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Artícle Agricultural Sciences
January-June 2015 Vol.2 No.3, 143-6
Volume III – Issue VI
July – Dec-2016
ISSN: 2395-860X
Journal
Multidisciplinary
Science UTSO
E
I
Database.
Google Scholar.
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UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science,
Volume 3, Issue 5, July-December-2016, is a
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Directory
ROSILES del Barrio, Luis, MsC. Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Rector
ROSILES del Barrio, Luis, MsC. Journal Director
GORDILLO SOSA- José, cPhD.
Editor in Chief
BARRON ADAME- José, PhD.
RODRIGUEZ MUÑOZ- José, cPhD. QUINTANILLA DOMINGUEZ –Joel, cPhD.
Co-Editors
MARIN SANCHEZ- Juan, BsC.
Design
RODRIGUEZ ANGELES- Mario, cPhD.
ACOSTA NAVARRETE- María, cPhD.
ESPINOZA ZAMORA- Jesus,MsC.
CRISTOBAL CASTAÑEDA- José,MsC.
MORALES FELIX- Verónica,MsC.
RAMIREZ BARAJAS- Alejandro,MsC. MORENO VILLANUEVA- Emanuel,MsC.
LEDESMA JAIME- Reynaldo,MsC.
AVILES FERRERA- José,MsC.
Style
III
Editorial Board
OJEDA MAGAÑA- Benjamin, PhD. (CUCEI-Universidad de Guadalajara), Mexico.
VEGA CORONA- Antonio, PhD.
(Universidad de Guanajuato), Mexico.
ANDINA DE LA FUENTE- Diego, PhD.
(Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.
CORTINA JANUCHS- Maria, PhD. (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.
GARCIA MENDOZA- Ruben, PhD.
(Universidad Tecnológica Corregidora),
Mexico.
MINA ROSALES- Alejandra, cPhD.
(Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.
ROSTRO GONZALES- Horacio, PhD.
(Universidad de Guanajuato), Mexico.
MARCANO CEDEÑO- Alexis, PhD.
(Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.
RUIZ FERNANDEZ– Daniel, PhD.
(Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.
RUELAS LEPE- Ruben, PhD.
(CUCEI Universidad de Guadalajara), Mexico.
TARQUIS- Ana, PhD.
(Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.
GOMEZ ROMERO– Jose, PhD. (Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana), Mexico.
GIRET-Adriana, PhD
(Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Spain.
BOTTI –Vicente, PhD
(Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Spain.
GUZMAN CABRERA- Rafael, PhD
(Universidad de Guanajuato),México
IV
Arbitration Committee
RAMIREZ LEMUS-Lidia, PhD Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Business Development - Marketing Area
ROSALES GARCIA-Juan, PhD
Universidad de Guanajuato
Electrical Engineering
THOMSON LOPEZ-Reynaldo, PhD
Universidad de Guanajuato
Management
GOMEZ AGUILAR- Jose, PhD
Universidad Autonoma de Mexico
Materials
CORDOVA FRAGA- Teodoro, PhD
Universidad de Guanajuato
Medical Physicist
RUIZ PINALES- Jose, PhD
Universidad de Guanajuato
Eletronic
IRETA MORENO- Fernando, PhD
Universidad de Guanajuato
Electrical Engineering
MERCADO FLORES- Juan, PhD
Universidad de Guanajuato
Food Biochemistry
LOPEZ OROZCO- Melva, PhD
Universidad de Guanajuato
Food Biochemistry
AGUIRRE PUENTE- Jose Alfredo, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Information Technology and Communication
HUERTA MASCOTE- Eduardo, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Information Technology and Communication
RICO MORENO- Jose, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Information Technology and Communication
CANO CONTRERAS-Martín, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Information Technology and Communication
FERRER ALMARAZ-Miguel, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Mechanical -Industrial Area
ARREGUIN CERVANTES-Antonio, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Mechanical- Industrial Area
MENDOZA GARCIA- Patricia, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Business Development - Marketing Area
ALMANZA SERRANO-Leticia, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Business Development - Marketing Area
URIBE PLAZA- Guadalupe, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Business Engineering and Management
SILVA CONTRERAS-Juan, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Accounting
ANDRADE OSEGUERA-Miguel, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Accounting
AMBRIZ COLIN-Fernando, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Industrial -Maintenance Area
V
CANO RAMIREZ-Jaime, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Industrial- Maintenance Area
CASTAÑEDA RAMIREZ-José, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Food Processes
LOPEZ RAMIREZ-María, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Sustainable Agriculture and Protected
GUZMAN SEPULVEDA-Jose, MsC
Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas
Mechatronics
TAPIA ORTEGA- Jose, MsC
Universidad de Guanajuato
Electrical Engineering
ARROYO ALMAGUER- Marisol, MsCC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Information Technology and Communication
MOSQUEDA SERRANO- Fatima, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Norte de Guanajuato
Gastronomy
RODRIGUEZ VARGAS- María, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Information Technology and Communication
CARMONA GARCIA-Nelida, BsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Business Development - Marketing Area
RODRIGUEZ SANCHEZ-Marcos, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Industrial -Maintenance Area
Presentation
In the sixth number seven sections are included. The Section of Agricultural Sciences includes the
article Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a
split-root system: a climate change perspective by NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis,
HUERTA-MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia with adscription to CUCBA.
Universidad de Guadalajara, Jal.México and Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Edo.
México, respectively. In the Section of Natural Sciences, the included article is Effect of state variables
on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in water using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalized with
amino group.
By: LUGO NABOR Cecilia, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael, NAVARRO-CASTRO
Georgina NAVA MENDOZA Rufino Adscription: Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro,
Qro., México. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica. Pedro Escobedo,
Qro. Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro. Querétaro, Qro., México.
In the Section of Exact Sciences, the following article is included: Systematization of the results of the
technic thick target gas analysis for elastic scattering functions. The authors are: PÉREZ TORRES
Roxana, ROSETE FONSECA Miriam, MAYA PÉREZ-N. Norma, MALDONADO MARTÍNEZ
Abish. Adscription: Universidad Tecnológica del Valle de Toluca, Méx. México In the Section of
Engineering Sciences, the following article is included: Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica
olerasea) to methane production, by the authors: Peña Ramírez Rafael, Soto Alcocer José Luís, Ayala
Islas Alberto and Rivera Mosqueda Ma. Cruz with adscription to: Instituto Tecnológico Superior de
Irapuato. México.
The Section of Technology Sciences includes the arcticle: Results on measuring velocity and distance of
minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on
mobile computing, by the authors: SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto , González Sobal Juan
Manuel, Castillo Domínguez Gaspar, Avendaño Cortés Isaías. Adscription: Huatusco Technology
Institute, México. In the Section of Social Sciences the article Perception of Personal Welfare in a
Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study
Case is included, with the following authors: MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe ; LOPEZ
HERNÁNDEZ, Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio with adscription to Universidad Tecnológica de
San Juan del Río, Qro. México
and in the Section of Administrative Sciences the article Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing
Units of a Chihuahuense Cement Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification is included. This
work is authored by Rojo Simental Erick Octavio, Hernández Martínez Karla Ivonne, Portillo Castillo
Víctor Manuel†, Frausto Sandoval Juan with adscription to Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Juárez,
Ciudad Juárez, Chih. México.
Content
Article
Page
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root
system: a climate change perspective TOSCANO-Lydia†, OGDEN- by NERI-LUNA Cecilia†,
VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia
Universidad de Guadalajara, Jal.México and Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Edo.
México
54-72
Effect of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in water using mesoporous materials smd-1
funcionalized with amino group
LUGO NABOR Cecilia, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael, NAVARRO-CASTRO Georgina
NAVA MENDOZA
Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro
Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica. Pedro Escobedo, Qro.
Systematization of the results of the technic thick target gas analysis for elastic scattering functions
PÉREZ TORRES Roxana, ROSETE FONSECA Miriam, MAYA PÉREZ-N. Norma, MALDONADO
MARTÍNEZ Abish
Universidad Tecnológica del Valle de Toluca, Méx
73-81
82-85
Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica olerasea) to methane production
Peña Ramírez Rafael, Soto Alcocer José Luís, Ayala Islas Alberto and Rivera Mosqueda Ma. Cruz
Eddie
Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato. México
86-94
Results on measuring velocity and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile
robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing : SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto ,
González Sobal Juan Manuel, Castillo Domínguez Gaspar, Avendaño Cortés Isaías
Huatusco Technology Institute
95-109
Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist
Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case
MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ, Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio
Universidad Tecnológica de San Juan del Río, Qro. México
110-126
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense Cement Company, Prior to
Expiry of the CVSA certification Rojo Simental Erick Octavio, Hernández Martínez Karla Ivonne,
Portillo Castillo Víctor Manuel, Frausto Sandoval Juan FIGUEROA-Esther, GODINEZ- Lucila,
PÉREZ- Francisco
Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chih. México
127-135
Instructions for Authors
Originality Format
Authorization Form
54
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a
split-root system: a climate change perspective Agricultural Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 54-72
† Researcher contributing as first author.
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-
MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)
Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate
change perspective. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary
Science 2016, 3-6: 54-72.
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-
root system: a climate change perspective NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-
MURGUÍA Celia Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ecología. CUCBA. Universidad de Guadalajara. Laboratorio de
Recursos Genéticos Microbianos & Biotecnología (LARGEMBIO), PREGEP-Genética, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus
Montecillo, Edo. México.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
Water is the most critical resource for sustainable agricultural development worldwide in the 21st
century challenged by climate change at local and global scales. As a consequence the study and
understanding of plants mechanisms to overcome drought are important for the development of
sustainable strategies for crop plants stress tolerance, adaptation and mitigation of climate change. In
the same line, to get a better knowledge about sorghum responses to water deficit is essential, to
formulate strategies to increase its development and productivity in harsh environmental conditions. In
this research we test the split root system using two contrasting substrates such as natural soil and the
artificial sand-terragreen in order to test sorghum´s responsiveness to water lost measured at different
stages of development thorough a drought period. This experimental system shown to be reliable, and
can be used in future research testing natural biofertilizers as mediators on water relations and
environmental change without any effects of sorghum plant size and nutrimental status. Keywords: sorghum, water relations, drought, split root system
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Citation: NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-
MURGUÍA Celia Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown
with a split-root system: a climate change perspective. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6:
54-72.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
55
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown
with a split-root system: a climate change perspective Natural Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI
54-72
† Researcher contributing as first author.
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-
MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)
Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate
change perspective. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary
Science 2016, 3-6: 54-72.
.
1. Introduction
Climate change is considered one of the
most important threats to global crop
production and food security in the 21st
century (Kang et al. 2009; Wheeler and
Braun, 2013). As a consequence the erratic
rainfall patterns observed around the world
on already stressed environments produces
drought that constrain wild and crop plants
species (Kar, 2011). Because water is the
most critical resource for sustainable
agricultural development worldwide the
understanding of plants mechanisms to
overcome drought are of paramount
importance for the development of
sustainable strategies for crop plants stress-
tolerance, adaptation and mitigation of
climate change at local and global scales
(Ahmad, 2016). Sorghum is one of the 18
and 7 major crops and cereals in the world
respectively, widely adapted in subtropical
and tropical regions of the world (Leff et
al. 2004; FAO, 2013). Because its
tolerance to drought is a probed model
plant for climate change impact studies,
playing an important role in renewable
energy production (Belton and Taylor,
2004; Ratnavathi et al. 2011; Ramirez-
Villegas et al. 2013). This model plant can
be used to study the key regulatory
mechanisms integrating sorghum plant
growth responses to water deficits of crop
plant research. However, most of the
research related to plant drought responses
involves relatively rapid induction of water
stress in short-term pot under controlled
environments, using model plants at
specific stages of development (Neumann,
2008). In this case, controlling water
supply by withholding water is one of the
simplest methods of applying water stress
to plants growing in pots. Also, the choice
of soil type or alternative artificial
substrates it is an important consideration
because of its influence in the amount of
water available to the plant (Whalley et al.,
2000). In general, the use of natural soils in
drought experiments is complex, because
soils are heterogeneous with intense
activity of roots and microorganisms and
the soil solution varies from one root to
another in space and time. For this reason
it could be concluded that natural soils are
considered not amenable for experimental
controls and inert substrates have been
commonly used, because they provide a
better management of relevant variables of
the root environment (Epstein and Bloom,
2005). Among the artificial substrates the
Sand:Terragreen (S:T) mixture has been
heavily used. Although the S:T substrate
does not emulate natural soils, it provides a
uniform nutrient supply surface for longer
experiments where a large root mass can
be easily washed out, and where the
moisture content can be manipulated
(Booth et al., 1993; Heinemeyer and Fitter,
2004). For instance, this substrate has been
used in trials assessing soil microorganism
outcomes on water relations and
environmental changes in host plants
(Augé and Duan, 1991; Augé et al., 1994,
1995; Duan et al., 1996; Ebel et al., 1997).
The aim of this research is to evaluate
sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
56
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown
with a split-root system: a climate change perspective Natural Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI
54-72
† Researcher contributing as first author.
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-
MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)
Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate
change perspective. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary
Science 2016, 3-6: 54-72.
.
cv. Tegemeo) as a model system for water
relations’ and climates change impact
studies by testing the split-root system
(SRS). The experiment described had three
objectives: (1) to assess the development
of sorghum with a SRS in two contrasting
substrates (S:T and natural field soil); (2)
to detect the main period of response to
water stress and to select a developmental
stage for further experimentation, and (3)
to confirm that root growth was
comparable in both sides of the SRS. It
should be noted that the plants used were
free of soil microorganisms throughout the
research.
2. Materials and Methods
The SRS was constructed with two plastic
pots compartments (A and B, see Table 2),
each one was filled with either autoclaved
Sand:Terragreen substrate or field natural
soil (NS). This soil is a sandy clay loam
that belongs in the Countesswells series
with: pH 5.9 in H2O and 5.5 in CaCl2, CEC
2.4 cmol kg-1
, base saturation 88.4, texture
loamy sand (sand 73.9%, silt 20%, clay
6.1%), organic matter 6.4%, Corg 3.5% and
Norg 449.6 mgN/100g, Cbiomass101.8
mgC/100g (fumigation/incubation) and
70.2 mgC/100g (fumigation/direct
extraction). This soil was sieved (particle
size between 1-0.5 mm) and steamed twice
for 1 h at 85C.
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
cv. Tegemeo) seeds were washed,
sterilized and germinated. After the
germination period, 100 seeds with a
uniform radicle length were chosen, then,
one seed was placed in each propagator
cell (filled with autoclaved builders’ dried
silica sand) and covered with a thin layer
of sand. The propagator was set up in the
greenhouse and seedlings were allowed to
grow. After 3 weeks, uniform seedlings
were carefully removed from the
propagator compartments (Figure 1a) and
transplanted into the SRS. The SRS(s)
containing the sorghum plants were
randomly arranged on a greenhouse bench
(Figure 1b). Average conditions in the
greenhouse were TCmin 23C/TCmax
30C, 16-48% rh and a mean
Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) of
200 mol m-2
s-1
at plant level for 14 h d-1
(Figure 1c). During this time, the plants
growing in the S:T substrate were watered
twice per week with 100 ml per pot (200
ml per SRS) of the nutrient solution
proposed by Snowball and Robson (1984)
and with deionised water at intervals of
nutrient additions. The plants growing in
the NS substrate were watered with tap
water as required.
Three destructive harvests were performed
at 8, 10 and 12 weeks after planting (ap)
with 4 replicates of each substrate at each
harvest. In addition, 4 split pots containing
only the S:T or the NS substrate were used
to measure the amount of water lost by
evaporation from the pots (Taylor and
Seel, 1998). For each harvest (8, 10 and 12
weeks after planting), all the SRS were
watered to field capacity and allowed to
drain overnight. The following morning,
the drought period was induced. The initial
weight of each SRS was recorded using a
digital balance (Ohaus, 5 kg capacity).
This step was repeated every 4 h
throughout a period of 7 days when the
plants stopped losing weight and were near
to wilting point. The weight lost per SRS
every 4 h was calculated as follows:
57
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown
with a split-root system: a climate change perspective Natural Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI
54-72
† Researcher contributing as first author.
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-
MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)
Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate
change perspective. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary
Science 2016, 3-6: 54-72.
.
Weight lost per SRS per unit of TLA (cm-
2)= WLplant - WLsubs / TLA (1)
Weight lost per SRS per unit of TRL (cm-
1)= WLplant - WLsubs / TRL (2)
Where:
W Lplant = Weight lost (mg) from SRS with
plant in a specific period of time.
W Lsubs = Weight lost (mg) from SRS
without plant in that period of time.
TLA = Total Leaf Area (cm2).
TRL = Total Root Length (cm1).
Throughout the drought period, the TC, %
rh, PAR and Vapour Pressure Deficit
(VPD) were recorded and calculated. The
stomatal conductance (gs) was recorded
several times during the drought period
using a diffusion porometer (AP4,
Delta-T
Devices, Cambridge, UK), which was
calibrated each day immediately before
each measurement (one measurement per
leaf was made on the second or third
youngest, visible leaves). Measurements
were performed at ambient CO2 and VPD
between 10:00-15:00 h. At the conclusion
of the drought period, the shoot
components were separated and the fresh
weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) were
recorded. The Total Leaf Area (TLA) was
measured using an Area Meter System
(©
Delta-T, Devices LTD, Cambridge,
England). The total root length (TRL) in
each compartment was measured using a
Win-RHIZO LA 1600 Scanner (©
Regent
Instruments, Quebec, Canada) and analysis
of digitized images was performed with
Win-RHIZO ver. 3.9 software. Statistical
Analyses were carried out using SPSS
v15.0.1 package. All data were tested for
normality using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov
Test and for homogeneity of variances
using the Levene Test. An independent
sample t-Test was performed in order to
compare means between treatments. Data
from compartment A and B of the SRS
were compared using a Paired t-Test to test
the validity of this experimental design
(Dytham, 2003).
3. Results
The effect of substrate on growth of
aboveground sorghum components was
variable (Table 1). For instance, at 8 weeks
total dry biomass was less in plants
cultivated in the S:T substrate, however by
the 10th
and 12th
week the total dry
biomass was the same between plants
either growing in the S:T substrate or the
NS substrate. At all harvests, TLA was
higher in plants cultivated in the NS
substrate. Meanwhile, belowground, the
effect of substrate was less variable than
aboveground (Table 1). At 8 weeks, TRL
was similar in both treatments and after
this point; however, the root systems were
about 40% longer in plants growing in the
NS substrate. For the evaluation of the
SRS, there were no significant differences
in root biomass (FW and DW) or TRL
between the two compartments of the SRS
in either the S:T or the NS substrate at any
harvest (Table 2).
During the harvest after 8 weeks the rates
of water loss per leaf area or per root
length were recorded for nearly 183 h after
the water was supressed. This gave an
indication of the pattern of water use by
sorghum plants at this stage of
development. For the purposes of
comparing the sorghum response in the
two substrates each split pot was
considered as one growth unit (i.e. water
extraction from the two sides were
58
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown
with a split-root system: a climate change perspective Natural Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI
54-72
† Researcher contributing as first author.
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-
MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)
Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate
change perspective. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary
Science 2016, 3-6: 54-72.
.
combined). Figure 2b-c shows three main
phases in water use. During the first 29 h,
no dissimilarity could be detected between
treatments (P>0.05). However, through the
period of 29-120 h plants growing in the
S:T substrate depleted more water than
those cultivated in the NS substrate. After
this point, the plants grown in the S:T
substrate stopped taking up water whereas
those growing in the NS substrate
continued until about 144 h. The total
amount of water used during this drought
episode (adjusted to deduct water
evaporating from the surface of the S:T
and the NS substrate) was not significantly
different (P>0.05) between plants growing
in these two different substrates. The mean
gs (expressed as flux density of water
vapour) of sorghum water-stressed leaves
in the S:T medium had fallen below that of
water-stressed leaves of plants growing in
the NS substrate by 91 h after water was
suspended, but the difference was not
significant (Figure 2a). During these
measurements, the PAR ranged from 140
to 680 mol m-2
s-1
(averaged 21424
mol m-2
s-1
) with a TC in the porometer´s
cuvette about 22-30C. The phase (29-96 h
after drought started) of maximum water
use by sorghum in the S:T coincided with
its highest gs. The resulting enhanced
water use led to an increased rate of drying
in the substrates, which in turn resulted in
a reduction in gs by about 132 h. The
periods of greatest water uptake by the
plants appeared to be associated with
periods of the highest TC, PAR and VPD
in the greenhouse (average daily weather
conditions were PAR of 1289mol m-2
s-1
at plant height, TCmin 23C/ TCmax
30.5C, 13-33% rh and VPD between 2-
3.8 kPa)
At 10 weeks harvest, the rate of water loss
was recorded for only 154 h after water
was supressed, because the plants reached
the wilting point and stopped taking up
water sooner than those harvested at 8
weeks. Throughout the drought, plants
grown in the NS substrate used more water
than those growing in the S:T substrate,
especially during the first 35 h (Figure 3b-
c). After 78 h plants cultivated in the S:T
substrate stopped taking up water, but
those cultivated in the NS continued until
approximately 120 h. By the end of the
experiment, plants grown in the NS
substrate had taken up 51% more water per
unit leaf area, and about 37% more per unit
root length than those plants growing in
the S:T substrate over the same period. The
stomatal conductance of sorghum water-
stressed leaves at 10 weeks was superior
(1.4 times in the S:T and 2.1 times in the
NS) than at 8 weeks (Figure 3a). In
general, all through the drought period gs
was higher in water-stresses leaves of
plants produced in the NS substrate, but a
significant difference (P<0.05) was only
detected 26 h after water was suspended.
The gs in water-stressed leaves of plants
produced in the S:T substrate fell below
that plants in the NS substrate after 78 h
(43% reduction of gs from its highest
value). In contrast, water-stressed leaves of
plants from the NS substrate showed the
lowest values of gs after 99 h (66.3%
reduction of gs from its highest value).
During the measurements of gs, the PAR
ranged from 85 to 920 mol m-2
s-1
(averaged 23321 mol m-2
s-1
) with a TC
in the porometer´s cuvette around 20-28C.
The average daily weather conditions in
the greenhouse during the drought episode
were PAR of 1528 mol m-2
s-1
at plant
height, TCmin 23.5C/TCmax 31C, 16-
39% rh and VPD between 1.7-3.4 kPa.
59
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown
with a split-root system: a climate change perspective Natural Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI
54-72
† Researcher contributing as first author.
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-
MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)
Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate
change perspective. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary
Science 2016, 3-6: 54-72.
.
At 12-weeks harvest, rates of water loss
were recorded for a period of 160 h after
the water supply was suspended. A
divergence in water use was detected
between plants grown in the NS and the
S:T substrate (Figure 4b). For the period of
35-51 h the plants cultivated in the S:T
substrate stopped taking up water, but
plants growing in the NS substrate
continued depleting water to around 96 h.
Through the 51 h period the plants
produced in the S:T substrate were taking
up more water per unit root length than
those in the NS substrate (Figure 4c).
Overall, plants cultivated in the NS
substrate took 69.8% more water per unit
of leaf area and about 26.7% more water
per unit of root length than plants growing
in the S:T substrate. The stomatal
conductance in water-stressed leaves of
plants cultivated in the S:T and the NS
substrate was reduced 60.5% and 71%
respectively, compared to the highest
values recorded at 10 weeks (Figure 4a). In
addition, in both substrates the main drop
in stomatal conductance of the sorghum
water-stressed leaves occurred after 72 h,
and there were no significant differences
between treatments thorough the drought
period. During stomatal conductance
measurements, the PAR ranged from 35 to
430 mol m-2
s-1
(averaged 170.520 mol
m-2
s-1
) with a TC in the porometer´s
cuvette between 24- 29C. The weather
conditions in the greenhouse during the
drought period were PAR of 805 mol m-
2 s
-1 at plant height, TCmin 20C/TCmax
43C, 13-47% rh and VPD between 1.3-
7.3 kPa.
4. Discussion
In this research sorghum was chosen as a
model plants to be tested with the SRS
under drought conditions with a climate
change perspective base on: (1) the crop’s
agronomic and economic importance
(ranking in the top seven cereals) and
widely adapted cereal grown in the tropics
and subtropics in many areas of the world
(Srivastava et al., 2010); (2) the sorghum
genetic pool containing a wide range of
traits that might be useful under changing
climate conditions (Haussmann et al.,
2012; Qing et al., 2013); (3) sorghum is
particularly sensitive to shortages in water
(Ramirez-Villegas et al. 2013). As a result,
we demonstrate that at different
developmental stages the most significant
outcome in response to drought by
sorghum within a SRS occurred during the
first 100 h after the water input was
suspended. For instance, the pattern of
water lost by sorghum plants grown in the
artificial substrate S:T at 8 weeks after
sowing was relatively similar to the trend
shown by plants cultivated in the natural
soil (NS). Furthermore, according to Maiti
(1996) observations, 8 weeks is the phase
of development when the potential yield of
the crop is determined. In the same line, it
will be interesting to apply our model
system with natural biofertilizers in this
specific stage of sorghum development.
Although during the initial 100 h after
water was withheld, plants raised in the
S:T substrate took up water about 93% and
90% per TLA and TRL respectively,
60
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown
with a split-root system: a climate change perspective Natural Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI
54-72
† Researcher contributing as first author.
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-
MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)
Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate
change perspective. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary
Science 2016, 3-6: 54-72.
.
compared to 68% and 66% per TLA and
TRL water took up by plants growing in
the NS substrate. Thus, the mixture of the
S:T substrate induced plants to deplete
water and close stomata in a shorter time
than those cultivated in the NS substrate.
Several experiments have been shown that
this SRS approach is helpful to evaluate
mutualistic symbionts soil microorganisms
(i.e mycorrhizas) allowing to compare
colonized root and uncolonized roots of the
same plant without any effects of
metabolic, physiological and nutrient
status (Wang et al., 1989; Lerat et al.,
2003). Also, the SRS is a system that can
be used for modified water-deficit
irrigation techniques in which different
sides of the root system are subjected to
alternate drying and irrigation whereas it
has been used on stress-induced signals
from the roots studies, and their effects
regulating whole-plant responses to
drought (Neumann, 2008; Sieburth and
Lee, 2010). Because the root length
distribution in soil is a key factor for water
and nutrient uptake studies to assess its
contribution on plant development and
productivity are of paramount importance
(Kashiwagi et al., 2006). Therefore it is
essential to characterize sorghum root
system features in breeding agronomic
programs in order to develop new
methodologies to mitigate climate change
impact on crop production (Chopart et al,
2008). In this research we confirmed that
sorghum´s root growth was comparable in
both sides of the SRS since there were not
significant differences between roots
developed in different compartments of the
SRS filled with natural soil and artificial
substrates. From this study the artificial
sand:terragreen substrate emerged as a
good alternative for sorghum and water
relations experimental purposes. Although
crop yield have improved thanks to the
technological advance in the past 50 years
the human population have also increase
and climate change continue to threaten the
sustainability of the current crop
productivity (Gbetibouo and Hassan, 2005;
Ji et al., 2013). With the threat of climate
change approaching local and global crop
production the most vulnerable regions of
the world are the tropics, particularly the
semi-arid regions where higher
temperatures and increases in rainfall
variability could have substantially
negative impacts (Ramirez-Villegas et al.,
2013). Since sorghum is a crop adapted to
these regions in many parts of the world
and cultivated as a rainfed crop, the
climatic factors play a significant role on
its productivity, thus drought tolerance is
one of the most important abiotic factors
deserving research (Srivastava et al.,
2010). Future studies on the effects of
natural bio-fertilizers on water deficits on
plant root growth, hydraulic architecture,
stomatal aperture and shoot plant growth in
order to determine its effects on sorghum
crop yield potentials are very much needed
(Neumann, 2008).
5. Conclusion and implications
61
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown
with a split-root system: a climate change perspective Natural Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI
54-72
† Researcher contributing as first author.
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-
MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)
Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate
change perspective. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary
Science 2016, 3-6: 54-72.
.
It was confirmed that the SRS is a reliable
approach to be employ in sorghum water
relations experiments, because there were
not significant differences between the
roots length development in the differential
substrates used in the SRS compartments.
It appears that 8 weeks after planting
sorghum plants is an promising
developmental stage to be used to evaluate
the impact of symbiotic mutualistic soil
microorganisms as mediators in water
relations or root-to-signalling over
sorghum plants responsiveness to drought
in future climate change impact studies.
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UTSOE® All rights reserved.
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MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia
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July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI
54-72
† Researcher contributing as first author.
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-
MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia
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Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate
change perspective. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary
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65
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate change
perspective Natural Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 54-72
Figure 1a-c. Split-root system (SRS) set up and greenhouse experimental conditions. (a) Three weeks sorghum seedling grown in a propagator with uniform split-roots. (b)
Split-root system experimental units. (c) Detail of experimental greenhouse conditions and environmental condition measurements with a DataHog (DH).
Table 1. Parameters of sorghum plants () in a SRS using two different substrates.
Plant 8 weeks
Leaves Stem Root Total
10 weeks
___________________________________
Leaves Stem Root Total
12 weeks
__________________________________
Leaves Stem Root Total
66
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate change
perspective Natural Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 54-72
FW (g)
S:T
NS
DW (g)
S:T
NS
TLA (cm-2
)
S:T
NS
TRL (cm-1
)
S:T
NS
3.060.1 1.500.1 4.210.6 8.780.7
5.020.6 2.610.4 6.860.8 14.511.2
* NS
* **
0.900.0 0.330.0 0.400.0 1.230.1
1.240.0 0.550.1 0.650.0 1.790.1
* NS
* *
360.421
515.638
*
8.290.5 7.461.0 11.680.5 27.441.9
8.460.7 7.140.4 23.321.4 38.931.8
NS
NS *** **
2.300.2 1.620.2 1.360.0 3.930.4
2.640.0 1.840.0 2.260.1 4.490.0
NS
NS ***
NS
667.540
853.724
**
12.041.0 18.041.8 24.720.9 54.822.1
13.760.8 15.641.1 63.993.4 93.403.6
NS NS *** ***
4.230.3 5.760.4 3.160.1 13.160.7
6.240.1 4.490.2 4.410.2 15.150.5
*** * ** NS
1045.4 34
1474.4 78
**
67
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate change
perspective Natural Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 54-72
5471.6 794
7979.91023
NS
12370.6 577
20867 957
***
19053.9 644
33667.2 2915
**
() Plants were harvested after a drought period at 8, 10 and 12 weeks after plantation. Means 1SE (n=4). Significance values were calculated using independent samples
t-Test at 95% CI. *P0.05; **P0.01; ***P0.001; NS= Not significant
FW= Fresh weight; DW=Dry Weight; TLA=Total Leaf Area; TRL= Total Root Length.
S:T= Sand:Terragreen; NS= Natural field soil.
Table 2. Sorghum () root growth in a SRS using two different substrates.
Substrate
8 weeks
______________________________ FW DW RL
(%) (%) (%)
10 weeks
_______________________________ FW DW RL
(%) (%) (%)
12 weeks
________________________________ FW DW RL
(%) (%) (%)
68
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate change
perspective Natural Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 54-72
Sand:Terragreen
Compartment A
Compartment B
Natural Field Soil
Compartment A
Compartment B
45.38.0 46.18.5 47.37.7
54.78.0 53.98.5 52.77.7
NS NS NS
50.44.9 51.65.2 51.43.1
51.22.7 52.32.3 50.12.5
48.82.7 47.72.3 49.92.5
NS NS NS
50.52.1 49.42.1 49.02.5
52.42.4 53.32.1 50.02.5
47.62.4 46.72.1 50.02.5
NS NS NS
51.94.7 49.44.7 48.83.7
69
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate change
perspective Natural Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 54-72
49.64.9 48.45.2 48.63.1
NS NS NS
49.52.1 50.62.1 51.02.5
NS NS NS
48.14.7 50.64.7 51.23.7
NS NS NS
Plants were harvested after a drought period at 8, 10 and 12 weeks after plantation. Means 1SE (n=4). The roots were harvested from each compartment and analysed
separately. Significant values were calculated using Paired t-Test at 95% CI.
*P0.05; **P0.01; ***P0.001; NS= Not significant
FW= Fresh weight; DW=Dry Weight; TLA=Total Leaf Area; TRL= Total Root Length.
70
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a
split-root system: a climate change perspective Natural Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 54-72
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-
MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate change
perspective. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016,
3-6: 54-72.
.
A
Time after withholding water (hours)
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192
gs (
mm
ol m
-2 s
-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
B
Time after withholding water (hours)
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192
Cum
ula
tive
H2O
lo
ss
(mg p
er
un
it o
f le
af
are
a c
m-2
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
*
**
C
Time after withholding water (hours)
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192
Cu
mu
lative
H2O
lo
ss
(mg p
er
un
it o
f ro
ot
len
gth
cm
-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
*
**
Figure 2. Response of sorghum plants to drought episode at
8 weeks after planting growing in a SRS. (A) gs in leaves.
(B) Cumulative water loss per unit of TLA. (C) Cumulative
water loss per unit of TRL. -O- The S:T substrate - -- -
The NS substrate. Points represent 1 SE of the mean
(n=4). Significance values were calculated using a T-test.
*P<0.05.
71
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a
split-root system: a climate change perspective Natural Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 54-72
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-
MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate change
perspective. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016,
3-6: 54-72.
.
Time after withholding water (hours)
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180
gs (
mm
ol m
-2 s
-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
A
*
B
Time after withholding water (hours)
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180
Cu
mu
lative
H2O
lo
ss
(mg p
er
un
it o
f le
af
are
a c
m-2
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
**
*
***
***
*** ** *
***
C
Time after withholding water (hours)
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180
Cu
mu
lative
H2O
lo
ss
(mg
pe
r u
nit o
f ro
ot le
ng
th c
m-1
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
*
**
*** * *
Figure 3. Sorghum plants response to drought episode at
10 weeks after planting growth in a SRS. (A) Stomatal
conductance (gs) in leaves. (B) Cumulative water lost per
unit of TLA. (C) Cumulative water lost per unit of TRL. -
- The S:T substrate and - -- - The NS substrate.
Points represents 1 SE of the mean (n=4). Significant
values were calculated using T-Test. *P<
0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001.
A
Time after withholding water (hours)
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180
gs (
mm
ol m
-2 s
-1)
0
20
40
60
80
72
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a
split-root system: a climate change perspective Natural Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 54-72
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-
MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia
Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate change
perspective. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016,
3-6: 54-72.
.
B
Time after withholding water (hours)
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180
Cu
mu
lative
H2O
lo
ss
(mg p
er
un
it o
f le
af
are
a c
m-2
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
**
******
****
**** ** *
C
Time after withholding water (hours)
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180
Cu
mu
lative
H2O
lo
ss
(mg p
er
un
it o
f ro
ot
len
gth
cm
-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
*
* ** *** *** * * * * **
Figure 4. Sorghum plant’s response to drought episode at
12 weeks after planting growth in a SRS. (A) Stomatal
conductance (gs) in leaves. (B) Cumulative water lost per
unit of TLA. (C) Cumulative water lost per unit of TRL. -
- The S:T substrate and - -- - The NS substrate.
Pointsrepresent1 SE of the mean (n=4). Significant
values were calculated using T-Test. *P< 0.05; **P<
0.01; ***P< 0.001.
73
Effect of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in water
using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalized with amino group
Natural Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 73-81
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
LUGO NABOR Cecilia, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael ,
NAVARRO-CASTRO Georgina NAVA MENDOZA Rufino. Effect
of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in
water using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalizados
with amino group . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science
2016, 3-6: 73-81
Effect of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in water
using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalized with amino group LUGO NABOR Cecilia
a, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael
c, NAVARRO-
CASTRO Georginab NAVA MENDOZA Rufino
c
a División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de
Querétaro (UAQ), Centro Universitario, 76000 Querétaro, Qro., México, México.
b Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica. Parque tecnológico
Querétaro s/n, Sanfandila, 76703 Pedro Escobedo, QRO.
c División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma
de Querétaro (UAQ), Centro Universitario, 76000 Querétaro, Qro., México, México
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
A statistical study based on an experimental design 2k to quantify the effects of variables
such as temperature, pH, initial concentration of Pb (II) ions and contact time for the
adsorption of ions Pb (II) with mesoporous materials functionalized presents with amino
groups in a molar ratio 0.3NH2 / SMD-1. The concentration of Pb (II), analyzed by ICP,
responds differently to each study variable. The results show the concentration of Pb (II)
ions as a fundamental variable, the contact time and contact time interaction with the
concentration of Pb (II) ions as variables influencing the system description.
Keywords: Removal of Heavy Metals; Adsorption Ion Pb (II); Disordered mesoporous
silica
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Citation: LUGO NABOR Cecilia, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael, NAVARRO-CASTRO
Georgina NAVA MENDOZA Rufino. Effect of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) in water using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalized with amino group. UTSOE-
Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 73-81
74
Effect of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in water
using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalized with amino group
Natural Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 73-81
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
LUGO NABOR Cecilia, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael ,
NAVARRO-CASTRO Georgina NAVA MENDOZA Rufino. Effect
of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in
water using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalizados
with amino group . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science
2016, 3-6: 73-81
1. Introduction
The presence of heavy metals on water
provocates health problems in animals,
plants and persons (Nwabanne &
Igbokwe, 2012).
Conventional methods such as ionic
interchange, inverse osmosis and
precipitation are used on water
treatment, but they are not promising
enough due to low efficiency and high
operational costs (Abbaszadeh, Alwi,
Webb, Ghasemi, & Muhamad, 2016;
Lavado Meza, Sun Kou, & Bendezu,
2010; Zinkus, Byers, & Doerr, 1998)
Mainly on removal of metallic ions at
low concentrations under 100 mg/L
(Rodríguez, Miranda, Olivas, & Sosa,
2008). Because of this, search and
optimization of new treatment
technologies for metal removal such as
lead is a very important research subject,
including easy operation (Luo et al.,
2015), possibility of recovering heavy
metals (Lavado Meza et al., 2010), for
economy and efficiency (Luo et al.,
2015).
The preparation of mesostructured silica
since 1992 (Kresge, Leonowicz, Roth,
Vartuli, & Beck, 1992) has already open
a wide application field. For this
purpose, new functionalized mesoporous
matrials with amino groups have been
proposed as metal adsorbant, such as
Pb(II) (Edokpayi, Odiyo, Msagati, &
Popoola, 2015; Tian et al., 2015).
Consequently, 0.3 NH2/SMD-1
adsorbants (mesoporous disarranged
silica number 1 functionalized with
amino groups) can become an efficient
alternative given that they include a big
surface area and internal diffusion. For
this, they can reveal high performance
to capture water contaminants such as
Pb(II) (Acosta-Silva, Nava, Hernandez-
Morales, Macías-Sánchez, & Pawelec,
2013; Awual & Hasan, 2014;
Hernández-Morales et al., 2012).
Hernández-Morales et al. (2012)
synthesized a mesoporous silica material
functionalized with an amino group to
improve Pb(II) removal in an metallic
ion concentrations interval of 20-200
mg/L. The authors could possibly
remove a significative amount of 93 %
from the ion with a pH between 5 and 6
on a time interval of 60 minutes 60
minutos (Hernández-Morales et al.,
2012). The main goal of this work is to
show the statistical analysis on the
affecting factors over the process of
Pb(II) ion removals on water and their
influence over its efficiency considering
temperature, pH, contact time and initial
concentration pf Pb(II) as the main
variables in order to establish the best
conditions in the adsorption process for
Pb(II) ions with 0.3NH2/SMD-1
materials.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
Pb(II) from Pb (NO3)2 (JTBaker®), 3-
aminopropiltrietoxisilan (APTES)
(pureness <99%, Aldrich), polymer
75
Effect of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in water
using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalized with amino group
Natural Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 73-81
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
LUGO NABOR Cecilia, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael ,
NAVARRO-CASTRO Georgina NAVA MENDOZA Rufino. Effect
of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in
water using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalizados
with amino group . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science
2016, 3-6: 73-81
triblock Pluronic F-127 (Sigma),
Tetraetilortosilicate (TEOS) (pureness
<99%, Aldrich 99 %), Hydrochloric
Acid (HCl) (JTBaker®), Nitric Acid
(HNO3) (Karal), Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) (JTBaker®), Deionized water
(specific conductivity of 2X10-4
) and
ethanol (Fermont).
2.2 Experimental design
The experimental development was
based on a random design and a factorial
arrangement. This design considered all
the possible combinations of the
parametric levels of operation. To
determine the effect of the factors and
find a relation between them, a 2k
factorial arrangement was used with two
replica (Montgomery, 2002). The
temperature varied accordingly within
the 25 and 35 °C range; the contact time
varied between 5 and 60 minute levels;
pH varied from 4 to 6; the initial Pb(II)
ion concentration varied from the initial
range of 10 to 50 ppm.
2.3 Experimental procedure
The mesopouros disarranged silica
material (SMD-1) was prepared with the
sol-gel method and functionalized with
the exsitu method, with a proportion of
0.3NH2/SMD-1 for the amino group. The
Pb(II) concentration was determined
with Atomic Emission of Spectroscopy
by Inductively Coupled Plasma(ICP-
AES, Perkin Elmer 8300) accordingly
with the reference method EPA/3120B
SM (20th
edition, 1998) (Skoog et al.,
2008). The adsorption was conductef
with the batch method, weighing 0.1 gr
of the adsorbant (0.3NH2/SMD-1) and
20 ml. of the synthetic solution of
Pb(II).
The contact time under on 25°C was
measured after 5 minutes of contact with
tin the adsorbant with the synthetic
solution of Pb(II) ions and until 60
minutes were completed, since this is the
appropiated research lapse. The initial
Pb(II) ion concentration was adjusted to
10 ppm and to 500 ppm. In order to
appropiately study the temperature effect
the work was done to 25 °C and to 35°
C, the solution was termically stabilized
to the desired temperature. The effect on
the pH was established to 4 and 6 units
with 0.1 mol/L HCl or NaOH, being this
operational parameter an important
factor in the adsorption process due to its
effect over solubility of the metallic ions,
concentration of the contra ions of the
functional adsorbent groups and the
ionized level of the adsorbant during the
reaction
The experimental methodology was
divided in two stages:
Temperature, contact time and Pb(II) ion
concentration were chosen as initial
variables. High and low levels are
indicated in table 1. Based on the results,
the second stage is started.
Level Contact
Time
(min)
Temperature
(°C)
Pb(II) initial
concentration
(ppm)
- 5 25 10
76
Effect of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in water
using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalized with amino group
Natural Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 73-81
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
LUGO NABOR Cecilia, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael ,
NAVARRO-CASTRO Georgina NAVA MENDOZA Rufino. Effect
of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in
water using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalizados
with amino group . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science
2016, 3-6: 73-81
+ 60 35 500
Table 1. Adsorption variables values
2) New testing variables were stablished
for another experimental design being
pH, temperature and Pb(II) initial
concentration those variables. Reached
values for the high and low levels are
shown on Table 2.
Level p
H
Temperature
(°C)
Pb(II) initial
concentration
(ppm)
- 4 25 10
+ 6 35 500
Table 2. Adsorption variables values
For both stages, a randomly generated
design was used, in a factorial
arrangement of 23 with two replicas, the
experimental answer is considered as the
percentage of Pb(II) after the adsorption
.
2.4 Statistical Analysis
In order to qualitatively determine the
effect of the parameters in the adsorption
process, a variance analysis (ANOVA)
was applied (ANOVA) with a
significancy level α, of 5 % to the
experimental results. The Pb(II) ion
concentration after the adsorption was
selected as an answer parameter.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Variance analysis
The experimental results were analyzed
with the statistics software Minitab15.
3.1.1 Initial concentration of Pb (II)
ions, temperature and contact time
On the first stage of the experimental
design for the decision making process,
a hypothesis test was applied to the
results shown in table 3. Based on the
probability value (p value), an ANOVA
statistical analysis of 1 factor is applied,
shown in tables 4 and 6 on which the
equality of two or more categorized
average for every factor to be analyzed.
A multiple Tukey comparison test is
carried out to analyze the differencies on
the averages, assigning in this case as
factors the initial Pb(II) ions
concentration, temperature and contact
time.
Statist
ic
arrran
ge
Time
(min)
Temperature
(°C)
Pb(II)
Concentration
ppm
(initial)
Pb(II)
Concentration
after
adsorptionn
ppm (mg/L)
8 60 35 500 5.52+0.09
5 5 35 10 1.90+0.03
6 60 35 10 0.60+0.01
4 60 25 500 4.91+0.08
7 5 35 500 14.01+0.22
1 5 25 10 3.00+0.05
3 5 25 500 16.00+0.26
2 60 25 10 Less than
77
Effect of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in water
using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalized with amino group
Natural Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 73-81
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
LUGO NABOR Cecilia, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael ,
NAVARRO-CASTRO Georgina NAVA MENDOZA Rufino. Effect
of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in
water using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalizados
with amino group . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science
2016, 3-6: 73-81
0.001485+N/A
Table 3. Experimental design results on stage 1 for the
Pb(II) concentration in ppm (mg/L)
Variatio
n source
Free
dom
grade
s
Sum
of
squa
res
Medi
um
squa
re
F
val
ue
Val
ue
Ftero
rical
P
Val
ue
Time 1 71.3 71.3 2.3
2
5.78
6
0.17
9
Concent
ration
1 152.
6
152.
6
8.8
5
0.02
5⁎
Tempera
ture
1 0.4 0.4 0.0
1
0.92
2
Tabla 4. Variance analysis (ANOVA), for the
completely random factorial arrangement of 1
factor for time, temperatura and ion
concentration of Pb(II)
⁎ Statistically significant factor
Tables 4 and 6 show the value or the
calculated distribution “F” and theorical
distribution “Ftheoric”. If both are
compared, and F> Ftheoric there is a
difference on the answers since the
levels of the parameters of the process
have changed. We use the probability
approach “P” as indicator of significative
data. When we analyze those values, for
the different parameters. When we
analyze those values, the variation of the
initial ion concentration is the most
meaningful variable for the ion
adsorption process: F=8.85>
Ftheoric= 5.786, (P<0.05). It is important
to highlight that this was observed when
the variability of efficiency was
measured, confirmed when the variance
analysis was completed.
3.1.2 pH, temperature and initial
Pb(II) concentration
The second stage of the experiment
design was based on an ANOVA
analysis of 1 factor and a multiple
comparison Tukey test, show non Table
6 for pH , temperatura and initial Pb(II)
ion concentration. The adsorption results
are shown on Table 5.
Statist
ic
arrang
e
p
H
Temperatu
re
(°C)
Pb(II)
concentrati
on
ppm
(start)
Pb(II)
concentrati
on after
adsorption
(mg/L)
7 4 35 500 4.46+0.07
8 6 35 500 4.91+0.08
4 6 35 10 0.02+0.02
1 4 25 10 0.66+0.01
3 4 35 10 0.73+0.01
6 6 25 500 4.91+0.08
5 4 25 500 5.52+0.09
2 6 25 10 0.01+N/A
Table 5. Results on design of experiments on
stage 2 for Pb(II) concentration in ppm (mg/L)
Variatio
n source
Free
dom
degre
es
Sum
of
squa
res
Medi
um
squa
re
F
valu
e
Fteó
rica
Val
ue
P
Val
ue
pH 1 0.29 0.29 0.0
4
5.7
86
0.84
7
78
Effect of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in water
using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalized with amino group
Natural Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 73-81
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
LUGO NABOR Cecilia, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael ,
NAVARRO-CASTRO Georgina NAVA MENDOZA Rufino. Effect
of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in
water using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalizados
with amino group . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science
2016, 3-6: 73-81
Temper
ature
1 0.12 0.12 0.0
2
0.90
1
Initial
concentr
ation of
Pb(II)
1 42.2
28
42.2
28
245
.25
0.00
0⁎
Table 6. Variance analysis (ANOVA) for the
completely random factorial arrangement of 1
factor
⁎Statistically significant factor
On the ANOVA table, P value delivers
enough tests that the concentration is
significant.Given that, when we analyze
these values for the diferent parameters
of the process it is observed that the
variation on Pb(II) ion concentration
affects adsorption efficiency for the
adsorbant in comparison with pH and
temperature when alfa is 0.05.
3.2 Effect of variables for the factorial
design 2k
The effect of 4 state variables on the
adsorption with mesoporous materials
functionalized to a molar relation of 0.3
NH2/SMD-1, was evalluated using
Minitab 15 factorial arrangement of 2k,
and the Pb(II) ions content after the
adsorption with these materials. The
statistical analysis with that software
shows that the ion concentration
concentración offers a meaningful
answer ( p<0.05 value).
3.2.1 Contact time, Pb(II) initial
concentration and temperature
The effects of these factors are shown on
Fig. 1 under a Pareto diagram, where it
can be observed that they represent a
significant influence on the adsorption
process, whereas the temperature has an
indirect relation.
Graphic 1 Pareto diagram on significant effects,
Pb(II) ion concentration, temperatura and
contact timeo.
On Graphics 2 and 4 the normal Pareto
on effects is shown, confirming the
previous paragraph.
Graphic. 2 Normal diagram on ion
concentration, temperature and contact time.
On the previously exposed graphic
analysis, we have statistic evidence for
stating that the concentration is
statistically meaningful, as well as the
BC
ABC
C
AC
AB
A
B
9876543210Té
rmin
o
Efecto
2.651
A tiempo
B C oncentración
C temperatura
Factor Nombre
Gráfica de Pareto de los efectos(la respuesta es Resultado, Alfa = 0.05)
PSE de Lenth = 0.70425
5.02.50.0-2.5-5.0-7.5-10.0
99
95
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
1
Efecto
Po
rce
nta
je
A tiempo
B C oncentración
C temperatura
Factor Nombre
No significativo
Significativo
Tipo de efecto
AB
B
A
Gráfica normal de los efectos(la respuesta es Resultado, Alfa = 0.05)
PSE de Lenth = 0.70425
79
Effect of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in water
using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalized with amino group
Natural Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 73-81
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
LUGO NABOR Cecilia, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael ,
NAVARRO-CASTRO Georgina NAVA MENDOZA Rufino. Effect
of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in
water using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalizados
with amino group . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science
2016, 3-6: 73-81
ions’ contact time and ions-contact time
interaction.
3.2.2 pH, initial concentration of
Pb(II) and temperature
The effects of these factors, are shown
on Graphic 3 with a Pareto diagram,
where it can be observed that the
concentration has a significant influence
over the adsorption process, whereas pH
and temperature have an indirect
relation.
Graphic. 3. Pareto diagram on the significative
effects of factors.
The Graphic 3 shows the Pareto diagram
on the significant effects, where it is
confirmed that the concentration has an
important influence in the adsorption
process, being an important factor
defining the Pb(II) ions adsorption on
water and because of that, it has to be
fixed in a way that the saturation of the
concentration of the material must not be
elegible.
Graphic 4. Normal Pareto diagramo n the
efectos for Pb(II)ions, temperature and pH
4. Conclusions
The statistical evidence shows that all
three studied factors are very important
and must be considered on those models
intended to describe the adsorption of
Pb(II) ions in water by the 0.3NH2/SMD-
1 adsorbant, it is shown that not only the
main effects are significant too, but the
interactions play also an important role
in the adsorption process. Apart from the
adsorption temperature, it was observed
that the initial Pb(II) adsorption was fast
until reaching the biggest adsorption
value that can be defined with the
contact time. Having the objective of
obtaining the highest performance for the
experiment, the results suggest that we
have to work under a 60 mins contact
time and to verify the initial
concentration of Pb(II); the highest
efficiency conditions for adsorption on
temperature terms are between 25 °C y
35°C, as well as between 4 and 6 for
pH.
Acknowledgments To the National Science and Technology
Council (CONACYT) and to : Ma.
AB
BC
AC
A
B
ABC
C
543210
Té
rmin
o
Efecto
1.002
A pH
B temperatura
C C oncentración
Factor Nombre
Gráfica de Pareto de los efectos(la respuesta es Resultado, Alfa = 0.05)
PSE de Lenth = 0.26625
543210
99
95
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
1
Efecto
Po
rce
nta
je
A pH
B temperatura
C C oncentración
Factor Nombre
No significativo
Significativo
Tipo de efecto
C
Gráfica normal de los efectos(la respuesta es Resultado, Alfa = 0.05)
PSE de Lenth = 0.26625
80
Effect of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in water
using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalized with amino group
Natural Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 73-81
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
LUGO NABOR Cecilia, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael ,
NAVARRO-CASTRO Georgina NAVA MENDOZA Rufino. Effect
of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in
water using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalizados
with amino group . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science
2016, 3-6: 73-81
Guadalupe Olvera-Torres, María
Vanessa Paz-González from CIDETEQ.
For all the support provided to achieve
the present work and to Dr. José Alberto
Rodríguez Morales for his contribution
on Statistics
Nomenclature
ANOVA variance analysis
Ftheoric test statistic
(Tables)
F test statistic (calculated)
P least significant level for
rejecting null hypothesis
References
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Ghasemi, N., & Muhamad, I. I.
(2016). Treatment of lead-
contaminated water using activated
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Morales, V., Macías-Sánchez, S. A.,
& Pawelec, B. (2013). TiO 2/DMS-1
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Dueñas Moreno, J., Batista
González, R., Serafín Páez, R., &
Autié Pérez, M. A. (2014).
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por etapas. Revista Internacional de
Contaminación Ambiental, 30(2),
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M., & Popoola, E. O. (2015). A
Novel Approach for the removal of
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diceriocaryum eriocarpum plant.
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Silva, Y. J., Macías-Sánchez, S. A.,
Pérez-Bueno, J. J., & Pawelec, B.
(2012). Adsorption of lead (II) on
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J., Vartuli, J. C., & Beck, J. S.
(1992). Ordered mesoporous
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different synthesis conditions.
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Lavado Meza, C., Sun Kou, M. d. R., &
Bendezu, S. (2010). Adsorción de
plomo de efluentes industriales
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Effect of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in water
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Natural Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 73-81
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
LUGO NABOR Cecilia, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael ,
NAVARRO-CASTRO Georgina NAVA MENDOZA Rufino. Effect
of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in
water using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalizados
with amino group . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science
2016, 3-6: 73-81
polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat as
highly efficient lead adsorbent for
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las condiciones de operación sobre
la biosorción de Pb2+, Cd2+ y Cr3+
en solución por Saccharomyces
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tecnológica, 19(6), 47-55.
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Aucejo, M., Estellés, A., Hernández,
M. H., . . . Alonso, S. (2008).
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Cengage Learning.
Tian, H., Feng, Q., Chen, Y., Yang, H., Li,
X., & Lu, P. (2015). Synthesis of
amino-functionalized mesoporous
materials with environmentally
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induced self-assembly and their
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(II) ions. Journal of Materials
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W. (1998). Identify appropriate
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Chemical Engineering Progress, 19.
82
Systematization of the results of the technic thick target gas analysis for elastic
scattering functions
Exact Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 82-85
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
PÉREZ-T Roxana, ROSETE-F Miriam, MAYA-P
Norma, MALDONADO-M Abish. Systematization of
the results of the technic thick target gas analysis for
elastic scattering functions. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 82-85
Systematization of the results of the technic thick target gas analysis for elastic
scattering functions
PÉREZ TORRES Roxana
†, ROSETE FONSECA Miriam, MAYA PÉREZ-N. Norma,
MALDONADO MARTÍNEZ Abish.
Universidad Tecnológica del Valle de Toluca, Méx. México
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
Systematization of analysis results for the technique of thickness target gas on elastic scattering functions
The technique known as thickness target gas used for elastic scattering functions in systems such as 12
C+4He, it
is of great interest in Astrophysics, since their interactions largely determine the abundances of elements at the
end of the helium-burning stage in the stars (Koonin 1985, Basdevant 2005). The analysis of the data obtained
from experiments passes through an ample process, involving several variables in geometry and conditions of
the experiment, by means of various computational tools support. The present work reports the development of
an application programmed in PHP, to systematize this analysis, display results graphically and with option to
export them in text files. The geometry used as reference is a cylindrical Chamber Tandem particle accelerator
installed in one of the lines of the National Institute of nuclear research (ININ).
Keywords: application, elastic scattering, PHP programming
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Citation: PÉREZ-T Roxana, ROSETE-F Miriam, MAYA-P Norma, MALDONADO-M Abish. Systematization of the
results of the technic thick target gas analysis for elastic scattering functions. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science
2016, 3-6: 82-85
83
Systematization of the results of the technic thick target gas analysis for elastic
scattering functions
Exact Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 82-85
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
PÉREZ-T Roxana, ROSETE-F Miriam, MAYA-P
Norma, MALDONADO-M Abish. Systematization of
the results of the technic thick target gas analysis for
elastic scattering functions. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 82-85
Introduction
The nuclear interaction studies, is one of the
main objectives at The National Nuclear
Research Institute (ININ due to the initial in
Spanish), to contribute with the generation of
new knowledge.
The ININ has a tandem particle accelerator
equipment and a very reliable scientific team , it
consist of a beaming line connected to a
cylinder chamber, in which different
experiments had taken place like the target gas
thickness technique, to study interaction
systems like 12
C+4He,
12C+
12C and
12C+
16O.
The technique powers a beam, i.e., 12
C in a
chamber that contains a gas like O2 or 4He.
Inside the chamber there are detectors allowing
registering a spectrum that can be transform
into an excitation elastic scattering functions or
fusion. The advantage in this technique is that
in only one experiment there are data in a whole
energy interval and not just in one; also it can
be measured in a 0° angle in the lab system,
equivalent to a 180° angle in a mass center
system, impossible to obtain with a target solid.
Figure 1 shows one of the many experimental
designs done with the technique mention
previously (Pérez 2009).
Figura 1 Experimental Design used by the thickness
target gas, here we had a beam of 12
C, over a Mylar
window (C10
H8O
4, 1.5 μm of thickness), the beam goes
through and interacts with the 4He ( 160.5 and 183.0
Torr) inside the chamber, 4 silicon superficial barrier
detectors are placed. Shown with A, B, C and D (TU-
014- 100-500, TU-015-100-100, TU-012-100-500, CB-
19-50-1500). The chamber has several accesses, used for
a mechanical vacuum pump, a diffuser, a mercury
pressure measurement and the beam line.
The multichannel generates files with the
counts from each detector. Which measure the
amount of recoil particles, generated by the
interactions that occurred during the whole path
of the beam, at different energies, since the
design considers that the beam will not reach
the cero degree detector, so it will be able to
take the measurements in this angle and obtain
the desire low energy measurements. The
multichannel collected data loaded in text files
and processed to acquire elastic scattering
excitation and fusion functions. The aim of the
present work is the codification of this process.
Materials and Methods
The life cycle Project phases are start, planning,
development and implementation. The
following paragraphs describe the general
activities of each phase and the tools selected to
process the data.
Start
Analysis
• Experimental variables: chamber
diameter, initial energy, detectors
position, pressure, temperature,
participant particles, detector
characteristics and gas density.
• Simulator software of energy loss SRIM.
• The transformation of the multichannel
original files, to get a calibrated spectrum,
the energy measured by the detector to
energy of the projectile at the time of the
interaction, and to the center of mass
energy, finally to energy vs effective
section.
Planning
• It was decided that the programming
language will be PHP and for managing
84
Systematization of the results of the technic thick target gas analysis for elastic
scattering functions
Exact Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 82-85
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
PÉREZ-T Roxana, ROSETE-F Miriam, MAYA-P
Norma, MALDONADO-M Abish. Systematization of
the results of the technic thick target gas analysis for
elastic scattering functions. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 82-85
text Notepad++, HIGHCHARTS and
XAMPP, to develop a graphic application
with plots easy to use.
• The app reads the multichannel generated
files and plots the information, when a
file calibrated is added, delivers a primary
calibrated file, once a calibrated file
generated by SRIM is added, it converts
energy into center mass energy. All
experimental variables are from a file.
Development
• The application is being program with the
options planned and real data analyzed,
from the results of an experiment carried
out in 2009 at the ININ (Pérez 2009,
Maldonado 2010) to check the
consistency of results.
Implementation
• It is loaded on line so is used to analyze
the data
Results
The application receives the data files with the
designated multichannel output archives and
displays the graphic, that be exported to various
file types, also a zoom is included to a specific
region just by pointing the mouse, an example
is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Option of graphing the application.
At the same time it contains a calibration
section, searching for the peaks centroids using
the formula 1
i
i
i
ii
N
chN
ch (1)
Where Ni is the number of accounts registered
by the detector channel Chi, performing the
sum only on the region for the peak of the
desired centroid, for which the application
examines peaks in the input spectrum. The
application allows plotting the calibration file,
the linear adjustment, the resulting equation and
the spectrum of interest already calibrated.
Figure 3 and 4 shows an example of the plot.
Finally, the application receives a file that
contains characteristics of the experiment and a
file generated by the SRIM, obtaining among
other measurements, an energy table, and
scope, accordingly to the study system and the
density of the medium, the application uses
these data to transform the energy of the center
of mass spectrum.
Figure 1: Graphic display of calibrated spectra, example
1
85
Systematization of the results of the technic thick target gas analysis for elastic
scattering functions
Exact Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 82-85
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
PÉREZ-T Roxana, ROSETE-F Miriam, MAYA-P
Norma, MALDONADO-M Abish. Systematization of
the results of the technic thick target gas analysis for
elastic scattering functions. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 82-85
Figure 2: Graphic display of calibrated spectra, example
2
Discussion
The developed programmed application in PHP
language, simplifies the process of analysis of
pilot data of the technic thick target gas analysis
for elastic excitation scattering functions and
fusion in low energies. The results were
compared with those reported in a prior
experiment (Pérez 2009, Maldonado 2010),
being coherent, this gives the confidence to
analyze data from new experiments, which will
speed up the calculations and improve the
displayed results. For the analysis of new data
is always present within the test plan comparing
results with other authors, that have obtained
measurements with other techniques in
coincidental energies. The application can be
improved, and scalable, to systematize plots
and calibrations, it is also ready to be online for
free use, this is a medium-term goal. As well as
options for other experimental geometries and
directly add results of other authors in the
generated graphs, for a better results
comparison.
Acknowledgements
We thank the invaluable support of PRODEP,
the UTVT, and the ININ, institutions that
through their human resources and materials
strengthen the development project for research
and development.
Referencias
Basdevant J.L, Rich J., Spiro M. (2005),
Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics: from nuclear
structure to cosmology. United States of
America: Editorial Springer.
Koonin S. E., Aguilera E. F. (1985), The
12C(α,γ)16O reaction in Nuclear Astrophysics
(Ed.), Lecture Notes, National Summer School
in Nuclear Physics (pp. 314-331) Georgetown:
Editorial P. A. Treado
Maldonado M. (2010) thesis, Resonant elastic
scattering of 12C+4He, Universidad Autónoma
del Estado de México
Pérez R. (2009), PhD thesis, Estudio Teórico y
Experimental de la Dispersión Elástica y Fusión
en Reacciones con Iones Semipesados a Bajas
Energías, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de
México.
86
Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica olerasea) to methane production
Engineering Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 86-94
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
PEÑA Ramírez Rafael †, SOTO Alcocer José Luís,
AYALA Islas Alberto, Ramírez and RIVERA Mosqueda
Ma. Cruz. Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica
olerasea) to methane production. . UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 86-94
Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica olerasea) to methane production
Peña Ramírez Rafael †, Soto Alcocer José Luís, Ayala Islas Alberto and Rivera Mosqueda Ma. Cruz Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato. México.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
Methane generation is one of the most powerful options for solve oil dependence, with three Ecological
advantages, use of organic wastes decreasing environment impact. Reducing emissions for use fossil fuel, and
produce excellent organic fertilizer. And like economic benefits. We can include de low price of building.
Broccoli is the most important vegetable culture in the Bajio of Guanajuato because it occupy a sowing area of
35 000 ha, broccoli is the 69% of the horticulture production of Guanajuato. An also it is the 55% of the national
production (Vidal et al 2006).
The present work was made with de goal to evaluate if the methane production could be scaling up to pilot size
(6 000 L) and generate information which let us make projection to industrial scale.
To begin, a digester effluent from the University of Guanajuato, Life Sciences Division, Irapuato campus was
used. There were added 100 liters of cow dung. Plus 100 liters of water. The digester was fed from Monday to
Friday with three mixes broccoli:water 1:1, 2:1, 3:3. With 93.75 L/day,
Daily production of: biogas, total solid removal and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was measuring.
The best mixture tested was 1:1 with 29.71 L of biogas per Kg of broccoli and remotion of total solids 81.4 %.
Keywords
Broccoli, anaerobic digestion, digester, methane
___________________________________________________________________________________
Citation PEÑA Ramírez Rafael †, SOTO Alcocer José Luís, AYALA Islas Alberto, Ramírez and RIVERA Mosqueda Ma.
Cruz. Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica olerasea) to methane production. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary
Science 2016, 3-6: 86-94
87
Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica olerasea) to methane production
Engineering Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 86-94
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
PEÑA Ramírez Rafael †, SOTO Alcocer José Luís,
AYALA Islas Alberto, Ramírez and RIVERA Mosqueda
Ma. Cruz. Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica
olerasea) to methane production. . UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 86-94
Introduction
Methane generation is one of the most powerful
options for solve oil dependence, with three
Ecological advantages, use of organic wastes
decreasing environment impact. Reducing
emissions for use fossil fuel, and produce
excellent organic fertilizer. And like economic
benefits. We can include de low price of
building.
There are many evidence that shows us that
methane production could be done uses any
kind of organic waste (Henderson 2006,
Fountoulakis et al. 2008, Sagagi et al. 2009).
By other hand in Mexico, Guanajuato have
been number one in broccoli production since
1990 until today, for example in 2002
Guanajuato produced the 60 % of broccoli in
Mexican Republic, SAGARPA (2003) and
Vidal et al. (2006) said that in 2005 there were
35 000 ha. Planted with broccoli in Guanajuato
which produce the 55 % of national production.
There were 29590.5 ha planted with broccoli in
2014, represents 52.13 % of surface used for
broccoli in Mexico. Guanajuato produced
292345.21 ton that means 65.97 % of national
production. (Senacica, 2016).
There are twelve freezing pakers in Guanajuato
state (Espinoza et al. 2003), these factories
produce one indeterminate quantity of scraps
broccoli with misprocess perfect candidates for
methanogenesis. Such methane could be used
in different steps during broccoli freezing
process.
In previous work Peña et al. 2015 explored de
adequate proportion to produce methane using
broccoli as substrate, the result conclude that
concentration 2:1 Broccoli: water was the most
efficient and production of methane with an
average of 23.14 L of methane per kg of
broccoli. Residence time was 40 days for all
mixtures.
The present work was made with de goal to
evaluate if the methane production could be
scaling up to pilot size and generate information
which let us make projection to industrial scale.
Methods
The digester was supported in a masonry
structure. It was built of geomembrane, length
5.5 m, diameter 1.18 m, with approximate
volume of 6 m3.
The digester have the general diagram
Figure 1. Digester general scheme
1) Digester. 2) Inlet feed. 3) Outlet pipe. 4) Test
access. 5) Gas outlet. 6) U tramp. 7) Flow
bench. 8) Gas burner. 9) Methane stock.
Variable design
Volume: 6000 L
Work volume (WV) 62.5 % = 3750L (1)
Hydraulic Retention Rime (HRT) 40 days
Q
WVHRT (2)
88
Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica olerasea) to methane production
Engineering Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 86-94
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
PEÑA Ramírez Rafael †, SOTO Alcocer José Luís,
AYALA Islas Alberto, Ramírez and RIVERA Mosqueda
Ma. Cruz. Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica
olerasea) to methane production. . UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 86-94
Where:
WV: Work volume
Q: Daily flow
Introducing data in the equation.
dayLdays
LQ / 75.93
40
3750 (3)
Data collected:
Before start: humidity and total solids was
measured according to NMX-AA-034-SCFI-
2001. One HANNA C-214, was used to determine
total nitrogen in accordance with maker’s
handbook.
Total carbon, pH, Temperature was evaluated
according to NMX-FF-109-SCFI-2007. At the
moment of feeding, pH and temperature of
influent and effluent was measured.
Sample
Precooked broccoli was given for a freezing
company. To reduce the size of broccoli pieces
were cut into a metal container with a shovel
and ground with a power mill.
Start
To begin, a digester effluent from the
University of Guanajuato, Life Sciences
Division, Irapuato campus was used. There
were added 100 liters of cow dung. Plus 100
liters of water.
The digester was fed from Monday to Friday
with three mixes broccoli:water 1:1, 2:1, 3:3.
With 93.75 L/day, test 1:1 and 3:1 was ran at 40
days. Test 2:1 was ran at 16 days.
Results
Moisture
Moisture
Sample Moisture Solids
Raw broccoli 86 14
Coked broccoli 89 11
Mix 1:1 97.2 2.8
Mix 2:1 96.98 3.02
Mix 3:1 96.05 3.95
Chart 1. Moisture of broccoli. Different
presentations
The moisture showed an increase from raw
broccoli to mix 2:1, surprisingly the mix 3:1
showed a little less moisture than the mix 2:1,
the possible explanation is that the broccoli
used for mixture 3:1 could be dryer than the rest
of the broccoli Chart 1.
Density
Sample Density
g/cm3
Raw broccoli 0.976
Coked broccoli 1,019
Mix 1:1 1.043
Mix 2:1 1.0316
Mix 3:1 1.021
Chart 2. Density of broccoli. Different presentations
Density of mixtures and broccolis density was
very similar. This is because broccoli has
similar density to water. Chart 2.
89
Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica olerasea) to methane production
Engineering Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 86-94
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
PEÑA Ramírez Rafael †, SOTO Alcocer José Luís,
AYALA Islas Alberto, Ramírez and RIVERA Mosqueda
Ma. Cruz. Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica
olerasea) to methane production. . UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 86-94
Reaction mix
Proportion to prepare mixtures
Mix
Broccoli:
Water
Broccoli
Kg
Water Kg Total
Charge
Kg
1:1 46.875 46.875 93.75
2:2 62.5 31.25 93.75
3:3 70.3125 23.4375 93.75
Chart 3. Calculating for preparing mixtures
Mixture 1:1 Broccoli: water
Methane production
Fig 2. It show methane production. Mixture 1:1.
Methane production start the fourth day with 85
L. Then it increase continually until the highest
peak in day no. 15, which showed 2298 L of
biogas production. There are three more peaks,
day 22 with 2256 L, day 26 with 2194 L and
day 30 producing 2177 L of biogas, the average
production was 1505.59 per day.
Fig. 2. Methane production. Mixture 1:1
Broccoli:Water
Figure 3. It shows pH and temperature. Lowest
peak of pH was 6.72 in the day no. 5. And the
highest peak was the day no. 13 with pH 7.1.
Diference between the lowest and highest pH
measure was 0.38. So one might assume that
the pH was arround pH 7. Near of neutral. With
an average pH 6.92. Showing a very efficient
system in pH control.
Fig 3. Effluent Temperature and pH. Mixture1:1
Broccoli:Water
By other hand, temperature suffers more
variations. Starting with 19 °C. The first peak
of 28 °C the days 14 and 15, followed for two
peaks, days 21 and 25 with the same
temperature. The last peak appear the day no.
29 with 27 °C. The difference between lowest
and highest temperature was 10 °C suggesting
the need control temperature.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
bio
gas
(lts
)
Time(days)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
pH
Tem
pe
ratu
re °
C
time (days)
Temperatura
pH
90
Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica olerasea) to methane production
Engineering Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 86-94
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
PEÑA Ramírez Rafael †, SOTO Alcocer José Luís,
AYALA Islas Alberto, Ramírez and RIVERA Mosqueda
Ma. Cruz. Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica
olerasea) to methane production. . UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 86-94
Fig. 4. Methane production and temperature
mixture1:1 Broccoli:Water
If the relationship between production of
methane and temperature is observed. Figure 4
It showed that peak of high temperature match
with high methane production. Although with a
little delay. The graphic show a temperature
increase and immediately rising methane
production. Day no. 14 and 15 temperature was
28 °C and day no. 15, with 2298 L of biogas
production. It could be mentioned three more
peaks. 28 °C day no. 21 and day 22 with 2256
L. Day 25 with 27 °C and day 26 with 2194 L.
Finally day 29 was at 27 °C and day 30 it
produced 2177 L of biogas. These results
suggest that bacteria grow better at 28 °C or
may be at higher temperature.
Fig. 5. Liters of biogas per mixture kg. Mixture 1:2
Performance: biogas production per mixture
kilogram was 14.85 L.
Mixture 2:1 Broccoli:Water
Some difficulties occurred in the test 2:1. First:
for calendar reasons only allowed us to work 16
days. And second: a failure in gas
measurement. It caused that first five days of
gas production measurement they were lost.
Although these two problems it could be
considered that there are strong data to have
conclusions.
In the fig. 6 can be seen three production peaks.
Day nine with 2407 L. Day 11 with 2335 L and
day 13 with 2493.
Fig. 6. Methane production mixture 2:1
Broccoli:Water
Concerning to pH. All the time was at pH 7 or
little higher, never was under pH seven and
neither rise until pH 8. These data indicate a
very good pH regulation. Fig. 7.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45Te
mp
era
ture
°C
Lts
bio
gas
time (days)
Lts biogas
Temperatura
0
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10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Lts
bio
gas/
Kg
mix
ture
time (days)
0
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1500
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2500
3000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
bio
gas
(lts
)
time (days)
91
Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica olerasea) to methane production
Engineering Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 86-94
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
PEÑA Ramírez Rafael †, SOTO Alcocer José Luís,
AYALA Islas Alberto, Ramírez and RIVERA Mosqueda
Ma. Cruz. Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica
olerasea) to methane production. . UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 86-94
Fig 7. Effluent temperature and pH. Mixture 2:1
Broccoli:Water
Temperature have more variation than pH. Fig
7. The lowest temperature was 24 °C the day 2.
And the highest was 30 °C, the day eight. With
three peaks: days, 10, 12 and 15, all days with
29 °C.
Figure. 8. There are a relationship between
temperature and generation of biogas. The days
with high temperature. Days 8, 10, and 12 they
are followed for peaks on methane production.
Days 9, 11 and 13.
These data suggest a delay time to bacteria
reproduction.
Fig. 8. Methane production and temperature.
Mixture 2:1 Broccoli:Water
Fig. 9. Liters of biogas per mix kg. Mixture 1:2
Performance. Production of biogas per liter of
mixture was 15.5
Mixture 3:1 Broccoli:Water
In the figure 10 can be noted a delay time of
three day to start methane production. The
graphic also show three production peaks: 1797
L in the day no. 8, day no. 24 with 1824 L and
day no. 28 with 1949 L biogas.
Fig 10 Methane production mixture 3:1
Broccoli:Water
By other hand the pH (fig. 11) start with 6.8
and stay around neutrality with lowest reading
in 6.72 and highest in 7.16, the days 4 and 32
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18p
H
Tem
pe
ratu
re °
C
time (days)
Temperatura
pH
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Tem
pe
ratu
re °
C
Lts
bio
gas
time (days)
Lts biogas
-5
0
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10
15
20
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30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Lts
bio
gas/
Kg
mix
ture
time (days)
0
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1000
1500
2000
2500
0 10 20 30 40
bio
gas
(lts
)
time (days)
92
Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica olerasea) to methane production
Engineering Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 86-94
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
PEÑA Ramírez Rafael †, SOTO Alcocer José Luís,
AYALA Islas Alberto, Ramírez and RIVERA Mosqueda
Ma. Cruz. Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica
olerasea) to methane production. . UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 86-94
respectively. That means an efficient control of
this parameter.
Fig. 11. Effluent temperature and pH. Mixture3:1
Broccoli:Water
In counterpart temperature has more variation.
Figure 11. During the run of the experiment.
Temperature has three peaks 27 °C in day no. 8.
28 °C day 23 and 28 °C day 28.
Fig. 12. Methane production and temperature
mixture 3:1 Broccoli:Water
In the same way biogas production it was
intimately related with temperature. Figure 12.
It shows this relationship with the data: 27 °C
and 1797 L in day no. 8. Day no. 23 with 28 °C
and day no. 24 with 1824 L plus day no. 28
with 1949 L of biogas and 28 °C. There was a
synchrony between temperature and the biogas
production. Except days 23 and 24. These days
showed a delay time in the same way that
mixtures 1:1 and 2:1
Fig. 13.
Mixture 3:1 performance was the lowest of the
three mixtures tested with an average 12.57
liters of biogas per kg of mixture.
Three mixtures: performance comparison
Performance of three mixtures
Mixture Biogas
production
L. Average
Broccoli
Kg
Performance
biogas L/ Kg
broccoli
1:1 1392.67 46.87 29.71
2:2 1450.18 62.5 23.2
3:3 1176.27 70.31 16.79
Chart 4. Performance of three mixtures
Chart 4 shows that mixture 1:1 has the best
performance with 29.71 L of biogas per kg of
broccoli. Followed for the mixture 2:1 with 23.2
L/kg.
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
pH
Tem
pe
ratu
re °
C
time(days)
Temperatura
pH
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Tem
pe
ratu
re °
C
bio
gas
(lts
)
tiempo (dias)
Biogas
Temperatura
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 10 20 30 40
lts
bio
gas/
kg
mix
ture
time (days)
93
Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica olerasea) to methane production
Engineering Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 86-94
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
PEÑA Ramírez Rafael †, SOTO Alcocer José Luís,
AYALA Islas Alberto, Ramírez and RIVERA Mosqueda
Ma. Cruz. Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica
olerasea) to methane production. . UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 86-94
Total Solids (TS) remotion percent
Mixture TS in TS out Remotion %
1:1 28191 5237 81.4
2:1 31010 4292 86.1
3:1 39528 10025 74.6
Chart 5. Total Solids (TS) remotion percent
By other hand about total solids remotion. In
chart 5. Mixture 2:1 showed the best
performance with 86.1 percent of remotion.
Followed for mixture 1.1 with 81.4 %.
The mixture 3:1 showed the lowest
performance with 74.6 of solids removed and
12.57 L of biogas per Kg of mixture.
Laboratory scale versus pilot scale
If the results of the laboratory scale reported by
Peña et al 2015 are compared to the pilot scale.
In laboratory scale. The mixture 2:1 have the
best performance with 23.14 L of biogas per kg
of broccoli, whereas in pilot scale the best
performance was showed for mixture 1:1 with
29.71 L of biogas per kg of mixture. Chart 6.
The mixtures 1:1 and 1:3 increased production
in pilot scale. The first by 116 % and de second
by 77 %. The divergency was found in mixture
2:1 which have no increase. The pilot scale
suggests a decrement of production of methane
with an increase the concentration of broccoli.
Performance. Biogas generated
per kg of broccoli
Mixture Lab scale Pilot scale
1:1 13.714 29.71
2:1 23.14 23.2
3:1 9.485 16.79
Chart 6. Performance. Biogas generated per kg of
broccoli. Scale laboratory and pilot
Remotion of total solids.
There are a difference between laboratory scale
and pilot scale. Chart 7. In laboratory scale the
solids remotion have a gradual decrement with
the increasing concentration, but in pilot scale
the mixture 2:1 has the best performance with
86.1 % of total solids removed.
Performance.
Remotion of total solids %
Mixture Lab scale Pilot scale
1:1 79.85 81.4
2:1 59.71 86.1
3:1 58.56 74.6
Chart 7. Remotion of total solids. Comparison chart
between scale laboratory and pilot
One very interesting fact is the remotion of total
solids. It was increased with the size of digester
these data suggested the possibility to get better
stability by increasing mass.
If production performance and total solids
remotion are considered. The data suggest that
the mixture 1:1 could be the best choice for use
to industrial scale.
Methane combustion
94
Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica olerasea) to methane production
Engineering Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 86-94
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
PEÑA Ramírez Rafael †, SOTO Alcocer José Luís,
AYALA Islas Alberto, Ramírez and RIVERA Mosqueda
Ma. Cruz. Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica
olerasea) to methane production. . UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 86-94
Fig 14 Methane combustion
The biogas must have more than 50 % of
methane to have combustion. The blue color of
the flame is an indicative of good methane
concentration. Which is considerate adequate
for fuel use.
Conclusions
Laboratory scale provides invaluable
information to guide the scaling test.
Mass increased was an improvement in
performance of all mixture tested.
The best mixture tested was 1:1 with 29.71 L of
biogas per Kg of broccoli and remotion of total
solids 81.4 %.
Perspectives
The pilot scale lets to have a better approach for
industrial scale.
Thanks
This proyec was sponsored by “Fondo Mixto de
Fomento a la Investigación Científica y
Tecnológica CONACYT-Gobierno del estado
de Guanajuato” (FONINV), proyecto GTO-
2009-C02-119846. Which we thanks.
References
Espinoza Pozo Manuel, Enríques Reyes Sergio,
Servantes Macswiney Alejandro and Ramos José
Manuel. Plan estratégico de investigación y trasferencia
de tecnología en el sector agropecuario y agroindustrial.
Cadena agroalimentaria de brócoli, etapa IV trayectoria
y prospectiva de la oferta tecnológica. 2003. Fundación
Guanajuato produce A.C. 93 pp.
Ferrer Ivet, Uggetti Enrica, Poggio Davide, Martí Jaime
and Velo Enric. Producción de Biogás a partir de
residuos orgánicos en biodigestores de bajo coste. 2010.
Grup de Recerca en cooperación i desenvolpament humá
7 pp.
Fountoulakis M. S., Drakopoulou S., Terzakis S.,
Georgaki E and Manios T. Potential for methane
production from typical Mediterranean agro-industrial
by-products. Biomass and bioenergy. 2008. Vol 32 pp
155 – 161.
Henderson. Anaerobic Treatability and Methane
Production from Fruit and Vegetable Processing Wastes.
2006 Michigan State University
Peña Ramírez Rafael, Soto Alcocer José Luís, Ayala Islas
Alberto y González Ponce María del Refugio. Evaluación
de mézclas de brócoli (Brassica oleracea) para la
producción de metano. Revista de tecnología e
innovación. 2015. Vol. 2. No. 4 Pg. 816 – 824
Sagagi B. S., Garba B. y Usman N. S. Studies on biogas
production from fruits and vegetable waste. Bayero
Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2009. Vol 2 Num.
1 pg. 115-118.
SENACICA 2016
Vidal-Martínez J. Luis, Núñez-Escobar Roberto, Lazcano
Ferrat Ignacio, Etcheverts-Barra Jorge D y Carrillo-
González Rogelio. Nutrición potásica del brócoli
(Brassica olereacea con manejo convencional y
fertirrigación en un vertisol y en invernadero.
Agrociencia 2006. Vol. 40. Pg. 1-11
95
Results on measuring velocity and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy
control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing
Technology Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 95-109
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-
Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity and distance
of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot
for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing.
UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 95-109
Results on measuring velocity and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy
control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing
SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto †, González Sobal Juan Manuel, Castillo Domínguez Gaspar,
Avendaño Cortés Isaías Huatusco Technology Institute, México
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
Rehabilitation robotics is a combination of industrial robotics and medical robotics, through algorithms,
mechanical elements, electric and electronic circuits allowed to evolve to intelligent wheelchairs (IWS) for users
that can’t drive an electric wheelchair (EPW) using classical methods for input such as joysticks, taking the
universal design concept to the assistive technology. A parameter to consider in the control systems of the IWS,
is the determination of the minimum distance of contact and the maximum allowable speed for the user, who do
not adapt themselves according to the user experience. This article proposes determining the minimum contact
distance and speed based on a fuzzy system implemented on a mobile robot, which is controlled by tilting the
user's head to identify 5 different types of instructions using a Smartphone for those users who can’t opt for a
traditional control.
Smartphone, mobile computing, fuzzy logic, robotic, disabled user
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Citation: SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity
and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile
computing. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 95-109
96
Results on measuring velocity and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy
control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing
Technology Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 95-109
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-
Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity and distance
of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot
for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing.
UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 95-109
1. Introduction
Providing proper assistance in a shared control
environment is a complex task. Given its
specific nature, assistance is multifaceted and
dependent on many factors including task in
hand, user´s state, and environment and
assistance capacities [1]. An intelligent
wheelchair must face the hard decision of not
only assist a patient, but when and how
interfere, to accomplish low control tasks while
the user is primarily responsible of decisions at
the highest levels [2].
Actually, the surrounding objects and systems
are designed for easiness of use; however, this
is not always been like that. On 1985 Ron Mace
founder of the Universal Design Ideology [3]
and the University of North Carolina on 1997
[4] oriented design and construction of a
product for all people to easily use it.
The concept of Universal Design relates to
products and environments useful for all
people, in the widest extension, without the
need of an adaptation period [5]. The UD is
based on 7 proposed principles created by the
University of North Carolina [6] and [7]:
Principle 1: Equitative use
Principle 2: Flexibility of use
Principle 3: Simple and intuitive
Principle 4: Perceptible information
Principle 5: Error tolerance
Principle 6: Minimum physical error
Principle 7: Size and space for approximation
of use
The concepts like “form”, “characteristic”,
“attribute” and “user interface” ore ven the “all
users” concept play an important role in
describing an object using UD. [8]. Physical
form is the design of the physical appearance of
an object, in both its size and proportion or
structure. A characteristic is any distinguishable
element in any design scale. All objects are
categorizable, but no all of them can be
measured, only described. An attribute is a
quantifiable just as height, wide, color, texture
and condition defining proportion, appearance
and other qualities. The user interface includes
a variation of control and hardware, that can be
customizable or operational.
Source Year Average concept Percentage
Census 1900 Mental and physical
defects
0.20
Census 1910 Mental and physical
defects
0.21
Census 1921 Mental and physical
defects
0.65
Census 1930 Mental and physical
defects
0.66
Census 1940 Mental and physical
defects
0.54
Census 1980 School absenteeism
by disability
2.80
Disability
national
survey
1982 Disability 0.03
Census 1995 Disability 2.33
National
minors
registration
1995 Disability 6.35
Census 2000 Disabillity/limitation 1.84
National
healthcare
survey
2000 Disability 2.30
National
survey of
performance
evaulation
2002 Disability/dificulty 9.00
Healthcare
and nutrition
national
survey
2006 Disability/dificulty 9.00
Census 2010 Disability/dificulty 5.10
Home
income and
expenses
2010 Disability/dificulty 5.10
97
Results on measuring velocity and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy
control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing
Technology Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 95-109
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-
Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity and distance
of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot
for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing.
UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 95-109
national
survey
Table 1 Statistical evolution in México and percentage of
population with disability
The “all users” concept used in UD, indicates
that an object must have complete usability for
every person, considering their capacities and
disabilities inherent to their original
community. The capacity of a person is the
quality on performing a certain function
distinguished on type and magnitude; the
disability is described in mental or physical
terms on which the user presents a certain
impediment to perform common activities;
however, disability is not associated with the
same type or level [8]. The skills of a person are
classified in [9] motor, mental, sensation,
perception and communication.
In accordance to the Nacional Census of 2010,
the population of México is 112’336,538
people [10]. The census including total people
with disability since 1900 is show non Table 1;
from that, it can be noted that in the 2000
census the count was 1.8% for that specific
group, growing to 5.1% in the 2010 census,
revealing a notorious increment. Actually,
INEGI defines as disabilited people those who
meet the following:
Population with walking or moving,
difficulties
Population with vision difficulties
Population with hearing or listening difficulties
Population with speaking difficulties
Population with selfcare difficulties
Population with learning or focusing difficulties
Population with brain limitation
It is crucial to properly understand the
capacities and disabilities of a given person in
order to appreciate the impact of a moving
form, starting with the origin of the disability
and allowing the adaptation to the for
specialized and universal designs.
Assistance technology is essentially the one
who serves to support those with disabilities
[11] and is a generic expression including
services and systems related to deliver support
services and products [12]. Assistance
Technology (AT) and rehabilitation device
engineering for disability people includes 3
approximation design types: for the widest
population, for sub-population and for specific
individuals [3].
In the state of the art section, it is presented an
in depth coverage of the projects related to
hardware, control algorithms of the IW
multimodal systems, commercials, man-robot
interaction and mobile computing. The main
problem is the determination of the minimum
impact distance and speed according to the
user´s experience, his risk for approaching an
object (i.e. a table) choosing the appropriate
threshold that indicates the right path to follow.
From this, man-robot interaction can be
benefited with a variable threshold depending
on the user’s experience. The selected
algorithm was implemented in a mobile robot.
98
Results on measuring velocity and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy
control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing
Technology Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 95-109
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-
Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity and distance
of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot
for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing.
UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 95-109
Figure 1 IntellWheels Project components
2. State of the art
Man-robot interaction references to the process
in which a robot can interact not only with its
user but with the environment and even another
users, namely: partially observed, deterministic,
episodic and dynamic.
2.1 Multimodal Wheelchairs
The majority of the projects with IWs don´t
include a reference of the user´s adaptation to
the wheelchair or how to improve the interface
based on the interaction of the user with the
IWs, sacrificing comfort and regular usability
of the wheelchair for solving problems related
to robotics.
The IWs controlled by devices other than the
joystick are known as multimodal (MMIWs),
controls can be movements of: eyes, eyebrows,
face, head, hands, fingers, tongue or voice.
The IntellWheels project proposes a user-
centered design via a multimodal and
intelligent/adaptive control able to help
improving user´s mobility [13] and [14]. The
development of IntellWheels proposes an user-
centered design in which confort, security and
workspace are the main priorities, without
risking price and without adding a rigid
hardware unadaptable to a wheelchair. The
multimodal user interface is controlled using
joystick, keyboard, touchscreen, facial gestures,
voice and a commercial CBI. The multimodal
interface (MMI) allows the user to define his
input commands, through homogeneous
devices (only one type) or heterogeneous (many
different types).
The multilevel control is divided in 3 layers:
strategic (goal planning, path planning using
A*), tactics (basic actions control and angular
velocity) and basic control. The employed
sensors are laser and ultrasonic, and are located
far from reach. Also, they are interconnected
using an Arduino controlled board and an
engine, as shown on Fig. 1. The data processing
device is a computer. The main goal of the
project is to facilitate IWs for people and
researchers. For this, the tests are qualitative
based on surveys answered by researchers of
different levels and their comparison with other
IWs.
An IW is developed in the Tecnológico de
Orizaba [15] and [16]. Comprises a multimodal
interface for properly controlling a wheelchair,
being those interfaces mainly voice
commands, as shown on the Table 2.
Command Actions Command Actions
“One” Starts the
system
“Right” Turns right
“Forward” Moves
forward the
IW
“Down” Stops the
engines
99
Results on measuring velocity and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy
control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing
Technology Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 95-109
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-
Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity and distance
of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot
for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing.
UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 95-109
“Backward” Moves back
the IW
“Up” Turns off
the engines
“Left” Turns left
Table 2 Voice commands fo the ITO-IWs
The system comprises 26 HC-SR04 ultrasonic
sensors, distributed as shown on Figure 2. The
sensors and the multimodal systems of
homogeneous input (voice,joystick,button) are
interconnected with an ADK Mega Arduino,
which operates as acquisition and embedded
card. It is important to highlight that the
multimodal system was tested on users
presenting complete and incomplete marrow
injury in 5 A and E types using a simulator,
obtaining measurements on average colissions
for every turn, time of test completion, speed
and control method.
The IATSL-IWs project from the Toronto
Rehabilitation Institute is focused on the
wheelchair control for adults with cognitive
complications [17], [18] y [19]. The system
uses an EPW modified to be controlled by the
haptic joystick as shown on Figure 3.
Additionally, the system communicates with
the user using sound. The IWs is tested on real
assisted environments to conduct electric power
systems in inner spaces (PIDA) [20].
Figure 2 Ultrasonic sensors located inside the IWs
The system has 3 types of operational modes:
the basic is automatically activated when the
chair is approximately at 0.3 meters from an
object and it has been stopped previously
informing the user for the possible impact using
a specific sound and with the joystick, the
maximum speed is controlled as well as the
minimum allowed speed for the wheelchair.
The correction mode on the steering wheel , if
the chair is less than 0.3 meters and the user has
not been stopped, then it will turn automatically
without lowering speed or stopping; on
automatic mode, the chair is driven
automatically and can only be stopped with the
joystick. The IATSL-IWs project, considers
100
Results on measuring velocity and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy
control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing
Technology Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 95-109
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-
Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity and distance
of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot
for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing.
UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 95-109
also the user preferences when choosing the
control mode, noting that in some work
environments the user would want to take full
control (hallways mainly), while in another
ones (elevators or doors) the user opts out for a
support system, making mandatory a dynamic
selection system.
Figure 4 Haptic Interface
There’s been a low trend to create commercail
IWs since there’s a gab among researchers,
academic, manufacturers and users [21]; for
this, some projects had emerged to figure as a
bridge for those sectors [22], [23] y [24].
2.2 Intelligent wheelchairs with
commercial scope
The SYSIASS project aims to reduce the
technical barrier to research over obstacle
detection while, at the same time, seeks for
maintaining a simple route for
commercialization [23]. This IWs uses sensor
nodes of infrared and ultrasonic presence
controlled by an Arduino Nano, which are
intercommunicated via an RS-485 protocol, as
shown on Figure 4. Using a communication
protocol allows to increase the number of
sensor nodes; however, the refreshing
frequency for every sensor is 80 ms, due to the
nature of the protocol, sequential control and
acquisition time of every sensor.
Figure 4 SYSIASS Project topology
The control of the IWs is a joystick as show
non Figure 5; however, it is posible to
implement multimodal inputs modifying the
control program and adding one extra node.
Alas, this system, is not adaptable to many
models of wheelchairs, only those including a
Dynamic Controls control type. Its main system
is a computer.
2.3 Wheelchairs with man-robot
interaction
The LIASD-Wheelchair Project by Laboratoire
d’Informatique Avancée from Saint-Denis in
the University of París, proposes a haptic
interaction method including feedback via the
joystick and using a LIDAR sensor network as
101
Results on measuring velocity and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy
control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing
Technology Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 95-109
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-
Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity and distance
of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot
for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing.
UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 95-109
show non Figure 6, [25], it also has precedents
in the haptic joystick control in [26].
Figure 5 Inputs/Outputs and detection limits of the SYSIASS
project
Contains an embedded control structured in 3
levels: basic (position and velocity control),
tactical (follow path, reference generator, goal
search) and strategic (service administrator).
The project uses the virtual impedance concept
through a model, assuring a smooth transition
of velocity for path following, conforming a
full user-robot interaction.
The LURCH Project by the artificial
intelligence and robotic laboratory in the
electronic, informatic and bioengineering
department from the Politécnico de Milano [27]
y [28], presents a multimodal control using a
classic joystick, touchscreen, miographic
interface and computer brain interface in order
to create a semiautonomous system for wide
user range with motor disability as shown on
Figure 7. The user has the opportunity to select
among 3 autonomy levels from obstacle
evasion to complete autonomy
The sensors, electronics and computer
equipment are aggregated to a commercial
EPW; the smart control system uses an
interface that simulates the signal of the original
joystick. The design of the chair has 3 modules:
computer vision targeting to the roof of a house
and passive markers for the IWs to be able to
determine the room in which the user is located,
as shown on Figure 8.
Figure 6 LIASD Prototype
Planning: uses a modified A* algorithm for 2D
spaces.
Control. Uses 2 sets of fuzzy rules for
orientation and obstacle detection, enabled only
when the user needs autonomous navigation.
The LURCH project is still active and suggests
to consider using ISO 13482 for man robot
interaction.
Figure 7 Proyecto LURCH
102
Results on measuring velocity and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy
control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing
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UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-
Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity and distance
of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot
for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing.
UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 95-109
2.4 Intelligent wheelchairs with mobile
computing interface
Adding mobile devices and IWs makes posible
to take advantage of SMS, e-mail, touchscreens,
VR and phone sensors to interact with the user.
The PUNE-IWs Project from the Dnyanganga
engineering and research college in India
comprises an intelligent wheelchair with
obstacle sensors, temperatura, gas and linking
to a Smartphone via Bluetooth in order to
achieve independent mobility. [29].
Figure 8 Passive marks
Figure 9 depicts the sensors used in the project
capable of obstacle detection, including
temperature and gas sensors, and an emergency
botton. The control App is designed for
Android OS. The interface design allows voice
recognition, including a touchscreen and an
accelerometer.
Figure 9 Block diagram and interfce for Pune-IWs project
3. Control interface design
The named IWs share the use of sensors in
order to determine the presence of an obstacle
through a wide variety of sensors: ultrasonic,
laser and micro controlled computer vision
cameras. The system is being adapted thorugh
user experience to adjust máximum speed or
minimum distance before hitting an object, but
if detection or speed ranges are not properly
adapted to the user in accordance to his
103
Results on measuring velocity and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy
control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing
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UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-
Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity and distance
of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot
for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing.
UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 95-109
experimentation, this will become a barrier in
his interaction with the robot.
Another shared features are the control
directives independent of the multimodality of
the IWs. To obtain more autonomy they are
supported in their own coomputer vision,
simultaneous location, mapping and search
algorithms; however, a manual reconfiguration
performed by the user for a particular parameter
is hard to implement since the systems take
control of direction or destination of the IWs,
making this the reason why the system must be
adapted to the user.
3.1 Determination of mínimum resolution
needed for direction control
The movements performed by the robot are 5:
stop, forward, back, left and right. The
information entered by the user is a slight head
bending as shown on Figure 10. The detection
process offers a 5 bits response to identify the
user input. This reveals the system as
combinatory. If executing more movements or
including another robot control options is
required, the system would become sequential,
since no combinations can be done all at once
in the user inputs.
Stop Left Forward
Right Back
Fig. 10 Face bending as control method of the robot
3.2 Determination of the bending angle
The proposed speed and direction for an EPW
chair is proportional to the bending of the
joystick; however, for a person with movement
deficiency in his extremities it is not possible to
adopt this input method. Face bending for
controlling the robot allows using the head as a
joystick, as a sensing device a 3 axis
accelerometer of a smartphone, since this is a
common hardware for users with EPW. The
sensor location is very important for detection.
For this, a base was set on the left side of the
user, near the ear. The relation of the bending
angle and movement is show non Table 3.
x Axis y Axis z Axis Action
-5<x<5 DC -5<x<5 Stop
-5<x<5 DC -10<x<-5 Left
-5<x<-15 DC -5<x<5 Forward
-5<x<5 DC 5<x<10 Right
5<x<15 DC -5<x<5 Back
Table 3 Bending and action relation of the robot
3.3 Fuzzy system for velocity control
based on user experience
Determination of proposed speed is calculated
with a fuzzy system [30] whose state variables
are the user experience and the distance from an
obstacle. This way, if the user has little
experience he still can move at minor velocity,
and consequently, with more experience he´ll
move faster. State variables have 5 language
labels: far away (ML), far (L), normal (N),
close (C) and very close (MC). Figure 11 shows
the relation of those labels and distance
measured in decimetres according to an
104
Results on measuring velocity and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy
control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing
Technology Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 95-109
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-
Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity and distance
of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot
for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing.
UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 95-109
obstacle detected by an ultrasonic sensor.
Figure 12 shows the relation between language
labels and user experience, measured from 0 to
100% and obtained using a survey with
information relative to EPW control and
freedom of movement for the neck.
Fig. 11 State variable collision distance measured on
decimeters
Variables to be controlled are mínimum
collision distance and máximum speed, since an
inexpert user must keep his distance when
approaching to an object to avoid contact,
whereas an experimented user must be able to
approach even closer given his ability to
interact with the hardware. Figure 13 shows the
relation of language label with speed limited to
10 km/h, the top speed of a robot. The labels
are: very low speed (VMB), low speed (VB),
normal speed (VN), high speed (VA) and very
high speed (VMA). The ISO-13482 standard
shows that any robotic device used for
rehabilitation and care must not exceed 20 km/h
[31].
Fig. 12 State variable experience of the user
Fig. 13 Control variable speed
3.4 Fuzzy system for controlling
minimum collision distance
Determination of the required distance is
calculated with a fuzzy system which variables
are user experience and distance to an obstacle,
tihs way, if the user has little experience, he can
stop on time, and an experienced user can get
closer to the objects. State variables are shown
on Figures 11 and 12, while Figure 14 shows
the relation of language labels with minimum
distance, state variables have 5 language labels:
far away (ML), far (L), normal (N), close
(C)and very close (MC).
Fig. 14 Control variable mínimum distance
The defined fuzzy rule set is shown on Table 4.
It was obtained with surveys with wheelchair
users measuring the type of required speed to
perform their activities. Table 5 shows the
fuzzy rules required for determining the
105
Results on measuring velocity and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy
control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing
Technology Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 95-109
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-
Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity and distance
of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot
for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing.
UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 95-109
minimum stop distance and sound
retrofeedback using text to voice modules in the
mobile device.
Experience
Distanc
e
MB B N A MA
MC VM
B
VM
B
VM
B
VB VB
C VM
B
VB VB VB VN
N VB VB VN VN VN
L VN VN VA VA VA
ML VN VA VM
A
VM
A
VM
A
Table 4 Fuzzy rules for maximum speed
Experiencia
Distancia MB B N A MA
MC MC MC MC C C
C MC C C C N
N C C N N N
L C N L L L
ML N N ML ML ML
Table 5 Fuzzy rules for minimum distance
3.5 Interface system design between
Smartphone and hardware
Figure 15 shows the block diagram for the
hardware, consisting of a serial Bluetooth
module for the interface between the hardware
and the app on the Smartphone. An IOIO
module habilitates the interoperation among the
sensors, Bluetooth and the H bridge. The IOIO
receives the serial signal from the data
acquisition board, from this, the information
update is performed at 20 milliseconds per
ultrasonic sensor. One complete cycle measures
100 milliseconds plus 1 milisecond for each
packet, resulting in a 9.6 rimes per second for
update frequency. TREX board allows control
of the 5 amperes engines via a programable
PWM on serial protocol [32]. The serial signal
originates from the smartphone app through
Bluetooth modules and the IOIO board. The
data acquisition board, receiving information
from the sensors is an Arduino Mega. The
acquisition time is performed sequentially.
4. Results
The application identifies face bending of the
user in the stablished limits, informing the
selected option. Figure 16 depicts the created
interface and the adaptation of the mobile
device to the user’s face interface. The answer
time of the system when a decision is made
varies from 120 ms to 131 ms, as shown on
Table 6, including communication time, data
acquisition and using of serial protocols. The
implemented hardware is shown on Figure 17.
Fig. 15 Block diagram of the hardware
The application was tested on different
Smartphones obtaining a frequency on the
detection and control cycle with a variation
AP
P
SM
AR
TP
HO
NE
DATA ACQUISITION
BOARD
SENSOR
ULTRASÓN
ICO
SENSOR
ULTRASÓN
ICO
SENSOR
ULTRASÓN
ICO
SENSOR
ULTRASÓN
ICO
IOIO
IOIO
BL
UE
TO
OT
H
TREX H
BRIDGE
106
Results on measuring velocity and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy
control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing
Technology Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 95-109
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-
Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity and distance
of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot
for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing.
UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 95-109
between 8.3 and 7.6 times per second, since the
engines require a startup time and velocity
variation. Though the proposed change of
direction is variable and the direction change
isn´t constant, the obtained period is acceptable.
The requirements for the application are: data
memory 12 KB of free space, and 3.52 MB for
program space.
Fig. 16 User employing bending control with an Android
Smartphone
Acknowledgments
This research work was developed with the
support of Instituto Tecnológico Superior de
Huatusco, on the computing systems
engineering department, Information Systems
research group for managing processes under
Domotic and Robotic LGCA.
Conclussions
The mobile implemented control offers another
advantages in comparison to traditional
computing: the battery recharging circuits are
cheaper, bigger autonomy time, the utilization
of the integrated sensors from the cellphone
allows measuring speed, acceleration and
presence, among other variables without
increasing the cost of an IWs. The method for
acquiring the desired direction via face bending
gives the users enough ability for controlling a
mobile robot with lesser effort compared to a
joystick scheme. Determination of the
minimum collision distance and maximum
speed allows the user to be able to modify the
control variables of a mobile robot, facilitating
the user to adapt and enhance man robot
interaction.
Model Microprocessor Memory Time
Galaxy S5 2.5 Ghz 2G 120 ms
Moto G 1.2 Ghz 1G 131 ms
Galaxy A5 1.2 Ghz 2G 125 ms
HTC ONE 1.5 Ghz 1G 123 ms
Table 6 Acquisition time and robot control
107
Results on measuring velocity and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy
control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing
Technology Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 95-109
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-
Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity and distance
of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot
for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing.
UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 95-109
Fig. 17 Implemented hardware
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July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 95-109
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UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-
Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity and distance
of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot
for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing.
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control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing
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July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 95-109
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-
Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity and distance
of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot
for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing.
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110
Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with
Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study
Case.
Social Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 110-126
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ,
Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare
in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist
Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 110-126
Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with
Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study
Case.
MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ, Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA,
Sergio Universidad Tecnológica de San Juan del Río, Qro. México
______________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
Magic Towns are a tourist product seeking localities with specific peculiarities of
behavior and conservation of cultural identity. This is the context in which this research
has been developed. Its main purpose is to identify the perception of personal well-being
in the SME the magical town of Jalpan de Serra, Qro.
The methodology is based on an exploratory quantitative study because the current
situation and evaluation of perception in a given period is obtained. Is a descriptive
transectional study since it investigates the impact of levels of perception within the
described objectives.
Contribution of this study to general knowledge is how micro entrepreneurs self-assess
their living conditions and the impact that tourism has on this perception recognizing
personal welfare have an impact in other dimensions of perception. Keywords: Perception, Welfare, Magic Town, Cycle Exchange
Citation: MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ, Edgardo; SOTO
SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with
Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 110-126.
111
Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with
Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study
Case.
Social Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 110-126
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ,
Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare
in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist
Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 110-126
Introduction
Perception evaluation of personal
welfare
Is attended by some national and
international bodies, identifying the
subjective point of view from the general
public for social dimensions such as
heatlth, government, economy, personal
relations, standard of living, personal
security, achivements, among others.
For this, personal welfare is associated
with standard of living and human
development. Then, this approach is
focused on studying the evaluation
condition delivered by the
microentrepreneurs of a Magic Town
and its relation with the interchange
cycle those bussinesses belong.
It is important to highlight that the
importance of this research relies on the
concept that tourist activity provides
wellness to those visitors arriving to
explore and take advantage of its
resources; however, the point of view of
the inhabitants for this activity is not
always ideal, consequently showing even
some hostility to the visitors. Focus of
perception on welfare starts from
emotional bases, and has been studied
through concepts as happiness,
affectivity or vital satisfaction. (Zubieta
& Muratori, 2012)
Being the survey tool applied mainly to
companies related to tourist activities,
and benefited directly in economy terms
from that, results that the core
hypothesis of the study is the one
mentioning that the personal welfare
perception is influenced by the
designation of Jalpan de Serra as Magic
Town.
The sections of this paper are distributed
as follows: Literature review: focused on
how human development and its
dimensions determine life quality and, as
a consequence, the factors to evaluate
personal welfare. An approach of this
concept is carried out in the tourist
destinations as an element of the context
under research, namely, a magic town. It
is established, as well, the description of
the interchange cycles in the tourism
activity to delimitate the study, which is
guided to the touristic micro business
and the owners or managers in them.
On the other side, the method describes
the research context, the followed
procedure for the application of the
instrument, and its validation. Features
of the sample are enlisted.
For data anlysis, descriptive statistics are
used as starting point to determine trends
for evaluating perception.
For data discussion, goals and research
questions are accounted, complementing
the information from the planted
hypothesis.
Literature review
Personal welfare perception, an approach
from human development
112
Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with
Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study
Case.
Social Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 110-126
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ,
Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare
in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist
Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 110-126
According to (Ibarra & Unceta, 2010)
the question would be how to measure
these development levels in the nations.
For this, it has been determined the per
capita income as the leading indicator
for progress, aside from another existent
measurement levels.
For instance, life quality index (created
by Economist Intelligence Unit) is based
on a unique methodolgy vinculating the
survey results of subjective life
satisfaction with the determinant
objective factors for life quality among
contries (The Economist, 2005), which
are:
Personal material welfare, politic
stability and security, family,
community, job security, divorce rate,
weather, politic and civil freedom.
On the other side, (Yasuko & Watanabe,
2005) mention that personal welfare
domains were, on importance order, the
following: personal relationships, life
level, personal security, health, life
achievements, future security and
community relations.
In the same subject, the Human
Development Index aims to measure
capacities, the set of options for a
person, and, finally, the freedoms he
enjoys. The index comprises four
components: born life expectancy,
scholarship rate on elementary, high and
university school, adult alfabetization
rate, real rent in terms of purchasing
(Ibarra & Unceta, 2010)
Within the framework of personal
welfare perception, the human
development fundaments that life quality
(Sabino, 2004) is a hard to measure
concept, since excessive ownership of
something hardly influences negatively
on perception of people welfare.
Consequently, some important factors in
human development indicating life
quality and welfare are described in the
next section.
Education and personal welfare
perception
Every person has the right to be
educated. Education will aim to
facilitate full development of human
personality and strengthen respect to
human rights and fundamental freedom
(United Nations Organization, 1948).
Also, guarantees a linked learning to
personal identity growth and their
ability to continously learn, do, gather
and undertake (United Nations, 2005)
Is on this approach that (Becaria, 2001)
mentions that incomes and job
opportunities will be directly
contributing to perceived welfare given
the access conditions to education for
inhabitants.
Culture and perception of personal
welfare
Culture is another characteristic that may
become extrinsic to human development.
Is an unavoidable factor being
commonly ignored (Rey, 2002).
According to (2002) adaptations suffered
by society through the different
113
Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with
Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study
Case.
Social Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 110-126
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ,
Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare
in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist
Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 110-126
implemented development stages,
ocassionated social stress, unforgivable
forgetfulness and evident isolation due to
massive generation of proposals and a
weak reproduction of all of them.
According to Rey (2002), human
development receives big influence from
urban cultures strongly promoting life
forms, imageries, social interaction
systems. Also from cultural industries
participating on building social identities
as well as promotion of a tissue
consisted of simbolic production and
cultural appropiation. Jerome Bruner
(1988) states: “I believe that the main
worrying technique of the development
theory will be how to create in the
youngster a valoration for the fact that
many worlds are posible, meanings and
reality are created not discovered, and
negotiation is the art of building new
meanings with which individuals will be
able to regulate relationships among
them”
Health and perception of personal
welfare
The three essential abilities for human
development are: long and healthy life,
having necessary knowledge and access
to needed resources for an acceptable
life quality (Casas-Zamora, 2002).
Health can be defined in the context of
human development, as the collective
worriedness translated to a set of
articulated actions, in order to leverage
human life to a dignity level, implying
satisfaction of basic needs and
guaranteeing access to those
opportunities that allow to develop all
potentialities of the person in the family
and social context he is involved into.
From the point of view of human
development, health is aimed to revalue
life as the supreme good we all have, and
to position it in a dignity level. This
way, health becomes the only condition
for life to be manifested in all its
splendor and potential (Nuñez, 2016).
In health welfare perception, even
though they live longer, women feel less
healthy than men, according to OCDE
research (OCDE, 2015). Life expectancy
for women is bigger than men´s, but
their auto reported health conditions are
qualified as worse.
Also, the academic variable directly
influences this perception, corresponding
to a higher level, a better health and
income evaluation.
The economic situation and
perception of personal welfare
The income level of people is an
important issue to achieve more freedom
of choice. The economic growth is a
necessary but not enough condition for
human development (United Nations,
2012) The objective of public policy
must be human development, not
economic growth. The measured degree
on which people can creatively take
advantage of their existence in society is
their measure of development. (Güell,
2001).
On the other hand, (Rojas, 2009)
mentions that there are two traditional
approaches on welfare studies:
imputation and presumption, and raises
114
Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with
Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study
Case.
Social Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 110-126
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ,
Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare
in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist
Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 110-126
the context of a “hapiness economy” on
which hapiness perception levels how
people is satisfied, accordingly with their
purchasing power, that is, if they have an
employment, house and belongings,
anything tangible they are able to
purchase. This, consequently, can affect
their welfare and make them fully happy
with their life.
Also, on happyness economy, variables
such as rent, education, health and
security are involved.
This is how those variables are
presented, all of them involved in human
development in order to distinguish a
certain standard of living into a town.
Being the context of this work developed
in a tourist destination, on the next
section is going to be presented how the
tourist activity generates welfare in those
places arising from this vocation.
Welfare of population in tourist
destinations
The purpose that tourism arises as an
economic activity inside the services
sector, mainly focuses on improving the
standard living of the local
inhabitants(Napo, 2015)
In the previous perspective, economic
stability should be addressed, and in the
same topic, it must suitabily accomplish
with attracting a growing number of
tourists to reach full development.
Nowadays, and following the previous
sentence, (Jiménez & Muñoz, 2015)
there is no certainty that tourism
generates human development.
Specifically, there is clarity that tourism
goodness is able to propitiate economic
growth and contains deterministic
methods; but there is no evidence to
assess the living standards of people
dedicated to tourist activities, not even
for the local residents; which is
explained by the lack of theory and
method to discuss living standards
generated by tourism.
This the answer to the lack of a
methodology for a good life standard
originated by tourism in accordance to
the Interamerican Tourism Congress
(2001) , and for the recurrent questions
on the possibilities for the tourism
activity to propitiate human welfare and
for the inappropriate side of the
techniques for positive economy,
functionalist-rational to describe life
valuations.
IDHT on human tourism must become
the main indicator of quality in the
tourist destinations, supporting a demand
that continously supports human welfare
from the visited places (Lopez, 2012).
According to the Oficial Dairy of the
Federation, on the National
Development Plan 2013-2018, human
development and tourism can
comprehend some criteria such as
housing, incomes, employment,
community, education, environment,
civic commitment, satisfaction, security,
life-work balance, in such a way that an
index can be structure to determine
human development as a whole in tourist
destinations.
From this, is unacceptable for a country
that only a fraction of the community
115
Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with
Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study
Case.
Social Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 110-126
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ,
Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare
in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist
Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 110-126
can reach an acceptable development
level. It is mandatory that the majority of
them modernize for their development to
be possible (Sabino, 2004).
According to the analyzed context, it has
to be highlighted that the main statistics
of human development on the states
including Magic Towns in which is valid
to analyze how a tourist program
stablished at federal level since 2000 has
contributed in the adopted locations, and
if tourism is really contributing to
increase that level.
Magic, precisely that one mentioned on
the distinguished towns, evoques
supernatural, astonishment, ilussion, and
all elements capable to persuade tourists.
However, nowadays the meaning of
magic emaned from the Magic Town
concept, is considered from the public
politics to be associated to local
development.
Nomination as Magic Town, according
to López-Levi (2015) for a location, has
the goal of transforming and positioning
it in a list of places assumed as
privileged. For a town, it has the
objective that it can evolve and be
positioned in a list of privileged places.
Under this distinction, the towns are
ubicated to be transformed on successful
tourist developments where economic
growth can be guaranteed as well as
social welfare and progress.
On “Welfare evaluation in Mexico. A
perspective from the organizations of
civil society” (Jaime, n.d.), mentions that
the idea of progress as welfare identifies
its determinants in correspondence to its
impacto ver people welfare, that is,
economic income, can be a means to
access wider freedoms, but progress is
not measured according to media or
tools to wealthiness, but as the
expansion of people capacities and the
impact on social welfare.
Method
The municipality of Jalpan de Serra is
located North of the state of Querétaro.
Its altitude varies from 200 msnm
(meters above sea level) nearby Santa
María river, to 2440 msnm atop Cerro
Grande mountain located South from the
region of San Juan de los Durán.
(INAFED, 2010). Magic Towns possess
many types of micro companies
receiving direct and indirect benefits
from the tourists, for that, is mandatory
to identify the conditions of public
politics in order to contribute to its
success.(Márquez C.Osuna JL, 2000)
This paper conforms a section from a
knowledge state seeking to explore the
determinant conditions for the
perception levels in a town located in a
tourist destination into the Magic Towns
denomination. Consequently, this
research aims to identify from the state
of the art those objective factors used by
the organizations to evaluate human
development and life standard, which
can be questioned directly to individuals
in order to know their perception, being
reflected in the survey tool, consisting of
the following structure:
116
Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with
Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study
Case.
Social Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 110-126
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ,
Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare
in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist
Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 110-126
Personal welfare perception, including
seven indicators and twenty ítems,
obtained from:
· BIARE extended module ampliado,
survey 2014. INEGI
· Autoreported welfare indicators from
the urban population, 2016. INEGI
Towards a new system of welfare
indicators. Josué de Jesús García
Vega. Domains of INCAVI and
corresponding subdomains. 2011
Welfare perception towards nomination
as Magic Town with three indicators and
12 retaken ítems from:
· Satisfaction level perception of the
residents with tourist activity:
Comala Case, Colima. México.
Rafael Covarrubias y Ernesto
Manuel Conde Pérez. Volume 2, No.
4 (January, 2009). TuryDes
Magazine.
According to (Hernández et al., 1991), a
quantitative non experimental research
with an exploratory design lead us to
expose the next goals:
General Goal:
Identify perception of personal welfare
on the pyme of Magic Town Jalpan de
Serra, Querétaro
Specific Goals:
1. Identify the perception level of
personal welfare in micro and little
companies from Jalpan de Serra
2. Identify relationship among
perception levels of welfare and
nomination of Jalpan as Magic Town,
according to the interchange cycle of the
tourist micro industry
Research questions
1. ¿Which are the personal welfare
perception levels on micro and little
companies from the Magic Town of
Jalpan de Serra?
2. ¿Are there meaningful differencies
between the perception levels of
personal welfare and nomination of
Jalpan as Magic Town according to the
interchange cycle of tourist
microcompanies?
On the same subject, this research is
justified on the basis that tourism is an
economic activity known as industry
without chimneys (MUÑOZ DE
ESCALONA, 2007) characterized by
enjoying the attractive from certain
locations. This is why an economic
dynamic is generated characterized in
the services sector.
Measurement
The measurement tool was applied on 13
suburbs and 3 towns from the
municipalities, covering the economic
roles show non Table 2.
Validity calculation
Alfa of Cronbach measurement was
applied, obtaining a result of 0.896,
showing the high reliability of the tool.
(Frías-Navarro, 2014), cites Huh,
Delorme & Reid (2006): indicating that
the reliability of the explanatory research
must be equal or higher than 0.6, thus
the tool is reliable enough.
Hypothesis
H1. Perception on personal welfare is
influenced positively by the nomination
117
Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with
Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study
Case.
Social Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 110-126
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ,
Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare
in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist
Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 110-126
of Magic Town, only on those suburbs
with pymes characterized for being
among those in the first and second
interchange cycle in the tourist activity.
Ho: Perception of personal welfare is not
positively influenced by the nomination,
in those suburbs with pymes
characterized for being among those in
the first and second interchange cycle in
the tourist activity
Sample
A stratified random sample is used:
consists in considering typical categories
different between each other ((stratums)
and possessing big homogeneity
according to some feature.
This is why all the strata are determined
according to the interchange cycle of the
tourist activity, which references the
classification of the economic activities
in accordance to the series of impacts
that can represent their direct contact
with tourist flow, resulting on the
following:
CYCLE
% OF
EACH
STRATUM
SAM
PLE
First Cycle
(Tourist
transportation -
51-; Hosting
companies -22-;
Food and
Beverage
Companies -231-
51% 162
;Complimentary
Services -13-)
Second Cycle
(Finantial
Services -11-
;Professional
Services -115-;
Suppliers -531-)
32% 267
Third cycle-437- 30% 133
Total 562
Table 1. Sample distribution
Source: Own elaboration
Then, it is calculated that the sample
concentrates in 562 surveys to be applied
to the 13 suburbs from the municipality
of Jalpan de Serra and 3 communities.
RESULTS ANALYSIS
According to pymes concentration, they
conform a 61.2% located in Jalpan de
Serra, with a trend of starting operations
on year 2010, with 2 employees per
economic unit, 50% of them are women,
and with an average age of 45 years old
for manager or owner.
On this same study, the civil status for
the owner is characterized of being
married.
The interchange cycles were classified
on the following categories in order to be
accounted: 1 Tourist transportation 2
Hosting companies 3 Complementary
services 5 Financial services 6
Professional services 7 Suppliers 8
Office suppliers, Photocopies , Internet,
Doctor, Clothing store. (Table 2)
118
Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with
Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study
Case.
Social Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 110-126
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ,
Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare
in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist
Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 110-126
Table 2. Variable statistics. Personal
perception.
Source: Own elaboration
For the first interchange cycle 162
organizations were interviewed, for the
second cycle, 267 microcompanies. The
third cycle included: Office suppliers,
photocopies, internet, doctor, clothing
stores, and some others.
7 variables conforming the perception of
personal welfare are studied: PPHealth
,PPEconomy , PPEducation , PP
Security , PPGood Govt PPCommunity ,
PPWelfare
Also, 3 variables for perception of
welfare alongside the nomination of
Magic Town: PPMWelfare,
PPMEconomy,PPMquality. A Likert
scale was used to qualify the intervals
for perception: Strongly agree 5, Agree
4, Not agree or disagree 3, Disagree 2,
Strongly disagree 1
Table 2 shows that the trend for most
repeated value is 4.0 “Agree”, for all
variables, except for security and good
government showing a level 3.0 “Not
agree or disagree”
Table 4 shows the behavior for the
involved variables: 4.0 for
PPMEconomy and PPMQuality.
PPMSocialWelfare qualifies with a
bigger proportion of 3.5, close to a
“Strogly Agree” range.
PPMSo
cWelfa
re
PPMEc
onomy
PPMQu
ality
N Valid 562 562 562
Invalid 0 0 0
Mean 3.456 3.6932 3.513
PPHealt
h
PPEcono
my
PPEducati
on
PPSecu
rity
PPGood
Govt
PPCo
mmuni
ty
PPWelfar
e
N Valid 562 562 562 562 561 560 561
Invalid 0 0 0 0 1 2 1
Mean 4.1468 3.9345 3.7218 3.4104 3.0743 3.9438 3.9248
Standard
error
from the
mean
0.03103 0.02863 0.03664 0.0347
3
0.03924 0.0487
7
0.03032
Median 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 3.3333 3.0000 4.0000 4.0000
Mode 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00
Standard
deviation
0.73569 0.67867 0.86864 0.8232
5
0.92937 1.1540
4
0.71811
Variance 0.541 0.461 0.755 0.678 0.864 1.332 0.516
119
Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with
Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study
Case.
Social Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 110-126
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ,
Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare
in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist
Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 110-126
Mean
standard
error
0.0303
8 0.03017 0.03874
Median 3.5 3.8 3.6667
Mode 3.50a 4 4
Standard
deviation
0.7201
9 0.7153 0.91829
Variance 0.519 0.512 0.843
Table.3. Variable statistics. Welfare
perception for Magic Town
Source: Own elaboration
CICLO
Econom
ic
activity
Magic
Town
perceptio
n
Persona
l
Welfare
percepti
on
FIRST
CYCLE
1
Tourist
transport
ation
3.5 3.7
2
Hosting
compani
es
3.7 3.6
3 Food
and
beverage
s
3.7 3.8
4
Compli
mentary
services
3.8 3.8
SECON
D
CYCLE
5
Finantial
services
3.6 4.1
6
Professi
onal
services
3.3 3.7
7
Supplier
s
3.4 3.7
THIRD
CYCLE
8 Office
supplier
,
Photoco
pies,
Internet
,
Doctor,
Clothin
g store,
and
others
3.7 3.9
Hypothesis testing
H1. Personal welfare perception is
influenced positively by the nomination
of magic town, only in those suburbs
with pymes characterized for being
included on first and second cycle of
tourist activity interchange.
According to Table 4, for every
interchange cycle, those cycles with a
higher personal welfare perception are
the financial ones, located on the second
cycle on interchange, followed by the
ones on the third cycle, qualified with
3.9. Next, the companies of the first
cycle of food and beverages and
complimentary services.
Influence of perception for magic town
relies on the fact that the highest range is
aligned on the complementary services
Table 4. Personal and Magic Town
welfare perception, per interchange
cycle
120
Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with
Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study
Case.
Social Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 110-126
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ,
Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare
in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist
Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 110-126
sector, qualified with 3.8; followed by
third cycle companies of food and
beverages.
Graphic 1. Perception for Magic
Town nomination in the Suburbs
Source: Own elaboration
Graphic 2. Welfare perception of
Magic Town. Suburbs
Source: Own elaboration Graphics 1 and 2 show perception
distribution and its trend in the suburbs
numbered according to the following
nomenclature: 1.Downtown ,2.-
Alcantarillas, 3.El Coco, 4.El mercado,
5.El puente, 6.La cruz, 7.Las Ortigas,
8.Lindero, 9.Piedras Anchas, 10.Puerto
San Nicolás, 11.Rivera del Rio Jalpan,
12.Saldiveña, 13.San Francisco, 14.San
José, 15.Villas Jalpan, 16.Vista hermosa.
The suburbs Downtown, Alcantarillas,
Rivera del Río, are the nearest to the
economic center where the majority of
business are located in. There, the trend
to a higher level is observed for
downtown in a scale of 3.8 to 5.
Therefore, since the tourist activity
concentration is related to the location of
companies at the heart of the city, the
hypothesis of a positive influence on the
personal welfare is verified for those
first and second cycle of interchange.
Discussion
According to (Miranda, 2005) “The
multiplier effect is an event bringing a
set of increments produced on the
national rent favoring the development
of an economic system due to an
external increment in expenses,
investments or public spending”,
therefore, after an increase on visitor´s
demand in a tourist location, these will
start cyclic spending processes aimed to
improve their income
It is important to highlight that not only
the companies from the first interchange
cycle are benefited, also their suppliers
or those that sell some product to the
companies from the top related
companies.
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.01
23
4
5
6
78
910
11
12
13
14
1516
Welfare perception Suburbs
Percepción deBienestarPersonal
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.01
23
4
5
6
789
10
11
12
13
1415
Magic Town Perception Suburbs
Percepciónen el PuebloMágico
121
Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with
Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study
Case.
Social Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 110-126
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ,
Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare
in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist
Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 110-126
It is understandable that personal welfare
perception tends to appear on a positive
visualization for closer companies, and
in a certain time, for those on lesser
contact, tending to an indifferent level of
perception.
According to the study, it is revealed that
50% of the owners are women and 50%
men, on an age range of 45 years old,
therefore, welfare perception can be
studied on this age range, coincidentally
with the national survey on housing
conducted by Parametría on January
2013, in which the level of life
satisfaction ascended to Satisfied.
It is necessary to highlight that
perception from a subjective point of
view, (Parametría, 2013) , quotes
(Cuadra, 2003), mentioning that
“subjective welfare is a psychologic and
sociologic indicator validating the
relation that people have according to
life, hapiness and their affective
abilities” . This is the situation that the
present research raises: life quality,
competitivity and human development
fundament the evaluation on welfare
perception in both personal and
professional scopes.
On reference to the Magic Town
denomination, a series of indicators are
incorporated, retaken from evaluations
of tourist destinations and a study case as
reference.
Given that, it can be mentioned that on
the developed evaluations, some
inequality conditions can be found
between those developments for
providing services and the communities
receiving them. (Martínez, Angeles
Villa, & Gámez, 2013).
The goals of the present research are
then capable of being answered:
1. Identify the perception level of
personal welfare in micro and Little
companies from the Magic Town of
Jalpan de Serra
According to(Zubieta & Delfino, 2010),
quoting (Casullo, 2002).”It is actually
raised that psychologic welfare is
profoundly linked to the individual
subjectivity “
Understanding that subjectivity is the
representation of things, the internally
experienced and with certain quality
associated to those perspectives people
have for those subjects in accordance to
a specific experience. This is, a person
having pleasant experiences is more
likely to perceive his life as desirable
and positive. Also, people with high
welfare experiment life satisfaction, and
a predominant positive valuation on their
vital circumstances (Veenhoven, 1991)
As a result, it is assumed that personal
welfare perception on micro and little
companies from this Magic Town, will
be oriented interpreting the proposed
variables with this dimensions, namely:
health, economy, education, security,
good government, community life, and
personal welfare, all of them inside the
framework of human development and
122
Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with
Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study
Case.
Social Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 110-126
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ,
Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare
in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist
Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 110-126
life quality, circumscribing personal
welfare.
Consequently, the proposed research
question is:
1. ¿Which are the perception levels for
personal welfare on micro and little
companies from the Magic Town of
Jalpan de Serra?
Table 3. Perception levels of Personal
Welfare
Source: Own elaboration
The average rate for this dimension
reaches 3.71, this leads to the
assumption that the microcompanies are
on “Agree” terms, with general personal
welfare, but on dissaproval with security
and government in the location,
attending correlation for both variables.
As for the items in the health variable,
they report the autoevaluation for the
conditions of the auto-reported welfare
and attention received on medical
appointments.
For the items of the Economy variable,
these reference the income for the job
and if it covers the basic food needs. It
has to be precised that in reference to the
perceived conditions, the
microcompanies obtaining better results
aren´t among the ones for the first
interchange cycle, which implies that for
a positive influence, not necessarily
corresponds a welfare perception
correlated with the nomination of Magic
Town.
Education evaluates satisfaction with
academic level and the access to quality
schools.
Security obtains the lowest rating, the
evaluated factors are security level and
capacity of authorities to solve this
problem.
Community life variable evaluates the
quality of the environment and facilities
to move around the locality.
Personal welfare is measuring life
satisfaction and coexistence facilities, as
well as facilities to coexist with relatives
and friends.
Identify relationship between personal
welfare and nomination as Magic Town
according to the interchange cycle of the
tourist microcompanies
Objective 2. Identify relationship
between levels of personal welfare
perception and the nomination of
Jalpan as MAgic Town, accordingly
with interchange cycle of tourist
microcompanies
There is a tight relationship on the
incidence of tourism over production,
and consequently, on rent generation.
This situation is reflected on both tourist
and non-tourist goods and services
Variable Highest
mentioned
rate
PPHealth
PPEconomy
PPEducation
PP Security
PPGood Govt
PPCommunity
PPWelfare
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
123
Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with
Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study
Case.
Social Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 110-126
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ,
Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare
in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist
Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 110-126
production. This is where the multiplier
effect of tourism is presented, when
original expense filtrates in the whole
productive sectors from economy.
Thus, tourism has a great trawling
capacity over productive branches like
construction, food industry, transport
and commerce in general, therefore a
chain reaction is generated for different
effects following the tourist expense. In
consequence, there is a set of impacts
producing many changes on economy in
terms of value creation, employments
and foreign exchange generation, among
others (Ball & Ibañez, 2006).
One of the impacts on economy is the
creation of new direct or indirect jobs
resulting from the expenses from visitors
in tourism locations (Dieckow, 2010).
Therefore, perception in classification of
the many interchange cycles will attend
the perceived benefits on short and
médium terms. It is assumed that those
companies with bigger contact will have
a better perception of the benefits of
tourism.
This is why the research question is
answered in the following manner:
2. ¿Are there differences between the
perception levels on personal welfare
adn nomination of Jalpan as Magic
Town, accordingly to the interchange
cycle of tourist microcompanies?
The companies set in transportation
activities show a higher level of
perception in Enterprise Perception in
3.9, above Personal Welfare in 3.7 and
nomination of Magic Town in 3.5.
Hosting companies tend to have the
same behavior that the ones of tourist
transportation.
The companies of food and beverage,
complimentary and financial services are
positioned in a higher level of perception
with a rating of 4.0 for enterprise
perception, set above personal and
nomination dimensions.
The perception for the nomination is
evaluated from the impact of tourism on
every day, prices, employments and life
standard.
Thus, there is little difference among the
three dimensions, located on, if not ideal,
on normal circumstances of perception
toward those variables.
On the third cycle, the highest perception
is for the enterprise sector with a rating
of 4.1, 3.9 for Personal Welfare and 3.7
for Magic Town nomination.
Conclussions
This research allows to identify the
welfare of microcompanies on personal
dimension,to associate obtained benefits
with the nomination of Jalpan de Serra
as Magic Town. Therefore, and given
those results, it can be suggested for
future work that sociodemographic
variables can be added as well as their
influence on personal welfare. On the
other hand, a transversal research can be
performed on every vacation season to
properly observe the behavior of people
on different moments. Another variable
that could be added is investment and the
welfare perception generated, coupled
with this, the perception level can be
measured on those zones were surveys
124
Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with
Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study
Case.
Social Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 110-126
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ,
Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare
in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist
Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 110-126
are conducted according to the Magic
Town fund.
Acknowledgment
It is necessary to remark the institutional
support from Universidad Tecnológica
de San Juan del Río on financing this
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127
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense Cement
Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification
Administrative Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 127-135
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
ROJO, E., HERNANDEZ, K., PORTILLO, V. y SANDOVAL, J.
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense
Cement Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification. UTSOE-
Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-6: 127-135
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense Cement
Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification
Rojo Simental Erick Octavio†, Hernández Martínez Karla Ivonne†, Portillo Castillo Víctor Manuel†,
Frausto Sandoval Juan
Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chih. México
___________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract
This writing pretends to show the results obtained in one mexican enterprise who produces cement,
related with an preventive maintenance plan implementation, from vehicles for cruising to United
States, before to expiry the Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance (CVSA), with the intention to not
affect the distribution in that country. The methodology used in this investigation are quantitative,
descriptive.
Keywords: Logistic, Goods Distribution, CVSA Certification
___________________________________________________________________________________ Citation: ROJO, E., HERNANDEZ, K., PORTILLO, V. y SANDOVAL, J. Preventive Maintenance
Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense Cement Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA
certification. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-6: 127-135
___________________________________________________________________________________
128
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense Cement
Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification
Administrative Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 127-135
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
ROJO, E., HERNANDEZ, K., PORTILLO, V. y SANDOVAL, J.
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense
Cement Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification. UTSOE-
Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-6: 127-135
Introduction
In the state of Chihuahua, for decades one
cement enterprise, has maintain the leadership
in the production and distribution cement to the
construction industry. This company, nowadays
are present in the international markets, where
their sales have growing up in the last years.
Reason of this, the vehicles where transport
their products have to cross constantly the
mexican frontier, to the United State.
In relation to the above, the crossings are made
by Ciudad Juarez, to the neighboring town of El
Paso, Texas; A process that can be done up to
three times a day. The vehicles are subject to
inspections by the US customs inspectors, in
case of any defect or violation of the transport
safety policies, especially in the case of
mechanical damages, they are out of service
until Be repaired.
The cement company has about 100 transport
units between tractors and cement revolving
trucks. Which have enrolled in the Commercial
Vehicle Safety Alliance (CVSA) program,
order to expedite the crossing to the United
States. Every vehicle are identified with a decal
that certifies that the transportation has been
previously reviewed and that it does not have
faults that affect the transit in the customs, and
in the neighboring country.
However, in spite of having this certification,
continue to hinder timely deliveries in the
international market, due to the failures, since
the company does not keep a check on the dates
on which the decals expire. Causing at the day
to be re-Inspect the units, find new unidentified
fault in the company's workshops, since there
are no preventive procedures, because are
limited to performing only corrective actions to
the units.
As mentioned, the cement company does not
have a schedule previous revisions of its
transport units, so that they can anticipate the
expiration of decals that certify that there is no
failure, agree whit CVSA program itself,
allowing the company's units to cross the
border, without being subjected to thorough
inspections by customs brokers.
The consequences, of the fact that the units
stopped, at customs and not let them cross, it
decreases and losses in fundamental aspects the
company. Such as low availability of units;
disbursements of extra expenses; increase of the
dead time in the working days of the drivers
(company operators), etc.; but above all,
inefficiency in delivery and distribution
compliance levels; and competitiveness. All
this, caused by inspections in the courtyards of
the customs, which throw faults in the units that
must be, repaired at that time, or otherwise,
depending on the magnitude of the defect, the
units can be, put out of service.
In relation to the aforementioned, the present
investigation raises the benefits of having a
preventive maintenance plan for the crossing
units, in order to avoid delays at the crossing,
which may affect the competitiveness of the
129
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense Cement
Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification
Administrative Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 127-135
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
ROJO, E., HERNANDEZ, K., PORTILLO, V. y SANDOVAL, J.
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense
Cement Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification. UTSOE-
Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-6: 127-135
company and the distribution of the goods; As
well as maintain the CVSA certification, in the
vehicles of load and distribution.
Literature Review
The supply chain, the transport and the
distribution like a competitive advantage and
customer satisfaction
At present, the supply chain (SC) is an issue
that has gained a lot of importance, so it has
been give a specific area for its treatment. This
activity over time has evolved, to become one
of the main tools for a company to be highly
competitive. Initially, logistics was nothing
more than just having the right merchandise, at
the right time and the right place, with
operating costs at the lowest level, but today
they are part of a whole process along with
other significant elements for the operation of
this department (Robuste, 2005).
Conceptualizing now as SC (Granada, 2008).
An important part of this activity is the
transport, especially when plans made to move
goods or merchandise between companies and
customers geographically dispersed, so it is
important to structure and design the routes. It
also adds value to the products transported,
when they delivered on time, without damages
and in the quantities required (Anaya, 2009).
For most companies, the transport is a
significant component of the logistics process.
The transport system is physically composed of
the networks through which the cargo
transported, and the equipment used (Callaba,
2004). Hence, the importance to companies of
having a good transportation system guarantees
the timely delivery of their inputs, as well as
delivery in the time and place required by their
customers. The characteristics required by the
market, on this subject are flexibility,
personalization, delivery time and closeness to
the customer (Sanjur, 2014).
The distribution of goods is the activity aimed
at moving the products from a point of origin to
a place of destination; the role of transport,
deals with all activities directly and indirectly
related to the need to place the products at the
corresponding destination points (Anaya,
2009). Contributing whit the customer
satisfaction, by delivering the orders in the
conditions, quantities and time agreed (Tejero,
quoted by Zuluaga, et. al, 2014)
In relation to the above, it is relevant for any
company, to achieve and maintain a good
management of the distribution process, since
its pertinence will have an impact on the
customer or final consumer of the goods and/or
services, thus allowing keep them satisfied
(Velázquez, 2012). Moreover, to maintain a
competitive advantage, through achieving a
differentiation with respect to its competitors,
through generate value to the product, trying to
keep costs low (Granada, 2008).
Damages effects in the physical distribution by
the transport
130
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense Cement
Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification
Administrative Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 127-135
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
ROJO, E., HERNANDEZ, K., PORTILLO, V. y SANDOVAL, J.
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense
Cement Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification. UTSOE-
Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-6: 127-135
A correct management of the transport from the
logistic point of view requires that the
responsible is involved not only in the day-to-
day tasks, but is part of the strategic and tactical
plans of the company, to adapt their needs in
the medium and long term (Robuste, 2005).
Since the purpose of distribution, is to move the
goods from point A to point B, it is a
responsibility to ensure that they arrive under
the terms of the contract (Molins, 2011).
A failure in transportation can cause situations
that affect the guarantees, the reliability of the
delivery; Hence the importance of preventive
maintenance in order to maintain a correct
operation in accordance with the requirements
of the market (Cano, et. al., 2010).
Preventive maintenance in the transport units
for at goods distribution
In order to develop the distribution of goods in
an efficient way, in order to have an impact on
the competitiveness of the company, it is
necessary to have vehicles that do not failed at
the moment of carrying out such action. It is for
this reason that Laureno (et al., 2012) mentions
that in order to maintain good management of
the transport fleet, maintenance must be
provide, as well as monitoring and control;
obtain and service the mechanical diagnostics,
fuel and safety needs. In general, everything
related to keeping the transport in good
condition.
For an organization that does not apply to its
fleet a preventive maintenance, constantly, may
be making a serious mistake, since it not only
commercial affects, but also increases costs
(Alday & Morales, 2008). In addition to the
above, it also contributes, by being able to
avoid accidents, allowing drivers to concentrate
on the function they perform (Laureno, Garza,
& Mar, 2012).
CVSA certification, as a tool to ensure a good
distribution of goods in the cross-over
transport
The CVSA is an international non-profit
organization made up of transportation security
functionary and representatives of industry
local, state, provincial, territorial and federal,
from Mexico, United States and Canada. Its
mission is to promote the safety and
commercial protection of vehicles. The main
purpose is to be, used as a tool to detect
transport failures and identify those that are in
an optimal operational status and cover the
necessary requirements to cross the border, thus
increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of
the revision protocol, and limiting the crossing
to those units that present faults (CVSA, 2015).
It was practically, promoted as a way to
reduce wait times in customs reviews on
international bridges, thereby reducing the
thorough or thorough checks, since the unit in
question had already been examined (Maryland,
Sf).
The program operates by issuing a decal, which
guarantees that the vehicle carrying, it has
131
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense Cement
Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification
Administrative Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 127-135
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
ROJO, E., HERNANDEZ, K., PORTILLO, V. y SANDOVAL, J.
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense
Cement Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification. UTSOE-
Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-6: 127-135
undergone a series of inspections. Where
reviews different critical points specified in the
program manual, certifying that the units, don´t
violate some politics contained in the program.
Because have seven levels of inspection for
CVSA standard, but only Level I, and V
revisions, authorize to issue the decal, what
consist of: (CVSA, 2015).
Level I: Call Inspection Standard,
includes and inspects aspects from the
driver's personal documentation,
license, driving record, past inspection
reports, to the mechanical and electrical
operation of the vehicle, for example
brake system, exhaust system, Fuel
system, lighting devices, load securing,
steering mechanisms, suspensions, tires
among others; All this is done in the
crossing area with the present vehicle
driver.
Level V: includes each of the Level I
inspection elements, the only difference
being that this revision is in a specific
area of the customs in question and
without the presence of the driver.
The CVSA certification designed a decal for
viewed, by the competent authority. When the
truck passes inspection and obtains a decal, the
inspector must affix the tag to the lower right
corner of the passenger glass; In the case of a
trailer, it should be, placed in the lower right
corner, as close to the front of it as possible.
The exception is for cargo tanks, as it should
be, placed at eye level, on the right side near the
front of the cargo tank. The placement of the
badge is an intended to help the inspector to
determine instantly, if a vehicle needs an
inspection or can afford to continue
uninterrupted travel; and if the verifier can´t see
it, the vehicle is more probably to be, stopped
for inspection (Bontz, 1997).
Methodology
The present investigation is a quantitative,
descriptive and cross sectional study. To do
this, it occupy as a study element the total
number of trucks that to carry out the crossing
and distribution of merchandise in the City of
El Paso, Texas.
As a method of collecting the information, was
used a binnacle to record the incidents of
damage in the units; and data analysis were
performed using the absolute frequency
technique.
F=n/N
F = Absolute frequency
n = Number of observations
N= Total data
Results
During the period from January to March of
2016, it´s recorded and documented the
frequencies and types of faults most common in
the transport units used in the cement
company's exports. As can be seen in graphic1,
were listed the 40 vehicles, which present
incidents with some type of malfunction during
the first quarter of the year.
132
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense Cement
Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification
Administrative Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 127-135
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
ROJO, E., HERNANDEZ, K., PORTILLO, V. y SANDOVAL, J.
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense
Cement Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification. UTSOE-
Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-6: 127-135
Graphic 1: Frequency of failures in tractor trucks
Source: Own elaboraration
As shown graphic1, the units with the highest
fault rates its: T-71, T-103 and T-134 in which
preventive maintenance should schedule more
frequently. On the contrary, the T-76, T-102, T-
158 and T-180 units had 1 to 2 failures in the
period, which allows them to lengthen their
programming for review in the company's
workshops.
In the same way, with the help of the internal
format "Request for Service" that the company
handles in order to give a composure to the
damages presented by the units and reported by
the drivers of the same, graphic 2, was
elaborated which shows the types of damage
most common in vehicles. Of a 280 total flaws,
39 were for the same concept, and this is a
breakdown in the lights and foci in the tractors;
is failure in which greater emphasis it should be
place on carrying out preventive maintenance.
The same is true of air leaks, braking
adjustments and equipment valves, which,
although presented on lesser occasions, are still
indicators for constant revision.
According to the results evidenced in graphs 1
and 2, four periods of preventive maintenance
were developed, according to the frequencies in
which the faults were presented in each
transport unit. The periods were 15 days, 1, 2
and 3 months (See Table 1).
Based on the analysis related to the frequency
of the faults, a preventive maintenance program
was developed for the units, presenting a
considerable decrease in the failure reports, as
the units were inspected according to an
stablished check list and only entered to the
workshop in the corresponding dates for an
internal inspection, eliminating the vast
majority of reports of decomposing vehicles.
With the result obtained, after the
implementation of this preventive control, it
was observed that during the months of January
to March of the current year, and considering
the same units verified in the month of May,
207 faults occurred, generating an average
monthly of 69 corrections of failures; against
Month average
133
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense Cement
Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification
Administrative Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 127-135
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
ROJO, E., HERNANDEZ, K., PORTILLO, V. y SANDOVAL, J.
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense
Cement Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification. UTSOE-
Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-6: 127-135
35 faults detected and corrected during the
month of May, due to a preventive analysis,
resulting in a decrease of 34 corrective faults
(See graphic 3).
Graphic 2: Failures recurrent
Source: Own elaboration
Graphic 3: Comparative of corrective failures
with the implementation of a preventive maintenance
plan
Source: Own elaboration
Table 1: Preventive maintenance program for unit
Source: Own elaboration
Conclusions
The results obtained at the end of this project,
emphasized the importance of replacing
69.00 35.00
Promedio mensual Mayo
Serie 1
134
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense Cement
Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification
Administrative Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 127-135
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
ROJO, E., HERNANDEZ, K., PORTILLO, V. y SANDOVAL, J.
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense
Cement Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification. UTSOE-
Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-6: 127-135
corrective maintenance with a preventive
maintenance correctly, especially for a
company that maintains foreign trade, it is very
important to have the minimum of units out of
service due to faults.
In this way different aspects are realized vital
for a good operation and growth of the
company, among them are the fulfillment with
the scheduled delivery dates for the delivery of
the goods, at the same time, the standard
established in quantity of daily trips respect to
the programming and logistics area; while for
the internal maintenance department, the levels
of repair costs are considerably reduced,
because preventive maintenance reduce the
faults to be corrected in the units, because
generate extra costs of repair and labor, because
it be repaired inside the courtyards of the
corresponding customs. Allowing you to
anticipate the possible presence of some fault
with a deep revision in aspects that went from
the general thing to the particular thing in each
vehicle of the fleet.
Another fundamental aspect for the success of
the company is customer satisfaction, which is
achieved thanks to deliveries of goods in time
and agreed form, as a result of which during the
crossings in the international bridges Zaragoza
and Santa Teresa, in Cd. Juarez, Chih.; there
not will be anomalies during the reviews
developed by the customs authorities
responsible for the validation of CVSA decal.
With regard to the company's employees
handling freight vehicles, their levels of
uncertainty were reduced, as with these prior
reviews, the chances of units failing to comply
with CVSA standards were minimized.
References
Alday, E. A., & Morales, J. A. (2008).
Lineamientos de mantenimiento
preventivo en el transporte de carga
derivado del proyecto de investigación
SIP-20024020. Obtenido de (Tesis
licenciatura. Instituto Politécnico
Nacional):
http://tesis.ipn.mx/jspui/bitstream/123456
789/2594/1/PROYECTOSIP20024020.pd
f
Anaya, J. (2009). El transporte de mercancías;
enfoque logístico de la distribución.
Madrid, España.: ESIC.
Bontz, R. (Julio de 1997). EbscoHost. Obtenido
de Just the right place for your CVSA
Decal:
http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/d
etail?vid=26&sid=b39cb661-4f2c-4c4b-
bb2e-
62160ac18e38%40sessionmgr110&hid=1
10&bdata=Jmxhbmc9ZXMmc2l0ZT1laG
9zdC1saXZl#AN=9707251533&db=bth
Callaba, A. (2004). Logística Internacional.
México D. F.: UNAM.
Cano, M., Beviá, B., Enríquez, M., Enríquez,
M., & Molins, A. (2010). Logística
aplicada al comercio internacional.
Obtenido de
http://api.eoi.es/api_v1_dev.php/fedora/as
set/eoi:67166/componente67164.pdf
CVSA. (2015). CVSA Decal. Obtenido de
http://www.cvsa.org/programs/nas.php
Granada, J. (2008). Gestión de la logística
integral. Obtenido de
www.fasc.edu.co/portal/archivos/e_libros
/logistica/gestion_logistica.pdf
135
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense Cement
Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification
Administrative Sciences
July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 127-135
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
ROJO, E., HERNANDEZ, K., PORTILLO, V. y SANDOVAL, J.
Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense
Cement Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification. UTSOE-
Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-6: 127-135
Laureno, C. O., Garza, F. R., & Mar, O. J.
(2012). Implementación de un sistema de
gestión eficiente de flotas de transporte
para la sostenibilidad económica en una
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http://congreso.investiga.fca.unam.mx/do
cs/xvii/docs/O01.pdf
Maryland. (s.f.). EbscoHost. Obtenido de
CVSA stickers can reduce weigh station
waits:
http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/d
etail?vid=22&sid=b39cb661-4f2c-4c4b-
bb2e-
62160ac18e38%40sessionmgr110&hid=1
10&bdata=Jmxhbmc9ZXMmc2l0ZT1laG
9zdC1saXZl#db=bth&AN=18713437
Molins, A. (2011). Logística Internacional.
Creative Commons Reconocimiento,
Nocomercial Compartirigual. Obtenido
de
http://api.eoi.es/api_v1_dev.php/fedora/as
set/eoi:75375/componente75373.pdf
Robuste, F. (2005). Logística de Transporte.
Barcelona: Ediciones UPC.
Sanjur, I. (14 de Junio de 2014). CADENA DE
SUMINISTRO. Obtenido de
http://cadenadeabastecimiento.blogspot.m
x/2008/03/la-importancia-de-un-buen-
sistema-de.html
Velázquez, V. E. (2012). Canales de
distribución y logística. México: Red
Tercer Milenio.
Zuluaga, M. A., Gómez, M. R., & Fernández,
H. S. (2014). Indicadores logísticos en la
cadena de suministro como apoyo al modelo
SCOR. Obtenido de
file:///C:/Users/tutores/Downloads/Dialnet-
IndicadoresLogisticosEnLaCadenaDeSuministr
oComoA po-5114787.pdf
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