Journal:Journal:

Explain both positive and Explain both positive and negative reinforcement negative reinforcement and give an example of and give an example of eacheach

Operant Conditioning Part Operant Conditioning Part IIII

Schedules of Schedules of ReinforcementReinforcement

Schedules of Schedules of ReinforcementReinforcement

• IntervalInterval– Amount of time will pass before Amount of time will pass before

enforcedenforced• If you do nothing it will still happen in If you do nothing it will still happen in

timetime

• RatioRatio– # of times behavior will occur before # of times behavior will occur before

enforcedenforced• You can’t just wait for it to happen in You can’t just wait for it to happen in

time, must do something!time, must do something!

Fixed Interval (FI)Fixed Interval (FI)

• A fixed amount of time must have A fixed amount of time must have passed between reinforcementspassed between reinforcements– No matter how often behavior occurs, No matter how often behavior occurs,

it will only be reinforced within certain it will only be reinforced within certain amount of timeamount of time• Ex. - Every 5 min. I will give you a stamp Ex. - Every 5 min. I will give you a stamp

(worth 10 points) if you are taking notes(worth 10 points) if you are taking notes• The person learns to engage in the The person learns to engage in the

appropriate behavior only when the appropriate behavior only when the appropriate interval has passed appropriate interval has passed

Variable Interval (VI) Variable Interval (VI)

• Timing of next reinforcement is Timing of next reinforcement is unpredictableunpredictable

• Ex. – if teacher walks around room Ex. – if teacher walks around room randomly giving stamps for students randomly giving stamps for students on taskon task

• This results in steadiest rate of This results in steadiest rate of respondingresponding– No one knows when pleasurable response No one knows when pleasurable response

(stamp) will come so students stay on (stamp) will come so students stay on task most of the timetask most of the time

Fixed Ratio (FR)Fixed Ratio (FR)

• Reinforcement provided after a Reinforcement provided after a fixed number of correct responsesfixed number of correct responses

• Ex. – a video store offers a video Ex. – a video store offers a video card that promises 1 free rental card that promises 1 free rental after the purchase of 5 after the purchase of 5

• The person engages in behavior The person engages in behavior consistently with a brief rest after consistently with a brief rest after each rewardeach reward

Variable Ratio (VR)Variable Ratio (VR)

• Reinforcement can come at any time Reinforcement can come at any time after any number of tries after any number of tries

• Ex. – a person playing a slot machine is Ex. – a person playing a slot machine is rewarded occasionally after a different rewarded occasionally after a different number of pulls each timenumber of pulls each time

• To ensure the highest rate of success, To ensure the highest rate of success, the subject does the behavior as fast as the subject does the behavior as fast as possible knowing that the more times possible knowing that the more times they do the behavior the more times they do the behavior the more times they are likely to be successful.they are likely to be successful.

Activity!Activity!

•Please get in a group of 3 or Please get in a group of 3 or 44

•You will need one paper You will need one paper with all of your names on it with all of your names on it for the group responsefor the group response

•Pass out activity sheetPass out activity sheet