JOSÉ CARLOS VEIGA

INDUSTRIALGASKETS

4a Edition

Rio de Janeiro, RJTeadit2014

INDEX

Chapter 1 – Introduction ................................................................11

Chapter 2 – Design ...........................................................................13

1. Leaks ................................................................................................................142. Sealing ..............................................................................................................143. Forces in a Flanged Joint ...............................................................................144. ASME Procedure ............................................................................................155. Maximum Gasket Seating Force ......................................................................196. Relaxation ........................................................................................................207. Minimum Gasket Operating Stress ..................................................................228. Determination of the Installation Force ...........................................................229. Example Calculation According to the ASME PCC-1-2013 Procedures .................2510. Flange Sealing Surface Finish .........................................................................2811. Styles of Flanges ..............................................................................................3012. New Gasket Constants .....................................................................................3413. Fugitive Emissions ...........................................................................................38

Chapter 3 – Materials for Non-Metallic Gaskets ................................41

1. Material Selection ............................................................................................412. Service Pressure and Temperature ...................................................................423. Compressed Fiber Sheet ..................................................................................424. Polytetrafluorethylene – PTFE .......................................................................425. Flexible Graphite .............................................................................................426. Elastomers ........................................................................................................457. Cellulose Fiber Sheet ......................................................................................478. Cork .................................................................................................................479. Fabrics and Tapes ...........................................................................................4710. Tadpole..............................................................................................................4811. Ceramic Fiber Blankets ...................................................................................4812. Ceramic Fiber Millboard .................................................................................4813. Beater Addition ................................................................................................48

Chapter 4 – Compressed Fiber Gaskets .......................................53

1. Teadit Compressed Fiber Sheet .......................................................................532. Fibers ...............................................................................................................533. Elastomers ........................................................................................................544. Wire Mesh ......................................................................................................545. Surface Finish .................................................................................................546. Sheet Dimensions .............................................................................................547. ASTM Standard Test Methods ........................................................................558. EN – DIN Test Methods ..................................................................................569. Pressure x Temperature Diagrams .................................................................5710. Maximum Temperature ...................................................................................5711. Steam Tests ......................................................................................................5712. Compressed Fiber Gaskets Design ..................................................................5813. Manufacturing Tolerances ...............................................................................6014. Large Diameter Gaskets ..................................................................................6115. Gasket Width and Thickness ...........................................................................6216. Bolt Load .........................................................................................................6217. Gasket Finish ...................................................................................................6318. Finish of the Flange Sealing Surface ...............................................................6419. Storage .............................................................................................................6420. Teadit Compressed Fiber Sheet Materials .......................................................64

Chapter 5 – PTFE Gaskets .............................................................89

1. Polytetrafluorethylene – PTFE ........................................................................892. Styles of PTFE sheets .....................................................................................893. Tealon© Restructured Filled PTFE Sheet ........................................................904. Tealon© Restructured Filled PTFE Sheet .......................................................975. Skived PTFE Sheets .....................................................................................1046. PTFE Envelope Gaskets ...............................................................................106

Chapter 6 – Materials for Metallic Gaskets ................................127

1. Preliminary Considerations ...........................................................................1272. Carbon Steel ..................................................................................................1283. Stainless Steel AISI 304 .................................................................................1284. Stainless Steel AISI 304L ..............................................................................1285. Stainless Steel AISI 316 ................................................................................1286. Stainless Steel AISI 316L .............................................................................1287. Stainless Steel AISI 321 ................................................................................1288. Stainless Steel AISI 347 .................................................................................1299. Monel .............................................................................................................12910. Níquel 200 ......................................................................................................129

11. Copper ............................................................................................................12912. Aluminum ......................................................................................................12913. Inconel ............................................................................................................12914. Titanium .........................................................................................................129

Chapter 7 –Spiral Wound Gaskets ...............................................143

1. Spiral Wound Gaskets ..................................................................................1432. Materials ........................................................................................................1443. Gasket Density ..............................................................................................1464. Gasket Dimensions .......................................................................................1465. Thickness .......................................................................................................1476. Dimensional and Thickness Limitations .......................................................1477. Manufacturing Tolerances .............................................................................1488. Finish of the Flange Sealing Surface .............................................................1489. Spiral Wound Gaskets Bolting Calculations ..................................................14910. Gasket Styles ..................................................................................................15011. Style 911 Gaskets ..........................................................................................15012. Style 913M Gaskets per ASME B16.20 .......................................................15213. Style 913M-LE ..............................................................................................15514. Other Standards ............................................................................................15815. Style 913M Gasket Design ...........................................................................15816. Style 913M-CMP ...........................................................................................16017. Style 913M-XHR ..........................................................................................16118. Style 914 ........................................................................................................161

Chapter 8 –Jacketed Gaskets .......................................................177

1. Description .....................................................................................................1772. Metallic Jacket ...............................................................................................1783. Soft Filler .......................................................................................................1784. Design ............................................................................................................1785. Styles and Applications ..................................................................................1786. Gaskets for Heat Exchangers .........................................................................1817. Style 927 Gaskets for Heat Exchangers ........................................................1868. ASME Code Factors ......................................................................................187

Chapter 9 –Metal Gaskets ............................................................195

1. Metal Gaskets ................................................................................................1952. Flat Metallic Gaskets .....................................................................................1953. Flat Metal Gaskets Materials .........................................................................1964. Finish of the Flange Sealing Surface .............................................................1965. Styles of Flat Metallic Gaskets ......................................................................1966. Ring-Joints .....................................................................................................200

Chapter 10 – Camprofile Gaskets ..........................................................219

1. Introduction ....................................................................................................2192. Materials ........................................................................................................2213. Pressure and Temperature Limits ..................................................................2224. Bolting Calculation ........................................................................................2225. Surface Finish ................................................................................................2236. Design and Manufacturing Tolerances ..........................................................2237. Shapes ............................................................................................................2248. Camprofile Gaskets for ASME B16.5 Flanges ...................................................224

Chapter 11 – Gaskets for Electrical Insulation ...................................229

1. Electrochemical Corrosion ............................................................................2292. Cathodic Protection ........................................................................................2313. Insulation System for Flanges .......................................................................231

Chapter 12 – Installation .......................................................................235

1. The Importance of the Gasket Installation ....................................................2352. Bolts and Studs ..............................................................................................2353. Nuts ................................................................................................................2374. Washers ..........................................................................................................2375. Friction and Lubricants .................................................................................2386. Tightening Tools ............................................................................................2397. Bolt Load Calculation ...................................................................................2428. Soft and Hard Gaskets ...................................................................................2439. Gasket Installation ........................................................................................24510. Start-up Torque...............................................................................................24611. Troubleshooting .............................................................................................24712. Live Loading ..................................................................................................251

Chapter 13 – Conversion Factors .........................................................279

Chapter 14 –References ...........................................................................281