Journal of ASTM International Selected Technical Papers STP1540Testing and Specifi cation of Recycled Materials for Sustainable Geotechnical Construction

JAI Guest Editor:Tuncer B. Edil

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ASTM Stock #: STP1540

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataTesting and specifi cation of recycled materials for sustainable geotechnical construction / JAI guest editor, Tuncer Edil.

p. cm. -- (STP ; 1540)“ASTM Stock #: STP1540.”Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-8031-7526-6 (alk. paper)

1. Pavements--Specifi cations. 2. Pavements--Materials--Testing. 3. Fills (Earthwork)--Materials--Testing. 4. Recycled products--Testing. 5. Geosynthetics--Testing. I. Edil, Tuncer B.

TE252.T47 2012625.8--dc23 2012013746

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Foreword

THIS COMPILATION OF THE JOURNAL OF ASTM INTERNATIONAL (JAI), Special Technical Publication STP1540, Testing and Specifi cation of Recycled Materials for Sustainable Geotechnical Construction, contains only the papers published in JAI that were presented at a symposium held February 2–4, 2011 in Baltimore, MD, USA. The symposium was sponsored by ASTM International Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and D18.96 on Symposia. Additional sponsors included Recycled Materials Resource Center, ASCE Geo Institute, and TC 202 – Transportation Geotechnics Committee of ISSMGE.

Dr. Tuncer B. Edil, Director of the Recycled Materials Resource Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, served as Symposium Chairman and JAI Guest Editor.

ContentsOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Recycled Aggregates in Pavements

Performance Related Tests on Recycled Materials for Sustainable Design of Pavement Systems

A. Saeed, R. Ashtiani, and R. L. Boudreau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Infl uence of Recovery Processes on Properties of Binders and Aggregates Recovered from Recycled Asphalt Pavement

Z. Hossain, P. Solanki, M. Zaman, S. Lewis, and K. Hobson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Evaluation of Particle Shape and Surface Texture of Recycled Organic AggregatesC. E. Pierce and L. R. Brown II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Sustainable Use of Oil Sands for Geotechnical Construction and Road BuildingJ. Anochie-Boateng and E. Tutumluer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Feasibility Study on Building-Derived Concrete Debris for Use in Highway Construction

J. S. Melton, C. J. Clark, and P. T. Regis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Resilient Characteristics of Bottom Ash and Bottom Ash-Soil MixturesA. R. Coenen, H. H. Titi, and M. B. Elias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Use of Ferrochromium Slag as an Artifi cial Aggregate in Pavement LayersA. Yılmaz and M. Karasahin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

An Evaluation of Reclaimed Asphalt Shingles for Benefi cial Reuse in Roadway Construction

J. D. Warner and T. B. Edil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Comparison of Specifi cations for Recycled Concrete Aggregate for Pavement Construction

A. R. Gabr, D. A. Cameron, R. Andrews, and P. W. Mitchell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Recycled Materials in Mixtures

Recycled Asphalt Shingles Mixed with Granular Byproducts as Structural FillsA. Soleimanbeigi, T. B. Edil, and C. H. Benson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Dynamic Behavior of Sand/Rubber Mixtures. Part I: Effect of Rubber Content and Duration of Confi nement on Small-Strain Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio

A. Anastasiadis, K. Senetakis, K. Pitilakis, C. Gargala, and I. Karakasi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Dynamic Behavior of Sand/Rubber Mixtures, Part II: Effect of Rubber Content on G/GO-γ-DT Curves and Volumetric Threshold Strain

K. Senetakis, A. Anastasiadis, K. Pitilakis, and A. Souli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Material Evaluation: Mechanical, Chemical, and Environmental

Case Study to Promote the Use of Industrial Byproducts: The Relevance of Performance Tests

A. Gomes Correia, A. J. Roque, S. M. Reis Ferreira, and E. Fortunato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Groundwater Impacts from Leaching of Coal Combustion Products in Roadway Embankment Constructions

L. Li, B. Peng, F. Santos, Y. Li, and F. Amini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Detector Tube Method for Ammonia Compared to Ion Selective Electrode for Selected Class C and Class F Fly Ash

S. R. Butler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

Characteristics of a Coal Fly Ash Subjected to Additional ProcessingC. W. Swan and C. W. Neil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Leaching Behavior of Fluorine from Soil Stabilized with Recycled Gypsumfrom Plaster Board

H. Sakanakura, K. Endo, and Y. Inoue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

Combustion Products

Evaluation of the Effects of Climatic Conditions on Modulus of Base Materials with Recycled Asphalt Pavement

H. Wen, M. Wu, and J. Uhlmeyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Full Depth Reclamation of Asphalt Pavements Using Coal Combustion ByproductsT. S. Butalia and J. Kirch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

Dechlorination of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Residues for Benefi cial Reuse as a Resource for Cement

T. Shimaoka, T. Komiya, F. Takahashi, and H. Nakayama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

Stabilization Using Byproducts

Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Cement-Treated Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Blends as Roadway Base Material

S. Nazarian, D. Yuan, L. Hoyos, and A. Puppala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

Sawdust Ash Stabilization of Reclaimed Asphalt PavementK. J. Osinubi, J. E. Edeh, and W. O. Onoja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

Rice Husk Ash Stabilization of Reclaimed Asphalt PavementK. J. Osinubi, J. E. Edeh, and J. O. Agada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag with Seawater as Soil Additives in Lime-Clay Stabilization

A. Kavak, G. Bilgen, and O. F. Capar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

Engineering Properties of Cement–Treated Granular Soil for Geotechnical Application

P. H. Dong, K. Hayano, Y. Morikawa, and H. Takahashi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

Recycled Polymers, Plastics, and Other Materials

Sustainable Piling Made of Recycled Polymers: State of the Art ReviewM. G. Iskander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

Compressive Creep of Reinforced Polymeric PilingA. Bozorg-Haddad and M. Iskander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

Use of Post-Consumer Corrugated Fiberboard as Fine Aggregate Replacement in Controlled Low-Strength Materials

J. L. Hanson, G. M. Stone, and N. Yesiller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

Recycled Materials in Bound Layers

Moisture and Rutting Resistances of Foamed Asphalt Mixtures Containing Recycled Coal Ash or Shingles With Moist Aggregates

P. V. Shivaprasad, F. Xiao, and S. N. Amirkhanian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

Moisture Susceptibility of Polymerized Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures using Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies using Moist Aggregates

P. V. Shivaprasad, F. Xiao, and S. N. Amirkhanian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627

ix

OverviewIntroduction

A symposium sponsored by ASTM Subcommittee D18.14 on “Geotechnics of Sustainable Construction” was held on Feb. 2–4, 2011, at the Marriott Waterfront Hotel in Baltimore, MD. The objective of the symposium was to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas on current research, both national and international, on the use of industrial by-products and other recycled materials in geotechnical construction. A key objective was to identify new opportunities for standards and specifi cations that would facilitate the more widespread and common use of recycled materials. Both geoenvironmental and geotechnical issues were covered. The international fl avor of the sym-posium and technical papers attest to the worldwide interest in this issue.

The papers contained in this volume cover a broad range of materials, including recycled aggregates (from pavements, concrete buildings, combus-tion by-products, iron slag, oil sands, and asphalt roof shingles), mixed re-cycled materials (reclaimed asphalt shingles mixed with granular combus-tion and foundry by-products, sand–rubber mixtures), combustion products (coal, solid waste incineration, rice husk, sawdust ashes), recycled polymers, and corrugated board. Most of the materials are for unbound applications in pavements, but stabilization with cementitious materials such as fl y ash, ce-ment, recycled gypsum, lime, and unusual binders such as saw dust and rice husk ashes are also presented. Additionally, there are papers on the use of recycled materials such as coal ash and asphalt shingles in bound materials, i.e., asphalt. The majority of the applications relate to highway construction, but other applications, such as piling, also are included. A group of papers address material evaluation issues such as performance tests and leaching characteristics.

Background

The construction industry, including the transportation systems sector, is facing ever-increasing demands to control the cost and environmental im-pact of waste removal and disposal. The construction of transportation sys-tems (i.e., roadways, airfi elds, and railways) can be undertaken in a more sustainable manner with increased service life and the reduction of energy consumed, greenhouse gases emitted, and natural resources consumed. Waste reuse and recycling provide a means to address these demands. The use of recycled materials reduces energy use and emissions associated with the mining and processing of construction materials. Energy has already been expended in the fi rst life of a recycled material. The use of recycled materials allows one to avoid using natural materials such as sand, gravel,

x

limestone, and oil. Often service life can be increased through stabilization with industrial by-products used as binders, such as self-cementing fl y ash, waste gypsum, and other ashes. Waste reuse/recycling practices can be in-corporated in new construction projects, renovation/rehabilitation projects, and ongoing operations and can be applied to both agency and contractor activities.

Wise and safe use of recycled materials should be promoted in construc-tion. Wise use depends on the suitability of the recycled material for the highway environment and the availability of procedures for appropriate use. Proven design procedures, standards, and specifi cations are needed. Safe use requires that the material not have an adverse impact on the environment or users. Reliable leaching protocols and fi eld environmental impact data are needed. Wise and safe use requires applied research involving labora-tory and fi eld investigations. This research should be followed with technol-ogy transfer and continuing education and outreach directed at the users in order to fi nally establish the accepted use of recycled materials. There are impediments to the widespread use of recycled materials in terms of the questions raised relative to their wise use (mechanical behavior, climatic du-rability, constructability, etc.) and safe use (e.g., potential to impact ground and surface water quality). There are increasing efforts underway through-out the world to overcome these impediments. The range of presentations and the diversity of the participants attest to it (please note that not all symposium presentations are included in this STP).

State departments of transportation and contractors are aware of the need to follow sustainable practices in highway construction, often incorpo-rating recycled materials. However, it is not apparent that there is any sys-tematic evaluation or an understanding of the key metrics and how much they impact what these parties do. The effectiveness of waste reuse/recy-cling efforts is best demonstrated (both within an agency and to external parties) via the use of performance metrics. It should also be recognized that measurable performance achievements also help to secure ongoing manage-ment commitment and reinforce further improvement by agency staff and contractors. Metrics may include greenhouse gas emission reductions, fuel consumption, raw versus recovered material costs, material transportation and handling costs, and waste diversion and/or recovery rates/quantities. Though several systems have been developed, there is currently no widely accepted and used green rating for highway construction; existing systems (proposed by universities, the Federal Highway Administration [FHWA], and some state departments of transportation) are similar to the Leader-ship in Energy and Environmental Design rating system for green build-ings and follow a subjective point system. A more straightforward approach to continuous improvement in effi ciency, resource conservation, greenhouse gas emission, energy reduction, and cost-effectiveness might be to measure

xi

and track the direction of performance, in terms of outputs and outcomes in tractable metrics.

Contents

Keynote Presentations

Three keynote presentations were made covering different aspects of recycled materials for geotechnical construction. Silas Nichols of the FHWA presented “Importance of Recycled Materials in Highway Construction—FHWA Per-spective,” providing an overview of the current state of practice of the use of recycled materials in geotechnical construction, including types of materials, typical applications, and design and construction considerations developed to promote widespread use. In addition, advantages and obstacles to the use of recycled materials in transportation applications and the future of recycled materials in highway construction are discussed. Materials that have been successfully used in geotechnical construction have included wood and tire shreds, fl y ash and slags, crushed glass, recycled concrete, and tire bales.

David Kosson of Vanderbilt University presented “Development of the EPA Leaching Environmental Assessment Framework (LEAF) and Use of Geochemical Speciation Modeling for Environmental Assessment.” LEAF provides a basis for evaluating the benefi cial use and disposal options for a wide range of materials, including residuals from energy production, bio-mass conversion, and industrial processes. LEAF evaluates the leaching be-havior of materials using a tiered approach that considers pH, liquid-to-solid ratio, and waste forms across a range of fi eld conditions. The implementation of LEAF includes leaching test methods, data management, assessment in the context of prior information, and the use of scenario-based mass transfer models and statistical quality control. The LEAF leaching test methods are currently undergoing inter-laboratory precision and repeatability testing required for inclusion into SW-846, a compendium of Environmental Pro-tection Agency methods to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of wastes and secondary materials.

Kevin Gardner of the University of New Hampshire and the Recycled Materials Resource Center presented “Life Cycle Perspectives of Recycled Materials Use in Civil Engineering,” specifi cally focusing on the utilization of industrial by-products (e.g., coal ash, foundry sand, and foundry slag) as aggregate for roadway sub-base construction and using a life-cycle assess-ment framework to evaluate comparative environmental impacts from the use of virgin aggregate and recycled industrial by-products. The scenarios in this work compare the use of virgin aggregate with the combined utilization of virgin and industrial by-product aggregate, with the aggregate material selected based on its proximity to the construction site and allowing for the

xii

minimization of transportation impacts. The results indicate that the use of industrial by-product aggregates to supplement virgin aggregate on a re-gional level has the potential to reduce impacts related to energy use; global warming potential; and emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, mercury, and lead.

These presentations are not included in STP1540; however, they can be viewed at the Recycled Materials Resource Center website (rmrc.engr.wisc.edu).

Recycled Aggregates

Most of the papers submitted are related to fi nding alternative sources of aggregates for use in unbound pavement layers. This is clearly the most effective area for the use of recycled granular materials such as recycled asphalt pavements and recycled concrete aggregate from pavements and buildings, but less common recycled aggregates such as oil sands, organic aggregates (e.g., crumb rubber, plastic pellets, sawdust), corrugated board, bottom ash, iron slag, and reclaimed asphalt roof shingles also are evaluated. These materials are used alone but can also be mixed with other recycled materials in order to improve properties so as to meet the performance re-quirements. For instance, the compressibility of reclaimed asphalt shingles and scrap tires can be reduced if they are mixed with other granular materi-als such as bottom ash, foundry slag, and sand.

The properties of recycled aggregates can be signifi cantly improved if they are mixed with other by-products that exhibit cementitious properties, such as self-cementing fl y ash, waste incineration ash, sawdust ash, rice husk ash, etc. Although no papers were received on the subject, cement kiln dust and lime kiln dust can be cited among such by-product binders. Of course, ce-ment and lime also are used as recycled aggregate binders, with signifi cant improvements in mechanical properties and durability characteristics.

Material Evaluation

Natural soils and aggregates have been used for many years, and their prop-erties have been scientifi cally assessed in the past fi ve or more decades. We have standard test procedures and a good understanding of their charac-teristics and behavior under different circumstances and in the fi eld. Such a wealth of background does not exist for recycled materials, as they were introduced more recently and we have limited experience with them. This situation is further exacerbated by the ever-increasing variety of recycled materials being considered. However, our knowledge of and experience with natural earthen materials provide a solid basis for the material evaluation of recycled materials with appropriate consideration of similarities and dif-ferences. For instance, recycled asphalt pavement particles and reclaimed asphalt shingles are coated with different amounts of asphalt, which renders

xiii

them hydrophobic and perhaps sensitive to temperature in a manner not found in natural aggregate. Plastic deformations are also known to be higher than natural aggregates. The signifi cance of these factors needs to be as-sessed so they can be taken into account in assessments of fi eld behavior and durability. Recycled concrete aggregate contains natural aggregate, but it also contains cement mortar. This renders it more absorptive of moisture, with its mechanical properties increasing with time as a result of further hy-dration reactions and cementations that result in unexpected and benefi cial changes in its freeze-thaw durability. Not all of these factors are covered in the papers of STP1540, but signifi cant insights are provided relating to the material characterization and property testing of recycled materials. Howev-er, it is clear that more research and fi eld experience are needed and should be captured in future symposia.

Environmental Suitability

The use of recycled materials benefi ts air quality and climate by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption, as they require very lit-tle processing and no mining. However, they might contaminate ground and surface water, and their potential to do so needs to be assessed in order for them to be used safely. Typically, there is less concern about recycled asphalt pavement and recycled concrete aggregate becausee they are derived from materials that have been used for ages. However, their use in unbound pave-ment layers is different from fi rst life use in that they are pulverized and consist of discrete particles with a greater surface area for interaction with water than that found in the encapsulated state they are in in an asphalt or concrete pavement layer. There is potential for the leaching of trace met-als from cement and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from asphalt. It is generally assumed that these releases are probably not signifi cant, or at least not any more signifi cant than the releases associated with the use of natural aggregates; however, for safe use and acceptance, such questions need to be addressed. If industrial by-products are introduced, the concern level goes higher, and there is a need for a reliable and relevant assessment framework. There are a number of leaching protocols, and most of them do not relate to the pavement conditions encountered. Several presentations, including a keynote presentation, addressed this issue in the symposium, and some of these presentations are included in STP1540 as articles. Others can be found at rmrc.engr.wisc.edu. It appears that knowledge is maturing in this area, and the critical issue of environmental suitability assessment in terms of appropriate leaching protocols will become available soon.

Concluding Remarks

Technical papers in this volume provide state-of-the-art information for the geotechnics of recycled materials, including their material characterization

xiv

and environmental suitability assessment. The fi eld has evolved in terms of new material types and applications that must be evaluated. A variety of laboratory tests are adapted from the standards for natural earthen materi-als, sometimes with modifi cations, and there is material for the development of new testing protocols and standards. ASTM standards are particularly needed for the sample preparation of recycled materials and chemically sta-bilized materials. There likely will be an increase in in situ testing for mate-rial characterization in the future; however, not many papers were submit-ted relating to this aspect. Thus, the need remains for future investigations to increase our understanding of recycled materials that are a crucial ele-ment of sustainable construction.

The editor wishes to express his appreciation to all those who participated in the symposium. Particular thanks are extended to those who contributed papers and to the reviewers of the papers, to ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock for sponsoring the symposium through Subcommittee D18.14 on Geotechnics of Sustainable Construction, and to the editorial staff of ASTM. Certain individuals are recognized for their signifi cant contributions: Craig H. Benson of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Co-Chair of the Sym-posium and Co-Director of the Recycled Materials Resource Center, for his inspiration and support of the symposium; David Kosson, Kevin Gardner, and Silas Nichols for their keynote lectures; Antonio G. Correia, Haifang Wen, Kazuya Yasuhara, Junboum Park, Ahmet Aydilek, Lin Li, Nazli Yes-iller, Jason Harrington, and James Hanson for chairing the various sessions; and fi nally Ahmet Aydilek, Jeffrey Melton, Lin Li, Hani Titi, Erol Tutum-luer, Haifang Wen, James Hanson, and Nazli Yesiller, who acted as Editorial Board members and each diligently supervised the reviews of four or fi ve manuscripts.

Tuncer B. EdilSymposium Chairman and Editor

University of WisconsinMadison, Wisconsin