4/1/2018 (Thu) Notes - Understanding Oneself - Theories

To deal with examination of Understanding Oneself - Personal Development, you will

need to know and apply some theories you had learnt into your stance. Therefore, these

theories should be known by all of you and you should apply these to your exams in

order to achieve a higher results.

Inserting theories and apply them is a method of conceptualization, it will add you

marks.

Theories you needed to know:

1. Johari’s Window

2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

3. *Parenting Style

4. *ABC Theory

5. Erikson's “Eight Stages of psychosocial development"

6. Real self, ideal self and self-esteem

7. #Enneagram of personality

8. #Motivation of Achievement

9. Five building blocks of self-esteem

*- Advised to be used in your data-based questions

# - For high-achievers and advised for extensional use

Inserting Theories into your stance:

Use theories have a type of conceptualization and a more supporting source for

explaining your ideas and theories. E.g. Parenting Style - Identifying the cause of

teenager suicide - Authoritarian Family so that it causes a huge pressure for students.

Therefore, an authoritarian family is shown as a problem of parenting style.

Connect the relationship between the theory and your stance to make it more

supportive and persuasive.

Johari’s Window

Invented by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in 1955 (Therefore when combine is called

Johari)

- Use to help understanding oneself and interpersonal relationships.

- Divides personal information to 4 areas according to known and unknown to

oneself or others

- Evaluate whether we have an objective and accurate self-perception or not

Large open area (Open self) = Beneficial to our personal growth and makes our

communication with others more effective

Enlarge open area by telling others about ourselves and learning what they think of us.

Building good relationships with others can help us understand ourselves.

What concepts and conceptualization appear in Johari’s Window?

Conceptualization - Self-concept

Self-concept is the idea of a person about oneself, how you describe yourself.

E.g. I think I am caring.

In Johari’s Window, you think that you are caring and if other people also think that

you are caring, then your self-concept is clear and known by others such that others

will understand you and you will build your own uniqueness

Conceptualization - Self-image

How other people evaluate and view on oneself. It can be an indicator to decide

human behaviour and life values.

E.g. I think you are very good at drawing so that your self-image to others is that you

are good at drawing, your image is that you are good at drawing.

Using Johari’s Window in your stance and answers

How do you build your own self-image? (Personal factor in Solution) Connect the

relationship between personal development and self-image

According to Johari’s Window, if yourself is at the same time known to self and known

to others, you will have a better personal growth and self-esteem such that you will

build a healthy interpersonal relationships and uniqueness. Your self-image should be

built by letting others knowing your strengths and talents, knowing yourself and at the

same time you know yourself.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Theory of Hierarchy of Needs - By Abraham Maslow

“Our needs drive us to satisfy them”

Hierarchy of Needs classify and separate to five types:

1. Physiological Needs (Basic Needs) Lowest Level

2. Safety Needs (Sense of Security)

3. Love/Belonging (Group Psychological)

4. Esteem (Personal Psychological)

5. Self-actualization (Self-fulfillment) Highest Level

Condition:

● If lower levels have not been fulfilled, you most likely cannot fulfill the higher

level. It is level by level. The basic ones are the lowest level and advanced ones

are the highest level

● The fulfilment of the lower needs is important for building self-esteem. Higher the

level you are, higher the self-esteem.

● When humans fulfill the lower layers, they will try achieve to fulfill the higher

layers

You need to fulfill the layers in order to have a higher self-esteem. Therefore, Hierarchy

of needs theory is also one of the explanation of the causes affecting self-esteem.

Therefore, if people cannot fulfill their physiological needs, they usually have a low

self-esteem. (i.e. Low socio-economic status)

How to use “Hierarchy of needs theory” in data-based question?

Connect the relationship between teenager self-esteem + personal development and teenager salient trend. I.e. Because teenagers cannot fulfill their basic needs - They have low self-esteem such that they will join that salient trend.

Checkpoint 1 - Hierarchy of Needs

1. Fill in the blanks

a. If their basic needs cannot be met, they most likely have a

________________ (higher/lower) self-esteem.

b. Belle donates $200 for the elderlies, she reaches the level of

_________________________ according to hierarchy of needs theory.

c. Chris does not have the money to take the bus so he needs to walk 8km

per day to school, he cannot reach the level of ____________________

according to hierarchy of needs theory has he most likely has a

________________ (higher/lower) self-esteem.

2. Use the source provided below, complete question 2. (Connect the relationship

between Hierarchy of needs and salient trend)

Ming has lack of money renting houses and his food, he is now only living in a subdivided flat so he gambles and hopes to get more money.

a. Explain one cause why Ming gambles in terms of hierarchy of needs.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

b. Provide one suggestion for Ming to curb gambling. (HINT: Solve the

problem in terms of fulfilling the basic needs of hierarchy of needs)

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

(One of the possible suggestion is that to fulfill the hierarchy of needs)**百搭good!

Parenting Style

Parenting Style

Self-esteem Behaviour Aspirations

Authoritative High High self-evaluation, more friendly, helpful, sociable and self-confident. Less behavioural problems and more socially adaptable and independent

Strive to pursue success

Authoritarian Low More aggressive, withdrawn and dependent behaviour. Poorer self-image

Have a rather strong sense of social responsibility

Indulgent (Permissive)

Low More dependent, lower ability of self-control. Immature, can rarely accept responsibilities

Tend to be self-centred. Have less consideration for social duties and responsibilities

Neglecting (Uninvolved)

Low More aggressive and/or disobedient. Sometimes pursue criminal behaviour.

Lack the motivation to pursue success

(Source: HKEP New Horizons Liberal Studies Third Combined Edition P.12)

Conceptualization - Family as an important place of socialization

Family has an important impact on one’s development of personality and self-esteem.

● Encouragement and praise from family members help children determine on

their objectives and directions and enhance self-recognition - Positive Impact

on self-esteem

Parenting styles and parents expectations of their children also affect the children’s

self-esteem.:

➢ Higher self-esteem - Parents adopt liberal and receptive attitudes

➢ Lower self-esteem - Parents are too strict or over-protective

Checkpoint 2 - Parenting Style

1. Use the source provided below, complete question 1.

Mum: Oh my god! You only get 99 marks in your dictation? No way, you should get 100 marks, you will need to do more practice today as a punishment. Tom: (Crying) My mum only gives me work to do, I am very stressful and I have no time to rest. Life is tough! Eventually, Tom jumps off from a 40 storey building and R.I.P.

a. Explain one cause why Tom suicides in terms of parenting style.

(HINT: First identify the parenting style of Mum, provide a definition of that parenting

style and tell the negative impacts of that parenting style such that Tom will suicide.

Connect the relationship between the parenting style and teenager suicide)

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

b. Suggest 1 way to curb teenager suicide in terms of a proper parenting style.

(HINT: First provide the suitable parenting style, provide a definition of that parenting

style and tell how can it build a good atmosphere and raise self-esteem of teenagers

such that to curb teenager suicide, connect the relationship between good parenting

style and teenager healthy personal growth such that to prevent suicide.)

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

ABC Theory

Activating Event

(What is the root cause of the event?)

|

Belief

(How do teenagers think of the event?)

|

Consequence

(The Salient Trend/The problem appear)

If you are weak at connecting the relationship, I suggest you to use ABC theory

because this is a very direct and clear way to explain the relationship between the

cause and the salient trend. As well, you may clearly use conceptualization in “B" part.

Activating Event Cause of the event

Belief How teenagers think of the event? (Teenager’s mental thoughts)

Consequence The problem shown (The salient trend) How teenagers respond to different salient trends

Checkpoint 3 - ABC Theory

1. Read the source and complete question 1.

If this is a view of a teenager aged 19: If you’re trying to wind down after a long day, wine may help you relax, a new study suggests. But if you’re more in the mood to feel sexy and confident, order spirits instead.

Identify the (root) cause of alcoholism according to the source:

___________________________________________________________________

Fill in the ABC Theory Chart:

Activating Event

Belief

Consequence

What is the relationship between your cause and teenager characteristics? (Use

teenager characteristics to explain your cause)

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

ABC Theory is a good way to connect the cause and the problem with teenager

thinking. So it is a good flow to analyze cause.

***More notes about ABC theory will be shown when we upload the notes about analyzing causes in 10/1/2018 (Wed)

Eight Stages of Psychological Development

Eight stages of psychological development tells us that in each stage/level,

people will face challenges and they need to do adjustment to face themselves and

respond to those challenges.

If they can face challenges successfully - Teenagers can have high self-esteem

and build their own self-image. Understanding and knowing themselves.

If they can’t face challenges successfully - Teenagers will be confused and

messed up such that they may join those salient trends.

Using Eight stages of psychological development in Data-based question

Connect the teenager characteristics shown on eight stages of psychological

development to tell the cause/suggestion of salient trend.

According to the eight stages of psychological development by Erikson, he proposed

that teenagers in level 5 will be confused if they cannot successfully respond to

challenges during teenagers such that they will be confused to themselves so they will

join those salient trends because they cannot identify rights and wrongs, they are

confused and they messed up.

To solve the problem, we need to let teenagers successfully respond to challenges

during puberty. Therefore, we need to let them to build their own self-image and

understand themselves by _________________ (e.g. Participate in more activities to

know strengths…..)

Real self, ideal self and self-esteem

Perceived Self (自我感知) - Personalities and attitudes vary in different situations

because we have different identities and roles in different situations.

Real Self - Who you actually are (A fact)

Ideal Self - Who you want to be, what you think is perfect (Your dream)

Larger the discrepancy between real self and ideal self - Lower the self-esteem

Properties of Self 1. Self-esteem is a product of self evaluation (Self-evaluation - Feeling and

evaluation) 2. Self-worth (Self-respect) + Self-abilities (Self-efficacy) =

Self-esteem/Self-evaluation

When real self is closer to ideal self, personal self-esteem should be higher.

When real self is further to ideal self, personal self-esteem should be low.

How can you achieve ideal self (Make real self closer to ideal self) ?

1. Follow others good things, personality and style

2. Set goals

Enneagram of Personality

(Advanced theory but you may try to apply this in your DBQ)

Motivation of Achievement

Motivation of Achievement means that a person to achieve and complete one important

or valuable job and has a motivation to push up him/herself to a higher level.

Motivation of Achievement is the fundamental of leading to study and maintaining

studies.

Properties of Motivation of Achievement: 1. Cognitive Drive - The motivation of the work itself 2. Ego-enhancing - Human’s desire on raising status and self-esteem 3. Affiliative - Desire on receiving other’s recognition

Using Motivation of Achievement in Data-based question

Usually applicable in the suggestion part How can we curb the problem? Your answer: Teenagers participate in more activities to know their strengths and not to deal with that salient trend. According to the theory of motivation of achievement, if you find something important or valuable or your strengths, you will work harder and you will have the motivation to push up yourself such that you can build up your self-esteem and have your achievements. Exploring your talents and stop dealing with those salient trend.

Five building blocks of self-esteem

Properties of Self ● Self-esteem is a product of self evaluation (Self-evaluation - Feeling and

evaluation) ● Self-worth (Self-respect) + Self-abilities (Self-efficacy) =

Self-esteem/Self-evaluation

Self-worth + Self-abilities = Self-esteem

Security, Selfhood, Affiliation

Competence, Mission

Self-worth

Security Feel respected and protected, recognise their self-worth and can trust others

Selfhood Accept their own appearance, abilities, preferences, qualities, etc.; recognise that they are independent individuals in a group

Affiliation Feel that they are closely affiliated with the group they belong to; feel accepted and recognised by others

+

Self-abilities

Competence Think that they are able to learn new things and cope with different challenges

Mission Think that they are able to know the meaning and goal of life, make decisions and bear the consequences.

= Self-esteem

5 factors of self-esteem in data-based question

Security

You join that salient trend because you want to conform others such that you can gain

a sense of security and gain your self-worth by others - Cause of salient trend of peer

influence

Gain a sense of security - Teenager Characteristics

High sense of security - High Self-esteem Low sense of security - Low

self-esteem

Selfhood

To build your own self-image, you need to accept your own appearance, abilities,

preference, qualities and find out your uniqueness (selfhood) such that you can build

your own self-image and don’t need to conform others. Increase self-esteem with

own selfhood

Affiliation - Peer Influence

Teenagers deal with those salient trends because they want to be closely affiliated

with the group they belong to, they want to be accepted and recognised by others so

due to this peer influence, they deal with those salient trend.

Good way of conceptualization between affiliation, peer influences and causes

Competence

Teenagers should develop a competence that to think that they are able learn new

things, exploring their challenges, improve life skills to cope with different challenges

they face during puberty and respond to them in a correct way.

Suggestion Part!

Mission

Teenagers know the meaning and goal of life such that they will set goals to achieve,

make decisions in a correct way and bear the consequences by understanding the

consequences and bear with it.

Suggestion Part!