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University ofCalifornia,Berkeley
Renewableand AppropriateEnergy Laboratory
Jobs in a Clean Energy Economy: Science
Berkeley gy yUC Berkeley
Jobs in a Clean Energy Economy: Science, Engineering, and Policy Perspectives
Daniel M. Kammen
E d R G & G ld S h l f P bli P liEnergy and Resources Group & Goldman School of Public PolicyDirector, Renewable and Appropriate Energy LaboratoryDirector, Transportation Sustainability Research Center
U i i f C lif i B k lUniversity of California, Berkeley
http://rael.berkeley.edu
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
p: . y.February 4, 2010, Madison, WI
Major U.S. Public Research and Development Programs
red=defense, black=space, orange=health, blue=energy
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
Nemet, 2007; Nemet and Kamen 2007; Kammen and Nemet, 2005
United States’ Public and Private Sector Energy Research and Development SpendingResearch and Development Spending
Kammen and Nemet (2008) Unpublished
• We are at a critical moment - momentum exists for change of direction• Carbon cost/benefit assessments needed for federal programs
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
• Energy efficiency and transmission/storage goals and roadmaps needed• Tremendous economic benefits possible in a low-carbon economy
Patents and R&D Funding Correlated
Kammen and Nemet (2005) “Reversing the incredible shrinking energy R&D budget,” Issues in Science & Technology, Fall, 84 – 88.
And Nemet, Ph.D. dissertation, 2007
The battle of tipping points
• The clean jobs economy is real, and provides a route to build a new industrial baseto build a new industrial base
Developing innovative technical and social ‘tipping • Developing innovative technical and social ‘tipping points’ is vital
• Energy ‘Systems science’ and implementation requires an integration of basic research and a state requires an integration of basic research and a state enabling environment and workforce
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
UNIVERSITY O F CALIFORN IABERKELE Y
REPORT OF THERENEWAB LE AND APPROPRIATE ENERGYLABORA TORY
Putting Renewa bles to Work:How Many J obs C an theClean Energy IndustryClean Energy IndustryGenerate?
by
D i l M KDaniel M. KammenKamal KapadiaMatthias Fripp
of theEnergy and Resources Group &the Goldman School of Pu blic Policy
APRIL 13, 2004
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
Green job creation: Obama 25% by 2025 PlanFederal + state RPS yields +348,000 jobs in 2025
140 400
h)
plus Federal RPS
, j
100
120
ted
n y
ears
)
300
350
ated
(TW
h
Other 18
80
job
s cr
eat
s of
per
son
200
250
rgy
gen
era
Illinois
Nevadastates with an RPS
40
60
Gre
en
thou
san
ds
150
wab
le e
ne
Pennsylvania
New YorkTexas
20
(t
50
100
Ren
ew
California
Pennsylvania
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
-1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
-
Better, Cheaper Lighting - Convention Center
Old Incandescent Lights
New T-5 Lights
The Many Values of Efficiency:
g
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
$400,000 saved per year with new lights
Energy Efficiency Strategies
• All new residential construction in California
Residential New Construction• All new residential construction in California
will be zero net energy by 2020.
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
Technological Innovation: solar
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
Vestas is the largest Wind Turbine manufacturer in the world manufacturer in the world
Employing approx. 20,500 people24 countries worldwide
Just opened the world’s biggest R&D center
Install a new wind turbine every 5 hours
80 x V80-2.0 MW, HornReef, Denmark
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
Actual PV Growth vs. Historic Forecasts
Actual k t market
development
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
China Racing Ahead of U S in the Drive to Go SolarChina Racing Ahead of U.S. in the Drive to Go SolarBy KEITH BRADSHERPublished: August 24, 2009
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
Information Technology Integrated with S l T h l P f M it iSolar Technology: Performance Monitoring
Enphase ApplicationServers
00111001
Internet00111001
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
Micro-inverters versus traditional designs:gA household and building electronics strategy
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
Roll on PV cells.
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.eduSolar photovoltaic installations of thin film cells, in Germany
Market Innovation: Financial tools
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
$$ Upfront
• Creates financing district & • Identifies work & chooses contractor
$$ Repaid on tax bill
• Creates financing district & approval process
• Provides upfront capital• Attaches repayment
• Identifies work & chooses contractor• Repays financing as a line item on the
property tax bill• Repayment obligation transfers with
hi
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
obligation to the building ownership• Builds clean energy equity
Property Assessed Clean Energy Clean Energy
(PACE): State ActionsState Actions
PACE financing has PACE financing has now been adopted by the White House by the White House
for support and i th US appears in the US
House Climate Bill
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
(Waxman-Markey)
PACE details: Program CoordinationBexar CountyTax Collector
C I T Y H A L L Program ApplicationsSpecial Assessments
Property Owner
C I T Y H A L L
Program Administration
Program Applications
Program Information
Financing Mechanism
FinancingProceeds
Owner
Builder /Installer
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.eduCPS
Energy22
PACE details: Program Coordination
Awareness
PACE ImplementationCurrent Situation
Awareness / Education
EnrollmentAudit / E l iE
ProgramFinancing
Audit / Evaluation
Installation
Financing
Evaluation
onio PAC
E
Rebates / Tax CreditsEnrollmen
t Installation
Rebates / Tax CreditsMeasurement & VerificationSa
n An
toHomeowner
A / M t
tHomeowner
• Increased market participation• One‐stop coordination of projects from
• Lack of awareness & participation• Citizen responsible for project
Awareness / Education
Measurement & Verification
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
One stop coordination of projects from enrollment through implementation
• Measured impact & results
Citizen responsible for project coordination
• Unknown impact & results 23
Technological & market Innovation: biofuelsbiofuels
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
Plug-in Hybrids: Can they move rapidly to scale?
Carbon Intensity of Fuels
110 Today's Biofuels Future Low-Carbon Fuels
90
100
)
Baseline
60
70
80
y (C
O 2e/
MJ)
2020 Target
40
50
60
on In
tens
ity
IndirectDirect
20
30
Car
bo
0
10
Gasoline -CaRFG + 10%
MidwestCorn Ethanol
SugarcaneEthanol
CaliforniaEthanol (Dry
CellulosicEthanol
CellulosicEthanol
Electricity(Ca
Hydrogen(SB1505)
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
CaRFG + 10%Ethanol
Corn Ethanol(Ave)
Ethanol(Brazil)
Ethanol (Drymill, Wet
DGS)
Ethanol(FarmedPoplar)
Ethanol(Waste)
(CaMarginal)
(SB1505)
Fuel Type 26
Energy Biosciences InstituteUniversity of California, Berkeley
Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
A $500 million biofuel development grant from BP
Technology AssessmentsProject coordinator: Sunil PaulScientific advisor: Dan Kammen
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.eduhttp://www.gigatonthrowdown.org/
Information innovation: Policy and environmental accountingenvironmental accounting
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
Spring Summer Fall Winter
Dispatch Mix in 2024 @ $0/ton CO2The SWITCH West Energy System
Model:Th S it h d l i f d d l f th WECC i th t
s
The Switch model is a geo-referenced model of the WECC region that:
- Matches conventional, nuclear, and renewable energy supply to demand.- Utilizes energy efficiency and demand-side management (to be completed)
Objective: Minimize Total System Cost, Subject to GHG C i
completed)- Does so with the construction of transmission and distribution infrastructure- Has planned expansions to Texas (ERCOT), the US East, and China (major task)
Constraints
ew
lant
s Dispatch Mitch in 2024 @ $50/ton CO2
Ne
Plg
Plan
ts
Spring Summer Fall Winter
Exis
ting
&
s
T &
DSu
nk
160000
Electricity Supply in Western North American Forecast versus carbon price in 2024
140000
New Wind
100000
120000
W)
New WindNew Offshore WindNew Distributed PVNew CSP TroughNew BiomassHydro + Pumped Storage
80000
erat
ion
(MW New Nuclear
Existing NuclearNew GeothermalExisting GeothermalNew Combustion TurbineNew CCGT
40000
60000
Gen
e New CCGTExisting Gas CogenExisting GasNew CoalExisting Coal CogenExisting Coal
0
20000
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Carbon Cost ($2007/tCO2)
The Blueprint reduces U.S. electricity use and diversifies the energy mixuse and diversifies the energy mix
Reference Case Blueprint PoliciesReference Case
5,000
6,000
R blCHP
Blueprint Policies
5,000
6,000
3,000
4,000
kilo
wat
t-hou
rs
N t l G
Nuclear
RenewablesHydro
3,000
4,000
kilo
wat
t-hou
rs
Nuclear CHP
Efficiency Savings
Hydro
Renewables
1,000
2,000
Billi
on k
Coal
Natural Gas
1,000
2,000
Billi
on k
Coal
Natural Gas
02005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
02005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu32
Predicted transmission $50t/CO2 in 2024
Old Transmission LinesNew Transmission Lines
Greenhouse gas and sustainability Greenhouse gas and sustainability calculators:
http://coolclimate.berkeley.edu&&
http://www.coolcalifornia.org
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory - rael.berkeley.edu