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Joint Context Analysis
South Africa
Joint Context Analysis South Africa Draft Report V4
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Content List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ 4
A. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 5
1. Description of the JCA-process, the participation of the ANGs, the involvement of the local
partners and eventually other participating partners ........................................................................... 7
1.1. Description of the JCA process ........................................................................................... 7
1.2. Participation of the NGAs .................................................................................................... 8
1.3. Involvement of local partners and local offices .................................................................... 8
1.4. Involvement of other local actors ......................................................................................... 8
1.5. Disclaimer/neutrality ............................................................................................................ 9
B. Programmes, projects that were implemented .............................................................................. 10
2. Mapping of programmes, projects, synergy-projects and partnerships that were implemented by
the NGAs during the last 5 years in South Africa. ............................................................................. 10
2.1. Table with programmes and projects ................................................................................ 10
2.2. Synergy Programmes ........................................................................................................ 10
2.3. Partnerships in collaboration with governments ................................................................ 10
2.4. Links with JCAs in neighbouring countries ........................................................................ 10
2.5. Assessment of synergy ..................................................................................................... 10
C. Current situation, civil society and authorities ............................................................................... 11
3. Analysis of the political, economic, social and environmental situation in South Africa............ 11
3.1. Analysis of the political situation ........................................................................................ 11
3.2. Analysis of the social-economic situation .......................................................................... 12
3.3. Analysis of the environmental situation ............................................................................. 14
3.4. Analysis of the Gender situation ........................................................................................ 15
3.5. Analysis of the themes of intervention ............................................................................... 15
4. Description of the local civil society, the decentralized authorities and the governmental
institutions, and their most important financial partners in South Africa. .......................................... 24
4.1. Description of the local civil society and their most important financial partners .............. 24
4.2. Description of the decentralized authorities and the governmental institutions, and their
most important financial partners .................................................................................................. 27
5. Analysis of the local civil society, the decentralized authorities, the governmental institutions,
and strategies that are being considered to strengthen their positions ............................................. 33
5.1. Analysis of the local civil society and strategies that are being considered to strengthen
their positions................................................................................................................................. 33
5.2. Analysis of the decentralized authorities and the government institutions and strategies that
are being considered to strengthen their positions ....................................................................... 34
5.3. The Health sector .............................................................................................................. 34
5.4. The educational sector ...................................................................................................... 37
5.5. The entrepreneurship sector ............................................................................................. 43
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5.6. The environment sector ..................................................................................................... 46
5.7. The agricultural sector ....................................................................................................... 48
5.8. The cultural sector ............................................................................................................. 49
5.9. The local governance sector ............................................................................................. 52
5.10. The Water and Sanitation sector ....................................................................................... 54
D. Actors and Partners in South Africa .............................................................................................. 57
6. Identification of relevant development actors ............................................................................ 57
6.1. Relevant actors in Health .................................................................................................. 57
6.2. Relevant actors in Education ............................................................................................. 58
6.3. Relevant actors in Entrepreneurship ................................................................................. 59
6.4. Relevant actors in the environment sector ........................................................................ 59
6.5. Relevant actors in agriculture ............................................................................................ 60
6.6. Relevant actors in Cultural sector...................................................................................... 60
6.7. Relevant actors in Local Governance................................................................................ 61
6.8. Relevant actors in Water and sanitation ............................................................................ 62
7. Identification of the types of potential partners .......................................................................... 63
7.1. Health ................................................................................................................................ 63
7.2. Education ........................................................................................................................... 63
7.3. Entrepreneurship ............................................................................................................... 63
7.4. Environment ....................................................................................................................... 63
7.5. Agriculture .......................................................................................................................... 64
7.6. Culture ............................................................................................................................... 64
7.7. Local Governance.............................................................................................................. 64
7.8. Water and Sanitation ......................................................................................................... 64
E. Future Sectors ............................................................................................................................... 65
8. Identification of future sectors per NGA, taking into consideration the relevant actors............. 65
8.1. Overview: future sectors and relevant actors .................................................................... 65
8.2. NGA’s models of change ................................................................................................... 66
9. Analysis of the risks and opportunities ...................................................................................... 80
9.1. Health ................................................................................................................................ 80
9.2. Education ........................................................................................................................... 80
9.3. Entrepreneurship ............................................................................................................... 81
9.4. Environment ....................................................................................................................... 81
9.5. Agriculture .......................................................................................................................... 81
9.6. Culture ............................................................................................................................... 82
9.7. Local Government ............................................................................................................. 83
9.8. Water and Sanitation ......................................................................................................... 83
F. Opportunities for synergy and complementarity ............................................................................ 85
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10. Synergy and complementarity between NGAs, the Belgian bilateral program and others ... 85
10.1. Between Belgian NGAs ..................................................................................................... 85
10.2. With Belgian bilateral programmes.................................................................................... 87
10.3. With other organisations .................................................................................................... 87
10.4 Possible ways of S&C per thematic area .......................................................................... 88
G. Annex 1: interventions in South Africa .......................................................................................... 95
H. Annex 2: Executive summary ...................................................................................................... 101
I. Annex 3: Bibliography of existing analysis of NGAs, local partners and international actors ..... 104
J. Annex 3: List of local actors involved .......................................................................................... 105
K. Annex 4: Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 106
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List of Abbreviations
ANC African National Congress
BBBEE Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment
BTC Belgian Technical Cooperation
CBO community-based organizations
CCIFSA Cultural and Creative Industries Federation of South Africa
CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
CRE-AC Centre de Recherce et d'Expertise en Afrique Centrale
CSO Civil Society Organisation
DBE Department of Basic Education
DGD Directorate General for Development and Humanitarian Assistance
DHET Department of Higher Education and Training
DST Department of Science and Technology
FET Further Education and Training
FOS Fonds Ontwikkelingssamenwerking
GRESEA Groupe de recherche pour une stratégie économique alternative
HE higher education
ILO International Labour Organisation
INGO International Non-governmental Organisation
ITG Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde
JCA Joint Context Analysis
MSF Médecins sans Frontières
NAFCOC National African Chamber of Commerce & Industry
NDP National Development Plan
NGA Non-Governmental Actors
NHI National Health Insurance
NRF National Research Foundation
PANSA Performing Arts Network South Africa
PHC Primary Health Care
RKVI Rode Kruis Vlaanderen Internationaal
SMME Small, Medium & Micro Enterprises
VLIR-UOS Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad-Universitaire Ontwikkelingssamenwerking VVOB Vlaamse Vereniging voor Ontwikkelingssamenwerking en Technische Bijstand
WSM Wereld Solidariteit/Solidarité Mondiale
WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
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A. Introduction This Joint Context Analysis of South Africa leans on the law on Belgian Development Cooperation
(19/03/2013 altered by the law of 09/01/2014) art 2- 6°/7 and the Royal Decree of April 24th 2014, art 14
§ 1 & 2.
The Law on Development Cooperation art. 2-6°/7 states: "The context analysis aimed at civil society, the decentralised administrations and public institutions and the conditions which enable their strengthening, prepared by several ANGC based on their own context analysis and similar exercises conducted in the country or the region"
This Joint Context Analysis aims at an analysis of the context in South Africa and of the opportunities to collaborate for the non-governmental actors (NGAs) from 2017 until 2026. This document should primarily be seen as an opportunity to identify possible ways of cooperation, complementarity and synergy. This document is not a presentation of specific programmes or projects but a projection exercise for the mid- to long-term.
If this document will be approved, this JCA will become an important reference for:
* The programmes that will be submitted to DGD, in which each specific objective will need to demonstrate how it takes into account at least one JCA;
* A report on the implementation of the, in this document identified, opportunities for complementarity and synergy, to be submitted in 2019;
* The allocation of DGD funding related to synergy initiatives.
Together the participating NGAs submit this JCA for approval to the Belgian minister of Development Cooperation.
This Joint Context Analysis aims at a high-quality analysis by Belgian non-governmental actors (NGAs)
of the context in South Africa. This joint effort is guided by the schedule as determined by the Royal
Decree. This document is thus a presentation of the local context and the resulting opportunities for
synergy and complementarity. This document is not a presentation of specific programmes, projects or
other initiatives.
This Joint Context Analysis does not reflect the opinions or positions of organisations, institutions, or
partner organisations that are mentioned in this document (be it Belgian or otherwise), not even of those
that actively contributed to the document.
This JCA is an initiative of various Belgian NGAs that foresee the possibility to plan intervention(s) in
South Africa in the coming 10 years. These are the following:
Lead:
Name of NGA Address of NGA Contact person
VLIR-UOS Bolwerksquare 1a - 1050
Brussels
Christophe Goossens
Participating NGAs (alphabetically):
Name of NGA Address of NGA Contact person
Africalia Rue du Congrès 13
1000 Brussels
Bjorn Maes
BOS+ Geraardsbergsesteenweg
267
9090 Gontrode
Hilke Evenepoel
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Groupe de recherche pour
une stratégie économique
alternative (GRESEA)
Rue Royale 11
1000 Brussels
Raf Custers
Instituut voor Tropische
Geneeskunde (ITG)
Nationalestraat 155
2000 Antwerpen
Bruno Marchal
Rode Kruis Vlaanderen
Internationaal
Motstraat 40
2800 Mechelen
Linde Mues
Trias Wetstraat 89
1040 Brussels
Marielle Schreurs
Vereniging van Vlaamse
Steden en Gemeenten
(VVSG)
Paviljoenstraat 9
1030 Brussel
Ashley Hennekam
Vlaamse Vereniging voor
Ontwikkelingssamenwerking
en Technische Bijstand
(VVOB)
Handelsstraat 31
1000 Brussel
Tom Vandenbosch
Group of NGAs involved in the thematic JCA Decent Work in Central, East and Southern Africa
(and involved in the JCA South Africa) :
Name of NGA Address of NGA Contact person
Wereldsolidariteit-
Solidarité Mondiale
Haachtsesteensweg 579,
1030 Brussel
Tatien Musabyiamana
IFSI-ISVI
Hoogstraat 42 Rue Haute,
1000 Bruxelles Brussel
Karin Debroey
IEOI-IIAV
Haachtsesteensweg 579,
1030 Brussel
Karin Debroey
FOS
Grasmarkt 105 bus 46, 1000
Brussel
Karolien Debel
BIS/MSI
Boudewijnlaan 8, 1000
Brussel
Maresa Le Roux
Solidarité Socialiste
Rue Coenraets 68, 1060
Bruxelles
Véronique Wemaere
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1. Description of the JCA-process, the participation of the
ANGs, the involvement of the local partners and
eventually other participating partners
1.1. Description of the JCA process
This document was drafted by VLIR-UOS (as lead organisation in this joint effort) and based on the
extensive inputs of information by the involved NGAs. The Vademecum established by 11.11.11 and
CNCD served as a reference for the layout of this Joint Context Analysis.
This JCA benefited from information made available by participating NGAs (their own analyses,
strategies, etc.) and the analyses of local and international actors (e.g. EU Roadmap). The drafts that
were produced were presented to the NGAs on several occasions for feedback. There were three
meetings and workshops organised in Brussels where information was collected and feedback was
provided. A one day meeting/workshop was organised in Pretoria where local experts and partners
could provide information on the current context in South African issues and feedback on the draft
document.
Time Activity
Feb 27
First meeting (in Brussels) with participating NGAs
Mapping of past programmes / projects / synergy / partnership projects
Task division and planning
March 23
Update and mapping themes & interventions
Input for chapter 3 (general)
Input for chapter 3 (sector/theme)
April 7 Contributions for chapter 4-5-6 (general)
Contributions for chapter 4-5-6 (per sector/theme)
April 21 Consolidation in first document and feedback from JCA members
May 6
Second Meeting (in Brussels) with participating NGAs
Feedback on chapters 3,4,5 and 6
Input for chapters 7, 8, 9 and 10
May 21 Written contributions for chapters 7-8-9 and 10
May 21
Workshop in Pretoria with local experts, local partners and NGAs
Feedback on chapters 3,4,5 and 6
Input for chapters 7, 8, 9 and 10
June 15 Preliminary draft Joint Context Analysis
June 24 Feedback from JCA members
Sept 3 Final Meeting (tbc)
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Sep 15 Final draft submitted at 11.11.11.
Sep 30 Feedback & approval
Oct 16 Submission of JCA
1.2. Participation of the NGAs
This Context Analysis is a joined effort of the 11 organisations mentioned above. Since there are
relatively few Belgian NGAs active in South Africa, there was no need for the establishment of theme
based working groups within this JCA.
The NGAs have contributed information and analysis on different issues and have thus supported the
Lead in drafting this document. In order to share this information, allow all actors to comment, and
deepen their contributions, two meetings were set up in Brussels where all NGAs met and discussed a
draft of this JCA.
This context analysis cannot be used as a source of information to attribute certain positions to any
specific organization or partner organization mentioned in this document.
In this JCA, Decent Work is included in chapter 3 as part of the analysis of the social situation of South
Africa. For the joint context analysis on decent work we kindly refer to the thematic JCA Decent Work
of Central, East and Southern Africa. During the process, possible complementarities and synergies
with regard to Decent Work were investigated. They are discussed in Chapter 10. In this way, the JCA-
South Africa and the thematic JCA are, thus complementary and need to be read at the same time.
Together they form one complete analysis of the country.
The thematic analysis was held from an international and regional vision on the theme, but the
intervention areas presented, the type of partner organisations and their needs regarding capacity
building indicate that support at national level is possible. NGA’s that have proven knowledge of the
country were involved in elaborating this thematic JCA. During the process, one representative of the
NGA of the JCA Decent Work was contact person for this JCA.
1.3. Involvement of local partners and local offices The local partners of the Belgian NGAs active in South Africa were closely involved in the development
of this document. Those NGAs who are already active in South Africa have consulted their partners in
order to collect information and analysis that are discussed in this document.
On May 21st 2015, these partners were invited to attend the workshop organised at the Leriba Hotel in
Pretoria. Here they worked together with local experts, people from the Belgian Embassy and Belgian
staff of VLIR-UOS (the Lead organisation) during a one-day event. This consultation of local partners
resulted in stronger analysis and more up-to-date information in this JCA. These local partners and
stakeholders were also involved in the rest of the process. They were actively consulted on different
drafts, were asked to develop certain parts of the JCA document, etc.
1.4. Involvement of other local actors Most local actors were involved in this JCA South Africa through the local workshop. The lead
organisation contacted the Belgian Embassy and BTC in South Africa in order to organise the workshop.
This resulted in close collaboration between VLIR-UOS and the Belgian Embassy, with the latter hosting
and facilitating the workshop.
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Both Mr. Patrick De Bouck, Deputy Head of Mission of the Belgian diplomatic network in South Africa
and Mr. Evert Waeterloos, Senior Programme Manager for BTC South Africa, attended the workshop.
Together with other local actors they contributed to this document with crucial input and advise.
Finally, Lien Bauwens, Programme Advisor Southern Africa for FOS, also attended the workshop in
Pretoria as representative of the JCA ‘Decent Work Southern Africa’. Thus, this thematic JCA was
represented in the process of the JCA South Africa.
1.5. Disclaimer/neutrality
The text of the JCA is meant to reflect the exchanges among organisations about their point of view
from a technical and operational perspective.
Specific viewpoints, based on the information in this context analysis, are only binding whenever it’s
explicitly referred to as an organisation’s viewpoint, hence they are no shared points of view for all
participating organisations.
Moreover, the information that is cited cannot be considered as political or ideological judgments of the
organisations.
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B. Programmes, projects that were
implemented
2. Mapping of programmes, projects, synergy-projects and
partnerships that were implemented by the NGAs during
the last 5 years in South Africa.
2.1. Table with programmes and projects
The table with past/current interventions can be found in annex 1
2.2. Synergy Programmes
No synergy programmes between Belgian NGAs were set up in South Africa so far.
2.3. Partnerships in collaboration with governments
No previous partnerships or collaborations were set up between Belgian NGAs, INGOs or formal governmental organisations.
2.4. Links with JCAs in neighbouring countries
Next to this country JCA, a JCA “Decent Work” on South Africa is also created. The two documents were created separately but there was some natural overlap between these JCAs. Therefore, a representative of the JCA “Decent Work” (FOS) was involved in the local workshop in Pretoria organized by VLIR-UOS.
2.5. Assessment of synergy
Sectors
Both in the number of projects and programmes, as in the number of NGAs active in the sector,
education is the largest sector for the Belgian NGAs in South Africa. Health, good (local) governance,
and strengthening of civil society are also supported by different NGAs in South Africa. Finally, GRESEA
is also working on social infrastructure. Since most NGAs have a clear focus on one (sometimes two)
sectors, evolving to synergy will require some further steps.
Regions
Among the Belgian NGAs active in South Africa there is a clear focus on the regions of Western Cape,
Gauteng and Limpopo. However, since several nationwide projects and programmes exist, the NGAs
are present in all nine provinces of South Africa. This regional focus can make future synergy easier.
Gender
Of the 39 projects and programmes of Belgian NGAs in South Africa, less than one third (11) entail a
gender component. None of these projects have a specific gender focus.
Environment
Even though most projects in South Africa by Belgian NGAs do not work on environment issues directly,
many a project do have a strong focus on environmental issues.
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C. Current situation, civil society and authorities
3. Analysis of the political, economic, social and
environmental situation in South Africa.
3.1. Analysis of the political situation
Index or indicator Score 2014
Freedom House Political Rights (Perfect score: 1) 2 (Free)
Freedom House Civil Liberties (Perfect score: 1) 2 (Free)
Corruption Perception Index Ranked 67/175
Population (World Bank, 2013) 52,981,991
Worldwide Governance Indicator 2013 From -2,5 to +2,5 (best score)
Voice and Accountability 0,58
Political stability and absence of violence -0,06
Government effectiveness 0,43
Regulatory quality 0,41
Rule of law 0,13
Control of corruption -0,12
Since the end of apartheid in 1994, South Africa has made great efforts to institutionalise democracy.
Within a stable political environment South Africa established a multi-party political system with a
functioning parliamentary democracy, a respected constitution and entrenched rule of law. The judiciary
is independent and mechanisms for accountability, transparency and information in public administration
were established. High levels of press freedom are also guaranteed. However, South Africa’s
democracy is young and much remains to be done to consolidate it.
South Africa has three capitals: Cape Town (legislative capital), Bloemfontein (judicial capital) and
Pretoria (administrative capital). The largest city is Johannesburg, the economic heartland of the
country. Government consist of national, provincial and local spheres. These three levels of government
have legislative and executive authority in their own spheres. Local government in South Africa consists
of metropolitan municipalities and district municipalities. The latter can hold several local municipalities.
To deepen and broaden democracy, local governments have been given responsibility for delivering
social and administrative services including health, education, water, sanitation, infrastructure and
environmental protection.
The South African government launched the ambitious “National Development Plan visions for 2030”
(NDP) in 2012. The NDP aims to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality by 2030.1 This will be achieved
by raising incomes and employment, improve public services and infrastructure, fight corruption, boost
private investments, improve education, create national health service, improve ecological sustainability
and reduce crime. Promoting gender equality and greater opportunities for young people are integrated
themes that run throughout this plan.
The African National Congress (ANC) has been driving the policy agenda since 1994. In May 2014, the
fifth general elections were held, with the ANC winning 62% of the votes. President Jacob Zuma was
thus re-elected for a second term. South Africa consciously uses culture in social development and
nation-building. Its unifying national identity as a “rainbow nation” with all its cultural diversity is a
remarkable legacy that it strives to uphold.
1 National Planning Commision (2011) National Development Plan 2030, Executive summary (http://www.education.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=09T%2BvV0a5Sg%3D&tabid=628&mid=2062)
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During apartheid, civil society played a prominent role in taking action against the government to bring
about political change. Since 1994, civil society has continued to have a major impact in South Africa.
However, it has been weakened by the disappearance of the overseas funding that it received during
apartheid, and by the loss of many of its members to government, the civil service and the private sector.
Thus there are possibilities for strengthening civil society’s advocacy and campaigning roles.
Internationally, South Africa plays a very active role. The country has signed the most important UN
treaties such as the ‘Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment’, the ‘Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women’, the
‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights’, the ‘International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights’ and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination.2 South Africa also signed the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child,3 and Section 28
of the Constitution of South Africa is devoted to children and outlines their rights.4
The country is a key member of the African Union (AU), supporting growth and development through
the AU’s New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), and promoting good governance through
the African Peer Review Mechanism. South Africa is engaged in UN reform processes, as well as being
a member of the Non Aligned Movement (NAM), the G77 coalition of developing nations, the
Commonwealth of Nations, the WTO (as part of IBSA) and the G20 group of developing nations with a
special interest in agriculture. In the area of peace and security, South Africa has played a very active
and constructive role on the African continent, helping to address crises and broker conflict resolution
in Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, Liberia, Sudan and Côte d’Ivoire. South Africa
is also playing a key strategic role in its region, and may become the driving force behind growth and
development in the SADC, especially considering South Africa’s economic strength. Since 2011 South
Africa is a member of the BRICS meetings.
3.2. Analysis of the social-economic situation
Index or indicator Score
Human Development Index (2013) 0,658 (ranked 118)
Mortality rate under 5 (per 1.000 live births) 2013 44
Infant Mortality Rate (per 1.000 live births) 2013 33
Life expectancy at birth (2013) 57
GDP (Current US$) 2013 366 billion US$
Income Gini coefficient 2013 63,1
According to the UNDP Human Development Report 2013, South Africa improved its HDI from 0.619 in
2011 to 0.658 in 2013. South Africa’s HDI is more or less at the same level as its north western
neighbouring countries Namibia (0.624) and Botswana (0.683), but far higher than the rest of its
neighbours, Zimbabwe (0.492), Mozambique (0.393), Swaziland (0.530) and Lesotho (0.486).
In the period 2005 – 2013, the South African population grew by over 47 million to over 53 million.
Contrary to the population grow, the country had an negative annual population growth rate of about
−0.412% in 2012. 79.2% of the population is black African, 8.9% coloured (mixed race), 2.5%
Indian/Asian and 8.9% white. Poverty, illiteracy, unemployment and loss of human dignity are prevalent
among the majority of South Africa’s black population. Women are particularly affected, with rural
women suffering more than urban. According to the Department for International Development (DFID)
of the British Government, about 43% of South Africans live on less than $2 a day and 26% live below
2 United Nations Treaty Collection (https://treaties.un.org/pages/viewdetails.aspx?src=treaty&mtdsg_no=iv-11&chapter=4&lang=en) 3 United Nations Treaty Collection (https://treaties.un.org/pages/viewdetails.aspx?src=treaty&mtdsg_no=iv-11&chapter=4&lang=en) 4 http://leadsa.co.za/?p=13806
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the international poverty line of $1.25 a day at 2005 purchasing-power parity (PPP). About 30% of the
population is younger than 15 years and only 8% is 60 years or older.5
The country has an unemployment rate of almost 25%.67 Unemployment rates remain considerably
higher for women than for men.8 Gender differences in employment rates also affect children, who are
more likely to co-reside with their mother than their father. Apart from providing regular income, an
employed adult may bring other benefits to the household, including health insurance, unemployment
insurance and maternity leave that can contribute to children’s health, development and education.9
The South African constitution includes provisions to ensure that no person should be without the basic
necessities of life. Children are specifically mentioned: every child has the right to basic nutrition, shelter,
basic health care services and social services.10 Yet, for many children, South Africa is a country with
many threats. In 2008, 63% of all children lived in poverty (or more than 11 million people, of which 65%
are girls) and 21% of children were orphans.11
However, pro-poor public spending has contributed to improved social development indicators in a range
of areas. Millennium Development Goals (MDG) on primary education, gender, several health indicators
and environmental sustainability are likely to be achieved.12
In the post-apartheid peace and reconciliation process, intense efforts have been made to address
exclusion and lack of integration, but these problems are still prevalent at every level of South African
society. In this context the approval of the Black Economic Empowerment Charters and the
implementation of the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act of 2003 were important steps
towards achieving economic inclusion and equity for the black majority. However, black empowerment
at the workplace is happening slowly and much remains to be done.
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is a major threat to social and economic development. The estimated number
of HIV-infected people rose from 3.8 million in 1999 to 5.38 million in 2013. This represents an estimated
adult prevalence rate of 19,1%. The availability of and access to anti-retroviral treatment (ART) is
problematic, even after distribution programmes. The pandemic’s effects in the medium and long term
will be to reduce the total population, the average life expectancy, and the proportion of the population
that is economically active, while drastically increasing the number of orphans. The social and economic
costs will be staggering.
South Africa is a middle-income economy and emerging market with an abundant supply of natural
resources; well-developed financial, legal, communications, energy, and transport sectors; a stock
exchange that is the 18th largest in the world; and modern infrastructure supporting a relatively efficient
distribution of goods to major urban centres throughout the region. The country’s GDP peaked at 416
billion US$ in 2011 but dropped to 366 billion in 2013. In 2014 South Africa’s ratings have been
downgraded because of poor growth prospects. This is mainly because of labour market instability and
rising government debt as well as high deficits on the current account.13 Wildcat strikes in the mining,
5 Statistics South Africa (2014) Mid-year population Estimates 2014 Pretoria (http://beta2.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022014.pdf) 6 IMF eLibrary data (http://data.imf.org/?sk=DAC5755F-A3BB-438A-B64F-67C687E2CFD5) 7 The real unemployment figure is almost 40%, taking into account the discouraged people. Concerning youth, the rate is 50%; same for women. 8 Mathews, Jamieson, Lake and Smith (eds.) (2014) South African Child Gauge 2014 Children's Institute, University of Cape Town (http://www.ci.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1122&Itemid=697#sthash.qx8RNibO.dpuf) 9 In 2012, 68% of children in South Africa lived in households with at least one working adult. The other 32% (over six million children) lived in households where no adults were working. The proportion of children living in households where there is unemployment has decreased by over 9% since 2003 when the proportion was 42% Mathews, Jamieson, Lake and Smith (eds.) (2014) South African Child Gauge 2014 Children's Institute, University of Cape Town (http://www.ci.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1122&Itemid=697#sthash.qx8RNibO.dpuf) 10 Mathews, Jamieson, Lake and Smith (eds.) (2014) South African Child Gauge 2014 Children's Institute, University of Cape Town (http://www.ci.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1122&Itemid=697#sthash.qx8RNibO.dpuf) 11 http://www.devinfo.info/southafrica/DIWizard/DIWizardPreviews.aspx 12 The World Bank South Africa Overview (http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southafrica/overview) 13 The World Bank Country Overview (http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southafrica/overview)
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energy, transport and farming sectors have put into question labour and business relations in the
country.14
Manufacturing (11,6% of GDP in 2013) and services (76,8% of GDP in 2013) contribute most to GDP,
while the shares of mining (only 9,2% in 2013) and agriculture (2,4% in 2013) have shrunk.
South Africa is the only country in the sub region and one of the 15 countries worldwide that has ratified the ILO Convention 189 on decent work for domestic workers. This is of big symbolic value as it recognizes domestic workers and gives value to their work. Domestic work is often not recognized as an economic activity and domestic workers are not regarded to be real employers. There are hardly any rules or control mechanisms that assure their rights and make these rights can be extorted. In spite of an improved financial account, increased spending in social services, and a relative increase
in GDP growth, South Africa continues to face daunting challenges – both structural and social. South
Africa is a dual economy with great inequality. The first economy, with its large, capital- intensive firms
built up under apartheid, has been best placed to take advantage of trade liberalisation and
macroeconomic stability. Smaller firms and those in the informal economy have done less well. Many
black, Asian and coloured South Africans live a precarious existence in this second economy, moving
between unemployment, work in the informal sector and poorly paid jobs in the formal sector.
Similarly, parts of the country have advanced physical infrastructures and sophisticated financial, IT and
telecommunications networks, equivalent to those in the developed world. However, in other parts there
is extreme deprivation and exclusion, leading to poverty comparable with that of the least-developed
countries. South Africa’s Gini coefficient of 0.63 illustrates that there is a significant social and economic
divide. This affects the black population most: almost 50% of the black population is reported to live
below the national poverty line, compared with only 2% of whites15.
3.3. Analysis of the environmental situation As both an industrialised and a developing country, South Africa is facing important environmental
challenges. Growth in water usage outpacing supply, increasingly difficult access to agricultural and
drinking water, increasing soil erosion and desertification, inadequate waste and chemicals
management, air pollution resulting in acid rain, and the pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff and
urban discharges all have an impact on food security, long-term welfare and economic development of
the poorest, especially among the rural population. In addition, climate change is likely to exacerbate
many of these environmental concerns and bring new challenges. Especially since South Africa faces
growth in its greenhouse gas emissions, in particular from electricity generation based on coal and the
transport sector.
South Africa is an arid country with only 8.6% of the rainfall available as surface water, one of the lowest
conversion ratios in the world. Similarly, South Africa's groundwater resources are limited. Scarcity of
freshwater resources and highly variable hydrological conditions have led to every major river being
regulated in order to ensure adequate water supply for development. South Africa's available freshwater
resources are already almost fully utilised and under stress. Many water resources are polluted by
industrial effluents, domestic and commercial sewage, acid mine drainage, agricultural runoff and litter.
Limits on both water supply and quality are thus likely to restrain the country's further socio-economic
development.
South Africa's coastal and marine resources are under considerable threat and are already severely
degraded in many areas due to over-harvesting and urban/industrial development. Coastal areas are
mainly used for tourism, recreation, commercial and recreational fishing, agriculture and mining. Coastal
and marine resources thus play a major role in sustaining economic and social development, and
contribute to employment and food security. The major land-based pollutants are wastewater from
14 The World Bank Country Overview (http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southafrica/overview) 15 Figures for 2012: Black: 41,9%, Coloured: 24,5%, Indian: 11,1%, White: 0,8%
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industries and sewerage as well as run-off from agricultural lands and urban areas. South Africa is
situated on one of the major global oil tanker routes, which, together with its notoriously rough sea
conditions, makes it highly vulnerable to oil spills.
3.4. Analysis of the Gender situation
Index or Indicator Value
Gender Inequality Index (2013) 0.461
The South African government has committed itself to promote gender equality. It ratified the Convention
on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), adopted the Beijing Platform for Action,
signed the SADC Declaration on Gender, and the Addendum on Violence against Women. The South
African constitution prohibits any form of discrimination on the basis of gender, sexual orientation or
marital status, amongst others. Furthermore, the Commission on Gender Equality, as well as provincial
Offices on the Status of Women were established.16 The National Policy Framework on Women’s
Empowerment and Gender Equality provides guidelines to spheres of government with regards to the
formulation of gender policies. The Policy Framework focusses on gender mainstreaming and women’s
empowerment in order to achieve gender equality.17
Despite this progressive legislation and the provisions of the constitution, there is still great disparity
between males and females in South Africa. Violence against women is often not addressed, which also
exacerbates the HIV/AIDS epidemic, especially among young women and girls. Cultural practices also
result in women having less access to education and credit, resulting in lower literacy levels among
them. At the same time, government institutions are unable to achieve gender targets.
On LGTBQIA18 rights, South Africa has taken positive steps in responding to widespread violence
(including rape and murder) against lesbians and transgender men in the country. In an important move
in April 2014, the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development launched a public campaign
which includes a national intervention strategy to address anti-LGBTQIA violence and strengthen
institutional responses to LGBTQIA hate crimes, violence, and discrimination.19
Internationally, South Africa continues to play an important but inconsistent role in advancing the human
rights of LGBTQIA people, according to Human Rights Watch. At the June 2014 session of the United
Nations Human Rights Council, South Africa inexplicably supported a regressive resolution called
“Protection of the Family” that brought into question its commitment to gender equality and the rights of
LGBTQIA people. Earlier, South Africa tabled a precedent-setting resolution on human rights, sexual
orientation, and gender identity at the UN Human Rights Council in 2011. The country also supported a
follow up resolution that called for bi-annual reporting on human rights abuses against LGBTQIA people
in 2014.20
3.5. Analysis of the themes of intervention
3.5.1. Health
South Africa’s health sector, as with the rest of society, is characterised by large inequalities. The health
burden per capita is the highest of any middle-income country in the world, and the poorest families
carry the largest burden. The country has a Constitution that guarantees the right to health care. Thus,
a tax-funded National Health Insurance (NHI) is serving 85% of the population, and an insurance-based
16The City of Cape Town (2014) Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality. A draft policy discussion document for the City of Cape Town Cape Town (https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2004/8/draft_gender_policy_updated_july04.pdf) 17 The City of Cape Town (2014) Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality. A draft policy discussion document for the City of Cape Town Cape Town (https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2004/8/draft_gender_policy_updated_july04.pdf) 18 LGBTQIA stand for Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Queer/Questioning Intersexual Asexual/Ally 19 Human Rights Watch (2015) World Report 2015 (https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/south-africa?page=2) 20 Human Rights Watch (2015) World Report 2015 (https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/south-africa?page=2)
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private health system serving the remaining 15%. The NHI is the central means by which the
government aims to achieve universal coverage. However, two-thirds of medical practitioners and half
the nursing personnel are concentrated in the private sector. In 2012, health care expenditure
constituted 8,8% of GDP. Public funding constituted only 48% of health expenditure.
South Africa has a very high burden of disease, the result of 4 colliding epidemics: HIV and tuberculosis;
chronic illness and mental health; injury and violence; and maternal, neonatal, and child health
problems. Since 2004, and more intensively since 2009, South Africa has introduced a large-scale
programme of access to antiretroviral therapy and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. It
also put efforts in innovations and rapid scale-up of tuberculosis (TB) treatment and care, overall
increasing life expectancy in South Africa (from 54 years in 2005 to 60 years (males) and 57 (females)
in 2011). This is still relatively low, which is largely due to an 11% HIV prevalence rate in the total
population with the prevalence amongst youth aged 15-20 years being about 8.6%. Two in three
tuberculosis (TB) patients also have HIV and over 50% of people with HIV also have TB. South Africa
has one of the highest TB incidence rates in the world (1 per 100 population) giving it the highest rate
of tuberculosis in Africa.
Progress in maternal and child health has also been hindered by the HIV and tuberculosis epidemics,
and the performance of the health system. Important reductions have occurred in under-five and infant
mortality (42 and 30 per 1000 live births by 2011), although these rates are higher in comparison with
other countries of similar socioeconomic status. Maternal mortality ratios remain high, at 333 deaths per
100,000 live births.
Approximately two in five deaths are attributable to non-communicable diseases. Second to non-
communicable conditions is the burden of mortality and disability from violence and injuries. Traffic
accidents in particular now account for more than one-quarter of deaths due to injuries. Harmful alcohol
consumption is the third most important risk factor contributing to non-communicable diseases, injuries,
traffic accidents and communicable diseases. Harmful and excessive alcohol consumption also
contributes to non-communicable conditions, and can also accelerate the progression of infectious
diseases. Overweight and obesity also pose major nutritional challenges, with over seven in ten women
above 35 years old overweight. A contributing factor is the rapidly increasing consumption of packaged
foods high in calories, saturated fats, animal proteins, sugars, and salt.
Human resources for healthcare is fairly available but shortages still exist. The distribution favours urban
areas. The country is making huge efforts at addressing the health needs of the population. Access to
services such as antenatal care is about 94%. Skilled attendance at birth is 84%. Prevention of Mother
to Child Transmission (PMTCT) is available in 95% of facilities. About 80% of the population has access
to the essential package of interventions of a health facility within an hour’s reach.
Because it has been scientifically proven that First Aid reduces the mortality and morbidity due to injury,
knowledge of First Aid is a key mitigating factor. Also the World Bank acknowledges the usefulness of
First Aid: the training of lay persons to respond to medical emergencies is a cost-efficient and profitable
intervention to reduce the effect of illness and injuries in Sub-Sahara Africa.21
Ensuring an adequate and safe blood supply also is an essential part of the South African health care
system. Blood transfusion is indispensable in lifesaving health care and improves the health of millions.
Blood donor recruitment in South Africa is based on a World Health Organisation endorsed programme.
However, securing a safe blood supply in a country with one of the highest HIV infection rates in the
world is a constant challenge.22
The health sector’s emphasis is now shifting to strengthening the overall health system. It introduced an
extensive policy of primary health care re-engineering to strengthen the district-level capacity of the
21 World Bank (2006) Disease control priorities in developing countries, second edition 22 South African National Blood Service (SANBS), 2015.
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health systems. Strategic orientations include a population-orientation to health care; integrated,
efficient and well-supported Public Health Care teams, guided by and accountable to communities;
establishing a well-functioning District Health System and paying more attention to the social
determinants of health.
Improvements in infrastructure in healthcare are visible, yet still 25% of South Africa’s children live far
from the primary health care facility they normally use, and 4.7 million children travel more than 30
minutes to reach their usual health care service provider.23
3.5.2. Education The National Development Plan 2030 (NDP) argues that quality early childhood development, basic
education, further and higher education are required to build national capabilities and proposes urgent
action to improve the quality of the education system. The priorities in basic education are human
capacity, school management, district support, infrastructure and results-oriented mutual accountability
between schools and communities.24 For higher education, South Africa aims to set up an expanding
higher-education sector that can contribute to rising incomes, higher productivity and the shift to a more
knowledge-intensive economy. For this the NDP aims to build a wider system of innovation that links
universities, science councils and other research and development players with priority areas of the
economy. The 2013 White Paper on higher education and post-school system sets out a vision of a
more equitable, expanded and diverse education system with a key role for employers in the provision
of education and training opportunities.
South Africa has one of the highest rates of public investment in education in the world. The government
spends more on education than on any other sector. In 2012, the South African government spent about
20.6% of its national budget on education. Total spending on education in 2012 was 6.6% of GDP.
South Africa has achieved universal primary education. The participation rate of children who are of
compulsory school-going age is extremely high, with 99% of children aged 7 to 15 enrolled in educational
institutions in 2013 (up from 96% in 2002). Enrolment rates, however, paint an overly optimistic picture
of education in South Africa and mask various internal systemic inefficiencies. Learning outcomes, for
example, are low compared to other countries, also to countries at a lower level of development. Low
scores in these assessments reflect that South African children are taking far too long to acquire
foundational literacy and numeracy skills. The current situation is that the quality of education for black
children is still largely poor, meaning employment, earning potential and career mobility is reduced for
these learners. This in itself, limits the growth of the South African economy.
When looking at gender equality in education, girls have equal or even slightly better opportunities than
boys with regard to enrolment and learning outcomes. 98% (primary) and 114% (secondary) of girls are
enrolled in schools.25 In 2005, there were slightly less girls out of primary school then boys.26 In higher
education, girls even take up 23% of %gross, while boys only take up 17%.27 But this is only part of the
picture, and school children continue to face many obstacles that impede their path to learning and
psychological empowerment. For instance, high levels of gender-based violence have been reported in
many South African schools. Male learners repeat more than female learners, and have a higher drop
out rate. A figure reflective of society and the educational system in South Africa is that almost 80% of
primary teachers are women while only 36% of principals (permanent appointments, primary and
secondary schools) in 2013 were females.28 Often the majority of the primary teachers are women
because this is a lower paid job with little status. However if we look at secondary teachers, school
23 Mathews, Jamieson, Lake and Smith (eds.) (2014) South African Child Gauge 2014 Children's Institute, University of Cape Town (http://www.ci.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1122&Itemid=697#sthash.qx8RNibO.dpuf) 24 National Planning Commission (2011) National Development Plan 2030, Executive summary (http://www.education.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=09T%2BvV0a5Sg%3D&tabid=628&mid=2062) 25 Data from The World Bank (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR.MA) 26 184,470 boys were out of school versus 182,041 girls (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.UNER.FE?page=1) 27 Data from The World Bank (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR.MA) 28 Data from 2013 (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.TCHR.FE.ZS?display=default)
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directors of even professors at University which are the jobs with better pay and status, we tend to find
more men.
Inequalities are still associated with race and gender as well as location. Of all those living in poor
households in 2009, 93.8% were African, 5.7% coloured, 0.4% Asian, and 0.2% white. 53.6% of the
poor are women and 55.4% of the poor households live in rural areas (STATSA, 2012). When looking
at the percentages of grade 4 & 5 learners who are not learning (Brookings Centre for Universal
Education, 2013), the following disparities can be noted (average = 33.7%):
- Gender: male: 36.8% vs female: 30.7%.
- Income: wealthy: 10.5% vs. poor: 52.9%.
- Region: urban: 19.3% vs. rural 48.2%.29
The South African economy relies heavily on the availability of human capital; and the education sector
is looked upon as the centre from which skills should be attained in key subjects that drive the
development of a healthy economy. A World Bank study from 2007 also shows that investments in
higher education positively contribute to economic growth. This is also illustrated by the Global
Innovation Index 2014, which shows a clear positive correlation between a country’s development stage
and the percentage of the population that has completed higher education. There is also a positive link
between research capacity and development. New knowledge through research is a crucial factor in
being able to find solutions to local and global challenges. Considering this, it is optimistic that, as a
middle-income country, South Africa’s higher education is financially increasingly self-reliant. There
appear to be many initiatives where funding is available to develop the higher education sector, but
additional capacity is still required.
The Higher Education Act of 1997, Education White Paper 3 on Higher Education (1997), and the
National Plan for Higher Education (2001) are the basis for the transformation of the public higher
education (HE) sector. Following the National Plan, the HE landscape has been transformed and three
different types of institution were established: Traditional Universities (11), Universities of Technology
(11), and Comprehensive Universities (6). More than half of all students study at the ‘comprehensive’ or
‘new generation’ universities, which combine academic and vocational oriented higher education. HE is
also offered at accredited private institutions that mostly provide short, flexible, market-related courses,
as well as distance education in areas such as business/management and tourism.
3.5.3. Entrepreneurship In South Africa the formal sector economy is advanced but relatively stagnant with an annualized GDP
growth rate of just 1.7% in 2014. The informal sector has the potential to be viable and dynamic, but
entrepreneurs here face constraints in accessing finance and markets.
The promotion of job creation through entrepreneurship is central to the government’s plans to address
poverty and reduce unemployment. This is reflected in the prominence given to entrepreneurship in
national strategic plans since 1994, and well as in the increased budget and coordination mechanisms
for the various government departments and agencies tasked with supporting entrepreneurship growth.
The private sector is also playing an increasingly active role in small enterprise development. This is
being driven by the need to develop value chains, as well as by corporate social responsibility and
obligations related to Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment (BB-BEE). However,
entrepreneurship in South Africa remains relatively underdeveloped. Despite incremental growth in the
rate of start-ups over the past decade around two-thirds of all early-stage entrepreneurs fail in their first
year of operation. There are various reasons for this underperformance, including the legacy of
apartheid, limited entrepreneurship education at school-level, poorly coordinated government support,
29 VVOB, Meerjarenplan 2014-2016 South Africa; Learning outcomes in primary education, 2013
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inadequate service delivery, infrastructure backlogs, excessive red tape, lack of access to finance,
underdeveloped business skills, and the saturation of markets by big corporates.
At present most small businesses in South Africa face low capitalization and low productivity.
Significantly more men pursue entrepreneurship then women. Nevertheless opportunity-driven
entrepreneurship is increasing in all population groups, in both the formal and informal sectors, and
particularly among people with secondary and tertiary education. Public, private and civil society support
for enterprise development is also becoming more efficient and better coordinated. Entrepreneurship is
an increasingly attractive career option for young people.
3.5.4. Environment The 1996 Constitution of South Africa states that everyone has the right to an environment that is not
harmful to their health or well-being and to have this environment protected, prevent pollution and
ecological degradation, promote conservation, and secure ecologically sustainable development and
use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development.
The department of Environmental Affairs ensures that land and infrastructure development takes place
in an environmentally responsible and sustainable manner through environmental impact assessment
systems.
The South African National Conference on Environment and Development has set the agenda of the
green movement in 1991. The conference brought together groups such as the Congress of South
African Trade Unions (Cosatu), the National Council of Trade Unions (Nactu), the Pan Africanist
Congress (PAC) and the African National Congress (ANC). International environmental groupings had
been wary of engaging with South African environmental organizations. However, political changes in
the country had made participation possible.
In 2011, the National Strategy for Sustainable Development and Action Plan (or NSSD) was approved,
a proactive strategy that regards sustainable development as a long-term commitment, which combines
environmental protection, social equity and economic efficiency with the vision and values of the country.
There were five strategic objectives identified:
Enhancing systems for integrated planning and implementation
Sustaining the ecosystems and using natural resources efficiently
Towards a green economy
Building sustainable communities
Responding effectively to climate change.
South Africa’s commitment to a long-term sustainable development trajectory that is economically,
socially and environmentally sustainable requires scientific, technological and innovation capabilities,
supported by strategic public investments and strategic partnerships.
Environmental and development organisations have established desks committed to support for
environmental of sustainable development initiatives. Although well intentioned, the majority of these
programmes have thus far only had a limited impact on community, climate and biodiversity.
The National Development Plan (NDP) provides a policy framework for achieving environmental
sustainability and resilience by 2030. It aims at increased investment in new agricultural technologies,
research and the protection of rural livelihoods and expansion of commercial agriculture. The NDP also
provides an independent Climate Change Centre, in partnership with academic and other appropriate
institutions to support the actions of government, business and civil society. The NDP also puts in place
a regulatory framework for land use, to ensure the conservation and restoration of protected areas.
However, the government agencies involved in environmental issues are under-capacitated which can
form a threat for these initiatives.
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3.5.5. Agriculture In South Africa, 40% of the population lives in rural areas where poverty is particularly severe; it is
estimated that the poverty rate exceeds 70% in rural areas. In 2011, agriculture contributed only 2.5%
of the total GDP.30 However, approximately 8.5 million people, or 17% of the population, depend directly
on it.
Therefore, the NDP 2030 aims at creating more jobs through agricultural development, based on
effective land reform and the growth of irrigated agriculture and land production. To achieve this, the
government will increase investment in new agricultural technologies, research and the development of
adaptation strategies for the protection of rural livelihoods and expansion of commercial agriculture.
Rural South Africa is spatially segmented and starkly divided between black and white populations. The
majority of the rural population inhabits areas of high density and deep poverty in the former Homelands.
These communal areas have production systems based on pastoralism, with approximately three million
subsistence farmers using labour intensive techniques with limited use of technology. Vulnerable groups
and female farmers face extreme obstacles in accessing land for farming. As such, most rural livelihoods
are now supported by wages, remittances or social grants.
The commercial sector on the other hand, differs substantially from the communal smallholder areas in
their production systems, objectives and property rights. Commercial farming is well-developed, capital
intensive, increasingly mechanized and largely export oriented. The freehold area is divided into
approximately 55,000 farms. These are owned by about 35,000 mainly white individuals, and by
agriculture enterprises.
Revitalization of the smallholder sector depends on large-scale redistribution of land. However the Land
Reform process designed by the government is falling short of expectations. The process is contentious
and politically charged. There are, however, some successful examples of commercial farmers
restructuring farm ownership with labourers. Although debated, investment in agriculture is considered
to be the most effective method of alleviating rural poverty. This is usually achieved through reducing
food prices, creating employment, increasing real wages and improving farm income. Such measures
are highly challenging and the government has introduced a range of remedial initiatives, including land
reform, investment in infrastructure and farmer support services.
In the former Homelands, most land is heavily overgrazed and there is widespread erosion due to poor
farming practices. South Africa is also a semi-arid country, and in 2015 experienced its worst drought in
15 years. Yet livestock is vital in poor households as a source of food and milk, provision non-human
labour and income through sale of animals or animal products. Through enhanced diagnostics and
disease control measures, educational initiatives and increasing access to markets, livestock production
can be improved. Thus, livestock can play an important part in food security, increasing rural incomes
and reducing the threat of zoonotic diseases.
Public and private sector support for smallholder agriculture has been given new impetus over the past
decade, yet this support remains uneven and sometimes poorly conceptualized. More importantly, the
current support is failing to achieve scale.
3.5.6. Cultural Sector South Africa seems to understand the value of culture in all its economic potential, as well as its pivotal
role in social development and nationbuilding. Its unifying national identity as a “rainbow nation” with all
its cultural diversity is a remarkable legacy that it strives to uphold. The country has a fairly well
developed legislative context for all matters to do with arts, culture and heritage. The Department of Arts
and Culture (DAC) aims to make significant strides in positioning the cultural and creative industries as
one of the main drivers of economic growth and job creation in South Africa. Currently, a large part of
30 Lawisso Kumo, Rieländer and Omilola (2014) South Africa; (http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/2014/PDF/CN_Long_EN/Afrique_du_Sud_EN.pdf)
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public funding for the cultural sector comes from the National Lotteries Board. Furthermore, the NDP
2030 aims at developing and implementing plans for a more effective arts and culture curriculum in
schools with appropriate educator support.
The White Paper on Arts, Culture and Heritage (updated in 2014) spelt out the institutional arrangements
required to implement a new vision in which culture could be “developed, practiced and celebrated
among all our people”, and it indicated the changes required of existing institutions and funding
mechanisms to achieve this. It also dealt with the rights of practitioners within these domains. Other
issues, notably those relating to areas such as cultural industries, were noted but earmarked for further
focused attention.
Whilst there has been a considerable increase in the revenues flowing through the arts and culture
sphere since 1994, indications are that this has not improved the lot of artists, the production of new
work or the growth of new audiences for the arts and creative industries.
The Mzansi Golden Economy (MGE) was the government’s flagship arts and culture strategy and had
the intention to contribute towards government’s stated goal of providing 5 million new jobs within ten
years. Even though 2013 was declared the year of the MGE, progress is not yet visible.
In general, both civil society and the government’s departments have failed to build the case for the arts
and culture sector. The sector has failed to advocate for itself and has not framed a vision for a new
society. The challenge seems to be to align the civil society’s objectives with those of key government
departments such as Arts and Culture, Trade and Industry, Education, and Social Development. Within
the sector, the case is made that the government alone cannot deliver its promise to the arts and culture
sector. It is the civil society can do so with the help of government and business.
Despite South Africa’s White Paper and the reviews that have occurred, there has been little actual
policy review for more than ten years. However, in early 2015 strong advocacy from civil society caused
the government Department of Arts and Culture to revoke the White Paper and call for an immediate
redrafting of the text. This rewriting is currently being executed and is supposed to be ready by June.
Noteworthy is the recently established new governmental body, CCIFSA (Inc.) (Cultural and Creative
Industries Federation of South Africa).
3.5.7. Local Government The South African Constitution outlines that the country should be run on a system of cooperative
governance and therefore all levels of government are distinctive, interdependent and interrelated. That
principle is formalized in the Municipal Systems Act (2000, no. 32) and the framework for
intergovernmental relations (2005, no. 13). The local government is made up of municipalities, which
form the lowest formal level of democratically elected government in South Africa. A municipality has
the right to govern, on its own initiative, the local government affairs of its community, subject to national
and provincial legislation. The executive and legislative authority of a municipality is vested in its
Municipal Council.
Art. 152 of the Constitution defines the key tasks of local government:
provide democratic and accountable government for local municipalities
ensure the provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner
promote social and economic development
promote safe and healthy environment
encourage the involvement of communities and community organizations in matters of local
government.
Thus local government plays an important role in eliminating poverty and reducing inequality.
Municipalities deliver basic services such as water, electricity, sanitation and solid waste removal. They
also manage extensive public road networks and support or provide public transport services. They also
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directly manage aspects of planning and regulatory systems that control land use, influence
infrastructure roll-out and facilitate economic activity.
In terms of the Local Government Municipal Systems Act, all municipalities are required to prepare and
formally adopt Integrated Development Plans (IDPs). Integrated development planning is a process by
which municipalities prepare five-year strategic plans that are reviewed annually in extensive
consultation with communities (wards) and other stakeholders.
The Constitution requires a division of nationally raised resources between national, provincial and local
government. Transfers to local government are made through equitable shares and conditional grants.
The equitable shares are determined by formulas that take into account demographic and
developmental factors. Conditional grants are designed to achieve specific objectives, and
municipalities must fulfil certain conditions to receive them. Additionally local government raises
revenues in the form of charges and taxes.31
In order to improve the performance of Local Governments, the NDP 2030 will establish a more
proactive approach to managing the intergovernmental system.
3.5.8. Water, sanitation and Hygiene
The National Development Plan 2030 is aiming to improve and clarify the responsibilities of different
government levels in the areas of housing, water and sanitation since today the system is seen as
“unnecessarily complicated”.32
In 2000, South Africa signed the Millennium Development Goals and committed itself to reduce by half
the number of people without access to safe drinking water and sanitation. This means access to
improved water sources for 88,3% of the population by 2015 (from 81% in 1990) and access to improved
sanitation for 74% (from 58% in 1990).33 The UNDP and USAID report that progress has been slow, but
the targets are reached with 95% of the population having access to improved drinking water and 74%
having access to improved sanitation.34 With a population of 53 million people, this leaves 2,6 million
people without access to safe water and 13,7 million without access to improved sanitation. Yet, South
Africa is one of the few African countries which made significant progress with the delivery of clean
water. The Government of South Africa has treated access to clean water as a basic human right with
robust programmes ensuring service for the poor. South Africa is the most active builder of reservoir
and trans-basin conveyance projects on the continent. However, water demand and scarcity are
growing. By 2020, the country will likely face serious risks of water shortages, adversely affecting
prosperity and livelihoods.35 Because of a traditional prioritization of water supply over sanitation in rural
communities, rural communities still face problems. Therefore, South Africa established the Strategic
Framework for Water Services in 2013 which set new drinking water and sanitation targets, including
universal access to water and sanitation, and priority accorded to communities with the greatest needs.36
3.5.9. Decent Work In South Africa, recent growth in employment (2013) happened mainly in the public sector, while this sector ought to cut its expenses. Employment in agriculture and mining decreases, while strikes and social upheaval increase. Remember the mining strikes in Marikana in 2012 that resulted in social unrest and the death of 34 mineworkers. These were followed by extensive strikes among agricultural workers in 2012–2013.
31 VVSG (2013) International Municipal Cooperation 2014-2016 – South-Africa, Brussels, VVSG and Yes! Media (2015) The Local Government Handbook South-Africa 2015 (http://www.localgovernment.co.za/) 32 National Planning Commission (2011) National Development Plan 2030, Executive summery p. 35 33 Unicef/WHO 34 UNDP/Republic of South Africa (2013) Millennium Development Goals. Country Report 2013. The South Africa I know, the Home I understand, pp. 90-104 (http://www.za.undp.org/content/dam/south_africa/docs/Reports/The_Report/MDG_October-2013.pdf ) And USAID (2010) South-Africa. Water and Sanitation Profile p. 1 (http://www.washplus.org/sites/default/files/south_africa2010.pdf) 35 USAID (2010) South-Africa. Water and Sanitation Profile (http://www.washplus.org/sites/default/files/south_africa2010.pdf) 36 USAID (2010) South-Africa. Water and Sanitation Profile p. 1 (http://www.washplus.org/sites/default/files/south_africa2010.pdf)
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South African workers are unable to provide enough means for a decent life of their families: in 2012, just under a third (33.0 per cent) of non-agricultural workers earned very low pay, with such earnings being more common among self-employed workers (37.5 per cent monthly) than among employees (34.9 per cent monthly). Low earnings were more common for women than for men, and also more common for rural workers than urban workers. These families feel powerless towards the employers and the government; they feel that traditional trade unions do not sufficiently defend their interests. Freedom of association related to employment was considered important enough in South Africa to be included in the Bill of Rights in the Constitution, thus setting a firm basis for the promotion of social dialogue and representation of employers and workers. According to data for August 2013, 190 trade unions and 164 employers’ organizations were registered with the Department of Labour. A total of approximately 3.4 million union members are recorded, of whom 1.4 million (40 per cent) were female. The National Economic Development and Labour Council (NEDLAC) is South Africa's foremost ‘social dialogue’ forum for the country’s traditional social partners. Indeed, it is within this structure that the Decent Work programme for South Africa was agreed, and all amendments to labour laws are discussed. In terms of social protection, for decades, South Africa has had a non-contributory old-age grant that is currently payable to women and men of at least 60 years old and who have passed a means test. This grant is one of a set of grants that provide social protection to old people, disabled people, children and war veterans. In March 2012, nearly 2.7 million individuals received the old-age grant, which accounts for almost half of the people aged 55 years and more. There is also another grant that is paid by the government to other vulnerable groups, but the implementation of this system is still an uphill struggle. Alternative systems for social security (like risk-pooling by means of investment funds and other joint strategies) have not been sustainable in the past. The entire region needs a clear policy decision and a consensus on the minimum level of social protection in order to tackle mass poverty, unemployment and inequality. The most common way of social protection has always been the big family tree with its well-known branches and commitments, but globalization, increasing mobility and (labour) migration have weakened this traditional system. Nor the government, nor the private sector have taken over the organization of the social security system adequately, the result of which being that the breach between poor and rich still exists and becomes even bigger despite the economic growth in the region. The majority of the people living in the region think access to quality health care is the most important part of social protection, but unfortunately, it doesn’t meet the needs of the people living in rural areas like agricultural workers and small farmers. Lack of access to social deciding elements like clean water, housing, schools and sanitary fittings are closely related to poverty and precarious employment. Qualitative health care is only offered by commercial services and is still a privilege of a small group of rich people who is part of the formal (enclave) economy and has the means to make use of the range of private health care. In South Africa, the last few years more attention was given to the public debate on a universal health care system open to the public thanks to the proposition of the ‘National Health Insurance’ (NHI) which was launched by the government in August 2011. It is clear that the quality of the current public health care system needs to improve substantially before the NHI can be implemented. The presence of a strong and influential private health care sector makes lobbying of the civil society not always easy but still very important. Whilst initiatives to involve communities more in health care services through health care promoters are widespread, sustainability and affiliation of private (NGO) initiatives within the public health care services remain a challenge in the entire region. In South Africa, there are 1.600 NGOs and common organizations active within the health care services at civil level dealing with HIV/AIDS. There are many branches but little efforts to coordinate these initiatives.
South Africa is the only country in the sub region and one of the 15 countries worldwide that has ratified the ILO Convention 189 on decent work for domestic workers. This is of big symbolic value as it recognizes domestic workers and gives value to their work. Domestic work is often not recognized as an economic activity and domestic workers are not regarded to be real employers. There are hardly any rules or control mechanisms that assure their rights and make these rights can be extorted.
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4. Description of the local civil society, the decentralized
authorities and the governmental institutions, and their
most important financial partners in South Africa.
4.1. Description of the local civil society and their most important financial
partners There is an estimation of more than 122.000 registered NPOs in the country. Of the registered NPOs,
more than half engage directly in social service delivery, and over 20% work in health, and 11% in
education. The annual income of the sector is estimated to be R12.5 billion.37 Civil society in South
Africa is comprised of diverse institutions, ranging from grass-roots community-based organizations
(CBOs) serving specific local needs to professional CSOs with international reach's capacity varies. The
National Development Plan-Vision 2030 (NDP) recognizes the value of civil society in building a capable
and developmental state.38.
Under the Black Economic Empowerment Act corporation earn preferential procurement points for
donations to CSOs. The private sector invests billions of Rand in civil society through corporate social
investment (CSI) initiatives every year. Corporations primarily support CSOs working in the health,
education, and social welfare sectors. Private philanthropy is also on the rise. There are hundreds of
private philanthropic foundations in the country operating in the areas of poverty relief, education,
environmental conservation, and health for an amount evaluated to $100 million per year. The sector is
partly organized through an established network of local foundations such as the Private Philanthropy
Circle. Since South Africa’s fiscal framework is slightly limiting to philanthropic activities,39 the
government has shown commitment to reduce the financial requirements for philanthropic foundations.
4.1.1. Health
Hundreds of NGOs make an essential contribution to HIV, Aids and TB, mental health, cancer, disability
and the development of public health systems at all levels of the health system (from national to local
level). Some of the NGOs are funded by global health initiatives or bilateral agencies, such as PEPFAR,
to implement health programmes.40 Important work in the field of health systems is carried out by Health
Systems Trust and Treatment Action Campaign. The South African Red Cross Society is a recognised
Official Auxiliary to the Government in Humanitarian Aid.41
The Medical Research Council (MRC) aims to promote the improvement of the health and the quality of
life of the population through research, development and technology transfer. The scope of the MRC’s
research includes laboratory-based research, clinical research and public health studies.
Statutory bodies for the health-service professions include: Allied Health Professions Council of South
Africa, Council for Medical Schemes, Health Professions Council of South Africa, Medicines Control
Council, The National Health Laboratory Service, South African Dental Technicians Council, South
African Medical Research Council, South African Nursing Council, the South African Pharmacy Council
and the National Research Foundation.
4.1.2. Education
There are several non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and civil society organisations (CSOs)
working in the South African education sector. Examples include the following:
37 Figures from 2007. European Commission (2014) Draft proposal for an EU country roadmap for engagement with civil society 2014 - 2017 38 National Planning Commission (2011). Vision 2030, Chapter 13 – Building a capable and developmental state 39 South Africa scores 3.94 on a scale from 1 to 5, Philanthropic Freedom Pilot Study, Hudson Institute’s Center for Global Prosperity 40 Wolwaardt et al. (2008) ‘The Role of Private and Other Non-Governmental Organisations in Primary Health Care’ In South African Health Review 2008, Health Systems Trust. 41 The South African Red Cross Society: http://www.redcross.org.za/
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The National Professional Teachers Organisation of South Africa (NAPTOSA) the South African
Democratic Teachers Union (SADTU) and the SA Teachers Union (SAOU) and National Teachers
Union, Professional Educators Union (PEU), South African Principals Association (SAPA).
GOLD (Generation of Leaders Discovered)
Equal Education.
The National Education Collaboration Trust (NECT)
South African universities and academics participate in different research partnerships funded by
international donors and philanthropic foundations.42
4.1.3. Entrepreneurship SMMEs and large corporates are represented by the chamber of commerce movement in South Africa.
Chambers are registered as non-profit membership-based organizations and promote and defend the
interests of entrepreneurs. Some have branches for women and young entrepreneurs. Locally, interests
of entrepreneurs are defended by independent entities usually affiliated to a national body. The apex
bodies of this movement are Business Unity South Africa (BUSA) and the Black Business Council
(BBC). They negotiate on behalf of business with government and other social partners on the National
Economic Development and Labour Council (NEDLAC) and through other national and regional forums.
Funding for the chamber of commerce movement is based on membership subscriptions and fees for
services rendered. Chambers that are situated in disadvantaged areas require private sector (corporate
social responsibility) or other donor support.
There are few CSOs supporting entrepreneurs but several INGOs, in collaboration with government
bodies and funded by OECD donors, work on developing entrepreneurial talent in disadvantaged
communities.
Numerous local civil society groups also provide small-scale support to SMMEs through micro-finance
and incubation strategies, often with focus on support for social entrepreneurs, women and young
starters.
A range of development micro-finance institutions provide micro-credit, training and related support to
small and micro enterprises. In addition, a number of local research institutes analyse and generate
statistics for the sector, establishing a large body of knowledge on SMME development and participation
in the South African economy. The most prominent institutes are situated within university departments
and are funded internally or through donor support from both local and international sources.
4.1.4. Environment There are a number of South African environmental NGOs, such as Earthlife Africa, The Endangered
Wildlife Trust, GroundWork, Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa (WESSA). They work
on biodiversity, environmental justice service and development and ecosystem functioning. They also
advocate the sustainable use of natural resources. They are mostly funded through membership
subscriptions, although some private (companies, banks) and institutional donors are also involved.
Other important actors in sustainability and environmental protection are:
Local research institutions focussed on the environmental sector, or on the issue of poverty and
natural resources; contribute greatly to the body of knowledge on rural development in South
Africa.
INGOs such as WWF are engaged in supporting government initiatives and providing direct
technical and financial support to environmental projects.
42 The vademecum provides two broad categories of actors: “civil society” and “decentralized authorities and public institutions”. As higher education institutes are autonomous organisations with a public interest, and cannot be considered as purely governmental institutions, they are categorized as civil society here.
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Trusts, funds, foundations and National and Local Development Finance Institutes provide
grants to emerging grassroots organisations. Micro-finance institutes play a less significant role.
Local NGOs, deriving funds from corporate social responsibility programmes or from
government support.
The ECOPEACE Party, a national environmentalist political party without seats in the National
Assembly.
4.1.5. Agriculture The South African Agricultural Business Chamber (Agbiz) is the autonomous apex body for
agribusiness. Agri-SA is a federation of 9 provincial, 24 commodity organizations, and over 1,000 farmer
associations. Both these organizations have desks involved in transformation programmes, including
technical and financial support for emerging (black) commercial farmers. Agbiz and Agri-SA are mostly
funded through membership subscriptions as well as fees for services rendered. There is also limited
private and institutional donor involvement.
The interests of smallholder and emerging commercial farmers from historically disadvantaged
communities are represented at the national level by the National African Farmers Union (NAFU) and
the African Farmers’ Association of South Africa (AFASA). Both these organizations consist of district
and provincial structures. They are funded through subscriptions, service fees and donor assistance.
There are a range of smallholder farmer organizations and cooperatives at the local level, mostly in the
former homeland areas, which generally represent specific commodity groups. Some of these are part
of larger network associations or are affiliated to structures of the federated farmers’ organizations.
Cooperatives are reliant on government or private sector support.
Agricultural trusts play a leading role in providing grants, loans and technical assistance to emerging
commercial smallholder farmers. National and Local Development Finance Institutes are also important
in this regard, with micro-finance institutes playing a less significant role.
There are many local NGOs involved in value chain development, with a focus on smallholders. Much
funding for local NGO activities comes from corporate social responsibility programmes, or from
government support.
In addition there are a broad range of local research institutions and agriculture academies focussed on
the agriculture sector in South Africa. Many of these have a distinct smallholder and female farmer focus,
such as the Rural Women’s Action-Research Program at the University of Cape Town. Many universities
also host departments focussed on poverty, land and agrarian studies, and these contribute greatly to
the broad body of knowledge available on farming in South Africa.
Finally, multi-lateral organizations such as the FAO as well as a number of international
nongovernmental organizations are engaged in supporting government initiatives and providing direct
technical and financial support to smallholder and emerging commercial farmers.
4.1.6. Culture The CSOs in the arts and culture sector are organised in network organisations, reaching country wide
through provincial chapters, like VANSA (Visual Arts Network South Africa), PANSA (Performing Arts
Network South Africa), and the creative civil society network the Arterial Network South Africa Chapter
(ANSA).
The private sector shows keen interest in Corporate Social Responsibility by engaging with the arts and
culture sector, particularly through the business network BASA (Business and Arts South Africa).
The Arts and Culture Trust of South Africa (ACT) is a self-sustaining perpetual Fund for the continued
development of arts and culture. ACT’s programmes offer a low-cost high-impact proposition for
businesses wanting to achieve their Corporate Social Investment (CSI), BBBEE or marketing objectives
within the arts and culture sector.
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4.1.7. Local Government In South Africa, local government has a strong bond with CSOs since participation of citizens and civil
society is obligatory for several steps in the decision-making process at local level. The Ward Council
plays an important role in this, as a forum for reporting on policy decisions and their implementation.
All municipalities are required to adopt Integrated Development Plans (IDPs), which are reviewed
annually in extensive consultation with communities (wards) and other stakeholders.
4.1.8. Water and Sanitation
Water boards are regional or bulk water service providers that sell water to or accept wastewater from
other water services providers. Water boards may also provide retail water services directly to customers
on behalf of water services authorities. There are 15 water boards in South Africa which collectively
serve about half the population. In the rural areas, service provision is shared among municipalities,
water boards, and community-based organizations.43
The Borehole Water Association of Southern Africa is a non-profit and trade association representing
the groundwater industry. The BWA includes central and local government departments, private
enterprises, professional consultants, contractors and interested individuals.44
The Mvula Trust is South Africa’s largest Water and Sanitation NGO. They specialise in community
management, establish Community-Based Water and Sanitation services providers and support
national and local authorities to create and establish an enabling environment for Water and Sanitation
sustainability.45
The European Union is the largest single donor to the sector. Another important donor is the Mvula
Trust, a non-governmental organization that focuses on the delivery of water services through
community-based approaches. Other donors include the Netherlands, Irish Aid, and the Swiss Agency
for Cooperation and Development.46
4.2. Description of the decentralized authorities and the governmental
institutions, and their most important financial partners The Parliament of South Africa consists of the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces
(NCOP), representing provincial interests in the national sphere. Delegations from each province and
the NCOP receive a mandate from the provinces. The NCOP links Parliament to the provincial
legislatures and local government associations.47
Each of the nine provinces has its own Executive Council, consisting of a Premier and a number of
members and is able to make provincial laws on certain matters such as education, health and housing
if in accordance with national law. Exclusive provincial legislative competence is reserved for less
important matters.
Local government and municipalities are recognised in the Constitution as a sphere of government,
giving them a dynamic role as instruments of delivery. Local government may designate up to 10 part-
time representatives to represent the different categories of municipalities and participate in proceedings
of the NCOP.
43 USAID (2010) South-Africa. Water and Sanitation Profile, p. 4 http://www.washplus.org/sites/default/files/south_africa2010.pdf 44 http://www.bwa.co.za/ 45 http://www.themvulatrust.org.za/about/ 46 ISF-UTS (2011) South-Africa Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Brief, prepared For AusAID By the Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, October 2011, p. 10 (http://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/ISF_SouthAfricaWASH.pdf) 47 UN – DPADM (2004) Republic of South Africa Public Administration Country Profile p4 (http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023288.pdf)
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The national department for Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (CoGTA) is the main
interface between national government and the provincial government and municipalities. All 278
municipalities are in turn represented in the South African Local Government Association (SALGA).
4.2.1. Health The national Department of Health holds overall responsibility for health care, with a specific
responsibility for the public sector, and focuses on improving hospitals, reinforcing health districts and
strengthening public health ahead of the National Health Insurance scheme. Most of public health sector
funding comes from the South Africa's National Treasury. Public health budgets are allocated to the nine
provinces, with different systems of allocation and standards of health care. Provincial health
departments provide and manage comprehensive health services, via a district-based, public health-
care model. In the decentralised health system, district health authorities and hospital management
teams are responsible for operational issues, such as the budget and human resources. Currently, there
are 4200 public health facilities in the country.
There are over 25 bilateral, multilateral and international development partners for health sector
development in South Africa48. There are fifteen active United Nations agencies in addition to the World
Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) with offices in South Africa.
The National Health Laboratory Service is the largest pathology service in South Africa. It has 265
laboratories, serving 80% of South Africans. The labs provide diagnostic services as well as health-
related research.
The Allied Health Professions Council of South Africa, the health practitioner watchdog body, had
165 371 qualified health practitioners registered and 3773 "complementary health" practitioners in 2012.
South Africa is active in the WHO and UN, both as a partner in cooperation and an expert in HIV/AIDS
issues.
4.2.2. Education
The Department of Basic Education (DBE) is responsible for public primary and secondary schools (GR-
G12), including adult literacy programmes, public schools, independent schools, early childhood
development (ECD) centres (although many child care centres are under the Department of Social
development), full service schools and special needs schools. Almost all the funding comes from the
Government of South Africa. Other financial partners are:
EU, GIZ, Chinese Embassy, UNICEF, USAID, StC, British Council
Specific projects and programmes have been funded by the European Union, UNICEF, UNESCO
the British Council, Gates Foundation, Dell, Microsoft, Vodacom, CISCO, Elma and Zenex.
The department of Higher Education and Training (DHET), under the Minister of Higher Education and
Training, oversees the following institutions:49
25 public universities
50 public technical and vocational education and training (TVET) colleges
Public adult learning centres as part of the new community colleges.
48 The main ones include the United States Government through PEPFAR, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the European Commission, the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD); the German Technical Cooperation Agency (GTZ); Cuba, Belgium, Greece, Finland, New Zealand and Italy, the United Nations Agencies and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM). The International Organization for Migration (IOM), DFID-UK and some bilateral agencies do have regional or sub-regional offices in the country. Regional bodies such as the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) with health desks are also partners in the health sector. 49 Department of Higher Education and Training (2013) White paper for post-school education and training. Building an expanded, effective and integrated post-school system. Pretoria
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Private institutions: registered private TVET colleges and private higher education institutions.
The sector education and training authorities (SETAs) and the National Skills Fund (NSF)
The South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) and the Quality Councils as regulatory
bodies responsible for qualifications and quality assurance.
The South African Institute for Vocational and Continuing Education and Training (SAIVCET)
A number of state-owned post-school institutions exist under the authority of other national
government departments, mainly (but not exclusively) training public service workers. Other
institutions are operated by provincial governments and municipalities to train their own
personnel. The DHET is responsible for assuring the quality of provision in these colleges.
A Council on Higher Education (CHE) is responsible for policy advice, issues of quality assurance,
monitoring and evaluation, and enhancing higher education quality.
The Department of Science and Technology is responsible for coordination, integration and
management of all government funded science and technology institutions and provides a holistic
overview of public expenditure on science and technology.
The National Research Foundation (NRF) is an independent government agency that promotes and
supports research through funding, human resource development and the provision of research
facilities.
The Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs) offer trainings in skills and knowledge that is
sector specific. Several SETAs thus target different sectors for capacity building.
The South African Council for Educators (SACE) is a statutory body and has three major responsibilities:
the professional development of teachers; the registration of teachers; and the regulation of teachers.
The teacher unions are strongly represented in the council.
4.2.3. Entrepreneurship
The Department of Small Business Development (DSBD) is tasked with coordinating all government
interventions related to support for SMMEs but lacks capacity. Therefore, the Department of Trade and
Industry (DTI) and the Economic Development Department (EDD) remain the focal points for
government policy making.
Both the department for Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (CoGTA) and SALGA have the
task of creating a more conducive environment for local economic development. For this, they have
established Local Economic Development (LED) committees in all municipalities and metros.
Non-financial support to SMMEs goes through agencies such as the Small Enterprise Development
Agency (SEDA). Financing agencies, such as the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC), promote
economic growth, job creation and industrial development, with a focus on previously disadvantaged
communities. The Small Enterprise Financing Agency (SEFA) provides loans and grants to SMMEs with
the aim of alleviating poverty. The National Youth Development Agency (NYDA) is responsible for
promoting entrepreneurship and job creation specifically for youth. A gender component is included in
most large government programmes related to entrepreneurship.
Government interventions in the economic sphere are largely financed using state funds, although some
international donors play a key role in this regard.
4.2.4. Environment
The Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) ensures adequate instruments to improve efficiency
and effectiveness of environmental impact assessment system across the country and supports the role
of South Africa in international initiates to protect the environment.
The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) has a leading role in South Africa’s national
commitment to biodiversity management, in partnership with the DEA and the biodiversity sector.
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South African National Parks’ (SANParks) oversees the conservation of South Africa’s biodiversity,
landscapes and associated heritage assets through a system of national parks.
4.2.5. Agriculture The Departments of Agriculture, Rural Development and Land Reform, Trade and Industry, and the
Ministries of Economic Development and Social Development are all directly involved in the smallholder
agriculture sector
These agencies have a number of programmes supporting emerging commercial farmers as well as the
livelihoods of subsistence farmers. The Ministry of Rural Development and Land Reform (RDLR) is
charged with developing and implementing the government’s integrated rural development program. It
is also the key government ministry involved in the land reform process and rural infrastructure
development.
The government provides financial assistance to smallholder farmers through the Land Bank, which is
a development finance institution focussed on the transformation of the agriculture sector. It provides
financial services to emerging commercial farmers, mostly from historically disadvantaged populations.
4.2.6. Culture
The arts and culture sector is funded by the Department of Arts and Culture (DAC), the National Arts
Council (NAC), the National Lottery Development Fund (NLDT), provincial department for arts and
culture and service bodies to the sector like the National Film and Video Foundation (NFVF), the South
Africa Music Rights Organisation (SAMRO), and the Cultural and Creative Industries Federation of
South Africa (CCIFSA).
The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) has a subsidiary department - Small Business Development
– actively assists private 'arts and culture initiatives' to create economic growth through policy
development in areas of social security, labour status policy (with the South African Department of
Labour (SADOL)), fair taxation models (with SARS, the South African Revenue Service), etc.
The sector education and training authority (SETA) for arts and culture is also referred to as the
CATHSSETA since it includes Conservation, Arts, Tourism, Hospitality and Sports, all in one authority.
4.2.7. Local Government South Africa’s nine provinces have Provincial Legislature, which approves and passes a provincial
budget every year. Legislatures are elected in provincial elections that are held with national elections,
every five years. Members of the Executive Council (MECs) are appointed to be the political heads of
each provincial department. The MECs and the Premier form the Provincial Executive Council.
Provincial government is headed by a Director General and provincial departments are headed by a
Deputy Director General or a Head of Department. Most of the public servants in the country fall under
provincial government – these include teachers and nurses. In each of the nine provinces there are
usually at least twelve departments. The names are slightly different and in some provinces departments
are combined. Some of them are:
Finance Economic development Tourism
Housing Education Health
Social Development Transport Public works
Planning and Environment Sport, recreation, art & culture Agriculture
Local government Safety and security
Each province has to develop a Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (PGDS) that spells out
the overall framework and plan for developing the economy and improving services. Provinces also
have a Spatial Development Framework (SDF) that says where and how residential and business
development should take place and how the environment should be protected.
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The provincial MEC and Department of Local Government are responsible for co-ordination, monitoring
and support of municipalities in each province.
The whole of South Africa is divided into local municipalities. Each municipality has a council where
decisions are made and municipal officials and staff who implement the work of the municipality. The
Council has to pass a budget for its municipality each year. They must also decide on development
plans and service delivery for their municipal area.
The work of the Council is co-ordinated by a Mayor who is assisted by councillors in an Executive
Committee or a Mayoral Committee. The work of the municipality is done by the municipal administration
that is headed by the Municipal Manager and other officials.
There are three different kinds of municipalities in South Africa: Metropolitan municipalities exist in the
six biggest cities in South Africa. These municipalities are broken into wards. Areas that fall outside of
the six metropolitan municipal areas are divided into local municipalities. There are a total of 231 of
these local municipalities and each municipality is broken into wards. The residents of each ward are
represented by a ward councillor. Only people who live in low population areas, like game parks, do not
fall under local municipalities. The areas are called district management areas (DMA) and fall directly
under the district municipality.
District municipalities are made up of a number of local municipalities that fall in one district. There are
usually between 3 - 6 local municipalities that come together in a district council and there are 47 district
municipalities in South Africa. The district municipality has to co-ordinate development and delivery in
the whole district. It plays a stronger role in areas where local municipalities lack capacity to deliver. It
has its own administration (staff).
Municipalities are responsible for the following functions:
Electricity delivery Municipal health services Water for household use
Sewage and sanitation Decisions around land use Storm water systems
Refuse removal Municipal roads Firefighting services
Municipal public transport Street trading Abattoirs and fresh food markets
Parks and recreational areas Libraries and other facilities Local tourism
The South African Local Government Association (SALGA) is an autonomous association of
municipalities with its mandate derived from the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. SALGA
interfaces with parliament, the National Council of Provinces (NCOP), cabinet as well as provincial
legislatures. The association is a unitary body with a membership of 278 municipalities.
4.2.8. Water and Sanitation South Africa has established clear sector goals and targets, has a sound policy and legislative
framework for the sector, and has clearly defined the roles and responsibilities of institutions active in
the sector. The Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (COGTA) has oversight
of local government while the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) supports and regulates local
government with respect to water services (in collaboration with COGTA and the provincial
governments). Nevertheless, AMCOW reports some challenges. The responsibility for sanitation has
been reallocated to the Department of Human Settlements and the relative roles of this department and
the DWA must still be worked out. National government sets national targets but responsibility rests with
local government to deliver. National government provides general budget support to local government
but does not control how this money is locally allocated and spent. There is a lack of clarity with respect
to the responsibility for hygiene promotion and how this relates to new sanitation investments.50
50 AMCOW, World Bank, et al. (2011) An AMCOW Country Status Overview. Water Supply and Sanitation in South Africa Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond Nairobi (http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-SouthAfrica.pdf)
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The Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) is responsible for equitable access to water supply and
sanitation. DWS also oversees the activities of all water sector institutions and is the lead policy-maker
and regulator.
Water services authorities (at the metropolitan, district or local levels) are responsible for providing water
services within their areas. They can either provide service directly or contract with water service
providers through service delivery agreements.
Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA) is a state-owned entity and is a specialised liability
management body that finances and implements bulk raw water infrastructure.51
51 http://www.tcta.co.za/Aboutus/Pages/default.aspx
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5. Analysis of the local civil society, the decentralized
authorities, the governmental institutions, and strategies
that are being considered to strengthen their positions
5.1. Analysis of the local civil society and strategies that are being considered
to strengthen their positions Compared to most countries in the region, South Africa is home to a strong civil society, well developed
with professional and highly motivated staff. They have also better access to resources and more
capacity to organize. Many of the new social movements are also built around a core of professional
staff.
Civil society and CSOs have played an important role in the political history of the country, especially
during apartheid. CSOs provided essential inputs for the current constitution –one of the most
progressive human rights-based charters in the world. But with the democratic transition, CSO
witnessed a ‘brain drain’ towards the new government and its institutions.
The most powerful commitment of the South African government to civil society engagement is spelled
out in chapter 4 of the Municipal Systems Act. It “requires the municipality to develop a culture of
community participation and to contribute to building the capacity of the local community to participate
in the affairs of the municipality.” CSOs are also recognised in the NDP 2030 as important for society.
Yet, it has been suggested that state-civil society relations are not improving.52 Government actors have
become wary of critical civil society voices and prefer to work with (and fund) organizations that
implement national development initiatives in a service delivery role.53 Advocacy CSOs and (new) social
movements that seek to broaden and deepen access to constitutional rights report that the space for
expression and participation is shrinking.54 This also means that public and private sources of funding
are geared to less controversial issues. Because several donor agencies are pulling out of South Africa
due to its middle-income status, a sense of crisis permeates the South African civil society sector.
Women's movements have also suffered from this since they challenge the boundaries between the
public and the private. In South Africa new state institutions offer funding opportunities for women's
organizations to advance the struggle for equality. However, the restructured state and civil society
relations mentioned above, have the potential to limit the terrain of women's political activities to that of
the state. Women organizations within the civil society in South Africa are therefore looking into the
linkages between the public and private spheres. Gender based violence, for example, is not a private
problem but a problem of the society as a whole and should be seen as a public problem (public health
problem, public education problem, public justice problem, public security problem, etc.)
The NDP provides numerous entry points to establish more balanced, critical and creative partnerships
between government, citizens and civil society to deliver development outcomes and consolidate
democratic governance in times of financial constraints. The economic domain illustrates well the
challenges at hand. As growth figures decrease, inequality further deepens and unemployment
continues to rise in South Africa and it is increasingly urgent to engage in an inclusive discussion on the
economic project for South Africa. This, however, will require a change in attitudes and action models
of the various public and private sector actors involved. Civil society actors point to other fundamentals
that may need to be reconsidered. These include:
the relations with citizens (to ensure “active citizenship” and provide bottom-up accountability)
the strategies used to ensure collective action as a sector and achieve greater impact
52 Diagnostic done by the National planning Commission and Coalition on Civil Society Resource Mobilisation (2013) 53 Coalition on Civil Society Resource Mobilisation (2013) 54 Coalition on Civil Society Resource Mobilisation (2013)
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the growing divide between ‘middle class’ CSOs (focusing on civil and political rights) and
grassroots organisations (focusing on socio-economic rights and service and goods delivery)
the need for more effective collaborative arrangements with the often still weak local
governments
the search for alternative funding models guaranteeing sustainability (mainly through domestic
sources).
Strategies to improve the local civil society in South Africa are discussed below, in the sector analysis.
Civil society is founded on the separation between public and private as two distinct spheres in society.
The definition of civil society is thus not a gender-neutral concept seeing that gender is not equally
important in both spheres. Women issues have often been seen as solely private issues. For a correct
gender analysis however we need to look at both public and private spheres. But most importantly, we
need to look into the linkages between them.
Women's movements, not only in South Africa, have constantly challenged these boundaries between
the public and the private. In South Africa new state institutions offer opportunities for women's
organizations to pursue claims on state resources and advance struggles for equality. However, the
restructured state and civil society relations, which emerge from engaging with these institutions also
have the potential to limit the terrain of women's political activities to that of the state. Women
organizations within the civil society in South Africa should therefore be supported to not limit their scope
to state interventions only. Support should thus be given to programmes or projects that form (or look
into the) linkages between the public and private spheres. In the case of gendered based violence for
example, it is extremely important that those linkages are made. Gender based violence is not a private
problem but a problem of the society as a whole and should thus come out of the private sphere and be
seen as a public problem (public health problem, public education problem, public justice problem, public
security problem, etc.)
5.2. Analysis of the decentralized authorities and the government institutions
and strategies that are being considered to strengthen their positions Generally, Local government in South Africa is considered relatively weak, with uneven capacity and
varied performance at local government level.55 However, the South African constitution does provide
adequate ways for CSOs to interact with local authorities and policy processes. These include formal
corporatist structures such as NEDLAC, ward committees at local government level, commenting and
testifying on proposed policy and legislation through the green and white paper process, and
participating in government consultations.56
Strategies to improve the decentralised authorities and South African government institutions are
discussed below, in the sector analysis.
5.3. The Health sector
5.3.1. Analysis of the local civil society in health
South Africa has an estimated 90 000 civil society organisations working across a wide range of areas.
The National Development Agency reports 76,415 registered CSOs with 8,723 (11.4%) working in the
health sector.57 CSOs take on a substantive role as convenors, facilitators and advocates. In an
exceedingly competitive environment financial support becomes a major stake.58 In South Africa, CSOs
55 European Commission (2014) Draft proposal for an EU country roadmap for engagement with civil society 2014 - 2017 56 idem 57 Dalberg/Amref. Contribution of civil society organisations to health in Africa. http://www.dalberg.com/documents/Contribution_of_Civil_Society_Organisations_to_Health_in_Africa.pdf 58 Sangonet. – South African civil society -Quo vadis. http://www.ngopulse.org/article/south-african-civil-society-–-quo-vadis
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provide around 30% of social services, including health. In this context, it is important to note that an
estimated 80% of South Africans consult with traditional healers alongside general medical practitioners.
Health Systems Trust publishes the annual South African Health Review, the Health District Barometer
and other reports, besides supporting health districts, providing training and carrying out research.
Treatment Action Committee was and still is at the forefront of action and advocacy for access to
HIV/AIDS care and prevention. Section 27 is a public interest law centre, whose focus include the right
to access to health care.
The South African Red Cross Society assists the Ministry of Health in grassroots work in the areas of
integrated HIV/TB programming, home based care, psycho-social support, peer education, disaster
preparedness and response and first aid trainings. The trainings by the Red Cross are accredited by
The Health and Welfare Sector Education and Training Authority (HWSETA) and the Department of
Labour. The accredited qualifications meet the Education Training Qualifications Authority (ETQA)
requirements and are registered on the National Qualifications Framework.59
The Medical Research Council’s research focuses on the ten highest causes of death in South Africa
and includes TB, HIV, chronic diseases, alcohol and drug abuse, and women’s health. The Council also
founded a traditional medicines research unit to introduce modern research methodologies around the
use of traditional medicines. It also aims to develop a series of patents for promising new entities derived
from medicinal plants.60
5.3.2. Analysis of decentralised authorities & public institutions in health
In March 2012, 165 371 qualified health practitioners in both public and private sectors were registered
with the Health Professions Council of South Africa. The doctor-to-population ratio is estimated to be
0.77 per 1.000 and the nurses-tot-population ratio 1.1 nurses per 1000 people. However, the distribution
of health workers is unequal, with major differences between rural and urban areas, and private and
public facilities. General practitioners play a major role in South Africa’s health system. 73% of them
work in the private sector, and the Department of Health has introduced clinical health associates,
midlevel health-care providers, to work in underserved rural areas.
National Health Insurance (NHI) is the central means by which the government aims to achieve universal
coverage, under the principles of social solidarity and equity. To implement NHI, the government is
pushing forward with a revitalisation of health service delivery, changes in financing and management,
and the provision of a comprehensive package of care through an approach of primary health care re-
engineering. The NHI is phased in over 14 years, beginning in 2012. In 2012/13, the government
earmarked R1-billion to its pilot projects.61 An important challenge is overcoming the inequities of the
current health system. It is anticipated that NHI will restrain private health care cost escalation and
improve access to quality services for the majority of the population. This will be done through
improvements in service quality and human resources for primary care, while capacities for health
purchasing and alternative provider payment mechanisms are established to ensure value for health
spending. Access to quality medical products is also a major component of the reform agenda, and it is
envisaged that the national regulatory authority will be strengthened.
A unique combination of factors in South Africa – including a high disease burden, strong academic and
intellectual resources, government funding to research and development, private sector investments,
and an active civil society – has led to programmatic innovations and leadership in global health. South
Africa’s response to major health challenges since 2009 has been notable in terms of innovation and
leadership, particularly in expanding HIV and tuberculosis treatment and care. Early adoption of new
59 The South African Red Cross Society: http://www.redcross.org.za/ 60 http://www.mrc.ac.za/# 61 Health care in South Africa: (http://www.southafrica.info/about/health/health.htm#.VSPP6o6uv4Y)
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tools, policies, and approaches has had a great influence on other countries’ policy decisions,
particularly in Southern Africa.62
The national department of Health worked on a number of reforms, including ‘Re-engineering Primary
Health Care’ (incl. District Specialist teams, School health, and PHC outreach programmes), National
Quality Health Programme and Office of Health Standards Compliance, South African Health Products
Regulatory Agency (SAHPRA), etc. Even so, only 48% of health spending is funded by public sources.63
The second United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) 2012-2016 for the country
guides the cooperation with the South-African Government and its international and multilateral donors.
Within the WHO’s framework of the strategic programme support, priority orientation is focused on
HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, maternal, child and adolescent health, prevention of road traffic
accidents and other communicable diseases.64 South Africa is also a member of the WHO Executive
Board and an active participant in the WHO governing bodies, which are driving the global health
agenda. Representatives from South Africa participate in a wide range of WHO expert advisory panels,
scientific groups, technical consultations and committees, resulting in recommendations and guidance
for all WHO Member States. South Africa currently houses 13 of the 26 WHO Collaborating Centres.
Centres under the South Africa’s National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for
Communicable Diseases, play a crucial role in the WHO African region as regional reference
laboratories in supporting diagnosis of pathogens causing major outbreaks, strengthening laboratory
competencies, and carrying out high quality research and investigations to aid public health decision-
making.65
5.3.3. Sector SWOT
Strengths:
Far-reaching reform plans are put in place by
the South African government to revitalise
and restructure the South African health care
system, including the ‘PHC Re-engineering’
initiative.
Relatively high expenditure on health (8,3%
of GDP) compared to other middle income
countries.
High health competences are put to good use
at the highest international level in research
and policy making.
At Ward level, local voluntary systems exists.
Legislative framework for Red Cross Society.
Good cooperation with local government.
Officially recognised Red Cross Training
Institute.
Weaknesses:
Public health sector is stretched and under-
resourced. The private health sector attracts
most of the country’s health professionals,
yet only serving 16%.
Institutions in the public sector have suffered
poor management, underfunding and
deteriorating infrastructure. While access has
improved, the quality of health care has
fallen.
The shortage and misdistribution of key
medical personnel.
Persistently skewed allocation of resources
(both financial and human) between public
and private sectors, with disproportionate
financing of the private sector, relative to the
number of beneficiaries.
Escalating health costs; price increases for
medical services consumed by households.
Opportunities:
Being the second largest economy in Africa
provides funding opportunities for health.
Threats:
The quadruple burden of HIV and
tuberculosis, infectious diseases, non-
62 WHO, 2013. http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccs_zaf_en.pdf 63 OECD South Africa Briefing Note (http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Briefing-Note-SOUTH-AFRICA-2014.pdf. Consulted 9/4/2015) 64 WHO, 2013. http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccs_zaf_en.pdf 65 WHO, 2013. http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccs_zaf_en.pdf
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Political stability.
Good road, electricity and communication
infrastructure.
Technological innovation (e.g. telemedicine)
Strong culture and commitment to
community participation can contribute to
improving the health system.
Willingness of stakeholders to participate in
exchanges and trainings.
Evidence based research and work supports
interventions.
communicable diseases and
violence/accidents.
Structural problems such as widening gap
between rich and poor, low-skilled labour
force, high unemployment rate, deteriorating
infrastructure, corruption and high crime
rates affect performance of health sector.
The shortage of key medical personnel, also
within Red Cross Society.
GDP growth is less than the growth of the
South African population.
South Africa is the second most unequal
country in the world.
5.3.4. Strategies that are being considered to strengthen their positions: Health
International support to South Africa’s health sector can be channelled through a set of strong
South African organisations, including CSOs, research institutions and NGOs. These also need
to interface with a strong and knowledgeable national department of health and some effective
provincial health departments.
The strong linkages that exist between policymakers, operational-level health authorities,
providers, NGOs and academic research groups provide an interesting entry point for
contributing to strengthening and scaling up home-grown solutions and strategies. This allows
for alignment of external aid with explicit national priorities.
External aid is relatively unimportant in the overall health or public sector budget, but could be
used strategically to leverage specific issues.
The ‘PHC Re-engineering’ initiative is one of the most significant health sector reform initiatives
to emerge recently. According to a recent analysis, “Just as the PHC approach was
conceptualised as the ‘underlying philosophy for the restructuring of the health system’ in 1994,
now it is seen as the preferred approach through which the health system will ‘re-find its focus’,
thereby creating a stronger district health system on which the NHI can be based and increase
its potential to achieve better health outcomes. In a sense, if implemented as it is currently being
imagined, it has considerable potential to revitalise a comprehensive, community-based health
service delivery model which was originally envisaged for the country post-apartheid.” 66
Expertise exchange (e.g. NHI)
Support for the MRC through support for Research & Expertise exchange
Support for piloting new approaches (MSF) in HIV/AIDS & Resistant TB treatment – possible
synergy with universities and research
Support for innovation in the sector in order to better respond to the needs of poorer and hard
to reach people (e.g. e-health, …)
5.4. The educational sector
5.4.1. Analysis of Local Civil society in education
Developing countries such as South Africa often are trapped in a vicious circle, where economic
development fails to provide sufficient incentives for its youth to pursue higher education, and without
enough skilled people, these economies will not be able to move up to a higher development level.
66 DFID Human Development Resource Centre (http://www.heart-resources.org/)
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Higher education institutes are considered as crucial drivers of change in this matter. In order to advance
its economy, South Africa needs:
a stock of labour with the necessary skills (through performant higher education);
the ability to develop new technologies themselves or to adopt and use foreign technology:
extension of research for development relevance (e.g. linking research to public policy).67
Because the strong inequality in South Africa’s education, civil society continues to hold government
accountable to meeting its right to basic education obligations in respect of the provision of infrastructure
and the realisation of a quality education for all learners. The afore mentioned non-governmental
organisations (NGOs) and civil society organisations (CSOs) working in the South African education
sector are discussed below:
NAPTOSA (National Professional Teachers Organisation of South Africa) and SADTU (South
African Democratic Teachers Union) are the largest representative bodies for teachers in South
Africa. Others, such as the SA Teachers Union and National Teachers Union are smaller. These
major teacher unions are very powerful in South Africa and can strongly impact the success of
programmes.
GOLD (Generation of Leaders Discovered), a South African education NGO, won the first prize at
the Commonwealth Education Good Practice Awards in 2007.
Equal Education is a movement of learners, parents, teachers and community members working for
quality and equality in South African education, through analysis and activism.
The National Education Collaboration Trust (NECT) is an organisation dedicated to strengthening
partnerships among business, civil society, government and labour in order to achieve the education
goals of the National Development Plan. It strives both to support and influence the agenda for
reform of basic education.
Other actors are:
Higher Education South Africa (HESA): represents public universities, comprehensives and
universities of technology in South Africa. HESA gives advice on, informs, and seeks to
influence government policy and acts as a primary advocate of the sector’s interests on key
issues. HESA also fosters collaboration across the sector.
Universities are autonomous and reporting to their own councils rather than the government
that subsidises them. Research in higher education is mostly funded by the state and it can
therefore be argued that, at a macro level, South Africa is generally free from donor demands
and imposition of accountability and Value for Money regimes that research aid-dependent
countries/institutions sometimes have to endure.68
National School of Government (NSG) offers specialised training to Public Servants at National,
Provincial and Local level.
The academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf) was formed in 1996 in response to the need
for an academy of science congruent with the start of democracy in South Africa. The goal is to
use science for the benefit of society. The mandate of the Academy encompasses all fields of
scientific enquiry and it includes the full diversity of South Africa’s sciences. ASSAf also
represents the country in the international community of science academies. Since its inception
67 Brodén , V.G.(2012). Aiding research capacity for development: tensions and dilemmas. International Journal of Contemporary Sociology, (49), 1. AND Brodén , V.G. (2015) Aiding Science. An analysis of Swedish research aid policy 1973 – 2008-. Development Dissertation Brief. Expertgruppen för Biståndsanalys (EBA) AND World Bank. (2007). The Road Not Traveled Education Reform in the Middle East and North Africa. MENA Development Report, Washington, D.C., World Bank. AND Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2014): The Global Innovation Index 2014: The Human Factor In innovation, Fontainebleau, Ithaca, and Geneva. AND Romer, P. M.(1990). Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy 98 (5). 68 Norrag Donors and ‘Value for Money’ Impositions: South Africa’s Exceptionalism in Research Development and International Cooperation in Higher Education (http://www.norrag.org/en/publications/norrag-news/online-version/value-for-money-in-international-education-a-new-world-of-results-impacts-and-outcomes/detail/donors-and-value-for-money-impositions-south-africas-exceptionalism-in-research-developmen.html
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the academy has grown remarkably from a small, emergent organisation to a well-established
academy.69
The International Education Association of South Africa (IEASA), a non-profit organisation,
established as a result of the need for universities and universities of technology in South Africa
to respond to international educational trends. The organisation provides services, networking
opportunities, assistance in accreditation, and training for its partners.70
The National Research Foundation was established in 1998. The object of the NRF is to
promote and support research through funding, human resource development and the provision
of the necessary facilities. All this in order to facilitate the creation of knowledge, innovation and
development in all fields of science and technology, including indigenous knowledge. The NRF
has a vision (Vision 2015) of ensuring research excellence within a transformed research
workforce that espouses a sustainable environment.
The South African Council for Educators (SACE) has as part of its mandate the task to oversee
the uptake and quality of professional development by school-based educators. This is done
through a nation-wide system of professional development portfolios and endorsement of
providers of professional development. A points-based system is currently being rolled out.
Accredited private institutions of higher education, e.g. Belgium Campus, providing IT training
at professional level and is preparing a master programme in IT.
5.4.2. Analysis of decentralised authorities & public institutions in education The central government provides a national framework for school policy, but administrative responsibility
lies with the provinces. The provincial level is also in charge of the implementation of nationally
determined policy, formulating and adopting provincial legislation, regulations, norms, and standards.
Power is further devolved to grassroots level via elected school governing bodies, which have a
significant say in the running of their schools. Private schools and higher education institutions have a
fair amount of autonomy, but are expected to fall in line with certain government non-negotiables – no
child may be excluded from a school on grounds of his or her race or religion, for example. This means
that education programmes have to be in line with national policies and guidelines, but can also work
directly with provinces and universities, which have their autonomy.
Some major decentralised government actors and public institutions in the sector are:
The department of Basic Education deals with all schools from Grade R to Grade 12, including
adult literacy programmes. The aim of DBE is to develop, maintain and support a South African
school education system for the 21st century.
The Department of Science and Technology aims to provide an enabling environment for
research and knowledge production that promotes strategic development of basic sciences and
priority science areas? The department hope to achieve this through science promotion, human
capital development, the provision of research infrastructure and relevant research support. It
hopes to support South Africa's transition to a knowledge economy. It’s main objectives are (i)
to contribute to the development of representative, high-level human capital able to pursue
locally relevant and globally competitive research and innovation activities. (ii) To ensure access
to internationally comparable research and innovation infrastructure in order to generate new
knowledge and train new researchers.(iii) To support and promote research that develops basic
sciences. (iv) To develop priority science areas for South Africa. And (v) to promote public
engagement in STI.71
The Department of Higher Education and Training aims at a differentiated and fully-inclusive
post-school system that allows South Africans to access relevant post-school education and
69 http://www.assaf.co.za/index.php?page_id=2 70 http://www.ieasa.studysa.org/#!what-we-do/cee5 71 http://www.dst.gov.za/
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training. It is the mission of the department to develop capable, well-educated and skilled
citizens who are able to compete in a sustainable, diversified and knowledge-intensive
international economy. To achieve this, the department will reduce the skills bottlenecks,
improve participation rates in the post-school system , improve the shape, size and distribution
of access to post-school education and training and improve the quality and efficiency in the
system, its sub-systems and institutions.72
The South African Council for Educators (SACE) aims to enhance the status of the teaching
profession through appropriate registration, management of professional development and
inculcation of a Code of Ethics for all educators.
The Council on Higher Education (CHE) is an independent statutory body established in 1998
and it functions as the Quality Council for Higher Education. The CHE provides advice to the
Minister of Higher Education and Training. And develops and implements a system of quality
assurance for higher education, including programme accreditation, institutional audits, quality
promotion and capacity development, standards development and the implementation of the
Higher Education Qualifications Sub-Framework (HEQSF). It also monitors the state of the
higher education system and contributes to the development of higher education through
intellectual engagement with key national and systemic issues. The CHE has executive
responsibility for quality assurance and promotion and discharges this responsibility through the
establishment of a permanent committee (as required by the Higher Education Act), the Higher
Education Quality Committee (HEQC).73
Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs) are mandated by the Skills Development
Act to work out and implement sector skills plans, promote traineeships and hand out funds in
their sector. SETAs implement these plans by starting traineeships, approving workplace skills
plans from employers, giving funds to employers, trainers and workers, and watching over
education and training in their sectors.
The provincial structures: the provincial level is under the system of co-operative governance in
charge of the implementation of nationally determined policy, formulating and adopting
provincial legislation, regulations, norms and standards.
72 http://www.dhet.gov.za/SitePages/Home.aspx 73 http://www.che.ac.za/
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5.4.3. Sector SWOT
Strengths:
Detailed plans and strategies are already
developed and approved.
Basic education is a policy priority,
guaranteeing that the sector receives a
significant part of the national budget.
Motivated and committed leadership by
DBE and DHET.
Decentralisation brings officials closer to
beneficiaries.
Functional system in basic education
through CAPS (Curriculum Assessment
Policy Statements)
Basic education receives a lot of public
attention
High enrolment and strong progress in
completion rate in basic education.
Strong gender equality in basic education
learning outcomes
Strong scientific and research expertise in
higher education
Good infrastructure in higher education
Functioning distance learning platform for
higher education
Unique niche for academic institutes
International networks and support are in
place for higher education
Qualifications for higher education are
credible and recognised
University environment is stable
Strong staff in higher education
Higher education is reasonably
(relatively) affordable for most students
Weaknesses:
Large differentials in the quality of education
and learning outcomes.
Many (around 75%) basic education schools
are dysfunctional
Limited number of staff at DBE and DHET and
Provincial Departments of Education.
Not everybody is aware of strategies and plans.
District offices not well informed and information
circulates badly.
Some structures are not yet created or
operational.
District offices are generally considered over-
burdened and under-resourced (around 90% of
education budget spent on salaries (NEEDU
2013)
Deficits in the relationships between schools
and users. Problem areas include low levels of
participation, accountability and transparency.
Lack of participation and support from parents
despite efforts to involve them.
Lack of capacity of educational staff in basic
education
Post-provisioning processes not always based
on merits or needs (NEEDU, 2013).
Lack of communication in the sector on strategy
and planning.
Low quality of student intake in higher education
(prior training & language skills)
Transition in language of teaching and learning
(LOLT) in basic education (G3-G4) is challenge
for many teachers and learners
In basic education, most teachers are women,
and with it lowly regarded
Low efficiency in budget outcomes in basic
education
Weak infrastructure in basic education
Teacher absenteeism in basic education
Restrictive working environment in higher
education
Gender imbalance at senior level in HE
Lack of focus in higher education
Geographical location of some of the HEI
Succession of academic staff
Sub-optimal resources and infrastructure for
HDU
Stigma artisan/vocational sector ( pressure on
universities)
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Opportunities:
Good collaboration with government
departments.
NDP (up to 2030) and ISPFTED (up to
2025) form widely shared long-term basis
for education policy.
Funding opportunities for foreign students
and staff are not fully used or remain
unknown.
Resources are available.
Outcomes can be improved in basic
education
CPTD guarantees continual professional
development of staff in basic education
Strong District Teachers centres for basic
education.
Government commitment to improve
human/animal/ecosystem health impacts
higher education
Unique spectrum of human/animal/socio-
economic problems Extrapolation to
other resources limited countries in Africa
Community outreach by higher education
Policy and regulations already in place for
Higher Education (audit regulations and
White paper on post-school education)
Next generation of academic
programmes
HDI grant
Digital development in higher education
Government drive to produce PHD
students
Threats:
Limited capacity of some staff at district and
school levels.
Low teacher’s morale in basic education
Low esteem of teaching profession in society
Weak relationship with teacher unions in basic
education.
Poor implementation and enforcement of rules
and regulations by some Provincial
Departments of Education. Leads to
weaknesses in effectiveness and legitimacy of
their work; creating more opportunities for non-
compliance at the lower levels.
Limited time for implementation and develop
ownership of projects in basic education.
Lack of trust between CSOs and government
Lack of funding for higher education
Lack of perspective/prioritisation in higher
education.
World economy not always favourable towards
high quality education
Unemployment. Absorption of graduates
poor skills
Potential (political) disturbances
Limited access to finance and under-funding of
infrastructure
Centralisation of student admission
5.4.4. Strategies that are being considered to strengthen their positions:
education The above mentioned weaknesses result in a big demand for capacity development in education:
focused programmes for individual and organisational capacity development at provincial and district
levels in the area of systems, processes, strategy, networking and learning capacity can be a catalyst
of change. Strengthening institutions and organisations that improve Professional development of
teachers and school leaders, in outcomes for basic education (numeracy, literacy and life skills).
Higher education institutes can be strengthened through different approaches:
Individual capacity building: individuals (academics, members of civil society, government, private
sector) strengthened through scholarships (short term, master, PhD, etc.). This has a direct impact
on the individual, contributing to diverse development challenges. Capacity strengthened through
the higher education sector can impact any sector (e.g. biodiversity, economy, aquaculture, health)
Theme-based departmental capacity building: Departments of higher education institutions
strengthened through: research training and development, coaching, peer-to-peer learning,
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technical support, curricula development, equipment, etc. This strengthens the research and/or
teaching capacity and contributes to diverse development challenges in multiple sectors74.
Institutional capacity building: Higher education institutions strengthened in long term partnership
and in diverse areas through advisory services, research projects, curricula development, peer-to-
peer learning, equipment, coaching, etc. This results in a profound improvement of education and/or
research capacity (and extension of research) and will thus significantly contribute to development
challenges in multiple sectors 75
Multi-actor capacity building: Different higher education institutions (in one or more countries)
strengthened through one initiative: e.g. support to ICT systems in a range of institutions
(crosscutting) to improve research and education capacities; supporting a network or platform of
higher education institutions to stimulate exchange and innovation; etc. This multi-actor capacity
development contributes to diverse development challenges and impacts multiple sectors.76
Synergy with E+ programmes of the EU in Capacity Building and Institutional Strengthening of SA
universities
Networking between disadvantaged universities, high profile universities and international
universities; setting-up or supporting joint degrees, joint credit programmes
Exchange at research level and support for incubators (synergy with private sector development)
Basic education institutes can be strengthened through:
- Individual capacity building
- Organisational capacity building
- Institutional capacity building
5.5. The entrepreneurship sector
5.5.1. Analysis of local civil society in the entrepreneurship sector
Although there have been some significant steps towards greater integration, the chamber of commerce
movement remains largely divided along ethnic lines. At the apex level the interests of white business
in the formal economy is represented by BUSA, whereas black business interests are defended by the
BBC. These two bodies display fundamental differences of opinion leading to confusion in government
as to who to legitimately engage with. A trust deficit between government and business further hinders
constructive dialogue. Government efforts to address historical inequities through redistributive means
and black economic empowerment have often been met with fierce opposition from the private sector.
Along with organizations like the Free Market Foundation which propounds a neoclassical economic
theory, organized business groups representing white capital tend to advocate for limited government
intervention in the market and for the relaxation of employment regulations.
On the other hand, organizations represented in the Black Business Council see government as playing
a central role in addressing societal change and reallocating resources to favour emerging
entrepreneurs. They tend to push for stricter enforcement of black economic empowerment rules and
for greater government support to entrepreneurs from historically disadvantaged populations.
Despite these inherent differences, there are examples of cooperation and transformation, of corporate
social responsibility and of procurement practices that encourage greater convergence. Government
has put structures in place to encourage cooperation between the different stakeholders at the LED
74 E.g. Priority sectors and themes identified in the VLIR-UOS (2013) South Africa Strategy Document (Food security, Environment, Health, and social sciences). 75 E.g. Priority sectors and themes identified in the VLIR-UOS (2013) South Africa Strategy Document (Food security, Environment, Health, and social sciences). 76 E.g. Priority sectors and themes identified in the VLIR-UOS (2013) South Africa Strategy Document (Food security, Environment, Health, and social sciences).
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level, and many chambers are redefining their role and becoming more engaged in LED initiatives and
in community development.
Most INGO interventions are aimed at creating pockets of excellence through innovative projects that
can be scaled up by local partners. As such, civil society often works closely and effectively with public
and private sector actors to support enterprise development. INGOs tend to place an emphasis on social
entrepreneurship, and the promotion of women and young entrepreneurs.
Statistics and analysis on entrepreneurism are readily available in South Africa, mostly due to the active
involvement of academic institutions. This knowledge base can be used to better structure development
programmes, and to concentrate resources in areas that have a heightened potential to alleviate poverty
and inequalities.
5.5.2. Analysis of decentralised authorities & public institutions in the
entrepreneurship sector The Department of Small Business Development currently lacks concrete direction and is only expected
to take up its role fully in the medium-term. Nevertheless, initial signs point to a future focus on micro
enterprises and strategies to support women and young entrepreneurs.
Job creation and the empowerment of historically disadvantaged communities is central to the agenda
of the current South African government. The National Development Plan (NDP) provides a framework
for policy making and is indicative of the strong support that currently exists for SMMEs.
There is however a disconnection between policy intentions and the ability to effectively coordinate and
implement programmes. A range of innovative financial and non-financial products and services are
available to SMMEs through the government. The issue lies in the capacity of the public sector to deliver
these services in a manner that effectively promotes private sector growth. Few public servants have
experience with running a business, and a certain commitment to promoting entrepreneurship is lacking.
There is inadequate communication between departments and the spheres, and between government
and the general public. Despite the establishment of the Department for Small Business Development,
government support initiatives in the economic arena are not yet adequately coordinated. In addition,
start-up entrepreneurs and established businesses are often unaware, or insufficiently prepared, to
access financing through state agencies.
However, CoGTA has displayed a renewed vigour in promoting LED through partnerships at the local
level. Signed agreements with several of the national federated chambers show results at the local level.
SEFA has also embarked on partnerships with organized business with the aim of better targeting their
loans to SMMEs.
Generally the government is a willing partner in attempts to create a more conducive environment for
business. There is a vision and a policy framework, and although there are bottlenecks in terms of
delivery, there is the political will to encourage entrepreneurism and convergence in the dual economy.
5.5.3. Sector SWOT
Strengths:
Legislative framework for Chambers of
Commerce.
Large chamber of commerce movement /
business is well organized
Good policy environment and significant
public sector support for enterprise
development initiatives
Significant knowledge base / ample statistics
& analysis of the sector
Weaknesses:
Low levels of entrepreneurial activity and
high business failure rate
Low GDP growth / economic stagnation
Dual economy / Low levels of convergence
between formal and township economies.
Difficult relationship between chambers of
commerce and local government
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Policy focus beyond agriculture SME have limited links / networks /
cooperation with government or
organisations.
Limited assets for funding
Opportunities:
Strong local partnerships to scale-up
successful development initiatives
Improving stakeholder relationships at the
local and national level
Local government is link between SMEs and
relevant associations
Willingness for exchanges and training
Sector can provide employment
Youth can be involved/absorbed in sector
BBBEE
Migration
Threats:
Persistent divisions along racial lines
Disconnection between government policy
intentions and ability to deliver services and
provide finance.
Inequality
Stagnant economy
5.5.4. Strategies that are being considered to strengthen their positions:
entrepreneurship
There is ample scope to work with the chamber of commerce movement at both national and local
level.
o At the national level there is a role for interlocutors to promote dialogue and cooperation
between the apex and federated bodies.
o At the local level, organizational capacity building initiatives directed at township chambers
could lead to the development of growth-oriented industries and also increase convergence
in the dual economy.
Partnerships with chambers of commerce are likely to lead to sustainable solutions, as they have
separate revenue streams derived from membership subscriptions and through the provision of
services. These incomes are expected to increase with improved capacity.
Many of the national federated chambers also have advanced lobbying and advocacy capabilities,
that could be redirected to support causes that ensure a higher SMME survival rate, and benefit
young and female entrepreneurs.
Improve coordination of local economic development structures at the municipal level. This would
involve strengthening the capacity of local government to drive LED initiatives, and improving
conditions for dialogue between local stakeholders.
Collaboration with government and private sector funding agencies to prepare start-ups to access
funding, and then a post-funding support role.
Since entrepreneurship education is very limited in South Africa, initiatives to strengthen education
efforts at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels could lead to an improved business survival
rate.
Convergence between the formal advanced economy and township economies could improve
economic growth and contribute towards efforts to reduce inequalities. This would involve improved
corporate social responsibility initiatives, and developing procurement systems aimed at uplifting
historically disadvantaged communities. There are definite roles for civil society, government and
the private sector in promoting further convergence.
Social economy (programme co-financed by Flanders) and social franchising
Exchange with EU (and BE) on job creation and activation of the youth (e.g setting-up/supporting
training facilities and programmes as developed by VDAB, ..)
Possible synergy with programmes from VVSG
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5.6. The environment sector
5.6.1. Analysis of local Civil society in the environment sector
A peaceful and just society can only be sustained if its ecological base is sound. This requires greater
grassroots participation in striving for a democratic government and justice in access to land and natural
resources. Ecologically sound practices and projects can only succeed where the people concerned
retain control of those things that affect their lives.
Therefore, the South African government has a preference for working with groups, rather than directly
with individuals. This has resulted in a mushrooming of associations in South Africa, many of which were
formed with the express intention of accessing government support. As such, these associations are
often unsustainable and the failure rate is high.
Furthermore, environmental and development organisations have established programmes that are well
intentioned, but the majority of these programmes have only had a limited impact on community, climate
and biodiversity. Especially the impact of International NGOs involvement is rather limited.
It might be even more problematic that there is still a lack of environmental awareness, nor is there an
integrated approach amongst the various actors. The interface amongst civil society actors is also poorly
led.
Local NGOs, on the other hand, tend to have projects that are better targeted to the context and the
specific needs of smallholders who are in charge of land with environmental value. Most of South African
environmental NGOs are member-based organizations (with private and corporate members) and are
involved in programmes, including technical and financial support for environmental initiatives.
A range of research institutions have produced interesting data for the environmental sector. However,
this information is not well collated, nor enough applied in the field, and there are still glaring gaps in
knowledge.
5.6.2. Analysis of decentralised authorities & public institutions in the
environment sector
The National Development Plan (NDP) vision 2030 provides a policy framework for attempts to achieve
environmental sustainability and resilience by 2030. It aims at an increased investment in new
agricultural technologies, research and the development of adaptation strategies for the protection of
rural livelihoods and expansion of commercial agriculture. It provides amongst other things the following
actions:
An independent Climate Change Centre, in partnership with academic and other appropriate
institutions, established by government to support the actions of government, business and civil
society.
A regulatory framework for land use, to ensure the conservation and restoration of protected areas.
(see chapter 3)
The Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) provides international negotiations and relations
support to promote South Africa’s global sustainable development agenda, as well as mobilisation of
bilateral and multilateral financial and technical resources in support of national, sub-regional and
regional environmental projects. South Africa continues to play a leading role in the negotiations around
sustainable development, chemicals management, climate change, biodiversity and related heritage
issues.
However, the government agencies involved in environmental issues are under-capacitated. The
government’s programmes are well funded, but due to improper planning as well as internal capacity
issues have not always achieved desirable results. The focus is too much on achieving quantitative
rather than qualitative targets. These issues highlight the importance of CSOs in this sector. Three such
programmes are:
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The Natural Resource Management Programmes (NRMP) of the DEA, including ‘Working for
Land’ aim to ensure that degraded ecosystems are restored to their formal or original state,
supporting the species of that system.
The People and Parks Programme of ‘SANParks’ is working with communities who were
previously displaced to include them in the establishment of protected areas.
The Biodiversity and Conservation Programme focusses on the regulation and management of
all biodiversity, heritage and conservation matters in a way that ensures equitable and
sustainable use, conservation, management, the restoration of resource bases and the
mitigation of threats.
Finally, it is important to note that the interface between governmental and non-governmental actors is
poorly led.
The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). I’s mandate, when it was established in 2004,
required it to extend the focus of the precursor National Botanical Institute from just plants to include all
aspects of biodiversity. Therefore, in addition to managing the National Botanical Gardens, SANBI plays
a leadership role in generating, co-ordinating and interpreting the knowledge and evidence required to
support policies and decisions relating to all aspects of biodiversity.
5.6.3. Sector SWOT
Strengths:
The rich species, ecosystems and natural
heritage.
Well organized member-based
environmental organisations (e.g. unions)
Well organised civil society
Well organized structures representing civil
society (farmers, developers, …).
Weaknesses:
Under-capacity of government agencies to
translate policy into action.
Poor access to financial capital by grass
roots associations to invest in long term.
Poor environmental and sustainable
development awareness amongst
governmental and non-governmental actors.
Opportunities:
Rio+10 (2002) was organised in South Africa
To strengthen government capacity to
deliver services to communities of
associations of smallholders.
To strengthen institutional capacity of
communities and associations of
smallholders.
To network among governmental and civil
society actors.
To co-operate among civil society actors in
order to eco-streamline development
activities.
Green economy.
Threats:
One-dimensional commercial and economic
forces.
Agro-business and industrial practices with
destructive impact on natural resources.
Coal and Petrol based economy
National Development Plan focusses on
expansion of economy at the expense of
environment.
5.6.4. Strategies that are being considered to strengthen the positions:
environment
To promote the prioritization of South Africa's high-priority ecological assets for protection and
integration into sector development plans in key development areas such as agriculture and forestry.
To encourage ecologically sound, climate-resilient and low-carbon practices in agriculture and
forestry. This contributes to the integrity of ecological systems and reduce the impact on the
environment to ensure that ecosystem services underpin social and economic well-being.
To improve the livelihoods of communities who are directly dependent on natural resources through
better environmental practices.
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To install a culture of environmental responsibility in business and industry.
To advocate for government policies incorporating sound environmental principles that promote,
maintain and enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services.
To increase environmental skills and capacity among current and future leaders.
5.7. The agricultural sector
5.7.1. Analysis of local civil society in Agriculture Agri-SA and other national federations and associations have all established desks committed to
transformation and support for emerging (black) farmers. Although well intentioned, the majority of these
programmes have failed to achieve their aims, and have had a very limited impact on smallholder
farming and employment in the sector.
In terms of the organizations representing smallholder farmers, AFASA is the most active. Next to strong
advocacy work, they have set up an in-house loan facility in collaboration with the Land Bank. NAFU,
which has a strong network at the provincial and district levels, has lost some direction at the national
level (the organization is currently split into two separate entities).
Cooperatives vary dramatically in their efficiency. The South African government has a preference for
working with smallholder farmer groups, which resulted in a mushrooming of cooperatives in South
Africa, many of which were formed with the express intention of accessing government support. As
such, these cooperatives are often unsustainable and the failure rate is high.
INGO involvement in the smallholder agriculture sector has achieved mixed success because traditional
approaches used in other parts of the continent are less viable in South Africa. The strong commercial
agriculture sector in the country crowds out competition, and stifles smallholder access to markets. In
addition, the INGO program cycle has often proved too short.
Local NGOs on the other hand tend to have projects that are better targeted to the context and the
specific needs of local smallholders.
A range of research institutions have produced ample statistics and research into the smallholder
agriculture sector. However, this information is not well collated, and there are still glaring gaps in
knowledge on the smallholder farming sector.
5.7.2. Analysis of decentralised authorities & public institutions in Agriculture Under the current government, smallholder farming has seen improved financial and non-financial
support from government. The NDP furthermore provides a policy framework for growth in the number
of new commercial farmers by 2030.
In order to effect significant change in the sector the DRDLR has introduced controversial land policy
proposals which it has limited capacity to implement, and many agree will have a negative effect on
investment and food security in the country. The relationship between government and the commercial
agriculture thus remains strained and politically charged, with a high level of distrust on either side. Land
ownership remains a burning issue.
The government agencies involved in smallholder issues are also under-capacitated. The interface
between departments and smallholders is poorly staffed and led.
The government’s flagship program, CASP, involves support for the entire value chain but is mostly
focussed around production. It is well funded but has not always achieved desirable results due to
improper planning and internal capacity issues. The focus is too much on achieving quantitative rather
than qualitative targets.
Efforts to include smallholder farmer issues in local economic development plans have been relatively
successful.
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5.7.3. Sector SWOT
Strengths:
Strong local civil society support for
smallholder farming
Finance for smallholders available through
diverse sources
Well organized structures representing
smallholders
Policy environment for job creation in
agriculture
Weaknesses:
Under-capacity of government agencies to
translate policy into action
Poor access to arable land
Policy focusses on casual jobs
Poor government coordination
Implementation in agriculture models not
clear
Limited assets for funding
Tension between policy and funding
Lack of transformation leadership on spatial
planning and land use
Opportunities:
To strengthen government capacity to
deliver services to smallholders
Employment
Youth to be absorbed in agriculture
Land reform
Threats:
Land ownership issue
Inequality
Stagnant economy
Target groups don’t get right jobs
5.7.4. Strategies that are being considered to strengthen the positions:
agriculture
Due to the dominance of the commercial sector in terms of economies of scale, smallholder farmers
must compete on niche products where they have a comparative advantage. In this they require
improved infrastructure and targeted support services.
There is a role for NGOs to help develop smallholder business skills, and to provide appropriate
extension services. This is best achieved by working in collaboration with existing farmers
organizations.
Strengthening the capacity of government at all three spheres to implement programmes.
Social economy (programme co-financed by Flanders) and social franchising
Exchange with EU (and BE) on job creation and activation of the youth (e.g setting-up/supporting
training facilities and programmes as developed by VDAB, ..)
Possible synergy with programmes from VVSG
5.8. The cultural sector
5.8.1. Analysis of Local Civil society in the cultural sector
The arts and culture sector has an active and outspoken civil society. Networks like VANSA, PANSA,
and ANSA (Arterial Network South Africa) and individuals therein are demanding their government to
develop their sector through advocacy and lobby efforts. Case in point is the recent result of persistent
and strong advocacy efforts from civil society, causing the DAC to revoke the White Paper and call for
an immediate redrafting of the text. This rewriting is currently being executed and supposed to get ready
by end of 2015. 77
77 The projected start date for the White Paper Update process is still a moot point, since the strategy will be to include a public consultation process once the revised draft has been circulated. This will not be concluded before the end of 2015.
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5.8.2. Analysis of decentralised authorities & public institutions in the cultural
sector Of note here are the Mzanzi Golden Economy and the recent establishment of a new governmental
body called Cultural and Creative Industries Federation of South Africa (CCIFSA), which is supposed to
structurally encourage the economic development in the arts industry. At the onset the body seemed
highly politicised, which initially rendered CSOs suspicious and cautious against it. However, the
attitudes are matured and the focus is on improving things. Sector opinions still vary from total
engagement to total abandonment of the process. However, there has been a cooling off period, based
on anticipated announcements expected from the state regarding further roll out.
Department of Arts and Culture (DAC): The DAC recently acquired a new Minister, Nat Mtetwa, who’s
previous portfolio was Minister of Police. During which time the Marikana saga broke. At first
understandably distracted, the Minister buckled down to his new portfolio, and steadied the ship in
respect of the firing of the previous minister of arts and culture. The DAC displays reasonable stability
in the sector, managed the entire CCIFSA process as a legacy of the previous Minister, but remains
under administration for financial mismanagement.
The National Arts Council (NAC): The NAC is an appendage of the DAC, functioning purely as a funding
arm for Arts and Culture initiatives nationally. It serves small budget initiatives, in an attempt to
decentralise cultural development favouring rural growth points. The committee is made up of rotating
private practitioners, appointed by the state to evaluate funding applications.
The National Lottery Development Fund (NLDF) is funded from a reserve of approximately R900m
(around 90 million Euros) accumulated from the National Lottery. It funds Arts and Culture initiatives
nationally, but the application requirements are sometimes too difficult for grassroots operations to
qualify (e.g. Tax Compliance is a definite barrier to accessing funding). The perception is that it is
therefore exclusive and perceived as a non-cooperative funder. Funding cycles are generally over a
three year period.
The National Film and Video Foundation (NFVF) is a state subsidised funding organ dedicated to
stimulate the film and television sector. It is perceived by the industry as exclusive, since the ratio of
successful applications to number of applications received is very conservative. The NFVF has a
negative reputation as asking too much control over product in exchange for funding, and so small and
medium sized film and television production companies avoid the tedium of applying for funding and not
succeeding. There is a perception that the NFVF only supports "darling projects" and not really creating
momentum on the ground for emerging filmmakers.
The South Africa Music Rights Organisation (SAMRO) is not a government agency. It is a collection
agency receiving royalties on behalf of South African recording artists in the music industry. Its main
source of income comes from fees collected from the SABC (National Radio and Television), royalties
payable to artists. SAMRO has been in existence for many decades, and as such has accumulated a
large wealth of interest on funds received for royalties unpaid to artists, and now attempts to use such
surplus to create funding and bursary opportunities through its appendage, the SAMRO Foundation.
The Cultural and Creative Industries Federation of South Africa (CCIFSA) is made up of representatives
from the following subsectors: 1) Performing Arts 2) Visual Arts 3) Culture and Heritage 4) Literature
5) Audio Visual 6) Design. CCIFSA is highly contested within the sector at the moment. Formed by a
top down initiative from the state, in response to constant complaints of fragmentation in the sector. The
DAC created CCIFSA to 'unify' the sector, and for the Committee to advise the state on appropriate
funding modalities in the sector. The election process was fraught with inconsistencies and lobbying
outside of the legitimate practitioners’ circles, resulting in a very painful public process that arrived at
the constitution of the body. Given that CIFFSA will adjudicate over some R25b (2.5 billion Euros) of
public funds administered to the sector, the discontent is understandable. The level of sector experience
on the CIFFSA Board, as administrators, leaves much to be desired, but the industry has opted to give
it a chance to succeed. There is still a long way to go before CCIFSA is stable enough to administer the
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sector as per the original intention. Whilst there is an obvious tax base incentive for the state, there is
much suspicion about the level of control CCCIFSA will have over the sector.
5.8.3. Sector SWOT
Strengths:
Strong and outspoken sector networks.
Existing legal framework.
Strong ability of arts and culture to heal
citizens
Strong cultural diversity
Strong demand for “exotic culture”
Long history of high creativity
Strong cultural tourism magnet
Large network of NGOs training +
opportunities
Weaknesses:
Limited capacity of staff
Lack of communication on strategy and
planning
No quality control for entry into sector
Solid cultural consciousness based on
race and class
Low education + literacy
Urban/Rural ratio of resource allocation
Elitism in the “training” modality (US ; uJ)
exclusive
Gender imbalance male dominated
Opportunities:
Resources are available
Create quantity + quality production for
international demand
Educate the state
CCIFSA (Inc.) (Cultural and Creative
Industries Federation of South Africa)
Formulating + Regulating sector
Youth employment
Increasing interest in using South Africa as a
filming site
Threats:
Limited trust between CSOs and
government.
Inefficient systems
Lack of national response to international
demand
Fast changing appetite in international
market
Government interventions based on
misinformation
Political instability
Dwindling donor + funder sponsorships
11 official languages
CCIFSA (Parents excl.)
5.8.4. Strategies that are being considered to strengthen the positions: culture Here are some of the strategies already being implemented:
1) The state has focussed on decentralising the growth points in the sector to rural communities.
2) The creation of CCIFSA is intended to correct the imbalances between historically skewed
platforms for growth.
3) CATHSSETA, a state organ, has a dedicated budget of R280m targeted for training in the
sector, through formal institutions and colleges to standardize learnership qualifications for the
sector.
4) Black filmmakers incentives have been increased to afford growth at a wider, lower level for the
sector – a R500k investment per film project will now qualify for tax rebates to the tune of 30%
upon project completion.
5) The DTI (Department of Trade and Industry) is investing in formalising the unresolved
mechanism connected to Social Security for practitioners, which is currently non-existent in the
sector.
6) Generally speaking, private enterprise is obviously absent from any of these initiatives, but some
companies do honour their commitment to Corporate Social Investment, however marginal.
Building on those strengths, one valued strategy would be to seek the improvement of governance
through a better consideration of cultural Non State Actors (NSA) in the decision-making process and
in the implementation of the policies and programmes of development at local and national level, in all
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the sectors of the political, economic, social and cultural life of the country. Potential sub strategies
derived from this would aim at:
Promoting cultural Non State Actors’ effective engagement and cooperation with other actors in
development such as community-based organizations (CBOs), civil society networks, the
private sector and other non-state actors.
Establishing or strengthening cultural networks and coordination bodies, ensuring dissemination
of information and knowledge sharing or providing capacity building and mentoring
opportunities.
Improving the capacity of cultural Non State Actors to conduct advocacy and lobbying
campaigns and promoting an enabling environment for civil society activities.
5.9. The local governance sector
5.9.1. Analysis of local civil society in local governance
In terms of the Local Government Municipal Systems Act, all municipalities are required to prepare and
formally adopt Integrated Development Plans (IDPs). Integrated development planning is a process by
which municipalities prepare five-year strategic plans that are reviewed annually in extensive
consultation with communities (wards) and other stakeholders.
The challenges related to local governance can only be achieved by working together with local citizens,
communities and businesses. South Africa is widely recognized as a pioneer in the field of citizen
participation. During the decision-making process at local level there are several moments where the
opinions of the citizens have to be consulted. At ward level, the Ward Council takes decisions, which
are brought to the council by ward representatives. The Ward Council is also a forum in which is reported
on policy decisions and their implementation. However, this theoretical model does not always translates
into reality.
5.9.2. Analysis of decentralised authorities & public institutions in local
governance There is sufficient evidence, internationally and locally, to confirm the assertion that local government is
a key sphere of government without which service delivery, growth and development cannot be
achieved. Local governments are indeed responsible for the provision of housing, water, electricity,
waste removal and other basic services that have a big impact on the daily lives of the South African
citizens. The vision of state and society working together to advance the development of the country is
centrally located in the local sphere of government.
Yet significant challenges exist in many municipalities that remain to be addressed. Overall statistics do
not paint a rosy picture: 15 municipalities are under provincial administration due to (almost total)
dysfunction and 157 municipalities received negative audit opinions in the 2012-13 financial year. Thus
their financial statements, as reported, contain significant misstatements and cannot be fully relied upon.
It would be disservice to many working municipalities and municipal official to assume that all are
dysfunctional and corrupt, but there is still a long way to go to develop the capacities of local
governments to ensure qualitative service delivery.
5.9.3. Sector SWOT
Strengths:
Close to citizens and civil society.
Pioneer in the field of citizen participation.
Good legislative framework for SALGA
Democratic legitimacy.
Weaknesses:
Limited capacities (in qualified personnel as well
as in organisational structure and systems).
Limited resources and poor use of resources
Corruption & nepotism.
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Deliver basic services.
Pro-poor policy
Public participation IDP
Visionary leadership (also on gender)
Public-Private Partnerships (PPP’s)
Inappropriate cadre deployment
Small scale.
Local government has limited
links/networks/cooperation with other
government levels or organisations.
Local government is often paralysed by politics
Weak service delivery
Poor infrastructure services
Land degradation
Opportunities:
Increasing international recognition of
local government as a crucial government
level for development.
Relative political stability and peace.
Willingness for exchanges and training.
PPP’s can be improved
Renewable energy
Spatial planning and land use can be
improved
Integrating the Sustainable Development
Goals in local governance systems
Threats:
Global challenges (climate change, migration,
financial crisis, urbanization…).
Health epidemics such as HIV/TB
Large number of unskilled labourers
Threat of electricity shortages
Absence of a clear policy framework.
Distrust between different levels of government.
Local governments face regular political
changes.
Water shortages
5.9.4. Strategies that are being considered to strengthen the positions:
governance
Enhance and support good local governance, including the development of strong local
government institutions, the development of efficient, appropriate public services and the
strengthening of the role of the democratic local authority as a catalyst of local development.
Support effective decentralization, in particular through individual, organisational and
institutional capacity building, using the added value of the local government association SALGA
to ensure that the local authority is fully respected and recognized by the other governments.
SALGA can play a decisive role by strengthening the administrative capacities of the local
governments, sharing practical examples at national level and lobbying for the transfer of
resources and powers to local government.
Assisting in tackling urgent global challenges at a local level such as climate change, migration,
urbanization, fight against poverty, etc.
Localising the sustainable development goals (SDG’s): integrating the SDG’s into local
governance.
Possible strategies are:
o Capacity development through partnerships between municipalities in South Africa and
Flanders, relying on cooperation between colleagues, knowledge transfer and
exchange, and promoting integration of the SDG in local development planning and
implementation;
o partnerships for knowledge exchange between associations of local governments (e.g.
VVSG-SALGA)
o participation in calls for proposal from the bilateral DPSA programme
Looking for synergy with private sector development in specific sectors such as water,
sanitation, renewable energy, etc…
Where relevant, cooperate with CoGTA as a major player for local Government
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Synergy with (and building further upon) the innovative programmes financed through the
bilateral (BTC) support to DPSA (Facility for Public Service Delivery Improvement) via upscaling
of pilots
5.10. The Water and Sanitation sector
5.10.1. Analysis of Local Civil society in Water and Sanitation
The Strategic Framework for Water Services (SFWS) goes into detail around a range of issues, including
consultation of water service authorities (WSAs) with stakeholders every five years through a
consultative and participatory process around the water service development plan (WSDP).78 The
SFWS states that: “the most important and effective monitoring strategy for the sector is strengthening
the voice of consumers. It is the responsibility of water services authorities to put into place mechanisms
for facilitating, listening to and responding to consumer and citizen feedback on the quality of services
provided”.79 Consumers can use by-laws and consumer charters to see where the WSP is failing to
“meet its obligations with respect to a consumer.”
The National Water Act legislates community participation in CMAs and WUAs. The National Water
Services Regulation Strategy was formulated as a means of making sure that goals are achieved, with
its main aim to protect users. Chapter 10 emphasizes the need for citizen (“consumer”) voice in local
regulation as a means of effective service to users.
5.10.2. Analysis of decentralized authorities & public institutions in Water
and Sanitation The Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) developed policies to give legal basis to a constitutional
right of access to water. DWS oversees the activities of all water sector institutions, is responsible for
water resources, and is the lead policy-maker and regulator. DWEA’s specific responsibilities include:
issuing licenses for water use and discharge; setting compulsory national water supply and sanitation
(WSS) standards for rates; contracting between water service authorities and water service providers;
and issuing model by-laws. The European Commission suggests that donors can best add value to the
sector by providing best practice, skills and knowledge that will underpin innovative ways to address the
country’s WASH challenges. Another key area of need is building local government capacity in financing
and operating and maintenance of infrastructure.80
Recognising the challenges that continue to face the country, the Water for Growth and Development
Framework was released in 2009. Among its high-level recommendations were strengthening
institutional capacity, mainstreaming water considerations into all growth and development planning
decisions, diversifying water supply sources to include more groundwater, reclaimed water, and
desalinated water and water conservation.81
Urban areas
WSS services in urban areas are highly developed in South Africa. Many of the largest cities are
successfully run municipalities, with the ability to meet revenue requirements for not only operation and
maintenance, but replacement and expansion as well. Several municipal systems are becoming
increasingly sophisticated with innovative financing schemes and treatment capacity. Use of alternative
water supplies, such as desalination, is also gaining increased attention. The existence and rapid growth
78 Gov of South Africa (2003) The Strategic Framework for Water Services p42 (http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/waterstrat_0.pdf) 79 Gov of South Africa (2003) The Strategic Framework for Water Services p60 (http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/waterstrat_0.pdf) 80 ISF-UTS (2011) South-Africa Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Brief, prepared For AusAID By the Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, October 2011, p. 10 (http://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/ISF_SouthAfricaWASH.pdf) 81 USAID (2010) South-Africa. Water and Sanitation Profile p. 1 (http://www.washplus.org/sites/default/files/south_africa2010.pdf)
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of informal urban settlements presents a challenge, leading to many living without sufficient water
services or infrastructure. In general, the urban sector is facing the challenge of operating and
maintaining aging systems. Many systems were established 50 or even 100 years ago. Therefore, many
components of these systems have exceeded their design life and require replacements or upgrades.
The rising cost to operate and maintain urban systems that serve a significant number of qualifying low-
income persons with free access to domestic supplies is another challenge. If government subsidies
decline or are terminated, many WSS service providers will experience serious revenue decline and
customer backlash as they raise rates.
Rural areas
In rural areas, the DWS’s Masibambane Program was initiated in 2001 and currently focuses on poor
rural communities across South Africa’s nine provinces. It was developed as a sector-wide approach
linked to budget-based donor support and is in its third and final phase. The initial investment was US$
330 million (2.2 billion rand) with a focus on the three poorest provinces. By early 2007, a backlog of
approximately 3.4 million people remained without adequate sanitation service in rural areas, and it is
likely that the national target for universal sanitation will not be met.82
Challenges include the difficulty and cost of extending services to a highly dispersed rural population.
Also, rural service providers remain relatively weak in terms of financial, managerial, and technical
capacity. It is likely that the South African government will have to continue subsidizing poor rural areas
for the near future.
5.10.3. Sector SWOT
Strengths:
Strong progress towards access to water.
Weaknesses:
Slow progress towards access to sanitation.
Weak rural water services in terms of
financial, managerial and technical capacity.
Opportunities
A clear political vision on WATSAN through
the Strategic Framework for Water Services
(2003) and the Water for Growth and
Development Framework (2009).
Threats:
The rapid growth of informal urban
settlements form a challenge and a threat to
the current water supplies
Operation and maintenance challenges in
urban settings.
5.10.4. Strategies that are being considered to strengthen the positions:
water and sanitation Institutional framework:
Clarify the respective roles and responsibilities of the Departments of Cooperative Governance
and Traditional Affairs and the Department of Water Affairs with respect to an effective
turnaround in the performance of water services in municipalities, and clarify the respective
roles of the departments of Human Settlements and Water with respect to sanitation.
Strengthen accountability by allocating responsibility for water services from district
municipalities to local municipalities where local municipalities are performing this function.
Initiate an open debate on the respective merits of decentralized delivery of services versus
regionalized delivery taking into account local circumstances.
Strengthen mechanisms to enforce compliance with legislated standards.
82 USAID (2010) South-Africa. Water and Sanitation Profile p. 3 (http://www.washplus.org/sites/default/files/south_africa2010.pdf)
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Introduce minimum competency requirements for municipal water management.
Support for involvement of private sector (maintenance purposes)
Financing:
Initiate a study to understand the reasons for high capital costs and to make recommendations
for improving value for money in water and sanitation investment.
Increase support to NGOs active in the sector.
Actively increase the use of loan finance in the sector.
Support for involvement of private sector (maintenance purposes)
Monitoring and evaluation:
Develop a clearer understanding of recent trends in access to services.
Simplify and rationalize local government reporting requirements for water supply and
sanitation.
Improve understanding of service outcomes, particularly health-related outcomes in relation to
water and sanitation investments.
Rural water supply:
Undertake more regular surveys on the functionality and performance of rural water supply
schemes.
Develop a better understanding of the factors constraining the sustainability of rural water
supplies and how these can be addressed.
Urban water supply:
Improve the quality of urban water management with a view to sound asset management, best
practice network management, and appropriate pricing to ensure adequate maintenance, timely
replacement of infrastructure, reduced nonrevenue water (water losses and unaccounted-for
water), and wise and effective use of public resources. Implement a sound management
development program for water managers.
Rural sanitation and hygiene:
Pilot a more demand-orientated approach to the provision of rural sanitation.
Investigate the extent and seriousness of VIP latrine emptying challenges and the implications
of these for policy, technology choice, and future investment programs.
Urban sanitation and hygiene:
Develop a priority national initiative on sanitation in informal settlements, particularly in large
cities, pilot new approaches and seek to take these to scale.
Explore new service delivery models for high density settlements where insecurity of tenure
makes planning and implementing standard waterborne sanitation solutions difficult.83
83 World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (2011) Water Supply and Sanitation in South Africa. Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond. An AMCOW Country Status Overview.
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D. Actors and Partners in South Africa
6. Identification of relevant development actors
6.1. Relevant actors in Health
Relevant actors civil society
Actor / actor type Importance Relation with NGA
South African Red Cross
Society
High importance Implementing partner of BRC-F : appropriation,
leadership, implementation of the project in the
branch areas, social mobilization
(vulnerable) communities High importance Beneficiaries – subject of behaviour change
Research and academic
institutions
Medium
importance
Provide evidence based information to guide
policies and improve management, and train
health professionals
District Health executives High importance Beneficiaries
Civil society organisations,
such as Health Systems
Trust, TAC, MSF etc.
Medium
importance
Important actors in promoting the public
interest, and in documenting performance
+ beneficiaries
Relevant actors decentralised government and public institutions
Actor / actor type Importance Relation with NGA
Ministry of Health High importance Outlines and controls policies. Supervises
strategies and roles of stakeholders.
Ministry of Agriculture
Forestry and Fisheries
High importance Sets policy, Control system and regulatory
framework for food safety and food security.
Ministry of Education,
curriculum development
Medium
importance
Outlines the curriculum
Provincial Department of
Health.
High importance Provincial level health authorities translate
national policies into provincial programmes
and activities.
The (Provincial) Department
of Agriculture, Rural
Development and Land
Administration
High importance Provincial level agriculture authorities translate
national policies into provincial programmes
and activities.
Research institutions:
School of Public Health
(UWC), School of Public
Health and Family Medicine
(UCT), the Centre for Health
Policy - Wits School of Public
Health, Sefako Makato
Health Science University,
High importance Provide locally produced evidence based
information to guide priority-setting and
interventions, monitoring and evaluation
capacity, and policy advice
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Medical Research Council,
Agricultural Research
Council (ARC), Veterinary
Faculty, Sefako Makgatho
Health Sciences University
HW Seta and the
Department of Labour
Medium
importance
Accredits first aid trainings of the Red Cross
Police Low importance Cooperation on the ground in case of an
accident and/or big public event
Press, media Low importance Tool for mass communication
6.2. Relevant actors in Education
84 Higher education institutes can also be important development actors in other sectors. Through education, research and extension, higher education institutes can have an impact on (e.g.) agriculture (through research on soil erosion), health (education in occupational therapy) etc.
Relevant actors civil society
Actor / actor type Importance Relation with NGA
Higher education
institutes84
High importance Drivers of change and innovation. Can be
supported by NGA but can also support NGA
projects with knowledge and innovation.
Research Institutes High importance Can support NGA projects with in-depth
knowledge and innovation. Inform education
and policy
The Pan African University
and other regional HEIs
Medium importance University networks provide continental
cooperation and integration.
Teachers Unions Medium importance Represents beneficiaries.
Student and Alumni
Associations
Low importance Represents beneficiaries.
Scientific journals Low importance Provide and disseminate scientific knowledge.
International and
multilateral donors active in
education
Medium importance Cooperation between NGAs and other donors
improves effectiveness and efficiency.
Education Foundations Medium importance Can provide outreach and expertise for
international interventions.
Local NGOs Medium importance Can provide expertise and outreach to
communities and individuals for international
interventions.
Women’s Organisations Medium importance Can provide outreach to communities and
individuals for education interventions.
Disability groups Medium importance Can provide outreach to communities and
individuals for education interventions.
Subject associations Low importance Can provide outreach (e.g. trainings,
workshops, etc.) for education projects to South
African teachers.
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Relevant actors decentralised government and public institutions
Actor / actor type Importance Relation with NGA
Government Departments
(DBE, DHET)
High importance Strategic partner and operational partner (at
national level). Provides policy frameworks and
programmes within which NGO are able to
function
Provincial and District
Departments
High importance Operational partner (at provincial and district
levels)
Primary schools and
secondary schools
High importance Indirect but can be supported by NGAs.
Accreditation boards (e.g.
SAQA)
Medium importance Quality assurance of educational sector
Statutory boards (SACE,
SETA, ELRC)
Medium importance Advice policymakers, coordinate initiatives,
guarantee quality of education and staff.
School Governing Bodies or
SGBs and National
Association of School
Governing Bodies (NASGB)
Low importance Represent School Governing Bodies. Advisory
organ on role and functionality of SGBs
6.3. Relevant actors in Entrepreneurship
Relevant actors civil society
Actor / actor type Importance Relation with NGA
Chambers of commerce High importance Main bodies representing voice of SMMEs;
Close relation with main national federated
chambers; and network of local chambers by
implication
INGOs Medium importance Close synergies with other INGOs; regular
contact and sharing of experiences
Local NGOs Medium importance Synergies in promoting convergence of micro-
enterprises into mainstream economy
Research institutes Medium importance Networking, sharing of experiences
Relevant actors decentralized government
Actor / actor type Importance Relation with NGA
National government
(DSBD; DTI; MED; CoGTA;
DSD, DRDLR, NEDLAC)
High importance Interactions through MBO partners; regular
updates to DSD. Plans for closer cooperation
with DSBD in particular
Local government / LED
committees (e.g. SALGA)
High importance Regular interactions in LED discussions;
information sessions on local activities
6.4. Relevant actors in the environment sector
Relevant actors civil society
Actor / actor type Importance Relation with NGA
Local smallholders
associations with a vision on
sustainable land and water
management
Medium importance None as yet
Grassroots member-based
organisations with
High importance None as yet
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responsibility to (co-)
manage a forest reserve.
INGOs Low importance Options for synergy and sharing of lessons
learned.
Local NGOs with a vision on
sustainable natural
resources management
Medium importance Options for synergy and sharing of lessons
learned.
Research institutes Low importance Provide evidence based information.
Relevant actors decentralized government
Actor / actor type Importance Relation with NGA
Provincial/District / local
government structures
High importance Provide local policy context and possible
partner organisation
Department of
Environmental Affairs (DEA)
High Importance Provides national policy and supervises
possible interventions
6.5. Relevant actors in agriculture
Relevant actors civil society
Actor / actor type Importance Relation with NGA
National commercial
sector associations &
affiliates, AGRISA
Low importance Networking; sharing of experiences
National smallholder
associations & affiliates
High importance Fledgling relationship with NAFU (linked to
current partner NAFCOC) and AFASA at
national level
INGOs Medium importance None as yet
Local NGOs Medium importance None as yet
Research institutes Medium importance None as yet
Trade unions High Importance Can strengthen network and outreach of
projects.
Relevant actors decentralized government
Actor / actor type Importance Relation with NGA
National government
agencies (DAFF, COGTA,
DRDLR)
High importance Networking; sharing of experiences; synergies
District / local government
structures
High importance Networking; synergies
6.6. Relevant actors in Cultural sector
Relevant actors civil society
Actor / actor type Importance Relation with NGA
South African network
organisations and forums
High importance Close cooperation: can provide direct link with
beneficiaries
Arterial Network South
Africa
High importance Pan African network that can provide
experience and knowhow.
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Relevant actors decentralised government and public institutions
Actor / actor type Importance Relation with NGA
Department of Arts and
Culture
High importance Provides national policy framework.
National Arts Council Medium importance Awards grants to individuals and organisations.
National Lottery
Development Fund
Medium importance Can provide (financial) means for interventions.
Culture Art Tourism
Hospitality and Sports
Sector Education and
Training Authority
Medium importance Provides training and capacity building in the
sector.
Department for Social
Development and
Department for Trade and
Industry
Low importance Indirect but have culture desks.
National Theatres High importance Can provide employment and cultural
opportunities
6.7. Relevant actors in Local Governance
Relevant actors civil society
Actor / actor type Importance Relation with NGA
NGO’s and CSO’s High importance No direct partners yet.
Wards High importance Local development is a teamwork of local
government and civil society
Relevant actors decentralized government and public institutions
Actor / actor type Importance Relation with NGA
Local governments High importance Direct partnerships
CoGTA High importance Indirect contact through SALGA
Local Government
Association (SALGA)
High importance Direct partnerships
Provincial governments Medium importance Indirect influence. Direct contact is limited.
National government Medium importance Indirect influence. Direct contact is limited.
District Municipalities Medium importance Indirect influence. Direct contact is limited.
Cultural Development Trust High importance As a partner provides arts management and
entrepreneurial training
Individual artistic projects,
foundations and companies
High importance Close cooperation: can provide direct link with
beneficiaries
Arts and Culture Trust and
BASA
Medium importance
Private initiatives and
investors
Medium importance Can provide means for interventions.
Youth organisations Medium importance Can provide links with beneficiaries
Festivals Medium importance Can provide employment and cultural
opportunities
Theatres Medium importance Can provide employment and cultural
opportunities
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6.8. Relevant actors in Water and sanitation
Relevant actors civil society
Actor / actor type Importance Relation with NGA
South African Red Cross
Society
High importance Implementing partner of BRC-F: appropriation,
leadership, implementation of the project in the
branch areas, social mobilization
(Vulnerable) communities :
Local CBO and NGO
Health communities
Village development
committees
WUC’s
High importance Beneficiaries – subject of behaviour change :
appropriation, social mobilization, contribution
to the realization of the project, resistance
School communities
Teachers, pupils, parents
High importance Beneficiaries – subject of behaviour change.
Research institutions Medium
importance
Provide evidence based information to guide
the intervention
Press, media Low importance Tool for mass communication
Relevant actors decentralised government and public institutions
Actor / actor type Importance Relation with NGA
Department of Water and
Sanitation (DWS): central
and decentralized level
Medium
importance
Outlines and controls policies, strategies and
roles of all the stakeholders in the WATSAN
sector.
Can advise on standards and monitoring tools
such as base- and endline surveys and
Household surveys
Ministry of Education,
schools
Medium
importance
is responsible for hygiene promotion and
sanitation in schools
Local government Medium
importance
Legitimize and support the intervention at
grassroots level, coordination, population
statistics, complementary investments,
conflict regulation
District leaders Medium
importance
Technical Input, supervision, assistance in
maintenance, dispute settlement
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7. Identification of the types of potential partners
The Belgian NGAs active in South Africa will work in the future with a wide range of partners. Depending
on the missions and goals of the Belgian NGAs, some will mostly work with CSOs, while others will
focus on working with (local) government partners. Most will both work with (local) governments and
CSOs.
Some types of actors/partners are important for multiple sectors. For example: Research institutions
and Higher Education Institutions for instance are linked with both the education sector and the health
sector (and the NGAs working in these sectors). As education might be strengthened through cultural
development, the department of Arts and Culture is a potential partner for both education NGAs and
culture NGAs. Local governments are not only of use for those NGAs working on local governance, but
also for those NGAs that are aim to improve the environment, or work on entrepreneurships.
7.1. Health
Types of potential CSO partners in South Africa for Belgian NGAs South African Red Cross Rode Kruis Vlaanderen
Higher education institutions ITG, VLIR-UOS
Research institutions ITG, VLIR-UOS
7.2. Education
Types of potential CSO partners in South Africa for Belgian NGAs Higher education institutions VLIR-UOS – VVOB
Research institutions VLIR-UOS – VVOB
Types of potential government partners in South Africa for Belgian NGAs
Department of Higher Education and Training VLIR-UOS – VVOB
Department of Basic Education VVOB
Department of Science and Technology VLIR-UOS – VVOB
Department of Arts and Culture VLIR-UOS – Africalia
South African Council for Educators VLIR-UOS – VVOB
Provincial departments of education (includes
districts) VVOB
Department of Social development VVOB
7.3. Entrepreneurship
Types of potential CSO partners in South Africa for Belgian NGAs Chambers of Commerce (national & local) TRIAS
Business Associations TRIAS
Research-NGOS TRIAS
Social movements and civil society TRIAS
Types of potential government partners in South Africa for Belgian NGAs
Local government TRIAS
Provincial & National government TRIAS
7.4. Environment
Types of potential CSO partners in South Africa for Belgian NGAs Local smallholder associations BOS+
Grassroots associations BOS+
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Local NGOs BOS+
Types of potential government partners in South Africa for Belgian NGAs
Municipalities and districts BOS+
Government structures responsible for forest
management
BOS+
7.5. Agriculture
Types of potential CSO partners in South Africa for Belgian NGAs Family farmers organisations TRIAS
Chamber of commerce TRIAS
Types of potential government partners in South Africa for Belgian NGAs
Local, Provincial & National government TRIAS
7.6. Culture
Types of potential CSO partners in South Africa for Belgian NGAs Network organisations Africalia
Cultural operators in civil society Africalia
Arts Organisations and Service providers to the
arts and culture sector
Africalia
Service providers Africalia
Membership-organisations Africalia
Types of potential government partners in South Africa for Belgian NGAs
Department of Arts and Culture Africalia
7.7. Local Governance
Types of potential CSO partners in South Africa for Belgian NGAs CSOs of any type involved in public governance
processes for local development
VVSG
Types of potential government partners in South Africa for Belgian NGAs
Local governments VVSG
SALGA VVSG
7.8. Water and Sanitation
Types of potential CSO partners in South Africa for Belgian NGAs South African Red Cross Society Rode Kruis Vlaanderen
Types of potential government partners in South Africa for Belgian NGAs
na na
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E. Future Sectors
8. Identification of future sectors per NGA, taking into
consideration the relevant actors
8.1. Overview: future sectors and relevant actors
NGA Future sector(s) Relevant actors
Africalia Social Economy (Includes Education,
Government & civil society and Social
infrastructure & services)
network organisations and forums
Service providers
Membership-based organisations
Cultural Development Trust
Individual artistic projects,
foundations and companies
Department of Arts and Culture
BOS+ Environmental protection (Includes
Water & sanitation, Agriculture and
Forestry)
Local smallholder associations
Grassroots member-based
organisations
Local NGOs
local government structures
Department of Water and
Environmental Affairs
Instituut voor
Tropische
Geneeskunde
Research and higher education,
Health
Higher education institutes
Research Institutes
Ministry of Health
Provincial departments of health
Rode Kruis
Vlaanderen
Health (Includes Water & sanitation,
Humanitarian aid, First Aid, Blood,
Evidence Based Practices)
Disaster preparedness
South African Red Cross Society
(vulnerable) communities
Research institutions and
Universities
District Health executives
Civil society organisations, such
as Health Systems Trust, TAC,
etc.
Ministry of Health
Provincial Department of Health.
School communities
Department of Water and
Environmental Affairs
TRIAS Entrepreneurship and economic
convergence (includes skills
development; access to finance &
markets); MBO capacity building;
lobbying & advocacy. Agriculture.
Family farmers and their local and
national associations
Small scale entrepreneurs
Chambers of commerce
VLIR-UOS85 Education (Includes Health,
Population Policy & Reproductive
health, Water & Sanitation,
Communication and Agriculture)
Higher education institutes
Research Institutes
85 VLIR-UOS works with partners in the higher education sector. VLIR-UOS strengthens individuals, departments and institutions in the higher education system, enabling them to become drivers of change, impacting different sectors (cf. VLIR-UOS (2013) South Africa Strategy Document Brussels)
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Department of Higher Education
and Training
Department of Science and
Technology
Department of Arts and Culture
VVOB Education Department of Basic Education
Department of Higher Education
and Training
Department of Science and
Technology
District and provincial
departments of education
Primary schools and secondary
schools
Statutory bodies (SACE,
SETA…)
Interest groups: Women’s
organisations, disability groups
etc.
VVSG Government & civil society Local governments
SALGA
8.2. NGA’s models of change
Participants of the JCA South Africa have constructed ‘Models of Change’ that are both informative and
visual. A Model of Change was constructed for every sector/actor. The Models of Change used in this
document have a clear link with approaches such as Monitoring & Evaluation, Logical Framework
Approach, Theory of Change, Outcome Mapping, etc.
The Models of Change are intended to identify 3 levels of change:
Long-term change that is envisioned. This is the ‘general objective’ level and focuses on long-
term changes envisioned by the NGAs. This refers to the impact level. It answers the “why”
question. Why are we working in South Africa?
The intermediate changes that a NGA wishes to attain in order to contribute to the long term
change envisioned. This is the ‘outcome’ level and focuses on the changes for the beneficiaries
that can be achieved in the duration of interventions.
The preconditions needed to achieve these intermediate and long term changes. This refers to
the ‘output’ level and focuses on what need to be delivered to achieve changes, and the typical
results areas/strategic axes.
All the models of change take into account national/sectoral strategies/plans
Thus, the Models of Change should map out the change process by demonstrating a logical flow. Below
is a blank example of a Model of Change that shows the different colours and shapes used for each
step in the logical flow of change. This visual model will be used below (in order to avoid overly lengthy
narratives), when discussing the different models of change. The three change levels also relate to
different spheres (see below).
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Sphere of control Sphere of influence Sphere of interest What the NGA controls.
The outputs delivered as a
direct result of activities.
No longer under the control of one
NGA, but influenced by the
interventions.
This is the change an NGA wants to
see at the end of an intervention and
the intermediate changes required (if
any)
An NGA can no longer
influence or even directly
contribute to this level. This
answers the ‘why
question’.
When developing model of change, it is of paramount importance to take into account different
perspectives. That is why this chapter was developed in two stages:
1. During a local workshop, we asked participants86 to develop these three levels of change from
a sector perspective:
o What needs to change in the long term in your sector (linked with their SWOT analysis;
vision of success)
o Who (and what) would need to change (and how) in an intermediate term in order to
contribute to this long term changes
o What preconditions need to be met in order to attain these intermediate changes. What
needs to be done?
2. During a meeting in Brussels, we developed the models of change of the different participating
NGAs (some NGAs already had a model of change ready) for South Africa). These models of
change visualise and summarise the “business model” of the involved Belgian NGA and their
(potential) model of change for South Africa.
8.2.1. Health
During the workshop in South Africa, the partners of Belgian NGA’s active in health have constructed a
model of change for the sector. The main beneficiaries are communities with limited access to
healthcare (urban, rural and veterinary). The diagram below depicts the results of the local model of
change exercise. It represents the visions of change for the health sector and is linked to the challenges
identified in chapter 5.
86 Participants included NGA representatives, partners from different NGAs in different sectors and stakeholders from different sector
Preconditions Intermediate
changes Long term
changes
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The Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM) has the ambition to (continue to) work in South Africa. The
ITM aims to (i) strengthen the rational basis for medical and veterinary healthcare in developing
countries and (ii) respond to domestic needs in the field of tropical and import pathology and AIDS. More
specifically, the ITM works on animal and human diseases and health problems related to the specific
ecological and socio-economic conditions of developing countries. The core tasks are service delivery
in tropical (veterinary) medicine, education in tropical (veterinary) medicine, research on biomedical,
clinical and operational aspects of tropical diseases and advice and support for governments,
organizations and institutions at the international level. For the ITM, Higher Education Institutions and
their staff and students are the main beneficiaries. These are reached through capacity development
activities for researchers and research centres, co-production of research and of educational
programmes and networking. The ITM has produced the following model of change for its activities in
South Africa. Its contribution to the sectoral model of change is evident.
Financial management,
accountability,
transparency
mechanisms
Creative + innovative technology development + transfer
Infrastructure
maintenance and
development
Improved quality
health and welfare
in resource limited
communities
Improved food safety and security (Department of agriculture, forestry, fisheries, environmental affairs)
Mobilisation around health
Preconditions Intermediate
changes Long term
changes
Emphasis on ecosystem health (water, aid, etc.)
Strategic planning
Efficiency of health systems (department of health – all levels)
Strong political & financial commitment
Prioritise interventions with greatest impact (short-term)
Appropriately trained health + veterinary care staff
Streamline SOPs fasttrack interventions
Strong Leadership (clear, consistent directives)
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The Rode Kruis Vlaanderen – Internationaal (RKVI) also has the ambition to (continue to) work in
South Africa. It helps people all over the world. Wherever an emergency situation arises, the RKVI can
offer assistance immediately through their established links with local Red Cross associations. RKVI
also works with them these local societies on a long-term basis, primarily in the fields of first aid, water
& sanitation and hygiene. RKVI also ensures that international humanitarian law is observed and it tries
to re-establish contact between lost family members. Finally, when so requested by the government
RKVI also hosts asylum-seekers. For their activities in South Africa, RKVI mainly targets the South
African Red Cross and its local offices and the most vulnerable people of South Africa. The organisation
has produced the following model of change for its activities in South Africa. Its contribution to the
sectoral model of change is evident.
Co-production of
online training
materials
Strengthened capacity
for research in animal
and human health
Stronger (regional)
capacity to address
key threats to animal
and human health
through research,
teaching and
networking
Strengthened capacity
for master and doctoral
level education in
animal and human
health
Preconditions Intermediate
changes Long term
changes
Training of researchers
Co-development of
research protocols
and implementation of
studies
Development of
regional networking
activities
Stronger involvement
of partner
organizations in
(inter)national
networks
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8.2.2. Basic Education During the workshop in South Africa a model of change for the sector basic education was developed.
The main beneficiaries being learners, educators and the community at large. The diagram below
depicts the results of the local model of change exercise. It represents the visions of change for the
basic education sector and is linked to the challenges identified in chapter 5.
Target group
is sensitized
on
development
education
International humanitarian law is spread
Improved self-
reliance by
protecting livelihoods
and saving lives
Improved health
Improved
wellbeing of the
most vulnerable
Peace
Improved social inclusion
Services for Tracing and family reunion
Interventions are evidence based
Strengthened capacity of SA Red Cross in
(1) First Aid education
(2) Water and sanitation
Improved disaster response capacity of South African Red Cross Society
Emergency response and rehabilitation assistance
Preconditions Intermediate
changes Long term
changes
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VVOB has the ambition to continue working in South Africa, in basic education more specifically. The
global objective of VVOB’s programme in South Africa is the following: “All male and female learners
have equal opportunities to quality education which provides them with capabilities they require to
become economically productive, develop sustainable livelihoods, contribute to peaceful and
democratic societies and enhance individual wellbeing.” VVOB has produced the following model of
change for its activities in South Africa. Its contribution to the sectoral model of change is evident.
Gender equality in
education
Instructional Leadership (Inset, preset)
Improved school
infrastructure
Improved learning
outcomes
M&E Capacities Educators strengthened
Preconditions Intermediate
changes Long term
changes
Strengthened Social Cohesion
Improved competiveness SA
Improved equity
Improved educatoion quality
Transition GR G1 Early math’s/literacy
ICT for education school management improved
Early detection of learning difficulties incl. differentiation
Infrastructure, equipment, textbooks, ICT, …
Parental
involvement
Induction mentoring
Pres-service Practice component
Alignment Preset - Inset
In service CPD
Local languages in educ.
Literacy, STEM, math’s capacity (content, pedag.)
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8.2.3. Higher Education
During the workshop in South Africa a model of change for the sector higher education has been
developed. The main beneficiaries here are University staff, college academic staff, students, and
(indirectly) the communities. The diagram below depicts the results of the local model of change
exercise. It represents the visions of change for the higher education sector and is linked to the
challenges identified in chapter 5.
Support to continuing
professional
development of teachers
through Professional
Learning Communities
(PLCs). PLCs are forums
where teachers can
discuss areas of concern
and possible solutions
with fellow
professionals
Implementation of the
Integrated Strategic
Planning Framework for
Teacher Education and
Development (ISPFTED).
Primary education
teachers and school
leaders use
appropriate teaching,
monitoring and follow-
up strategies to
improve learning
outcomes of all
learners in numeracy.”
Preconditions Intermediate
changes Long term
changes
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VLIR-UOS has the ambition to continue working in South Africa’s higher education sector. VLIR-UOS
supports partnerships between universities and university colleges, in Flanders and in the South, looking
for innovative responses to global and local challenges. It funds cooperation projects between
professors, researchers and teachers. It also awards scholarships to students and professionals in
Flanders and the South. VLIR-UOS helps to strengthen higher education in the South and the
globalisation of higher education in Flanders. The main beneficiaries of VLIR-UOS are Higher Education
Institutions, academics and students. It has produced the following model of change for its activities in
South Africa. Its contribution to the sectoral model of change is evident.
Improve staff qualitfication
Facilitate linkage between
teaching/ research & Industry
Improved research
Human resources
development in South
Africa
Preconditions Intermediate
changes Long term
changes
Increased productivity
Sustainable development
Improved education
Increase in qualified staff
Use digital resources to improve efficiency
Work intergrated Learning
Create stream from school to college with incentives
Improve curricula
Targeted focus / niche
Internship: SETA funding
Student support
Improved Outreach
Partnerships between government sectors + Business + Labour
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8.2.4. Environment – BOS+
The model of change for the environment sector was mainly developed during the workshop in Brussels.
BOS+ aims to break the vicious circle of increasing poverty and land/forest degradation by appropriate
capacity building of the involved actors (government, civil society) and facilitating field activities so that
people can improve their living conditions in harmony with their surrounding natural resources. Within
the framework of the three ‘Rio Conventions’, BOS+ focusses on the role of forests, because of its
expertise on this field and because of the relevance of the forests regarding sustainable management.
The main beneficiaries of BOS+ are community based organisations working on environmental
protection. BOS+ has produced the following model of change for its activities in South Africa.
Capacity building on
individual level
Capacity building
on Departmental
level
Education, Research
and Outreach of
Higher Education
Institutions is
improved
Contribution to national
development challenges
in:
Agriculture
Environment and Water
Human and Animal
Health Capacity building
on Institutional level
Preconditions Intermediate
changes Long term
changes
Improved skills and
knowledge on
management of
natural
environment
Strengthened organisations and institutions (organisational, financial, ...)
beneficiaries have
more ownership of
their natural
environment
Better livelihood
for rural
communities in
harmony with their
natural
environment
Lower vulnerability of people depending on natural environment
Protection, management and repair of forests
Preconditions Intermediate
changes Long term
changes
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8.2.5. Agriculture and Entrepreneurship – Sector
During a workshop in South Africa, the partners of Belgian NGA’s active in the agricultural sector have
constructed a model of change for the sector at large. In this sector, the main beneficiaries are rural
communities (including youth, women, farmworkers, unemployed, small scale farmers), small scale
entrepreneurs and membership based organisations. The diagram below depicts the results of the local
model of change exercise. It represents the visions of change for the both the agriculture sector and the
entrepreneurship sector and is linked to the challenges identified in chapter 5.
TRIAS has the ambition to (continue to) work in South Africa (Agriculture and entrepreneurship sector).
Development is for TRIAS a matter of people working together. In the long term, TRIAS wants to see
family farmers and small scale entrepreneurs that organise themselves worldwide, and through these
organisations improve their livelihood security in a sustainable way, undertake collective action and
relate with others. TRIAS is convinced that strong membership organisations are a basic condition to
achieve this. The central strategic objective of TRIAS is capacity building of member based
organisations in the South, more precisely on 4 domains: inclusivity of women, youth and other
vulnerable groups, internal organisational development, integrated service delivery for increased market
access and dialogue, networking and exchange with other actors. TRIAS has produced the following
model of change for its activities in South Africa. Its contribution to the sectoral model of change is
evident.
Peer-to-peer skills
development /
mentoring / business
linkage schemes
Capacity Building of MBOs and local governments
Improved access to
finance & markets
Reduction in
inequality, poverty
and
unemployment More equitable access (or even control) to natural resources
OPPs efficiency
Preconditions Intermediate
changes Long term
changes
Greater participation in emerging value chains
More productive land use
Convergence between formal and informal economies (diversity and inclusivity)
Decent working conditions
Value Chain financing
L&A (government policies / red tape) for budget allocation + government services
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8.2.6. Culture - Sector During a workshop in South Africa, the partners of Belgian NGA’s active in the cultural sector have
constructed a model of change for the sector. In this sector, the main beneficiaries are all cultural
practitioners and education policy makers. The South African partners and stakeholders in the cultural
sector have suggested a link with cultural programs and education, as is clear from the Model of Change
below. The diagram below depicts the results of the local model of change exercise. It represents the
visions of change for the cultural sector and is linked to the challenges identified in chapter 5.
Preconditions Intermediate
changes
Domains of change at the level of farmers and entrepreneurs
Long term
changes
Empowered women, youth & poor participate actively in member-based organisations
Member-based organisations improve their sustainability and internal functioning
Member-based organisations assure access to integrated services for improved market access for family farmers and small scale entrepreneurs
Member-based organisations collaborate with other actors in view of a more global inclusive society
Change in attitude and performance of member-based organisations of family farmers and small scale entrepreneurs
Increased self esteem
Increased access to services and assets
Improved active coalitions and movements as countervailing powers
Increased contribution to an inclusive society
Improved social and professional capacities
Increased global collaboration to address common challenges
Improved sustainable livelihood, increased collective action and increased connection
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Africalia has the ambition to (continue to) work in South Africa. Africalia is a cultural cooperation
organisation which promotes sustainable human development by supporting African culture and
contemporary art. With this goal in mind Africalia works with African cultural operators in civil society
whose activities encompass a wide range of disciplines: from the audio-visual sector and literature to
the performing arts and the visual arts. The main beneficiaries for Africalia are individual artists and
cultural operators. Africalia has produced the following model of change for its activities in South Africa.
Its contribution to the sectoral model of change is evident.
Develop toolkits for
national
consumption (11
official languages)
Set up task team for engagement with sector leaders
Inform policy frameworks re skills deficit
Education and training for
practitioners
Create quality control for entry level
Creative and
cultural Industries
Arts & culture
Equitable economic relationship
Preconditions Intermediate
changes Long term
changes
Independent art sector + viable employment sector
Improve interaction between practitioners and specialised education
Quality control of new education/training institutions and curricula
Priority scholarships for women
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8.2.7. Local Governance – Sector During a workshop in South Africa, the partners of Belgian NGA’s working on local governance have
constructed a model of change for the sector. Here, the main beneficiaries are local governments and
local communities. The diagram below depicts the results of the local model of change exercise. It
represents the visions of change for the local governance sector and is linked to the challenges identified
in chapter 5.
Improved artistic
and managerial
technical skills of
cultural
organisations
Improved distribution of cultural productions
Awareness raised at Political level
Access to culture in
South Africa is
improved
Improved cultural policies
Ethnic identity
Improved Self Esteem
Tolerance and Solidarity
Peace
Preconditions Intermediate
changes Long term
changes
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VVSG has the ambition to (continue to) work in South Africa. VVSG is the Organisation of Flemish Cities
and Municipalities and supports Flemish municipalities in their development support. VVSG International
offers trainings to civil servants, municipal councillors and others working on development aid. The
organisation also publishes information and ideas in this field and supports town twining between
Flemish municipalities and municipalities in the global South. The main beneficiaries for VVSG are
inhabitants of local municipalities. VVSG has produced the following model of change for its activities in
South Africa. Its contribution to the sectoral model of change is evident.
Improved
recruitment
Implement the anti-
corruption policy &
ensure clean audits
Effective public participation
An accountable and
caring local
government creating
opportunities for
growth
Credible IDP exists
Strengthening IGR (Intergovernmental relation) Forums, business forums, NGO’s, Communication
Implement work skills plan for staff
Teams for emergency and rehabilitation (cash and in-kind)
Draft clear service delivery policies Access funding Align strategies with National Development Plan
Monitor complaints register. Empower Ward committees. Monitor risks performance plan
Implement infrastructure Master plans Implement clear turnaround times for service delivery
Preconditions Intermediate
changes Long term
changes
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9. Analysis of the risks and opportunities
9.1. Health
Risks Opportunities
The end of South Africa’s status as an official
partner country for the Belgian development
cooperation will hamper the further
development of the research capacity
development, educational activities and
networking activities
Difficulty to attract well-educated candidates
for PhD training
Good long-term relations with institutional
partners have created a climate of trust which
facilitates co-production of science and
education for animal and human health
The quadruple challenges in the field of
health demand a long-term investment in
educational capacity development for animal
and human health researchers, programme
managers, service managers and providers
9.2. Education
Risks Opportunities
Implementation weakness of South African
public sector. Strategic plans do not always
lead to the interventions at the level of
schools and teachers being implemented.
Budget restrictions from government and
international donors will also be a risk. Lack
of focused funding might hamper the
implementation of the strategic plan.
There is still a reality of two school sub-
systems; one which is functional, wealthy,
and able to educate students; the other being
poor, dysfunctional, and unable to equip
students with the necessary numeracy and
literacy skills they should be acquiring in
primary school.
Education is a core priority of South Africa,
identified as such by all key role players and
in all strategic planning documents, including
the National Development Plan: Vision 2030.
Recently both at national and provincial level
more efforts go to the earlier phases of
education, with an emphasis on quality of
learning.
The strategic plan identifies the
implementation of the Integrated Strategic
Planning Framework for Teacher Education
and Development as one of the 8 strategic
objectives to “Improve the professionalism,
teaching skills, subject knowledge and
computer literacy of teachers throughout their
entire careers.”
Local
Governments
strengthened (at
individual,
organizational,
institutional levels)
SALGA strengthened through advocacy and technical support
Good Local
governance
Effective decentralisation
Improved and
sustainable life
conditions
Tackling global challenges at local level
Preconditions Intermediate
changes Long term
changes
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Weak school management, leadership and
community engagement in the “poor”
schools.
Learning outcomes in South Africa
(especially for numeracy and literacy skills)
are low compared to other countries, also to
countries at a lower level of development.
Thus quality of education in most primary
schools in South Africa is too low.
Poor early childhood development and
school readiness of children who enter
primary school.
The Department of Basic Education sees the
establishment and strengthening of
partnerships with all stakeholders as crucial
“Donor support and partnerships are critical
to improving our capacity to deliver quality
basic education”.
Collaboration with the Provincial Teacher
Development Institute and the District
Teacher Development Centers allows us to
work at the level where most impact can be
created.
9.3. Entrepreneurship
Risks Opportunities
Stagnant GDP growth (<5% / annum)
Low internal investment & foreign direct
investment
Burden of “red tape”
Infrastructure & service delivery issues
Poorly functioning municipalities
Continued animosity between government,
labour & business
High levels of business debt
Rapid growth in township economies
Convergence between township and
advanced economies
B-BBEE and procurement from SSEs
Participative drafting of new Integrated
Development Plans after 2016 local elections
Mentoring & business linkage schemes
9.4. Environment
Risks Opportunities
Erratic rainfall patterns, extreme drought,
… caused by climate change.
Lack of interest in sustainable
management of natural resources.
Lack of leadership in environmental
movement.
Lack of good trainers with knowledge,
skills and good didactic practices.
Lack of financial capital to invest in
afforestation, reforestation, forest
restoration, forest preservation and/or
forest management.
Failure of land reform & restitution
processes
Right to land in the former homelands
Awareness building of target groups
about ecosystem services and products.
Capacity building of forest producers
organizations
Development of forest-related value
chains.
An integrated eco(systemic) approach
within a variety of sectors (culture,
education, entrepreneurship, agriculture,
health, ….)
Responsible (co)-management of forest
reserves with benefits for both (civil
society and governmental entity)
9.5. Agriculture
Risks Opportunities
Increased consolidation in commercial sector
(fewer farmers, bigger farms)
Increased use of seasonal labourers
Conflict between farmers and farm workers
Cooperative schemes linked to land reform
Capacity building of farmers’ organizations –
improved services + lobby and advocacy
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Environmental concerns: persistent drought
in the north
Failure of land reform & restitution processes
Right to land in the former homelands / tribal
areas
Development of emerging commercial
farmers
9.6. Culture
Risks Opportunities
The SA government proposal to make the
Dept of Arts & Culture a part of the Dept of
Sport & Recreation is a step which would
damage the already low visibility and viability
of the sector as a whole.
Governmental structure changes related to
elections (Change of Minister), (Possible
collapse of Department of Arts and Culture
with Department of Sport)
Fragmentation of the sector, in terms of
audiences and with the industry
stakeholders, is a constant threat to being
taken seriously by government.
SA government plans to launch and fund a
new, non-elected, umbrella body for the arts
& culture industry.
Loss of information and standards continuity
caused by further fragmentation of the sector
based on generational divide, due to CCIFSA
investment in youth voice only. CIFFSA has
not yet declared its regional and provincial
roll-outs, so this could leave a big margin for
uncoordinated programs at Government
level, i.e. between National, Regional and
Local Government.
Skewed funding models, rural over urban
initiatives, compromising existing companies
survival.
Service delivery protests could disrupt or
prevent planned rural township workshops or
training.
High inflation/value Rand
Changing nature of funding sources
(entrepreneurial)
Funding landscape changes (Funders see
RSA as not requiring as much funding, with
continued lack of support from State)
Policy changes in Funding organisations:
The changing nature of funding is a threat to
the continued viability of all non-profit
organisations
The possibility of new working relationships
extended into the rural communities to
decentralise the sharing of production skills.
This is also true for a SADC regional model,
but will require further investigation into AU
and SADC co-funding protocols.
Other sector (eg education and tourism) joint
venure projects and training models with win-
win for all.
Populate all levels of Government with
experienced practitioner staff, to steer
government thinking into more practical, less
political frameworks.
The development of a unionised sector
platform to consolidate National Policy
around Social Security, Collective Bargaining
Councils and better regulation of the sector,
(especially in the face of the 'collapse' of
COSATU)
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9.7. Local Government
Risks Opportunities
Corruption
No democratic representation (elite
representation)
Political appointment of staff
Incapable staff (due to political
appointments)
Staff turnover due to changing politics
Insufficient financial resources covering the
decentralization of competences
Conflicts of competencies between different
government levels
Re-centralization of competencies
Size of municipalities: difficult to cover big
territories for public service delivery
Loss of capacity of local government due to
tendency to outsource planning, executive &
monitoring tasks
Increasing international recognition of local
government as a crucial government level for
development
Local governance as incipient local
democratic structures
‘Integrated Development Planning’ as
participation opportunity to local governance
Sustainable development goals as a
supportive framework for local governance
agendas
SALGA: Constitutionally recognized
SALGA: networking & advocacy for common
interest
Relative political stability and peace in SA
Leading role of RSA in SADC (South African
Development Community) with opportunities
for south-south-exchange of local
governance practices
9.8. Water and Sanitation
Risks Opportunities
Declining freshwater shortages, highly
impacted by climate change. Rains that
usually come and supply the country's water
have come infrequently.
due to the lack of sanitation and access in the
country's rural communities the threat of
water born disease is steadily increasing.
The Vaal River, the largest river in South
Africa and popular tourist destination is
becoming increasingly contaminated with
faecal material due to the lack of sanitation
supplies.
Few water service authorities practice proper
management of their water services
infrastructure. As a result there are regular
service failures resulting in non-functionality
of schemes, customer dissatisfaction, threats
to health and financial losses.
Obstacles standing in the way of its goal to
provide effective, sustainable municipal
water services include:
o relying on a workforce with an increasing lack of technical skills
o aging water infrastructure o increasing investment requirements o inadequate water resources o rising energy costs o competing political priorities within
municipalities
South Africa has mobilized extensive
resources to meet its service delivery targets.
These are primarily through government
capital grants, to provide new infrastructure,
and operating grants, to support the ongoing
provision of services to poor households and
the government’s Free Basic Water policy.
Government grant allocations to water supply
and sanitation have increased significantly in
real terms over the period.
By taking care of the rural population the
government will be helping the cities,
because it is these rural communities where
the damage to the water supply is beginning
due to lack of access to sanitation supplies
and clean water education.
The stable budgeting framework has enabled
good spending performance and reporting on
outcomes against budget. Criteria for the
allocation of grant budgets from national
government to local government are clearly
defined and allocations are equitable. Local
governments must involve communities in
their planning and budgeting processes in
terms of legislative requirements.
Subsidies are largely spent as intended,
drinking water quality is monitored, and
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o poor water services planning and prioritization.
Failure or shortfall of critical of critical
infrastructure provide water supply services.
general underpricing of water across the
value chain
deteriorating quality of sanitation services in
a number of municipalities. 87
The existing cost model does not cater
adequately for the regional bulk infrastructure
required for rural water supply schemes in
areas where groundwater resources are
deemed to be inadequate or unreliable.88
hygiene promotion and monitoring tools have
been developed.
A large-scale rural infrastructure program has
the potential to generate local employment
opportunities.89
87 IRMSA, 2015. https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/irmsa.site-ym.com/resource/resmgr/2015_Risk_Report/Low_Res_IRMSA_South_Africa_R.pdf 88 AMCOW, 2011. 89 AMCOW, 2011.
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F. Opportunities for synergy and
complementarity
10. Synergy and complementarity between NGAs, the
Belgian bilateral program and others
10.1. Between Belgian NGAs
Informative level
Many NGAs have built a large body of knowledge and expertise on different themes, methodologies,
issues, and regions. It is seen as very advantageous for all NGAs to share this expertise on different
fields. The sharing of expertise and experience should be made easier and efficient with the
establishment of a country forum in both South Africa and Belgium. Belgian NGAs active or interested
to become active in South Africa could meet each other informally once or twice a year. The respective
program officers will thus be able to inform each other on the activities of their organisations,
programmes and projects while seeking common ground with each other. In South Africa, all country
representations and their local partners should meet in a similar annual setting in order to explore
possible routes to complementarity and synergy. This forum will also make it possible for all actors to
respond efficiently to any changes in the reality on the field or in Belgian policy. One example of how
Belgian NGAs can utilise each other’s expertise is in the harmonisation of donor procedures and
alignment with government policies. This forum could be organized as a learning platform by focusing
meetings on:
- Sharing information about general progress of projects and programmes
- Risks and Issues identified/encountered & sharing information about how to deal with
them
- Networking: the South Africa forum can be used to enlarge the network of different
participants. It allows participating NGAs and partners to have a larger network in South
Africa allowing them to access: contact persons, expertise, etc.
- Sharing information about lessons learned. These lessons learned are important to share
as they allow other organisations to make use of these lessons learned in their ongoing
interventions or future interventions
- Potential complementarity and synergy: An important amount of possibilities for synergy
and complementarity can only be identified during the implementation of the NGA
programmes. One of the main aims of the South Africa forum is to be able to identify
these opportunities in a continuous manner & to grasp them. This can make the NGA
sector more efficient and effective in South Africa, while remaining flexible.
Next to the platform meetings, the forum could also create a 3-monthly online newsletter with up-to-
date information about the activities and results of Belgian NGAs in South Africa.
Information exchange could also be facilitated by using an online platform where information about
NGAs and their projects/programmes can be centralized. This platform can also include – amongst
others – a list of contact persons, experts, etc.
Level of Policy
The South African government has been able to build an ambitious policy plan for the future of South
Africa, the so-called National development Plan Vision 2030. This provides a unique change for Belgian
NGAs to align their activities and policies with those outlined in the National Development Plan.
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Strategic level
Explore possibilities for win-win scenarios.
Because South Africa is a vast country, options for geographical cooperation and focus among
Belgian NGAs could be interesting.
Crucial in the work of all Belgian NGAs are their local partners. These organisations and
individuals know many of the Belgian NGAs well. Thus, it would be interesting to explore the
possibilities for local partners to represent common Belgian positions at local and national
platforms, fora, etc.
Actors that are active in the same sector are – by nature – complementary. For example: support
for basic education will improve student learning outcomes which will, in the long run, contribute
to the quality of new students for higher education.
The networks that have been established by the Belgian NGAs in South Africa are extensive
and diverse. Like the sharing of expertise, it would also be beneficial for all Belgian NGAs if an
organisation could tap into the networks established by other Belgian actors.
Several Belgian NGAs have built a strong tradition of supporting research at South African
Universities and Research Institutes. The resulting development-relevant research can be used
by other Belgian NGAs to strengthen their interventions. The body of knowledge and expertise
created at these institutions can also inform the design, M&E and implementations of
programmes and projects.
The Red Cross could provide scientifically substantiated information, advice and support for
programmes of other partners active in South Africa, specifically in the field of first aid, guideline
development, blood supply, disaster preparedness and water, sanitation and hygiene.
Especially since the Reference Centre for Evidence Based Practice (CEBaP) of Belgian Red
Cross-Flanders seeks to assist and inspire organizations to use evidence-based methods in
their work.
The NGAs active in South Africa aiming at improvement of local governance in specific sectors
(e.g. in local economic development; in local environment policy; entrepreneurship; etc.) have
some specific possibilities for future synergy and joint projects could be considered.
The educational and cultural NGAs (VVOB, Africalia, VLIR-UOS) active in South Africa have
some specific possibilities for future synergy and joint projects could be considered
o Teachers need better qualification
o in-service training and in-service training for educators today can be endorsed by the
South African Council for Educators (SACE)
o According to Africalia, arts can be used to introduce maths to pupils at an early age and
could be promoted in the curriculum. Evidence has recently shown that the integration
of math and art does not only promotes geometrical learning but also helps children to
express themselves better. Thus, pupils can become more self-assured through arts
and with this improved self-image they would be better able to cope with other subjects
The NGAs active in higher education also have a great potential for complementarity and
synergy (implicit and explicit):
o Education: Through its contribution to capacity development and thus HR
development for the different sectors, synergies are created with the other actors (as
the improved HR will be employed in those sectors, and indirectly to interventions in
those sectors
o Research: universities, through research, generate innovation. By sharing this
information/innovation with other actors (a.o. the other Belgian NGAs), potential
synergies with other actors can be created.
o VLIR-UOS and ITM already promote the extension of this research by partner
universities (e.g. spreading agricultural innovations to local communities). Belgian
NGAs and their partners could also play a key role in this extension.
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Operational level
For organisations with representation in the country, it might be possible to share office space in
order to improve communication and limit costs.
When projects are designed, Belgian NGAs could provide mutual support in recruitment.
During the different stages of projects and programmes, it could be possible for Belgian NGAs to
jointly purchase tools or utilities. This does, of course, depend on the nature of the product and the
way it will be used.
Joint projects could also be considered:
o partnership between VVOB and VRK could be explored on materials related to health,
hygiene, etc. that could be helpful for life skills teaching, could be introduced through
PLCs.
o partnership between Trias and its partners, VVSG, SALGA, and Flemish and South-
African local governments to support specific local economic development projects
Establishment of forum of Belgian actors for information exchange, reflection and identification of
synergies
10.2. With Belgian bilateral programmes Since South Africa is no longer included in the officially approved new list of fourteen partner countries
of the Belgian development cooperation,90 the possibilities with the Belgian bilateral programmes will be
very limited. However, the bilateral programme, in collaboration with the embassy, is preparing an exit
scenario, which will provide new opportunities for Belgian NGAs, possibly expanding the scope of their
work (including themes).
10.3. With other organisations
Rode Kruis-Vlaanderen Internationaal (RKVI)
One of the principles of the Red Cross is that their partners are always the local Red Cross and Red
Crescent Societies (in their role as auxiliary of the public authorities). Thus, RKVI works within the
coordination mechanisms as agreed within the RC/RC Movement. One of these principles is that the
local partner itself defines its implementing partner. Thus, the South African Red Cross, through RKVI,
can provide a strong link with local medical volunteering structures.
First aid: Red Cross can support organizations/persons (local, staff NGO, …) in offering first aid
courses. They might also be able to offer opportunities for advocacy to promote first aid (via
partners active in education, …)
Through their local network of volunteers the Red Cross can reach almost every community.
Thus, they could look into opportunities for sensitisation without renouncing our principles.
TRIAS
The work of Trias in South Africa is based largely on technical exchanges and on creating networks. In
the first instance, Trias is a movement NGO, and therefore draws upon the expertise of its Belgian
partners UNIZO and Ex-Change. Trias facilitates exchange missions between these partners and our
program partners in South Africa. Trias further facilitates exchange between membership-based
organizations from around the world, which are part of our extensive global network.
90 DGD (2015) Guinea and Burkina Faso new partner countries of Belgian development cooperation (http://diplomatie.belgium.be/en/Newsroom/news/press_releases/cooperation/2015/05/ni_210515_new_partner_countries.jsp)
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In South Africa, Trias interacts regularly with civil society, organized business groups, and local &
national government. Part of this local network includes NGOs that receive funding from Belgian
sources, such as the ILO, the Industrial Development Corporation and SEED.
VVSG As VVSG supports the strengthening of local governance and democracy in order to attain sustainable
local development, it is evident to involve relevant organisations and institutions outside local
government in these processes (e.g. higher government levels; civil society organisations and
movements; providers of public services; etc.). Therefore, VVSG organizes, stimulates or supports
synergy and complementarity between its direct members and partners (local governments, SALGA)
and organizations and institutions in the broader society in specific policy domains of local governance.
VLIR-UOS
VLIR-UOS wishes to fully support the transition strategy of the bilateral cooperation. With regards to
the scholarships a closer cooperation is to be elaborated with key-institutions such as DHET, DST and
NRF. Complementarity should also be sought through European programmes such as Erasmus Mundus
Action 2, ESASTAP Plus, CAAST-Net Plus and JAES8.
10.4 Possible ways of S&C per thematic area
Intervention
domain
With Belgian NGAs With Belgian bilateral
cooperation
With others
(e.g. private
sector,
government)
Added value of this
synergy
Health RKVI:
- Providing/Exchanging
expertise and/or sharing of
health related didactical
materials (VVOB).
- First aid: Red Cross could
support all other NGAs
and their local partners in
offering first aid courses.
They might also be able
to offer opportunities for
advocacy to promote first
aid (via partners active in
education, …)
- Through their local
network of volunteers the
Red Cross can reach
almost every community.
Thus, Red Cross could
look into opportunities for
sensitisation (all NGAs).
VLIR-UOS:
The health NGA’s can make
their (international) health
RKVI:
- First Aid: Red
Cross could
support the
bilateral
cooperation in
providing first aid
training to them
and/or to their
partners.
- Volunteer network:
considering Red
Cross is
represented in
every community,
Red Cross could
support
interventions of the
bilateral
cooperation
through its
volunteer network,
for example in
disseminating
health messages.
RKVI:
First aid: local
Red Cross can
support private
sector in
offering first aid
courses within
framework of
occupational
health.
RKVI:
- Capitalising on
each other’s
expertise can
improve the quality
and impact of our
interventions.
-Dissemination of
knowledge on first
aid can increase the
resilience of the
South African
population.
-Capitalising on the
access to a vast
Red Cross network
in-country to
disseminate
messages to the
communities.
Aid effectiveness
Joint Context Analysis South Africa Draft Report V4
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Intervention
domain
With Belgian NGAs With Belgian bilateral
cooperation
With others
(e.g. private
sector,
government)
Added value of this
synergy
network available to other
health and research actors
Research actors can
support health actors in the
development of technical
guidelines of the treatment
of specific diseases
Research actors can
contribute to trainings and
the development of trainings
for health NGA’s
Health NGO’s can
contribute to the setting for
and implementation of
operational research;
Health NG0’s and
academics can contribute to
epidemiological surveys
Health NGO’s can
contribute to curriculum
development of HE actors
Optimal use of
available expertise
Efficiency
Education BOS+, Trias and VLIR-UOS: complementarity for a two way exchange process: 1) Research results leading to interesting spin offs (implementation of results “in the field”); 2) demand-driven research BOS+ and Trias: Through its contribution to capacity development and thus HR development for the environmental sector, synergies are created with the partner organisations VVOB:
Partnership could be
explored on materials
related to health and
hygiene. These materials
could be helpful for life skills
teaching, through
introduction in professional
learning communities.
VVOB and Rode Kruis-
Vlaanderen could
VLIR-UOS:
Strengthen the ties
with DGD and BTC to
further elaborate the
scholarship
programmes and the
study fund
VLIR-UOS:
Spin-offs could be further elaborated through SME and other private actors. The Innovation hub could assist in that.
VVOB:
Expertise of Rode
Kruis-Vlaanderen on
health and hygiene
can be matched with
the expertise of
VVOB on life skills
teaching and
professional
learning
communities.
Several actors with
specific expertise on
in-service training
bundle their efforts
to support and
improve in-service
training for
educators.
Several actors with
specific expertise on
the improvement of
teacher
qualifications bundle
90/109 Joint Context Analysis South Africa Draft Report V3
Intervention
domain
With Belgian NGAs With Belgian bilateral
cooperation
With others
(e.g. private
sector,
government)
Added value of this
synergy
strengthen each other on
this theme.
Work on in-service training
for educators. (VVOB,
Africalia and VLIR-UOS)
improving qualifications of
teachers
VLIR-UOS:
Students (both Belgian and local) can do internships through NGAs in specific fields. The VLIR-UOS scholarships could help in financing this To improve the impact of interventions, Belgian NGAs and their South African partners could involve (local) academic partners in the formulation, monitoring and evaluation of their projects and programmes. To improve the impact of academic research projects, apart from being actively involved in the communication / extension process towards the end of the research projects, Belgian NGAs and their South African partners could also be actively involved in the formulation and implementation of research projects (f.e. through participative actor oriented research methodologies). This will improve the development relevance of research.
their efforts to
support and improve
teacher
qualifications.
Entrepreneu
rship
Collaboration between TRIAS and BOS+ to support local economic development projects linked to climate change mitigation or adaptation Trias collaboration with
VVSG on LED initiatives
Trias and
national
government
(DTI, DSBD,
CoGTA,
SEDA): sharing
of results &
research on
small
Trias: Create a
sustainable network
of local actors on
small enterprise
development: better
coordination of
interventions
Joint Context Analysis South Africa Draft Report V4
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Intervention
domain
With Belgian NGAs With Belgian bilateral
cooperation
With others
(e.g. private
sector,
government)
Added value of this
synergy
linked to small enterprise
development
Trias collaboration with BOS+ on LED linked to climate change mitigation or adaptation
enterprise
development;
convening of
stakeholders
for LED
initiatives
Trias and
private sector:
access to
markets:
convergence
between
advanced and
township
economies
Environmen
t
BOS+ and Trias: Environmental education is an important issue for a sustainable way of life in the 21ST century. Environmental and educational NGA’s might explore to strengthen respective policy, contents and didactic/education tools.
Agriculture Collaboration between TRIAS and BOS+ to promote agroforestry and other climate-friendly activities or support advocacy by farmers' organisations concerning climate change VLIR-UOS: Scholarships are a very interesting opportunity to explore synergy, both for internships as for MSc field work of both local and Belgian students. The active implication of other NGA’s in these scholarships creates a better connection with the filed. Likewise, the results of research by universities and research centers can be vulgarized and communicated to the local communities by interested NGA’s
92/109 Joint Context Analysis South Africa Draft Report V3
Intervention
domain
With Belgian NGAs With Belgian bilateral
cooperation
With others
(e.g. private
sector,
government)
Added value of this
synergy
TRIAS and FOS (that works with farm workers; cfr. JCA Decent Work)) could explore how to work complementary in the agriculture sector.
Culture Collaboration between
Africalia and BOS+ to
promote the use of culture
and art in environmental
awareness building
programs
VLIR-UOS:
Involvement of cultural
sector in outreach activities
and awareness raising
programmes of NGAs,
including universities
through some cultural
activities (plays, language
courses…)
Sustainability,
Impact
Local
Governance
BOS+ and VVSG/SALGA/
related cities can
collaborate for a better
environmental
management.
VVSG:
As local governments are
competent in many policy
domains, any synergy is
theoretically possible. The
main current and future
working themes of VVSG
and the municipal
partnerships are youth
policy and local economic
development through youth
employment. Possible
synergies in these domains
can be with any NGA in any
of the other intervention
domains (e.g. in agriculture,
environment &
entrepreneurship: e.g. with
TRIAS NGO; in education:
e.g. with VVOB
VVSG:
Synergy with
South African
NGO
Genderlinks to
increase
gender
awareness in
local
governance
practices.
Synergy with
CoGTA
through
SALGA to
improve
amongst others
relations and
network
capacities of
local
governments.
VVSG:
Working with
multiple parties
within the same
domain improves
the chances to
strengthen the local
governance
practices (e.g. that
are stimulating local
entrepreneurship,
environmental
management;
improved
educational and
research practices;
etc.)
Joint Context Analysis South Africa Draft Report V4
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Intervention
domain
With Belgian NGAs With Belgian bilateral
cooperation
With others
(e.g. private
sector,
government)
Added value of this
synergy
(scholenbanden); also
possible synergies with
VLIR-UOS/academic
institutions on action
research to strengthen local
governance practices.
Water and
Sanitation
RKVI:
Cooperation and or sharing
of evidence on WASH
related issues (all NGAs).
VLIR-UOS:
In cooperation with other
NGAs developing a network
addressing specific issues
such as water management.
RKVI:
- Cooperation and or
sharing of evidence
on WASH related
issues relevant for
interventions of the
bilateral
cooperation.
- Support in the
execution of WASH
related
interventions by the
bilateral
cooperation.
RKVI:
Capitalising on each
other’s expertise can
improve the quality
and impact of our
interventions.
Others:
Gender,
environment
….
RKVI:
Evidence based practice:
- Provide scientifically
substantiated information
for programmes of other
partners active in South
Africa, specifically in the
field of first aid, guideline
development, blood
supply, disaster
preparedness and
WASH. Especially since
the Reference Centre for
Evidence Based Practice
(CEBaP) of Belgian Red
Cross-Flanders seeks to
assist and inspire
organizations to use
evidence-based methods
in their work.
- Identification of potential
local
universities/academic
partners in research
projects via VLIR-UOS
RKVI:
Evidence based
practice:
- Assist the bilateral
cooperation with
making the
interventions of the
bilateral
cooperation,
evidence based
through Centre for
Evidence Based
Practice (CEBaP)
of Belgian Red
Cross-Flanders,
specifically in the
field of first aid,
guideline
development,
blood supply,
disaster
preparedness and
WASH.
RKVI:
Capitalising on each
other’s expertise can
improve the quality
and impact of our
interventions.
94/109 Joint Context Analysis South Africa Draft Report V3
Intervention
domain
With Belgian NGAs With Belgian bilateral
cooperation
With others
(e.g. private
sector,
government)
Added value of this
synergy
- Advice on integration of
environment as
transversal theme in
programmes (BOS+)
Joint Context Analysis South Africa Draft Report V4
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G. Annex 1: interventions in South Africa
Name of
NGA
Project -
Program
me
Start End Title Main domain of
Intervention Partner Total Budget € Region
Gender
compon
ent
Environm
ent
compone
nt
VLIR- UOS Project 2013 2017
Development of tools for sustainable
utilization and management of aquatic
resources in South Africa. Case study: the
Lower Phongola River and floodplain.
Education
North West
University
University of
Johannesburg
299.760,00
Pongola nature
reserve, KwaZulu
Natal
x
VLIR- UOS Project 2013 2018
Understanding the unemployment
experience in South Africa in order to develop
an evidence based intervention together with
the local community
Education North West
University 299.952,00
Vanderbijlpark,
Gauteng x
VLIR- UOS Project 2012 2014
The power of stories: Popular memory
communication as a tool for collective identity
endorsement
Education National Museum
Bloemfontein €58,640.00
Bloemfontein,
Gauteng x
VLIR- UOS Project 2012 2014
Care@com. Exploratory research into
sustainability on supporting self-reliance of
community dwelling elderly
Education Stellenbosch
University €64,840.00
Stellenbosch,
Western Cape
VLIR- UOS Project 2012 2014
Improving home garden soil fertility
management to enhance nutritional security
among rural homesteads in Vhembe
(Limpopo, South Africa)
Education
Tswana University
of Technology
(TUT)
€75,000.00 Vhembe, Limpopo
VLIR- UOS Project 2012 2014 Protective effects of South African plants on
mycotoxin-induced mutagenicity and toxicity Education
Agricultural
Research Council
(ARC)
€74,890.00 Onderstepoort,
Gauteng
x
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VLIR- UOS Progr. 2010 2014 Human wellness in the context of global
change - Finding solutions for Rural Africa Education
University of
Limpopo €3,480,000.00
Polokwane,
Limpopo
Pretoria, Gauteng
x
VLIR- UOS Progr. 2013 2015 Dynamics of Building a Better Society -
Phase out Education
University of
Western Cape €115,000.00
Cape Town,
Western Cape x x
VLIR- UOS Project 2013 2014
Set up of a HPV reference centre and
establishment of HPV research network
within the African region
Education University of
Limpopo €19,594.00 Pretoria, Gauteng
VLIR- UOS Project 2013 2014
An integrated river catchment approach
promoting sustainable development in
African river ecosystems along an
environmental, social and agricultural
gradient.
Education
University of
Limpopo
University of
Western Cape
€39,270.00
Cape Town,
Western Cape
Turfloop, Limpopo
x
VLIR- UOS Project 2013 2014
Zone-it for Western Cape and Mzumbe:
implementing a community building app at
two African universities
Education University of
Western Cape €37,400.00
Cape Town,
Western Cape
VLIR- UOS Project 2010 2015 Data-driven modelling of the impact of early,
wide-scale HIV treatment in South Africa Education
South African
Centre for
Epidemiological
Modelling and
Analysis
€307,683.00 Stellenbosch,
Western Cape
VLIR- UOS Project 2011 2015
Production of potable water for small scale
communities using low-cost membrane
filtration
Education
Tshwane
University of
Technology
€298,552.00 Tshaanda,
Limpopo x
VLIR- UOS Project 2011 2015 Capacity Building in Health Related Radiation
Biology through South-South cooperation. Education
National Research
Foundation,
iThemba LABS
€30,000.00 Western Cape
Gauteng
VLIR- UOS Project 2010 2014
Antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria
present in the environment and human
commensal flora: is there a link with disease?
Education University of
Limpopo €130,600.00 Pretoria, Gauteng
x
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VLIR- UOS Project 2012 2017 Upgrading the economical yield of indigenous
Venda chickens in South Africa Education
University of
Limpopo €58,130.00
Polokwane,
Limpopo
VLIR- UOS Project 2014 2014
6th Primafamed workshop: Capacity building
and priorities in primary care research in
Africa
Education University of
Stellenbosch €19,338.00
Tygerberg, Cape
Town
VLIR- UOS Project 2014 2014 Global access to infertility care: The walking
egg project Education
University of
Stellenbosch €19,993.00
Tygerberg, Cape
Town
Trias Project 2013 2015 Partnerships for Empowered Entrepreneurs
Representation in South Africa
Strengthening of
civil society
Afrikaanse
Handelsinstituut
(AHI), South
African Chamber
of Commerce &
Industry (SACCI),
National African
Chamber of
Commerce &
Industry
(NAFCOC)
€900,000.00 Gauteng &
nationwide x
VVSG Progr. 2012 2013
De ontwikkelingskansen van kinderen en
verantwoordelijke jongeren in de beoogde
gemeenschappen van Nquthu LM zijn
vergroot door een geïntegreerde
dienstverlening.
Good local
governance
Nquthu Local
Municipality €93,937.41
Nquthu Local
Municipality,
Kwazulu Natal
VVSG Progr. 2012 2013
De ontplooiingskansen van de jongeren in de
beoogde gemeenschappen zijn vergroot door
een verbetering van hun sociale
vaardigheden en
werkgerelateerde competenties.
Good local
governance
Witzenberg Local
Municipality €86,233.51
Witzenberg, West
Cape
VVSG Progr. 2013 2013
De ontplooiingskansen van de jongeren in de
beoogde gemeenschappen zijn vergroot door
een verbetering van hun sociale
vaardigheden en werkgerelateerde
competenties
Good local
governance
Stellenbosch
Local Municipality €29,979.54
Stellenbosch,
West Cape
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VVSG Progr. 2012 2013
De ontplooiingskansen van de jongeren in de
beoogde gemeenschappen zijn vergroot door
een verbetering van hun sociale
vaardigheden en werkgerelateerde
competenties
Good local
governance
Mangaung Metro
Municipality €103,215.50 Mangaung
VVSG Progr. 2014 2016 Supporting young sheep and wool farmers in
Nquthu Local Municipality
Good local
governance
Nquthu Local
Municipality €180,000.00
Nquthu Local
Municipality,
Kwazulu Natal
VVSG Progr. 2014 2016
Creating possibilities for growth and
development in the rural areas of Op die Berg
(Witzenberg).
Good local
governance
Witzenberg Local
Municipality €180,000.00
Witzenberg, West
Cape
x
VVSG Progr. 2014 2016 Youth Economic Skills Development in
Mangaung
Good local
governance
Mangaung Metro
Municipality €305,000.00 Mangaung
ITG Progr. 2014 2016
Building capacity for animal and human
health in South Africa and the African
continent through multi-disciplinary research,
teaching and networking
Health
Department of
Veterinary
Tropical Diseases
(DVTD) in the
Faculty of
Veterinary
Science,
University of
Pretoria & The
University of the
Western Cape’s
School of Public
Health
(UWCSOPH)
DVTD:
1.498.326;
UWCSOPH:
450.000
Western Cape
province; Limpopo
province
x x
Africalia Progr. 2012 2014
The conditions of production, dissemination
and distribution of 4 South African cultural
operators or network organisations thereof,
namely Visual Arts Network South Africa
(VANSA), Performing Arts Network South
Africa (PANSA), Cultural Development Trust
and The Arterial Network, were
Strengthening of
civil society
Visual Arts
Network South
Africa (VANSA),
Performing Arts
Network South
Africa (PANSA),
Cultural
€1,148,826.00
all provinces (to
varying degree and
according to
partner, PANSA
and VANSA
x x
Joint Context Analysis South Africa Draft Report V4
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professionalised in view of a wide target
audience including previously disadvantaged
individuals(PDI) and communities (PDC).
Development
Trust and The
Arterial Network
through provincial
chapters)
Africalia Progr. 2015 2016
The conditions of production, dissemination
and distribution of cultural goods and services
aimed at a culturally disadvantaged public of
mainly 4 South African cultural operators -
namely Arterial Network, CTD, PANSA and
VANSA - are strengthened
Strengthening of
civil society
Visual Arts
Network South
Africa (VANSA),
Performing Arts
Network South
Africa (PANSA),
Cultural
Development
Trust and The
Arterial Network
€408,825.00
all provinces (to
varying degree and
according to
partner, PANSA
and VANSA
through provincial
chapters)
x x
ITG Progr. 2013 2017
Health systems, complexity and social
change in frame of South African Research
Chairs Initiative, National Research
Foundation, South Africa
Health
School of Public
Health, University
of the Western
Cape, Cape Town
€600,000.00
Western Cape,
Eastern Cape,
North Western
province
x x
ITG Progr. 2014 2016 Social Innovation in Public Health Impulse
(SIPHI) fellowship programme Health
School of Public
Health, University
of the Western
Cape, Cape Town
€144,000.00 South Africa x x
VVOB Progr. 2014 2016
Teaching for Improved Learning Outcomes in
Primary Education in South Africa
(TILOPESA)
Education
National
Department of
Basic Education
(DBE), South
African Council of
Educators
(SACE),
Provincial Free
State Department
of Education
€2,400,000.00 South Africa x x
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(FSDOE), District
Teacher
Development
Centre (DTDC) in
Lejweleputswa
(Free State)
VVOB Progr. 2011 2013
Improving learning outcomes of students at
public FET colleges and increasing
opportunities for employment
Education
Department of
Higher Education
and Training
(DHET), South
African Council for
Educators
(SACE),
University of Free
State (UFS)
€1,676,345.00 South Africa x
Rode Kruis-
Vlaanderen Project 2011 2013
Holistic support to orphans and vulnerable
children Health
South African Red
Cross Society €161,568.00 South Africa x
Rode Kruis-
Vlaanderen Project 2011 2013
Development of evidence based African First
Aid Materials (AFAM) Health education
South African Red
Cross Society €103,794.00 South Africa
Gresea Project 2010 2010 Research Mining Industry
Other social
infrastructure
and services
National Union of
Mineworkers
South Africa
Gresea Project 2011 2011 Conference SAfr Electricity and BHP Biliton
(CNCD May 17)
Energy
generation and
supply
CNCD
Belgium
Gresea Project 2012 2012 Research Mining Industry & the Marikana
Massacre
Other social
infrastructure
and services
Various sources
Desktop Belgium
Gresea Project 2010 2012 Research SADC Electricity
Energy
generation and
supply
CRE-AC Tervuren
DRCongo
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H. Annex 2: Executive summary Deze Gemeenschappelijke Context Analyse (GCA) van Zuid-Afrika werd ontwikkeld door verschillende
organisaties (en hun partners) en complementair met de regionale GCA Waardig Werk opgesteld.
Volgende NGA werden betrokken bij dit proces:
Org
anis
aties
GC
A
Zu
id
Afr
ika
VLIR-UOS
Africalia
BOS+
GRESEA
Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde (ITG)
Rode Kruis Vlaanderen Internationaal,
TRIAS
Vereniging van Vlaamse Steden en Gemeenten (VVSG)
Vlaamse Vereniging voor Ontwikkelingssamenwerking en Technische Bijstand
(VVOB)
Org
anis
aties
betr
okken b
ij de
GC
A
Waard
ig
Werk
WSM
IEOI-IIAV
IFSI-ISVI
BIS-MSI
FOS
Solidarité Socialiste
Het voorliggend document werd opgesteld op basis van de richtlijnen van het Vademecum. Het is
voornamelijk het product van een gemeenschappelijke inspanning van de betrokken actoren die diverse
analyses hebben aangeleverd op basis van de eigen expertise en de expertise van de lokale Zuid-
Afrikaanse partners en stakeholders. In Brussel werden 3 vergaderingen bijeengeroepen (waarvan 1
workshop) en werden de diverse ideeën gedeeld en bijdragen verder uitgewerkt . Er werd tevens een
workshop georganiseerd in Pretoria waarbij de meeste actieve NGAs een of meerdere
vertegenwoordigers hadden gemobiliseerd. Naast de verzameling van informatie - analyses van de
sectoren, identificatie van actoren, risicoanalyses, mogelijkheden voor synergie en complementariteit,
etc. - werden er ook diverse “models of change” ontwikkeld op volgens de thematische
aandachtspunten. Deze modellen vertalen de visie van de participanten op de huidige uitdagingen in
Zuid-Afrika, en de manier waarop deze kunnen aangepakt worden. De workshop werd op vraag van
de diverse NGAs bijgewoond door vertegenwoordigers van DGD, BTC en de GCA waardig werk.
Algauw bleek dit een uitzonderlijke meerwaarde voor het proces. De deelnemers van de lokale
workshop werden ook in de latere stappen van het GCA proces betrokken.
Context Zuid-Afrika
De cartografie van voorbije projecten en programma’s toont aan dat er een sterke traditie bestaat van
samenwerking met Zuid-Afrika. Heel wat van de voornoemde actoren zijn reeds lange tijd aanwezig in
Zuid-Afrika en hebben een indrukwekkende expertise opgebouwd.
Zuid-Afrika heeft reeds een lange weg afgelegd. Wanneer de democratie werd geïnstitutionaliseerd in
1994 vertaalde dit zich snel in een goed functionerend justitiesysteem, stijgende buitenlandse
investering en een groeiende economie. Zuid-Afrika is intussen zelfs een Middeninkomensland
geworden. Tegelijk wordt het land gekenmerkt door een toenemende ongelijkheid en schrijnende
armoede. Een alarmerende 43% van de Zuid-Afrikaanse bevolking overleeft met minder dan 2$ per
102/109 Joint Context Analysis South Africa Draft Report V3
dag. Maar liefst 26% van de Zuid-Afrikanen zit onder de internationale armoededrempel van 1,25$ per
dag, 25% is werkloos. Het moge duidelijk zijn dat het land voor enorme uitdagingen staat in de komende
jaren.
In de hoofdstukken 3 tot en met 6 van de GCA wordt de socio-economische situatie in Zuid-Afrika
diepgaand geanalyseerd. Naast een globale analyse, wordt er eveneens ingegaan op een aantal
cruciale sectoren/thema’s binnen de Zuid-Afrikaanse context en volgens de betrokken actoren. Op basis
van deze analyses worden mogelijke strategieën uitgewerkt die het land zal toelaten mogelijke
problemen het hoofd te bieden In de hoofdstukken 7 tot en met 9 worden deze toekomstige
interventiedomeinen geïdentificeerd, mogelijke partners benoemd, en “Models of Change”
geïdentificeerd. Hierbij baseerde de verschillende ANGS zich voornamelijk op het National
Development Plan visions for 2030 (NDP). In 2012 keurde het ANC dit ambitieuze plan goed. Het heeft
als doelstelling de armoede uit te roeien en de ongelijkheid te verkleinen. Stijgende inkomens, hogere
tewerkstelling, verbetering van onderwijs, verbetering van de gezondheid(szorg), meer aandacht voor
milieu en ecologische duurzaamheid, gendergelijkheid en andere actieterreinen. moeten deze
doelstelling realiseren.
Toekomstige Interventiedomeinen, thema’s en partners van de Belgische indirecte
ontwikkelingssamenwerking
Interventiedomeinen: De Belgische indirecte samenwerking in Zuid-Afrika kent een zeer grote
diversiteit. Een tiental NGAs zijn actief in zeer verschillende interventiedomeinen elk met een eigen
niche: gezondheid, onderwijs, ondernemerschap, milieu, landbouw, cultuur, lokaal bestuur , en water
en sanitatie. Er bestaat nauwelijks of geen overlap tussen het werk van de verschillende actoren. Deze
diversiteit aan actoren en actieterreinen zorgen voor een maximale toegevoegde waarde van elke actor.
Thema’s: De verschillende transversale en prioritaire thema’s van de Belgische
ontwikkelingssamenwerking werden doorheen het gehele document opgenomen: gender, milieu,
maatschappijopbouw, waardig en duurzaam werk, mensenrechten (incl. kinderrechten)
Partners: de diversiteit aan Belgische indirecte actoren zorgt ook voor een brede waaier van lokale
actoren. Tijdens het GCA proces bleek evenwel dat er heel wat links bestaan tussen die actoren, wat
veelbelovend is voor toekomstige synergie en complementariteit (bvb. op niveau van informatie-
uitwisseling)
Onderstaande tabel geeft een meer gedetailleerde samenvatting van de verschillende
interventiedomeinen van de ANGS en tevens van hun partners. Deze tabel biedt gelijk een goed,
beknopt overzicht van mogelijke toekomstige samenwerking van ANGS in Zuid-Afrika91:
NGA Future sector(s) Relevant actors
Africalia Social Economy (Includes
Education, Government & civil
society and Social infrastructure &
services)
network organisations and forums
Service providers
Membership-based organisations
Cultural Development Trust
Individual artistic projects, foundations and companies
Department of Arts and Culture
BOS+ Environmental protection (Includes
Water & sanitation, Agriculture and
Forestry)
Local smallholder associations
Grassroots member-based organisations
Local NGOs
local government structures
Department of Water and Environmental Affairs
91 Voor de actoren die actief zijn in het interventiedomein Waardig Werk verwijzen we naar de betreffende GCA.
Joint Context Analysis South Africa Draft Report V4
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Instituut voor
Tropische
Geneeskunde
Research and higher education,
Health
Higher education institutes
Research Institutes
Ministry of Health
Provincial departments of health
Rode Kruis
Vlaanderen
Health (Includes Water & sanitation,
Humanitarian aid, First Aid, Blood,
Evidence Based Practices)
Disaster preparedness
South African Red Cross Society
(vulnerable) communities
Research institutions and Universities
District Health executives
Civil society organisations, such as Health Systems Trust, TAC, etc.
Ministry of Health
Provincial Department of Health.
School communities
Department of Water and Environmental Affairs
TRIAS Entrepreneurship and economic
convergence (includes skills
development; access to finance &
markets); MBO capacity building;
lobbying & advocacy. Agriculture.
Family farmers and their local and national associations
Small scale entrepreneurs
Chambers of commerce
VLIR-UOS Education (Includes Health,
Population Policy & Reproductive
health, Water & Sanitation,
Communication and Agriculture)
Higher education institutes
Research Institutes
Department of Higher Education and Training
Department of Science and Technology
Department of Arts and Culture
VVOB Education Department of Basic Education
Department of Higher Education and Training
Department of Science and Technology
District and provincial departments of education
Primary schools and secondary schools
Statutory bodies (SACE, SETA…)
Interest groups: Women’s organisations, disability groups etc.
VVSG Government & civil society Local governments
SALGA
Mogelijkheden voor synergie en complementariteit
De hoge diversiteit van Belgische indirecte actoren maakte het zoeken naar mogelijkheden voor
synergie en complementariteit een hele uitdaging. Toch werd er tijdens dit proces heel wat
mogelijkheden geïdentificeerd. Ten eerste werd er besloten om elkaar (Belgische indirecte actoren) te
blijven ontmoeten in een soort van landenforum. Hierbij kan onder meer expertise uitgewisseld worden,
en continu gekeken worden naar mogelijke synergie en complementariteit (wat vaak pas mogelijk is bij
de uitvoering van een project). De uitbouw van een netwerk en het delen eigen netwerken, het
uitwisselen van informatie over “lessons learned’, behaalde resultaten en problemen of risico’s werd
hoogst wenselijk geacht. Verder werden de mogelijkheden in kaart gebracht voor een aantal
operationele en strategische voorstellen tot synergie en complementariteit tussen actoren, binnen
sectoren en tussen sectoren.
Tenslotte werd mogelijke synergie en complementariteit onderzocht met de bilaterale samenwerking en
met andere organisaties (zie hoofdstuk 10 van de GCA voor meer details). Betreffende de bilaterale
samenwerking zit Zuid-Afrika in een bijzondere situatie gezien de stopzetting van de bilaterale
ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Deze situatie zal verduidelijkt worden binnen het “Transitie-team Zuid-
Afrika”, georganiseerd door DGD. Dit Transitie-team Zuid-Afrika” zal verdergaan na afronding van deze
GCA.
104/109 Joint Context Analysis South Africa Draft Report V3
I. Annex 3: Bibliography of existing analysis of
NGAs, local partners and international actors
European Commission (2015) Draft proposal for an EU country roadmap for engagement with civil
society 2014 – 2017
ISF-UTS (2011) South-Africa Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Brief, prepared For AusAID By the
Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Ik dacht dat we ook samen het principe
bevestigden dat we streven naar respect voor de verhoudingen zoals die nu zijn voor de duur van het
programma 2017-20121. rySydney, October
(http://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/ISF_SouthAfricaWASH.pdf)
Mathews, Jamieson, Lake and Smith (eds.) (2014) South African Child Gauge 2014 Children's
Institute, University of Cape Town (for UNICEF)
(http://www.ci.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1122&Itemid=697#sthash.qx8R
NibO.dpuf)
UN – DPADM (2004) Republic of South Africa Public Administration Country Profile p4
(http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023288.pdf)
UNDP/Republic of South Africa (2013) Millenium Development Goals. Country Report 2013. The
South Africa I know, the Home I understand, pp. 90-104
(http://www.za.undp.org/content/dam/south_africa/docs/Reports/The_Report/MDG_October-2013.pdf)
UNICEF/WHO Updated Fact Sheet 2014. Estimates on the use of water sources and sanitation
facilities (1980-2012) (http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller[type]=country_files)
USAID (2010) South-Africa. Water and Sanitation Profile
(http://www.washplus.org/sites/default/files/south_africa2010.pdf)
VLIR-UOS (2013) South Africa Strategy Document, Brussel, VLIR-UOS.
(http://www.vliruos.be/media/3598748/strategy_paper_sa_final.pdf)
VVOB (2013) Meerjarenplan (MJP) 2014-2016, Zuid-Afrika. Learning outcomes in Primary Education
Brussel, VVOB.
Joint Context Analysis South Africa Draft Report V4
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J. Annex 3: List of local actors involved Below is a list of local actors that were directly involved in the local workshop that was organized in
Pretoria on May 21st 2015. During the process of drafting this document, all NGA’s involved their local
partners and experts to provide the analysis and information that can be found in the above chapters.
Thus, the number of local actors involved in the JCA South –Africa is much higher than the list of 16
people below.
Name Organisation Function email
1 Wilfried Theunis VVOB Country Programme
Manager
Wilfried.Theunis@vvo
b.be
2 Haroon Mahomed (VVOB) DBE Director, Teacher
Development
za
3 Stefaan Vande Walle VVOB Education Advisor Stefaan.vandewalle@v
vob.be
4 Stephen Miller TRIAS Country director stephen.miller@triasng
o.be
4 Albert Wadi TRIAS Chamber Manager at the
South African Chamber of
Commerce and Industry
a
5 Davison Chikazungu TRIAS smallholder agriculture
specialist, and academic
/
6 Charl Swart ITM University of Western Cape [email protected]
m
7 Hein Stoltsz
ITM University of Pretoria [email protected]
8 Jo-Ann Krieger
(VVSG)
municipality
Witzenberg
Director community
services
jo-
a
10 Kurt Egelhof
(Africalia)
PANSA
PANSA director Nationalcoordinator@p
ansa.org.za
11 Maria Kint
(Africalia)
Cultural
Development
Trust
director [email protected]
12 Larry Pokpas VLIR-UOS University of Western Cape [email protected]
13 Kingsley Ayisi VLIR-UOS University of Limpopo [email protected]
a
14 Patrick De Bouck DGD Development Minister
Counsellor
Patrick.DeBouck@dipl
obel.fed.be
15 Evert Waeterloos BTC Snr Programme Manager evert.waeterloos@btcc
tb.org
16 Lien Bauwens FOS Programme Advisor
Southern Africa
lienbauwens@fos-
sa.org.za
106/109 Joint Context Analysis South Africa Draft Report V3
K. Annex 4: Bibliography
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Brodén (2012). Aiding research capacity for development: tensions and dilemmas. International Journal
of Contemporary Sociology, (49), 1.
Brodén (2015) Aiding Science. An analysis of Swedish research aid policy 1973 – 2008. Development
Dissertation Brief. Expertgruppen för Biståndsanalys (EBA)
Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2014) ‘The Global Innovation Index 2014: The Human Factor’
In Innovation, Fontainebleau, Ithaca, and Geneva.
Cousins B. and Walker C. (eds.) (2015) Land Divided, Land Restored: Land Reform in South Africa for
the 21st Century. Jacana Media, Johannesburg, SA.
Dalberg/Amref (s.d.) Contribution of civil society organisations to health in Africa. Nairobi
(http://www.dalberg.com/documents/Contribution_of_Civil_Society_Organisations_to_Health_in_Africa
.pdf)
Department of Agriculture, Farming & Fisheries: Directorate of Statistics & Economic Analysis (2014).
Abstract of Agriculture Statistics, 2013.(http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/statsinfo/Abstact2013.pdf)
Department of Arts and Culture. Strategic Plan 2011 – 2016.
(http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/dac%20Strategic-Plan-2011-2016_0.pdf )
Department of Higher Education and Training (2013) White paper for post-school education and training.
Building an expanded, effective and integrated post-school system. Pretoria
DFID Human Development Resource Centre: http://www.heart-resources.org/
DGD (2015) Guinea and Burkina Faso new partner countries of Belgian development cooperation
(http://diplomatie.belgium.be/en/Newsroom/news/press_releases/cooperation/2015/05/ni_210515_ne
w_partner_countries.jsp)
European Commission (2015) Draft proposal for an EU country roadmap for engagement with civil
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Fisher R. (2014) South Africa Country Report, published in the context of Preparatory Action ‘Culture in
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Herrington, M. & Turton, N. (2013) Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2013: South Africa. The UCT
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Mathews, Jamieson, Lake and Smith (eds.) (2014) South African Child Gauge 2014 Children's Institute,
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Trias, Partnerschip for Empowered Entrepreneurs' Representation (PEERS): Phase 2, Programme
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UNDP/Republic of South Africa (2013) Millenium Development Goals. Country Report 2013. The South
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UNICEF/WHO Updated Fact Sheet 2014. Estimates on the use of water sources and sanitation facilities
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USAID (2010) South-Africa. Water and Sanitation Profile
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