Joints. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints. Dense fibrous connective tissue Suture line Root of tooth Socket of alveolar

JointsJoints

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints.

Densefibrousconnectivetissue

Sutureline

Root oftooth

Socket ofalveolarprocess

Periodontalligament

Fibula

Tibia

Ligament

(a) Suture

Joint held together with very short,interconnecting fibers, and bone edges

interlock. Found only in the skull.

(b) Syndesmosis

Joint held together by a ligament.Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but

is longer than in sutures.

(c) Gomphosis

“Peg in socket” fibrous joint.Periodontal ligament holds tooth

in socket.


Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints.

Densefibrousconnectivetissue

Sutureline

(a) Suture

Joint held together with very short,interconnecting fibers, and bone edges

interlock. Found only in the skull.


Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints.

Fibula

Tibia

Ligament

(b) Syndesmosis

Joint held together by a ligament.Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but

is longer than in sutures.


Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints.

Root oftooth

Socket ofalveolarprocess

Periodontalligament

(c) Gomphosis

“Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontalligament holds tooth in socket.


Figure 8.2 Cartilaginous joints.

Epiphysealplate (temporaryhyaline cartilagejoint)

Sternum(manubrium)

Joint betweenfirst rib andsternum(immovable)

Fibrocartilaginousintervertebraldisc

Pubic symphysis

Body of vertebra

Hyaline cartilage

(a) SynchondrosesBones united by hyaline cartilage

(b) SymphysesBones united by fibrocartilage


Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints.

Epiphysealplate (temporaryhyaline cartilagejoint)

Sternum(manubrium)

Joint betweenfirst rib andsternum(immovable)

(a) SynchondrosesBones united by hyaline cartilage


Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints.

Fibrocartilaginousintervertebraldisc

Pubic symphysis

Body of vertebra

Hyaline cartilage

(b) SymphysesBones united by fibrocartilage


Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.

Periosteum

Ligament

FibrouscapsuleSynovialmembrane

Joint cavity(containssynovial fluid)

Articular (hyaline)cartilage

Articularcapsule


(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint

Femur

Tendon ofquadricepsfemoris

SuprapatellarbursaPatellaSubcutaneousprepatellar bursaSynovial cavityLateral meniscus

Posteriorcruciateligament

Infrapatellarfat pad Deep infrapatellarbursaPatellar ligament

Articularcapsule

Lateralmeniscus

Anteriorcruciateligament

Tibia

Figure 8.8a The knee joint.


Figure 8.8b The knee joint.

(b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing the menisci and cruciate ligaments

Medialmeniscus

Articularcartilageon medialtibialcondyle

Anterior

Anteriorcruciateligament

Articularcartilage onlateral tibialcondyle

Lateralmeniscus

Posteriorcruciateligament


Figure 8.8c The knee joint.

Quadricepsfemoris muscle

Tendon ofquadricepsfemoris muscle

Patella

Lateral patellarretinaculum

Medial patellarretinaculum

Tibial collateralligament

Tibia

Fibularcollateralligament

Fibula

(c) Anterior view of right knee

Patellar ligament


Figure 8.8d The knee joint.

Articular capsule

Oblique poplitealligament

Lateral head ofgastrocnemiusmuscle

Fibular collateralligament

Arcuate poplitealligament

Tibia

Femur

Medial head ofgastrocnemiusmuscle

Tendon ofsemimembranosusmuscle

(d) Posterior view of the joint capsule,including ligaments

Popliteusmuscle (cut)

Tendon ofadductor magnus

Bursa



Fibularcollateralligament

Posterior cruciateligament

Medial condyle


Anterior cruciateligament

Medial meniscus

Patellar ligament

Patella

Quadriceps tendon

Lateral condyleof femur

Lateralmeniscus

Fibula

Tibia

(e) Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciateligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadricepstendon cut and reflected distally)

Figure 8.8e The knee joint.


Figure 8.8f The knee joint.

Medial femoral condyle

Anterior cruciateligament

Medial meniscus onmedial tibial condyle

Patella

(f) Photograph of an opened knee joint; view similar to (e)


Figure 8.4a Bursae and tendon sheaths.

Acromionof scapula

Joint cavitycontainingsynovial fluid

Synovialmembrane

Fibrouscapsule

Humerus

Hyalinecartilage

CoracoacromialligamentSubacromialbursa

Fibrousarticular capsuleTendonsheath

Tendon oflong headof bicepsbrachii muscle

(a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint


Figure 8.4b Bursae and tendon sheaths.

CoracoacromialligamentSubacromialbursa

Cavity inbursa containingsynovial fluid

Bursa rollsand lessensfriction.

Humerus headrolls medially asarm abducts.

(b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursaeliminates friction where a ligament (or otherstructure) would rub against a bone

Humerusresting

Humerusmoving


Figure 8.7a Types of synovial joints.

a

bc

d

e

f

NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial

a Plane joint (intercarpal joint)


Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints.

b Hinge joint (elbow joint)

a

bc

d

e

f



Figure 8.7c Types of synovial joints.

c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint)

a

bc

d

e

f



Figure 8.7d Types of synovial joints.

d Condyloid joint(metacarpophalangeal joint)

a

bc

d

e

f



Figure 8.7e Types of synovial joints.

e Saddle joint (carpometacarpal jointof thumb)

a

bc

d

e

f



Figure 8.7f Types of synovial joints.

f Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint)

a

bc

d

e

f



Figure 8.9 A common knee injury.

Lateral MedialPatella(outline)

Tibial collateralligament(torn)

Medialmeniscus (torn)

Anteriorcruciateligament (torn)

Hockey puck


Figure 8.14 Arthroscopic photograph of a torn medial meniscus.

Tornmeniscus


Figure 8.15 X ray of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis.


Table 8.1 Summary of Joint Classes


Table 8.2 Structural and Functional Characteristics of Body Joints (1 of 4)








A Closer Look 8.1a Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans


A Closer Look 8.1b: Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans

Documents

Joints. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints. Dense fibrous connective tissue Suture line Root of tooth Socket of alveolar