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ohannesburg’s Golden Legacy Includes Radioactive Dumpy Kevin Crowley

eb 11, 2014 12:00 AM GMT+0200

ohannesburg sits atop the world’s most productive gold reef -- a staggering 40,000 tons of the precious metal

as been mined from it during a history tracing back 130 years. That legacy of riches has left behind a toxic

heritance: radioactivity from uranium hauled up in the mining process.

cientists have found uranium quantities in rivers west of the city to be as much as 4,000 times natural levels

nd in tap water as much as 20 times higher. A soil sample taken by Bloomberg News and tested by

overnment-certified WaterLab Ltd. (http://www.waterlab.co.za/) from pumpkin roots grown a little more

an a mile from a recently closed gold mine contained five times more uranium than background levels

onsidered normal by the International Atomic Energy Agency

http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/du/du_qaa.shtml).

hotographer: Dean Hutton/Bloomberg

traffic highway and railway lines, right, pass waste ground and a mine dump in Johannesburg, South Africa, on Dec. 14,

013. While Johannesburg flourished after the discovery of gold in 1886 the stress that the mining has placed on underground 

ck formations has increased seismic activity.

SaveShare

SUSTAINABILITY

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esidents of Johannesburg and surrounding communities live among an estimated 600,000 metric tons of 

ranium buried in waste rock and covering an area four times the size of Manhattan, according to university

searchers. Another undetermined amount lies below ground, where water has filled abandoned mines and

aks into the environment.

There’s nowhere in the world where you’ll find so many people living alongside such a vast amount of ore-

earing uranium,” said Carl Albrecht, head of research at the Cancer Association of South Africa

http://www.cansa.org.za/), or Cansa. “There are 400,000 people in the area who are subjected to this

nvironment and yet the government is unwilling to consider the health impact.”

Health Threat

overnment regulators and health advocates disagree over the public-health threat this poses. Albrecht and

hers point to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

http://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclides/uranium.html) data that says even low-level radiation

xposure, if prolonged, can lead to an increased rate of cancers. Susan Shabangu

http://search.bloomberg.com/search?

=Susan%20Shabangu&site=wnews&client=wnews&proxystylesheet=wnews&output=xml_no_dtd&ie=

&oe=UTF-8&filter=p&getfields=wnnis&sort=date:D:S:d1&partialfields=-wnnis:NOAVSYND&lr=-

ng_ja), minister of South Africa’s Department of Mineral Resources, said levels recorded in and around

ohannesburg are “a cause for concern” but not yet a “level of danger.”

ne thing is indisputable: the amount of untreated waste material containing uranium is growing as a 28 percent

unge in the gold price last year has shuttered mines and increased the number of abandoned mine sites. The

lyvooruitzicht mine 50 miles (80 kilometers) southwest of Johannesburg -- near where the Bloomberg News

oil sample was taken -- was closed in July, throwing 1,700 miners out of work.

he mine’s last operator, Village Main Reef Ltd. (/quote/VIL:SJ), isn’t responsible for the environmental

habilitation of the mine because it never took legal ownership of the operation, according to Chief Executive

fficer Ferdi Dippenaar (http://search.bloomberg.com/search?

=Ferdi%20Dippenaar&site=wnews&client=wnews&proxystylesheet=wnews&output=xml_no_dtd&ie=

&oe=UTF-8&filter=p&getfields=wnnis&sort=date:D:S:d1&partialfields=-wnnis:NOAVSYND&lr=-

ng_ja).

illage operated the 72-year-old mine for 18 months, he said.

Within Limits’

As far as I am aware, and based on tailings recoveries, the content of uranium during this time was definitely

ithin limits,” Dippenaar said. Tailings refers to waste material. Village has no plans to reopen the mine and it’s

urrently being liquidated, he said.

nmaintained, abandoned dumps lose their shape as their toxic material seeps into the surrounding area, said

nthony Turton (http://www.anthonyturton.com/), a professor at University of the Free State’s Center for

nvironmental Management. When waste dumps, known as tailings dams, are abandoned “you get major

osion taking place and slides of toxic material into wetlands,” he said.

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While South Africa has required companies to set aside money for environmental mitigation since 1994, “the

ality is the funds set aside for environmental liabilities are totally insufficient,” Turton said.

Cleanup Costs

outh Africa will be forced to spend about $2.7 billion on cleaning up its nearly 6,000 abandoned mines, the

World Wildlife Fund said in a 2012 report, citing the country’s auditor general. Of the country’s working mines,

most 40 percent don’t have adequate funds available for rehabilitation, according to the Department of 

Mineral Resources’ 2012-2013 annual report.

he effects of low-level, chronic exposure to radiation include cancer and changes to DNA, known as

utations, that can be passed onto offspring, according to the U.S. government. High uranium intake over time

an also lead to increased cancer risk and liver damage, the agency said.

or every ton of ore mined, South African produces between 3 grams (0.1 ounce) and 15 grams of gold,

eaning most rock removed from the earth is waste material, and contains toxic chemicals including uranium,

ercury, radon, arsenic and sulfuric acid.

he upside of gold mining here is well known. The industry stretches back to 1886 and among its pioneers was

erman immigrant Ernest Oppenheimer (http://search.bloomberg.com/search?

=Ernest%20Oppenheimer&site=wnews&client=wnews&proxystylesheet=wnews&output=xml_no_dtd

&oe=UTF-8&filter=p&getfields=wnnis&sort=date:D:S:d1&partialfields=-wnnis:NOAVSYND&lr=-

ng_ja), who founded Anglo American Plc (/quote/AAL:LN) and helped to turn Johannesburg into Africa’s

chest city. Mining helped make fortunes not just for the Oppenheimers but for Cecil John Rhodes

http://search.bloomberg.com/search?

=Cecil%20John%20Rhodes&site=wnews&client=wnews&proxystylesheet=wnews&output=xml_no_dtd&oe=UTF-8&filter=p&getfields=wnnis&sort=date:D:S:d1&partialfields=-wnnis:NOAVSYND&lr=-

ng_ja), the first chairman of DeBeers, and current billionaire Patrice Motsepe

http://search.bloomberg.com/search?

=Patrice%20Motsepe&site=wnews&client=wnews&proxystylesheet=wnews&output=xml_no_dtd&ie=

&oe=UTF-8&filter=p&getfields=wnnis&sort=date:D:S:d1&partialfields=-wnnis:NOAVSYND&lr=-

ng_ja), founder of African Rainbow Minerals Ltd.

Unsightly Legacy

hat legacy’s unsightly side is in plain view here. Waste rock from hundreds of mines that have been developed

ver the years has been deposited around Johannesburg in mounds that cover a combined area of 400,000

quare kilometers and can be as many as 10 stories high. One such dump, which looks like a flat-topped sand

ountain, sits next to the FNB Stadium (http://www.stadiummanagement.co.za/), where the final of soccer’s

World Cup was played in 2010.

he tailings contain about 600,000 tons of uranium, three times the amount exported during the Cold War,

ccording to Professor Frank Winde (http://www.nwu.ac.za/geography/staff/Frank_Winde) at Southfrica’s North-West University (http://www.nwu.ac.za/). It’s getting into the water supply, according to

Winde, a German-born scientist who has studied the effect of uranium on South Africa’s environment for 30

ears and overseen university testing for radiation levels.

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Dissolving Metal

his happens in a variety of ways, according to Winde. The radioactive metal dissolves in rainwater and runs

ff the dumps into rivers during storms or is carried into water sources when it seeps through porous rock as

bandoned mines are flooded. It can also be spilled by companies that re-mine dumps for the metal. Dust clouds

ontaining uranium form when high winds hit the dumps.

oil taken by Bloomberg News from pumpkin roots about 100 meters away from Wonderfonteinspruit, a stream

eding the Vaal River and close to Blyvooruitzicht, was found to contain 10.4 milligrams of uranium perlogram. That’s five times higher than the 2 milligrams per kilogram average, according to the IAEA.

No Threat’

habangu, the mineral resources minister, says the levels aren’t cause for alarm.

Scientifically, it has been proven we’re not at a level that poses a health threat to communities,” she said in an

terview.

Winde disagrees. “We have generally underestimated the presence of uranium in the water supply,” he said. “If 

e government has a study saying it’s safe then I would like to see it. As far as I’m aware, nobody has studied

hether it has an impact on general health, on the likelihood of cancer, on hormonal functions, on DNA” in

outh Africa.

wo hours west of Johannesburg’s business district of Sandton lies Khutsong, a township of 60,000 from which

e soil sample was taken. Residents there struggle daily for water, electricity and work.

wo-bedroom brick houses built by the local government are surrounded by improvised shacks with corrugated

on roofs. Jobs are scarce after gold mines, including Blyvooruitzicht, were closed.

No Choice

While the government prohibits people from drinking, irrigating and washing in water taken directly from

vers, for thousands living in an area known as the West Rand there is no choice, said Sello Mokoena, 27, aorker on the vegetable patch in Khutsong.

People tell us that the water is polluted from the mines but we have nothing else,” said Mokoena, wearing a

reen sports shirt and orange trousers. He earns about 700 rand ($63) a month working on the vegetable patch

nd herding livestock, and uses it to support his mother, three brothers and a sister.

he Bloomberg soil sample was taken from an area suspected of containing mine waste and was not part of a

ientific study. No vegetables picked from the patch by Bloomberg News were found to contain elevated levelsf uranium.

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oe Maila, a spokesman for South African Health Minister Aaron Motsoaledi

http://search.bloomberg.com/search?

=Aaron%20Motsoaledi&site=wnews&client=wnews&proxystylesheet=wnews&output=xml_no_dtd&ie

&oe=UTF-8&filter=p&getfields=wnnis&sort=date:D:S:d1&partialfields=-wnnis:NOAVSYND&lr=-

ng_ja), referred questions to West Rand District Municipality. The municipality is “concerned with all

ctivities which may have a negative impact on public health,” Cheleng Khotle, a manager for municipal health,

aid in a statement. “The municipalities may currently not be able to provide funding” for further studies.

Continued technical monitoring is encouraged and would be supported by municipalities through

articipation.”

Elevated Levels

Water samples from Wonderfonteinspruit show uranium levels on average 400 times background levels, and

aching as high as 4,000 times, according to Winde, who compiled a series of studies he and other scientists

ave done over the past 20 years.

Winde detected uranium levels of 53 micrograms per liter at the Boskop Dam, which supplies Potchefstroom, a

wn 75 miles west of Johannesburg and about 25 miles southwest of Blyvooruitzicht, in November 2012. That

dicates 21 micrograms per liter of uranium in tap water sourced from that dam, 40 percent higher than the

World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/en/)’s safe level of 15 micrograms per liter, he said.

While that was a one-time test and exceeded usual tap-water readings of about 5 micrograms per liter in

otchefstroom, below the safe level, it shows that residents are sometimes exposed to dangerous water quality,

aid Winde, who lives in the town and doesn’t drink the water.

Water Safety

Wonderfonteinspruit, Carletonville, and Potchefstroom are towns in the West Rand, downstream from

ohannesburg and the mine-waste dumps. The metropolis’s water supply isn’t contaminated because it comes

om the upper part of the Vaal River and from nearby Lesotho, a landlocked mountainous kingdom surrounded

y South Africa.

ap water in the West Rand including Potchefstroom is safe to drink, according to Marius Keet, senior manager

the Department of Water Affairs. (http://www.dwaf.gov.za/)

At the moment there’s no danger there,” he said. “We’re in contact with the scientists there and there are

oncerns -- not now, but in the future -- if there is a slow increase of uranium in the feed water.”

eople shouldn’t drink water directly from rivers, such as Wonderfonteinspruit, dams or seasonal streams in the

ea, Keet said.

You’re not allowed to take water from any river in South Africa,” he said. “For as much as uranium is ahallenge, there’s also the challenge of bacteria.”

Unprecedented Exposure

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outh Africa is unique among gold-mining countries because of the dense population that has grown up around

s mines. That means exposure to low levels of uranium over a long period of time is unprecedented and should

e investigated by the government, according to Cansa’s Albrecht.

2011, Cansa found uranium levels in two Carletonville residents’ teeth that were as many as 100 times higher

an a 2007 study that took the same measurement from people living in a Brazilian mining area.

he Department of Water Affairs’ Keet said he’s in favor of studying the effect of low levels of uranium intake

ver long periods of time on people’s health. The Department of Health should conduct such research, he said.

is major concern is uranium seeping from the mine dumps through dolomitic rock, which is porous, and into

e water table. “That will have to be well monitored in the future,” he said.

Mines’ Responsibility

he government’s long-term approach to remove uranium from mine dumps is to allow companies to re-mine

em for gold, eliminating toxic wastes as they go. A number of companies are already doing that, among them

ngloGold Ashanti Ltd. (/quote/ANG:SJ), DRDGold Ltd. and Mintails Ltd.

RDGold, which doesn’t mine in the West Rand, said this process is “enormously” helpful because it removes

aste and deposits it in modern tailings complexes under the scrutiny of regulators. Mintails is “proud to be

aying a leading role” in removing hazardous materials from “potentially the most uranium contaminated

ndscape in the world,” said Turton, who acts as an adviser to the company.

While re-mining can be part of a solution to uranium pollution, it’s also part of the problem, according toMariette Liefferink, CEO of the Federation for a Sustainable Environment (http://www.fse.org.za/).

Cost-cutting and disregard for the environment mean there are radioactive spillages every few weeks in the

West Rand,” she said. “Unless these mining companies mine cleanly, they will only make the situation worse.”

Environmental Incidents

ngloGold was responsible for 10 environmental incidents it classified as “significant” in South Africa in 2012,ccording to the company’s annual report (http://www.aga-reports.com/12/os/performance/cyanide-waste-

anagement). They involved toxic waste being spilled onto farmland and in rivers. Of the 10 incidents, seven

ere attributed to Mine Waste Solutions, which re-mines waste material and was bought for $335 million from

irst Uranium Corp. (/quote/FUU:SJ) two years ago.

he company has spent about $90 million upgrading Mine Waste Solutions since the acquisition and has

mproved its water monitoring, pipeline maintenance as well as creating so-called containing areas for potential

pills, CEO Srinivasan Venkatakrishnan (http://search.bloomberg.com/search?

=Srinivasan%20Venkatakrishnan&site=wnews&client=wnews&proxystylesheet=wnews&output=xml_n

&oe=UTF-8&filter=p&getfields=wnnis&sort=date:D:S:d1&partialfields=-wnnis:NOAVSYND&lr=-

ng_ja) said in an interview.

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Winde, who is attempting to raise money for further research, says the companies and government aren’t doing

nough.

We know there are elevated levels of uranium from years of gold mining all over the West Rand but what we

on’t know is how much worse it will get as mines close and what the health implications are,” he said. “Given

e magnitude of the problem, there’s a complete lack of action to address it.”

o contact the reporter on this story: Kevin Crowley in Johannesburg at kcrowley1@bloomberg.net

mailto:kcrowley1@bloomberg.net)

o contact the editors responsible for this story: Ken Wells at kwells8@bloomberg.net

mailto:kwells8@bloomberg.net); Timothy Coulter at tcoulter@bloomberg.net

mailto:tcoulter@bloomberg.net)

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0 Comments

! !

Bravadu  !  

 And that's why we need the Pebble Mine in Alaska so they can eat mine tailings and

radioactive salmon... YUMMY!

! !

Texas Engineer  !  

Would seem the solution may be to remove the uranium with solution mining techniques.

Nothing in the article suggests if this has been explored.

! !

tedwilliams99  !  

teabaggers say it's all worth it - in fact such disaster zones are signs of progress - just look

at what the tar sands are doing to the boreal forest in Canada - paradise to a tea bagger

once they're done gettin rid of all them pesky trees

!   !

Brickell Princess  !  

So a lot of that gold is radioactive! Oh the joy!

donald monroe  !  

5 Essentials o… (Layer 7 Technologies)

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pillars-of-api-management/3156?

source=taboola&utm_source=tabool

Japan has high hopes for ‘flam…

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(http://www.bloomberg.com/video/fi

powerful-weapons-the-pentagon-

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F0YjGVXCTSKFR1Vletycng.html)

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Charlie Rose

(http://www.bloomberg.com/video/-

the-billionaire-and-the-mechanic-

charlie-rose-

ouqE9P8ZQ1KcbODwoF5knQ.html

8/12/2019 Johannesburg’s Golden Legacy Includes Radioactive Dump - Bloomberg

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/johannesburgs-golden-legacy-includes-radioactive-dump-bloomberg 12/14

! !

 

 A ND A LL AT ONCE TAKE BACK YOUR CITIES STATES AND COUNTRIES FROM THE

EXTREME WEALTHY AND POWERFUL

! !

donald monroe  !  

HE EXTREME WEALTHY AND POWERFUL OF THE WORLD ARE AT THE ROOT OF

EVERYTHING THA T IS WRONG WITH OUR WORLD---THEY HAVE BECOME A DANGER

O US ALL AND THEY MUST BE DEALT WITH BEFORE THINGS CAN CHANGE FOR THEGREATER GOOD-THIS IS A MUST AT ALL COST

! !

donald monroe  !  

the people of the world had better wake up and deal with the real problem--the real---

ERRORIST-----THE EXTREME WEALTHY AND POWERFUL------THEY HAVE

CORRUPTED EVERYTHING--FOR PROFIT

! !

donald monroe  !  

all around the world politicians are protecting big corporations from prosecution from

pollution crimes--with in the next ten years -all of our fresh water will be polluted to the

point it will cause everyone health problems--wake up people

! !

Sunnyday5  !  

Mines generally last 20 years. The pollution lasts for centuries. Mines yield profits for a few,

largely foreign shareholders. They leave behind arsenic and other heavy metals that cause

cancer and other diseases. The rich get richer from mining. Ordinary citizens, and

generations to come, become poorer - since they bear the health costs of diseases such as

cancer. Dumb animals lose their habitats. The landscape is forever scarred.

! !

diani40  !  

he uranium is from ore

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