John Graham's Brief in Support of Motion to Restrict Pretrial Publicity

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Case 4:13-cv-04100-LLP Document 46 Filed 03/18/15 Page 1 of 23 PageID #: 742

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5

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:9BP99=!DF>8!8;CH!;=N!B89!A=JFCI!B8;B!SC;=BA=S!B89!A=JF=>BA?=!PA<<!A=@<A>B!?=!

?B89C!G;CBA9Df!ZV[!B89!GC?:;:A<ABI!B8;B!G<;A=BA@@!PA<<!DF>>99N!?=!B89!H9CABDf!;=N!

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6

5C;8;H! NAN=MB! S9B! ;! @;AC! BCA;<,6! ! "89! +B;B9!P?F<N! B89=! GC9DFH;:<I! D99L! B?!

C9BCI!5C;8;H,!

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because they can “cause damage to an individual's reputation that cannot

easily be repaired by counterspeech, however persuasive or effective”).!

! "89! /9DG?=N9=B!PA<<! A=>FC! =?! 8;CH! A@! B89! A=JF=>BA?=! AD! ADDF9N,! ! "89!

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5C;8;H!P?F<N!8;E9!B?!:9!C9<9;D9N,!!!


7

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+?FB8!R;L?B;X!P8?!;C9!5C;8;HMD!G?B9=BA;<!JFCI!G??<,!

! (A=;<<IX!1C,!K;>L<9IMD!DB;B9H9=BD!;C9!=?B!A=!B89!GF:<A>!A=B9C9DBX! A=!B89!

A=B9C9DB! ?@! B89! +B;B9! ?@! +?FB8! R;L?B;X! ?C! A=! B89! A=B9C9DB! ?@! JFDBA>9,! ! "89!

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GC?B9>BD!B89!A=B9C9DB!?@!B89!GF:<A>!;=N!B89!DB;B9!A=!B89!@;AC!;NHA=ADBC;BA?=!?@!

>CAHA=;<! JFDBA>9,! ! +99! 0=! C9! 1?CCADD9IX! 2YW! (,VN! 2V6X! 2VW! Z6B8! )AC,2TTT[!

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comments further “the important governmental interest of protecting both

the accused's and the public's right to a fair trial”). Mr. Jackley's statements

;C9!:9A=S!H;N9!?FBDAN9!?@!>?FCBX!@?C!B89!GFCG?D9!?@!9=8;=>A=S!8AD!?P=!>;C99CX!

;=N!?@!8;CHA=S!5C;8;HMD!C9GFB;BA?=!;H?=S!B89!G?B9=BA;<!JFCI!G??<X!;=N!;C9!

=?B!A=!B89!GF:<A>!A=B9C9DB,!

#8& 5A8&G0=H;2EI1&13032D2<31&0A2&?0;12&0<J&J2?0D03>AE8&

! (C99N?H!?@!DG99>8!8;D!ABD!<AHABDf!AB!N?9D!=?B!9H:C;>9!>9CB;A=!>;B9S?CA9D!

?@!DG99>8X!A=><FNA=S!N9@;H;BA?=,!!#D8>C?@B!E,!(C99!+G99>8!)?;<ABA?=X!7V7!-,+,!

3V6X!367_36Y!Z3UU3[f!3W2!);C9!)?HHABB99!E,!/?=!#C=9D?=X!YVW!(,VN!Y32X!YVV!

ZWB8!)AC,!3U22[,! !-=<AL9!H;=I!>;D9D! A=!P8A>8!GC?D9>FB?CD!8;E9!:99=!89<N!B?!


8

8;E9! ;:D?<FB9! AHHF=ABI! @C?H! <A;:A<ABI! @?C! N9@;H;BA?=X! D99! 0H:<9C! E,!

^;>8BH;=X!636!-,+,!6UT!Z2TOY[X!1C,!K;>L<9IMD!N9@;H;B?CI!DB;B9H9=BD!;C9!=?B!

;=! eA=B9SC;<! G;CB! ?@! B89! JFNA>A;<! GC?>9DDXe! 636! -,+,! ;B! 62OX! ;=N! ;C9! =?B!

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‘investigative’ or ‘administrative’ acts.!!$FC=D!E,!/99NX!7UU!-,+,!6OWX!6WV!=!3!

Z2TT2[,! !'FB_?@_>?FCB!DB;B9H9=BD!H;N9!:I!;!GC?D9>FB?C!;B!;!GC9DD!>?=@9C9=>9!

;C9! ;NHA=ADBC;BAE9! ;>BD! =?B! 9=BAB<9N! B?! ;:D?<FB9! AHHF=ABI,! ! $F>L<9I! E,!

(AB\DAHH?=DX! 7UT! -,+,! 37TX! 3OO–OW! Z2TTV[! ! "89! :FCN9=! AD! ?=! B89! ?@@A>A;<!

D99LA=S!GC?B9>BA?=!B?!GC?E9!B8;B!;:D?<FB9! AHHF=ABI! AD! JFDBA@A9N,! !$FC=DX!7UU!

-,+,!;B!6WY,!

! 5C;8;H!=99N!=?B! GC?E9!;>BF;<!H;<A>9! A=!?CN9C! B?! DFDB;A=!;! ><;AH! @?C!

N9@;H;BA?=!A=!+?FB8!R;L?B;,!!.9!=99N!?=<I!D8?P!;!C9>L<9DD!NADC9S;CN!@?C!B89!

BCFB8,!!K;=L<?P!E,!ÀLA=S!^C9DDX!67T!*,a,3N!627X!62T!Z+,R,!2TTU[,! !/9>L<9DD!

NADC9S;CN! @?C! B89! BCFB8! AD! A=>;G;:<9! ?@! N9@A=ABA?=! PAB8A=! ?=9! >?=>AD9!

DB;B9H9=B,!0N. “[R]eckless conduct is not measured by whether a reasonably

GCFN9=B! H;=! P?F<N! 8;E9! GF:<AD89NX! ?C! P?F<N! 8;E9! A=E9DBAS;B9N! :9@?C9!

publishing.” +B,!#H;=B!E,!"8?HGD?=, 390 U.S. 727, 731 (1968). “There must

:9! DF@@A>A9=B! 9EAN9=>9! B?! G9CHAB! B89! >?=><FDA?=! B8;B! B89! N9@9=N;=B! A=! @;>B!

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N9SC99!?@!;P;C9=9DD!?@!GC?:;:<9! @;<DABI,! !5;CCAD?=!E,!%?FADA;=;X!VOT!-,+,!Y6!

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9

recklessness when “B89C9! ;C9! ?:EA?FD! C9;D?=D! B?! N?F:B! B89! E9C;>ABI! ?@! B89!

informant or the accuracy of his reports.” (footnote omitted). +B,!#H;=BX!VTU!

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DB;B9H9=BD!9E9=!;@B9C!:9A=S!B?<N!B89I!P9C9!N9@;H;B?CI,!

& K8& 7A090D&L01&0=M4@332J&>?&(@A13&N2OA22&54AJ2A8&

1C,!K;>L<9IMD!;==?F=>9H9=B!@?C!8AD!1;C>8!3UX!3U26!9E9=B!DB;B9D!B8;B!

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B89!0=NA>BH9=B!Z^C9H9NAB;B9N!1FCN9C[,!!+99!&]8A:AB!YX!;BB;>89N!89C9B?,!!!

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10

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67_2X! :FB! ;<D?! A=><FN9D! BP?! GC9EA?FD! G;S9D! @C?H! ;! :9=>8! >?=@9C9=>9X!P8A>8!

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!

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11

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B?!B89!;<<9S9N!D>9=9!?@!>CAH9!;=N!A=B9CEA9P9N!;S;A=,! !%??LA=S!)<?FN!NAN!=?B!

B9<<!1C,!&>?@@9I!;=IB8A=S!;:?FB!89;CA=S!K?8=!5C;8;H!;=N!#==;!1;9!#QF;D8!

A=!;!C??H!8;EA=S!D9],!

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@9;C!?@!89C!<A@9!@C?H!"C?I!49<<?P!a??NMD!8?H9,e!!/,!67!;B!6,!!"89!GC?D9>FBA?=!

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JFDB!:99=!C9HA=N9N!;B!;!:9=>8!>?=@9C9=>9!8?P!AHG?CB;=B!B89!ADDF9!P;DX!I9B!

N9><A=9N!B?!;DL!QF9DBA?=D,!


12

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B?!>8;CS9!5C;8;H!PAB8!C;G9X!8?P!>;=!1C,!K;>L<9I!D;I!B8;B!5C;8;H!AD!SFA<BIj!!

"8AD!S?9D!:9I?=N!8;EA=S!;!C9>L<9DD!A=NA@@9C9=>9!B?!B89!BCFB8,!!%??LA=S!)<?FN!

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B8;B!($0!A=@?CH;=B!c;H??L!&>?@@9I!A=DBCF>B9N!8AH!B?!?=<I!AHG<A>;B9!5C;8;H!

A=!#QF;D8MD!HFCN9C,!!&]8A:AB!W!;B!3Y2_3Y3,!

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9]><FN9N!B8AD!9EAN9=>9!DA=>9!AB!P;D!=?B!GC?:;BAE9!B8;B!D89!8;N!9AB89C!8;N!D9]!

C9>9=B<I!:9@?C9!89C!N9;B8X!<9B!;<?=9!8;N!:99=!C;G9N,!!+99!&]8A:AB!OX!;BB;>89N!

89C9B?X!P8A>8!A=><FN9D!6U!G;S9D!?@!B89!B9DBAH?=I!?@!;!@?C9=DA>!G;B8?<?SADB!?=!

B8AD! DF:J9>B,! ! "89! BCA;<! >?FCB! >?=><FN9N! B8;B! B89! B9DB! C9DF<B! P?F<N! =?B! :9!

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PAB8?FB!D>A9=BA@A>!:;DAD!:9A=S!D9B!@?CB8!A=!B89!C9G?CBf!;=N!RC,!^9B9CD?=MD!

Y! #<B8?FS8! B89! GC9D9=>9! ?@! ;>AN! G8?DG8;B;D9! AD! H9=BA?=9N! A=! B89! @ACDB!

;FB?GDIX!D99!&]8A:AB!TX!AB!AD!=?B!H9=BA?=9N!;B!;<<!A=!B89!D9>?=N!;FB?GDI,!!+99!

&]8A:AB!2U,!!"8AD!D8?PD!B8;B!;B!B89!BAH9X!#QF;D8MD!@;HA<I!P;D!=?B!>?=>9C=9N!

B8;B!D89!HAS8B!8;E9!:99=!C;G9N,!!


13

B9DBAH?=I! B8;B! D;ID! @C?H! B8;B! C9G?CB! 0! >;==?B! C9=N9C! ;=! ?GA=A?=!

P89B89C!AB!AD!H?C9!<AL9<I!B8;B!D9]F;<!A=B9C>?FCD9!?>>FCC9N!B8;=!=?B,!!!

!

5.8&5,.Q-6R!+?!P9MC9!S?A=S!B?!:9!><9;C!89C9X!B89C9!AD!=?B!S?A=S!B?!:9!

;=I!B9DBAH?=I!B8C?FS8!RC,!^9B9CD?=!;:?FB!;>AN!G8?DG8;B;D9j!

!

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;:?FB!D9]F;<!A=B9C>?FCD9,!

&

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HFCN9C!N?9D=MB!9QF;B9!B?!GC9H9NAB;B9N!HFCN9CX! B9DBAH?=I!;:?FB!D9]!N?9D=MB!

9QF;B9! B?! C;G9,! ! "8AD! N9B;A<! AD! ;<D?! =?B! :9<A9E;:<9X! DA=>9! AB! AD! ?:EA?FD<I!

AHG?CB;=B! 9=?FS8! @?C! %??LA=S! )<?F<N! B?! 8;E9!H9=BA?=9N! AB! A=! 8AD! GC9EA?FD!

A=B9CEA9PD,!!!

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;>>FD;BA?=!AD!N9@;H;B?CI,!

)8& 5A8& G0=H;2EI1& 1C20H@<O& 3>4A& 901& 0& 14:130<3@0;& ;@H2;@9>>J& >?&

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!

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GC?B9>BX! AB! D8?F<N! @A=N! B89! CAS8B! B?! :9! ?FBP9AS89N! :I! 5C;8;HMD! +A]B8!


14

#H9=NH9=B! CAS8B! B?! ;! @;AC! BCA;<,! ! “Few, if any, interests under the

)?=DBABFBA?=!;C9!H?C9!@undamental than the right to a fair trial by ‘impartial’

JFC?CDX! ;=N! ;=! ?FB>?H9! ;@@9>B9N! :I! 9]BC;JFNA>A;<! DB;B9H9=BD! P?F<N! EA?<;B9!

that fundamental right.” 59=BA<9!E,!+B;B9!$;C!?@!*9E;N;X!7U2!-,+,!2UVUX!222!

+,)B,! 3O3UX! 3O67! Z2TT2[,O! #>>?CNA=S<IX! BCA;<! >?FCts have “an affirmative

constitutional duty to minimize the effects of prejudicial pretrial publicity.”

5;==9BB!)?,!E,!R9^;DQF;<9X!66V!-,+,!VYWX!TT!+,)B,!3WTWX!3TU6!Z2TOT[,W!

! 0=! +89GG;CN! E,! 1;]P9<<X! VW6! -,+,! VVVX! WY! +,)B,! 27UO! Z2TYY[X! B89!

+FGC9H9!)?FCB!=?Bed that due process “requires that the accused receive a

trial by an impartial jury free from outside influences” and that “[n]either

GC?D9>FB?CDX! >?F=D9<! @?C! N9@9=D9X! B89! ;>>FD9NX! PAB=9DD9DX! >?FCB! DB;@@! =?C!

9=@?C>9H9=B!?@@A>9CD!,,,!D8?F<N!:9!G9CHABB9N!B?!frustrate its function.” 0N,!!"9=!

I9;CD! <;B9CX! A=!*9:C;DL;!^C9DD!#DD?>A;BA?=!E,!+BF;CBX!63O!-,+,!7VTX!TY!+,)B,!

3OT2X! 3WUU–3WU2! Z2TOY[X! B89! +FGC9H9! )?FCB! 9=N?CD9N! +89GG;CNMD! GC?G?D;<!

O! +99!$CANS9D! E,!);<A@?C=A;, 314 U.S. 252, 62 S.Ct. 190, 197 (1941) (“Legal

BCA;<D!;C9!=?B! <AL9!9<9>BA?=DX! B?!:9!P?=! B8C?FS8! B89!FD9!?@! B89!H99BA=S_8;<<X!

the radio, and the newspaper.”); ^;BB9CD?=!E,!)?<?C;N?X!3U7!-,+,!676X!3O!+,)B,!

556, 558 (1907) (Holmes, J.) (“The theory of our system is that the

>?=><FDA?=D! B?! :9! C9;>89N! A=! ;! >;D9! PA<<! :9! A=NF>9N! ?=<I! :I! 9EAN9=>9! ;=N!

;CSFH9=B!A=!?G9=!>?FCBX!;=N!=?B!:I!;=I!?FBDAN9!A=@<F9=>9X!P89B89C!?@!GCAE;B9!

talk or public print.”).!W! +99! )8;=N<9C! E,! (<?CAN;, 449 U.S. 560, 101 S.Ct. 802, 809 (1981) (“Trial

>?FCBD!HFDB! :9! 9DG9>A;<<I! EASA<;=B! B?! SF;CN! ;S;A=DB! ;=I! AHG;ACH9=B! ?@! B89!

N9@9=N;=BMD!CAS8B!B?!;!E9CNA>B!:;D9N!D?<9<I!FG?=!B89!9EAN9=>9!;=N!B89!C9<9E;=B!

law.”); &DB9D! E,! "9];D, 381 U.S. 532, 85 S.Ct. 1628, 1632 (1965) (“We have

;<P;ID!89<N!B8;B!B89!;BH?DG89C9!9DD9=BA;<!B?!B89!GC9D9CE;BA?=!?@!;!@;AC!BCA;<!_!

B89!H?DB! @F=N;H9=B;<! ?@! ;<<! @C99N?HD! _!HFDB! :9!H;A=B;A=9N! ;B! all costs.”);

^9==9L;HG! E,! (<?CAN;X! V3W! -,+,! VV2X! YY! +,)B,! 2U3TX! 2U6O! Z2T6Y[!!

(Frankfurter, J., concurring) (“In securing freedom of speech, the

Constitution hardly meant to create the right to influence judges or juries.”).!


15

B8;B! BCA;<! >?FCBD! 9HG<?I! H9B8?ND! D8?CB! ?@! GCA?C! C9DBC;A=BD! ?=! B89! GC9DDXT!

A=><FNA=S! B89!GC?8A:ABA?=!?@! 9]BC;JFNA>A;<! >?HH9=BD!:I! BCA;<!G;CBA>AG;=BDX! A=!

?CN9C!B?!HABAS;B9!B89!G?B9=BA;<<I!GC9JFNA>A;<!9@@9>BD!?@!GC9BCA;<!GF:<A>ABI,!!!

! 0=! 59=BA<9! E,! +B;B9! $;C! ?@! *9E;N;X! 7U2! -,+,! 2UVUX! 222! +,)B,! 3O3U!

Z2TT2[X! B89! +FGC9H9! )?FCB! >?=DAN9C9N! ;! >8;<<9=S9! B?! ;! *9E;N;! +FGC9H9!

)?FCB! CF<9!GC?8A:ABA=S!;=I!;BB?C=9I! @C?H!H;LA=S!9]BC;JFNA>A;<!>?HH9=BD! B?!

the media that the attorney knew or should have known would “have a

substantial likelihood of materially prejudicing an adjudicative proceeding.”!

222!+,)B,!;B!3O3V,!!':D9CEA=S!B8;B!A=!9;C<A9C!?GA=A?=D!B89!>ourt had “expressly

>?=B9HG<;B9N!B8;B!B89!DG99>8!?@!B8?D9!G;CBA>AG;BA=S!:9@?C9!B89!>?FCBD!>?F<N!:9!

limited,” a majority of the 59=BA<9!>?FCB!DB;B9N!B8;B!GCA?C!GC9>9N9=BX!A=><FNA=S!

+89GG;CN, “ratheC!G<;A=<I!A=NA>;B9kNl!B8;B!B89!DG99>8!?@!<;PI9CD!C9GC9D9=BA=S!

><A9=BD!A=!G9=NA=S!>;D9D!H;I!:9!C9SF<;B9N!F=N9C!;!<9DD!N9H;=NA=S!DB;=N;CN!

B8;=! B8;B! 9DB;:<AD89N! @?C! C9SF<;BA?=! ?@! B89!GC9DD! A=!*9:C;DL;!^C9DD.” 0N,! ;B!

3O66,!Z?GA=A?=!?@!/98=QFADBX!),K,[!Z>AB;BA?=D!?HABB9N[,!!#>>?CNA=S<IX!B89!>?FCB!

found that demonstrating a “substantial likelihood of material prejudice”

@C?H!;=!;BB?C=9IMD! 9]BC;JFNA>A;<! >?HH9=BD!P;D! >?=DBABFBA?=;<<I! DF@@A>A9=B! B?!

JFDBA@I!GC9D>CA:A=S!;BB?C=9I!>?HH9=BD!?@!B8;B!BIG9,!!0N,!;B!3O67,!!!0=! 59=BA<9X!

T! "89! +FGC9H9! )?FCB! ;=N! ?B89C! )?FCBD! ?@! #GG9;<D! 8;E9! C9>?S=A\9N! ;!

“distinction between participants in the litigation and strangers to it,”

GFCDF;=B!B?!P8A>8!S;S!?CN9CD!?=!BCA;<!G;CBA>AG;=BD!;C9!9E;<F;B9N!F=N9C!;!<9DD!

DBCA=S9=B! DB;=N;CN! B8;=! S;S! ?CN9CD! ?=! B89! GC9DD,! +99!59=BA<9X! 222! +,)B,! ;B!

3O6V–66,! !5C;8;H! AD!=?B! ;CSFA=S! @?C! ;!S;S! ?CN9C! ?=! B89!GC9DDX! ?=<I! ?=! B89!

<ABAS;=BD!;=N!B89AC!>?F=D9<,!!"89C9@?C9X!B89!)?FCB!=99N!=?B!>?=DAN9C!B89!<;P!?=!

GCA?C!C9DBC;A=BD!?=!B89!@C99N?H!?@!B89!GC9DD,!!!


16

the Supreme Court merely approved Nevada's “substantial likelihood”

DB;=N;CN! P89=! ;GG<A9N! B?! S;S! ?CN9CD! AHG?D9N! ?=! ;BB?C=9ID,! ! *9AB89C! B89!

+FGC9H9!)?FCB! =?C! B89!&AS8B8!)AC>FAB! 8;D! ;CBA>F<;B9N! ;! DB;=N;CN! B?! ;GG<I!

P89=! 9E;<F;BA=S! S;S! ?CN9CD! NAC9>B9N! ;B! ;BB?C=9I! ?C! =?=_;BB?C=9I! BCA;<!

G;CBA>AG;=BD,!!.?P9E9CX!B89!(?FCB8!;=N!"9=B8!)AC>FABD!8;E9!89<N!B8;B!;!BCA;<!

>?FCB! H;I! C9DBCA>B! 9]BC;JFNA>A;<! >?HH9=BD! :I! BCA;<! G;CBA>AG;=BDX! A=><FNA=S!

<;PI9CDX! G;CBA9DX! ;=N! PAB=9DD9DX! :;D9N! ?=! ;! N9B9CHA=;BA?=! B8;B! B8?D9!

comments present a “reasonable likelihood” of prejudicing a fair trial. !+99!0=!

C9!/FDD9<<X!O3Y!(,3N!2UUOX!2U2U!Z6B8!)AC,2TW6[f!-=AB9N!+B;B9D!E,!"AJ9CA=;X!623!

(,3N!YY2X!YYY–YO!Z2UB8!)AC,2TYT[,! !0=!B89!;:D9=>9!?@!;!><9;C!DB;=N;CN!A=!B89!

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17

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19

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/s/ Chase Iron Eyes

18


Documents

John Graham's Brief in Support of Motion to Restrict Pretrial Publicity