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Accepting, believing, and striving: Identifying the distinctive psychological flexibility profiles of underweight, overweight, and obese people in a large American Sample Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a , Caroline Horwath b a University of Western Sydney, Center for Positive Psychology and Education and School of Social Sciences and Psychology b University of Otago, Department of Human Nutrition

Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a , Caroline Horwath b

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Accepting, believing, and striving : Identifying the distinctive psychological flexibility profiles of underweight, overweight, and obese people in a large American Sample. Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a , Caroline Horwath b - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Accepting, believing, and striving:

Identifying the distinctive psychological flexibility profiles of

underweight, overweight, and obese people in a large American Sample

Joseph Ciarrochia, Baljinder Sahdraa , Sarah Marshalla, Philip Parkera, Caroline Horwathb

a University of Western Sydney, Center for Positive Psychology and Education and School of Social Sciences and Psychology

b University of Otago, Department of Human Nutrition 

Page 2: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b
Page 3: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Self asContext

Contact with the Present Moment

Defusion

Acceptance

Committed Action

Values

Psychological Inflexibility

Attachment to unhelpful self-concepts

Avoiding internal experiences

Believing/being dominated by

unhelpful thoughts

Persistent inaction,

impulsivity, or avoidance

Unclear values; Compliance,

living for avoidance

Weak awareness of present; Thoughts of past

or future dominate

Page 4: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Profile analyses

1. Mean tests: Are there overall differences between BMI groups?

2. Parallelism: Are their different patterns of results for each weight category? 

Page 5: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Low Accepting: Multidimensional experiential avoidance scale (Gamez, et al,

2011)1. Behavioral avoidance (I won’t do something if I think it will make me

uncomfortable”)

2. Distress aversion (I would do anything to feel less stressed”)

3. Distraction and suppression (When something upsetting comes up, I try very hard to stop thinking about it”)

4. Repression/denial (I am able to turn off my emotions when I don’t want to feel”)

5. procrastination (I tend to put off unpleasant things that need to get done

6. Distress endurance (Even when I feel uncomfortable, I don’t give up working toward things I value”).

Page 6: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Being emotionally aware (Bagby, et al., 1994)

When I am upset, I don’t know if I am sad, frightened, or angry

It is difficult for me to find the right words for my feelings.

Page 7: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Believing/fusing Hope and self-esteem (Snyder, 2000; Rosenberg, 1965)

Drexel Defusion Scale (Forman et al., 2012). Defusion explained in detail. Meaures the extent people defuse from thoughts about each of ten situations

Cognitive fusion Questionnaire (Gillnnders, et al., 2013). The extent thoughts are distressing, entaingling and interfer with action

Page 8: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Striving

Idiographic component followed by a series of likert questions (Emmons and Mcadams, 1991)

Idiographic: …” think of personal strivings as the goals that you typically try to obtain in your life “

Likert: Controlled and authentic reasons for striving, importance of striving, and extent making progress on striving, and

Page 9: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Methods Planned missing data design

Representative sample

N = 7884;

3748 males; 4136 females;

Mean age =47.9, SD=16

Self-reported weight: very high correlation with objective weight (e.g., r > .95)

Multiple imputation data set. Unbiased way of handling missing data

Page 10: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Men and Avoidance

Page 11: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Women and avoidance

Page 12: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Men and believing/defusing

Page 13: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Women and believing/defusing

Page 14: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Men and emotional awareness

Page 15: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Women and Emotional Awareness

Page 16: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Men and striving: quantitative

Page 17: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Women and striving: quantitative

Page 18: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Men and striving: qualitative

Page 19: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Women and striving: qualitative

Page 20: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Discussion

Page 21: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Overweight men and women

Page 22: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Underweight men Defensive but active

High avoidance and high fusion, and extremely low awareness, but also a high willingness to experience distress

Highest belief in ability to achieve goals (hope) but those goals tend to be controlled and focused on self-presentation

Qualitative analysis of strivings indicate low avoidance

Page 23: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Underweight women Low on avoidant strivings, high on self-

presentation concern

High hope, average self-esteem

Low emotional awareness

High controlled strivings

Low avoidance strivings, low health/generative strivings, high self-concern strivings

Page 24: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Obese men Procrastination, Avoidant strivings

Lower emotional awareness

Page 25: Joseph Ciarrochi a , Baljinder Sahdra a  , Sarah Marshall a , Philip Parker a ,  Caroline Horwath b

Obese women High procrastination, low distress endurance

Low awareness

Low hope and sense of social worth

Low progress on strivings