیــاه
در طــول زمــان رشــد و پــس از برداشــت گیــاه اندازه گیــری شــد. نیــروژن کل و غلظــت
فســفر، پتاســیم، کلســیم، منیزیــم، آهــن، روی و منگنــز در انــدام هوایــی اندازه¬گیــری
ــه شــهری و ــاه در بســر شــاهد، کمپوســت زبال ــج نشــان داد کــه ارتفــاع گی شــد. نتای
آزوال در روش محلــول پاشــی و مــرف خاکــی افزایــش یافــت. بســر "شــاهد، کمپوســت
زبارلــه شــهریو کمپوســت آزوال"، ارتفــاع گیــاه، وزن خشــک انــدام هوایــی و تعــداد گل
و جــذب نیــروژن، پتاســیم، روی، کلســیم، آهــن و منگنــز را افزایــش داد.
دهــیـکـچ
اثـر ترکیبـات آلی موجـود در محیط کشـت و روش کوددهـی روی عملکرد و جـذب مـواد غذایی گل مینـا چمنی
فاطمه رمضان زاده 1، علی محمدی ترکاشوند1* و نازنین خاکپور 21 گروه باغبانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی، واحد رشت، رشت، ایران
2 گروه خاکشناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمس، واحد سوادکوه، مازندران، ایران
تاریخ تایید: 1 مرداد 1393 تاریخ دریافت: 15 تیر 1393 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *
کلیــد واژگــان: آزوال، شاخص های رشد، ضایعات چای، کمپوست زباله شهری، محلول پاشی
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مجله گیاهان زینتی، سال چهارم، شماره 3، )1393(2
آزمایش هـا در مزرعـه تحقیقاتـی باغبانـی در گـروه باغبانـی دانشـگاه بانگاباندهـو
شـیخ موجیبـار رحـان )BSMRAU( در شـهر سـالنا، قاضی پور در دسـامرب 2007 تا می
2009 بـا هـدف بررسـی اثـر برش هـای پیـاز و بسـر کاشـت روی تکثیـر گل آماریلیـس
انجـام شـد. بـرش پیـاز به صـورت معنـی داری همـه پارامرهـای موردنظـر به جـز تعـداد
روز تـا ظهـور اولیـن بـرگ و عرض بـرگ در 60 روز پس از کاشـت )DAP( را تحت تاثیر
قـرار داد. تعـداد بـرگ در 60 روز پـس از کاشـت، طـول بـرگ در 60 و 100 روز پـس از
کاشـت، تعـداد بوتـه از هـر قطعـه پیـاز و تعداد پیـاز در هر گلـدان به طـور معنی داری
تـا دومیـن تیـار افزایـش یافـت و سـپس به تدریـج بـا افزایـش برش هـای پیـاز کاهـش
یافـت. بیشـرین تعـداد )2/2( گیـاه در هـر پیـاز و پیازچـه )2/2( در هـر قطعـه پیاز از
تیـار 4 قطعـه/ پیـاز بدسـت آمـد، حال آنکـه قطـر پیـاز )20/74 میلی مـر( و وزن پیـاز
همـراه گیـاه )57/67 گـرم( در تیـار 2 قطعـه/ پیـاز بیشـرین بود. بسـر کاشـت نیز اثر
معنـی داری روی پارامرهـا گذاشـت. حداکـر تعـداد )2/04( گیـاه در هـر قطعـه پیـاز
و پیازچـه )2/04( در هـر قطعـه پیـاز در بسـر کاشـت حـاوی کمپوسـت حاصـل شـد
حال آنکه، بسـر کاشـت حاوی ماسـه، خاک و کمپوسـت به نسـبت مسـاوی درشت ترین
انـدازه ی پیازچـه )20/7میلی مـر( و سـنگین ترین )44/75 گرم( پیاز و گیـاه را تولید کرد.
البتـه، تاثیـر متقابـل T2× P3 حداکـر تعـداد )2/6( گیـاه و گیاهچـه در هـر قطعه پیاز
را تولیـد کـرد، حال آنکـه درشـت ترین )23/05 میلی مـر( پیازچه ها و سـنگین ترین پیاز+
گیـاه )68/66 گـرم( در تیـار T1× P4 حاصـل شـد.
دهــیـکـچ
اثر برش پیاز و بستر کاشت در تکثیر گل آماریلیس )Hippeastrum hybridum Hort.(
ام. خالد جمیل 1، ام. میزانور رحمان 3 و ام. مشیر رحمان3*1 مسئول ارشد علمی، گروه بیوتکنولوژی، موسسه تحقیقات کشاورزی بنگالدش، گازیپور، بنگالدش
2 استاد گروه باغبانی، دانشگاه کشاورزی بنگابندو شیخ موجیبور رحمان، گازیپور، بنگالدش
3 مسئول ارشد علمی، مرکز تحقیقات باغبانی، موسسه تحقیقات کشاورزی، گازیپور، بنگالدش
تاریخ تایید: 23 شهریور 1393 تاریخ دریافت: 23 مرداد 1393 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *
کلیــد واژگــان: برش پیاز، بستر کاشت، ازدیاد، آماریلیس
مجله گیاهان زینتیwww.jornamental.com قابل دسترس در سایتشماره استاندارد بین المللی چاپ: 6433-2251 شماره استاندارد بین المللی آنالین: 2251-6441
1 مجله گیاهان زینتی، سال چهارم، شماره 3، )1393(
www.jornamental.comThe Journal of Ornamental Plants, is an open access journal that provides rapid publication of manuscripts
on Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape. Journal of Ornamental Plants is published in English,
as a printed journal and in electronic form.
All articles published in Journal of Ornamental Plants are peer-reviewed. All manuscripts should convey im-
portant results that have not been published, nor under consideration anywhere else. Journal of Orna-
mental Plants will be available online around the world free of charge at http://www.jornamental.com.
In addition, no page charge are required from the author(s). The Journal of Ornamental Plants is pub-
lished quarterly by Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran.
Manuscript Submission
Please read the “Instructions to Authors” before submitting your manuscript. Submit manuscripts as e-
mail attachment to Dr. Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand, Executive Director of Journal of Ornamental Plants,
at [email protected]. Electronic submission of manuscripts is strongly encouraged, provided that
the text, tables, and figures are included in a single Microsoft Word 2003 file. A manuscript acknowledg-
ment including manuscript number will be emailed to the corresponding author within 72 hours.
Please do not hesitate to contact meif you have any questions about the journal. We look forward to
your participation in the Journal of Ornamental Plants.
Address: Islamic azad University, Rasht Branch
Horticultural Department,
Agriculture Faculty,
Rasht,
Iran.
P.O.Box 41335-3516
Email: [email protected]
URL: http:// www.jornamental.com
Topics and Types of PaperJournal of Ornamental Plants is an international journal to the publication of original papers and reviews
in the Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape fields. Articles in the journal deal with Ornamental
plants, Floriculture and Landscape. The scope of JOP includes all Ornamental plants, Floriculture and
Landscape. The journal is concerned with Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape and covers
all aspects of physiology, molecular biology, biotechnology, protected cultivation, and environmental areas
of plants. The journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of signif-
icance and scientific excellence, and will publish:
● Research articles
● Short Communications
● Review
Papers are welcome reporting studies in all aspects of Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape
including:
Any Novel Approaches in Plant Science
Biotechnology
Environmental Stress Physiology
Genetices and Breeding
Photosynthesis, Sources-Sink Physiology
Postharvest Biology
Seed Physiology
Soil-Plant-Water Relationships
Modelling
Published by:Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran
Journal of Ornamental Plants