Job/Viva /Interview QuestionsFor

Textile EngineersJob/Viva /Interview Questions

ForTextile Engineers

Job/Viva /Interview QuestionsFor

Textile Engineers

Viva QYMT

1. What is the first process/ machine in yarn production?Ans. Blow room.2. What is the second process/ machine in yarn production?Ans. Carding machine.3. What process / machine is used after carding?Ans. Draw frame.4. What process is used after draw frame?Ans. Simplex.5. What process is used after simplex?Ans. Ring frame.6. Show the flow chart of carded yarn production.Ans.

7. Show the flow chart of combed yarn production.Ans.

8. What is the production of blow room?Ans. Lap.

9. What is the production of carding machine?Ans. Sliver.

10. What is the production of draw frame?Ans. Sliver/Drawing sliver

11. What is the production of simplex?Ans. Roving.

12. What is the production of ring frame?Ans. Yarn.

13. 1 lb(pound) =?Ans. 840 yds=1 Hank=0.4536 kg=453.6 gm=16 ounce(oz).

14. What is the input of blow room?Ans. Bale.

15. What is the input of carding machine?Ans. Lap/Now chute feed system is being used.

16. What is the input of combing?Ans. Sliver lap and number of doubling is usually 20-24.

17. What is the input of simplex?Ans. Drawn sliver, Sliver hank 0.12/0.14/0.16,etc.

18. What is the input of ring frame?Ans. Roving/Roving hank may be 0.75/0.80,etc.

19. What is fiber fineness?Ans. Fineness is one of the most important parameter determining the yarn quality (Fine orCoarse).

20. How fineness is specified for cotton?Ans. Fineness is specified by micronaire value for cotton.

21. The maturity of cotton is defined in terms of the development of cell wall (Yes/no). Ans. Yes.22. A fully mature fibre has a well developed thick cell-wall (Yes/no).

Ans. Yes.23. An immature fibre has a very thin cell-wall (Yes/no).

Ans. Yes.24. In mature fibre, dye absorption is high (yes/no)

Ans. Yes25. In immature fibre, dye absorption is low (yes/no).

Ans. Yes26. What is staple length?

Ans. The average length of spinnable fibre is called staple length.27. If staple length is increase then yarn quality is also increase (yes/no).

Ans. Yes28. Toughness of fibre has a direct effect on yarn and fibre strength (yes/no).

Ans. Yes29. If fibre strength is higher, then yarn and fabric strength is also higher (yes/ no).

Ans. Yes30. Short fibres deteriorate the yarn strength and uniformity (true/false).

Ans. True.31. What is the minimum strength for a textile fibre?

Ans. Approximately 6 CN/tex (about 6km breaking length)32. What do you know about Presley index =?

Ans. Breaking load in Ibs/Bundle weight in mg.33. What is fibre elongation?

Ans. Elongation is specified as a percentage of the starting length.34. What is bale management?

Ans. Testing, sorting and mixing bales according to the properties of fibre for producing specificgood quality yarn at minimum cost is called bale management.

35. When bale mixing is done?Ans. Before the blow room/Before the bales going into blow room.

36. What are the basic operations in the blow room?Ans.

I) OpeningII) CleaningIII) Mixing & blendingIV) Even feed of material to the card.

37. What is carding?Ans. Carding may be defined as the reduction of an entangled mass of fibre to a filmy web byworking them between two closely spaced, relatively moving surface clothed with sharp wirepoints.

38. Objective of carding.Ans.- To open up the cotton in to single fibre state.- To reduce the number of neps, short fibres.- To produce a thick untwisted rope of fibre called sliver.

39. Carding is called the heart/mother of spinning (true/ false).Ans. True.

40. What are the main objectives of draw frame?Ans.

- Straightening & parallelization of fibres by drafting & drawing.- Minimization of irregularity by doubling.- Blending & mixing of fibres.- To produce a more uniform sliver of definite wt/yds.

41. What are the faults of blow room?Ans.

1. Soft lap,2. Conical lap,3. Barrel shaped,4. Split lap,5. Ragged selvedge,6. Lap licking.

42. Find out the hank of the lap when the weight of the lap is 14 oz/yds.Ans.

14 oz contains = 1 yds,1 oz contains = 1/14 yds,

16 oz or 1 lb contains = 16/14 yds=16/14840 hank=0.00136 hank

So hank of lap = 0.00136.43. Find out the wt/yds of the lap when hank of the lap is 0.0014?

Ans.Weight of 0.0014840 yds = 1 lbs or 16 oz

1.176 yds = 16 oz1 yds = 16/ 1.176 oz = 13.6 oz

So weight of lap = 13. 6 oz/yds44. For cotton, higher the count, finer the yarn (yes/no).

Ans. Yes45. For jute, lower the count, finer the yarn (yes/ no).

Ans. Yes.46. What is the name of combing waste?

Ans. Noils.47. What is the meaning of TPI?

Ans. Turns per Inch/Twist per inch48. What is the ring frame wastage?

Ans. Pnewmafil, banda, sweep, hard waste.49. What is roving?

Ans. A roving is a continuous slightly twisted strand of fibres which has not received its finaldrawing for yarn. Roving hank=0.70 to 0.85, TPI=about 1.15

50. What are the faults of yarn?Ans.

(i) Irregular yarn

(ii) Thick & thin places(iii) Slubs(iv) Nepped yarn(v) Spinners double(vi) Crackers(vii) Bad piecing(viii) Hairiness(ix) Soft yarn(x) Hard & non elastic yarn(xi) Rough yarn

51. Over twisted yarn become poor in strength (yes/ no). Ans.Yes52. What is stress?

Ans. Stress is the ratio between the applied force and cross sectional area of the specimen,Stress = applied force/ cross sectional area = F/A.Unit of stress is N/m2, dyne/cm2, which is also called Pascal (Pa).

53. What is tenacity?Ans. The tenacity of a fibre is the mass stress at break.

Unit gm/tex,Tenacity = breaking load / mass stress or linear density,Linear density = mass/unit length.

54. What is tensile strength?Ans. Tensile strength = force required to break the specimen/ cross sectional area

55. What is yield point?Ans. The point up to which, a material contains its elasticity is called yield point.

56. What are the basic textile materials?Ans.

57. More fibre drawing produces more short fibre & resulted weak yarn (yes/no).Ans. Yes

58. What is twist?Ans. Twist is the spirality of bundle of fibres/ filaments.

59. Write down the types of yarn twist.Ans.

i. z or clock wise &ii. S or anti clock wise twist.

60. Twist increases the strength of yarn (true/ false). Ans. True61. Write down the moisture regain of cotton fibre?

Ans. 8.5%62. What is IPI?

Ans. It indicates yarns thick places, thin places and slubs.63. What is count?

Ans. Count is a numerical expression which expresses /indicates coarseness or fineness of yarn.Or, count is a number indicating the mass per unit length or the length per unit mass of yarn.

64. Different types of measurement.Ans. 1 yard = 0.9144 m1 m =1.0936 yards=7000 grain1kg = 2.204 lbs,1lbs(pound) = 453 .6gm = 7000 grains1gm =15.43 grains16 oz = 1 lb(pound)

36 inch = 1 yard2.54 cm = 1 inch1 Hank=840 yards=1 pound

65. What is yarn twist?Ans. The spiral disposition of the components of thread which is usually the result of relativerotation of the two ends is called yarn twist.

66. Rotor yarn is s twisted (yes/no).Ans. Yes

67. Ring process yarn is z twisted (yes/no).Ans. Yes

68. What is strain?Ans. Strain = elongation / initial length

69. What is the unit of Strain?Ans. No unit.

70. What is the meaning of CSP?Ans. Count Strength ProductCSP= Count Strength

71. If yarn is regular then CSP is higher (yes/no).Ans. Yes

72. Different relations.Ans.i) Denier = 9 Texii) Ne Denier = 5315iii)Tex Ne = 590.6iv) Tex Metric = 1000v) Denier Metric = 900073. what are the unusable waste in spinning mill?Ans: (a)dropping-II,(b)flat strips of coarse count,(c)Floor sweeping-II,(d)dust etc.74. HVI(high volume instrument) is a very important m/c of Q.C lab in spinning mill.(yes/no)Ans. Yes75. what tests are done by HVI m/c?Ans. (a)fineness,(b)trash,(c)length,(d)strength,(e)Color.76. How can you determine yarn count in English system?Ans. Count (Ne) =length(yds)/length weight unit/weight in gm

= (120yds/840yds) (1lbs or 453.6gm/weight in gm)=64.8/Weight in gm

77.write down the name of count of direct system?Ans. Txe,K tex,D tex,Mili tex,Denier,lb/spyndle, Woolen.78.write down the name of count of indirect system and with details?Ans.Count unit lengt unit mass usesa. English (Ne) 840yds(hank) lb cottonb.Metric (Nm) Km(hank) Kg cottonc.Worsted 560yds (hank) lb worsted79. what do you mean by one lea?Ans. one lea=120 yds.80. what do you mean by WIRA?Ans. Wool international research association.81.write down the full meaning of some institution?Ans. (a)BSTI = Bangladesh standard and testing institution.(b) ISO = international organization for standardization.(c) BS = British standard(d) AQL = Acceptable quality level.(e) BCIRA = British cotton industries research association.(f) ITET= institute of textile engineers and technologist.(g)AAMA=American apparel manufacturer association.(h)AAQC=American association of quality control.82. what is the meaning of MIC?Ans. Microgram per inch.83. In direct system which one is fixed (mass/length)?Ans. Mass84. In indirect system which one is fixed (mass/length)?Ans. Length85. English count is denoted by Ne (yas/no)?Ans. Yes.86. Metric count is denoted by Nm(yes/no)?Ans. Yes87. Sliver and roving count is expressed by hank(yes/no)?Ans. Yes

88. In spinning mill, up to roving the count value is expressed by hank then count (true/false)?Ans. True89. the shape of yarn become round due to twist (yas/no)?Ans. Yas90. Name the types of fiber?Ans.normal fiber, thin walled fiber, Dead fibers .91. How can you express fiber fineness?Ans. Weight per unit length.92. beater are responsible for removing almost all of the impurity extructed in the blow room(yes/no)?Ans. Yes93. Name the last m/c of blow room?Ans. Scutcher94. what is the meaning of CV%?Ans. Coefficient of variation percentage.95. Where sliver is collected and which form?Ans. In can and coiler form.96. in ring frame where yarn is collected?Ans. Bobbin97. Name the modern cone winding machine?Ans. Auto-coner machine/Savio orion98. cotton fiber is dissolved with 70% H2SO4 (yes/no)?Ans. Yes99.All yarn of ring processing is Z-twist and rotor yarn is S-twist.(yes/no)?Ans. Yes100. where flyer is used in a spinning mill?Ans. Simplex m/c.101. what is spinning?Ans. The process by which yarn is made from fiber.102. what is the raw material in spinning?Ans. Fiber

103. what is michonair value?Ans. Micro gram per inch.104. Write down the classification of fiber?Ans. (i) natural, (II) Man made fiber.105. Different between cotton and viscose?Ans. Cotton = Natural fiber, strength increase in wet condition.

Viscose = Man made fiber, strength decrease in we condition.106. What is the meaning of AFIS?Ans. Advanced fiber information system.107. what is the ratio between length and width of fiber?Ans. 1000:1108. Twist and twist direction of yarn affects the fabric structure(True/false)?Ans. True109. what is UR?Ans. UR = uniformity ratio =(50% Spun length/2.5% span length)100110. write down the system of yarn count measurement?Ans. (I) Direct system: Tex,Denier.

(II)Indirect system: English, matric.111. when fiber consider short?Ans. Length shorter than 0.5 inch or 12.8mm.112. Why yarn preparation is needed?Ans. To increase weaving efficiency.113. what is drafting?Ans. The process of increasing the length per unit weight of slivers.114. what is drawing?Ans. It is the regular and uniform elongation of the sliver to make it light.115. what is doubling?Ans. The process of combining several sliver info one.116. which one is best ,combed yarn or carded yarn?Ans. Combed yarn.117. Roving is wind into the bobbin(yes/no) ?

Ans. Yes.118. write down the other name of simplex?Ans. (I)speed frame,(II)Fly frame,(III)Roving frame.119.some meaning-Ans. DCP=Draft change pinionLCP= Lifter change pinionPW = poker wheelTCP = Twist change pinion120. write down the causes of roving breakage?Ans. (I)Tension variation, (II) irregular roving.121. write down the three types of flyer?Ans.(I) Spindle mounted flyer,(II) top mounted flyer,(III) closed mounted flyer.122. what is the backbone of the world textile trade?Ans. Cotton.123. silk fiber readily absorbs water (yes/no)?Ans. Yes124. jute plant have high CO2 assimilation rate (yes/no)?Ans. Yes125. what is the output of comber machine?Ans. Combed sliver.126. what is the output of the ring frame?Ans. Yarn in bobbin form.127. what is the first operation in blow room?Ans. Opening128. what is yarn?Ans. It is an assemblage of fibers twisted or laid together to form continuous strand suitable foruse In weaving, knitting etc.129. Manmade fiber are hydrophobic in nature(yes/no)?Ans. Yes.130. finer fiber produce stronger yarn(yes/no)?Ans. Yes131. write down the forms of manmade fiber?

Ans. (I) Filament, (II)filament tow , (III)staple.132. what is the manmade cellulose fiber?Ans. Viscose.133. write some name of natural cellulose fiber?Ans. Cotton, flax, jute, hemp.134. what is bi-component fiber?Ans. Bi-component fibers are synthetic fibers which fibers filament contains two types ofpolymer.135. what is bi- component yarn?Ans. A yarn having two different staple fiber.136. If H-bond present in fiber then fiber gets more strength(yes/no)?Ans. Yes.137. what is the length width ratio of cotton?Ans. 1:350 to 1:6000138. In staple/spun yarn twist is must(yes/no)?Ans. Yes139. Cotton is dissolved into 70% H2SO4(yes/no)?Ans. Yes140. Viscose is dissolved into 35% H2SO4(yes/no)?Ans. Yes141. Nylon is dissolved into 20% HCL/phenol(yes/no)?Ans. Yes142. Polyester is dissolved into 100% nitro benzene at 100(yes/no)?Ans. Yes.143. Burning smell of cotton is like as burning paper(yes/no)? Ans. Yes.144. What is lint and linters?Ans. Then cotton which are get after first time ginning to seeds cotton is called lint and forsecond time ginning of cotton is called linters.145. What is blow room?Ans. The section or line where the compressed bale are converted into uniform lap of particularlength or made suitable for carding by opening, blending or mixing.

146. What is MR% of jute?Ans. 13.75147. What is MR% of viscose and silk?Ans. 11.0148. What is MC % of cotton?Ans. 7.834149. What is MR% of wool?Ans. 16.0150. What is MR% of nylon?Ans. 4.0151. What is MR% of polyester?Ans. 0.4152. What are the long staple fiber?Ans. Jute, wool, flax, hemp.153. How fiber is form?Ans.

Elements

Monomer/molecules/macromolecules

Polymer chain

Fibrils/micels

Fiber

154. What are the requirement of fabric construction?Ans. (I)EPI,(II)PPI,(III)warp count, (IV)weft count.155. What are the factors that determine the yarn properties?Ans. Fiber properties, fiber arrangement, twist per inch.156. What is core spun yarn?Ans. It is a continuous filament polyester core wrapped in cotton fiber.157. Write down the main part of carding machine?Ans.(I)Doffer,(II)cylinder,(III)taker-in.

158. What is swelling?Ans. The change in dimension due to absorbing water or moisture of any textile material istermed as swelling.

Swelling=(Swollen dimension-Dry dimension)/Dry dimension159. Write down the formula of production in Lbs per hour of combing m/c?Ans.

160. write down the formula of production per hr of blow room in lbs?Ans.

161. write down the formula of production per hr of speed frame/simplex in lbs?Ans.

162. which countries cotton is the best cotton in the world?Ans. Mishor.163. what is the botanical name of cotton?Ans. Goosypium Herbacum, Goosypium Hirsutum.164. what is ginning?Ans. The procedure by which seeds and cottons are separated from seeds cotton is calledGinning.

165. How much trash% in cotton?Ans. Generally 1% to 10%.166. what is blow room waste?Ans. Dropping-II,Dust,filter waste.167. What is carding waste?Ans. Dropping-I, Tacker in waste,Flat strip, motes & flies, sliver waste168. what is draw frame waste?Ans. Sliver wastage.169. what is the simplex wastage?Ans. Sliver wastage, roving wastage.170. what is the ring frame wastage?Ans. Pneumafil, hard waste, bonda waste, etc.171. what is the comber wastage and waste %?Ans. Noils,(12-18)%.172. what is cleaning efficiency in blow room?Ans. CE% =( trash cotton - trash in lap/trash in cotton ) 100173. Step cleaner m/c is placed at 45 degree angle (yes/no)/Ans. Yes.174. production of carding m/c?Ans. Production = (Doffer speed Doffer dia )/36 (yds/min)175. Count of direct system?Ans.

176.Count of indirect system?

Ans.Count unit length unit massEnglish(Ne) 840yds(hank) lbMetric(Nm) Km(hank) kgWorsted 560yds lb177. what is model length?Ans. It is the length of group of fibers where the most number of fibers have equal length.178. What is spun length?Ans. It is the term by which we can determined the % of fiber length in case of cotton, wool etc.179. What is staple length?Ans. The average length of spinable fiber is called staple length.** staple length = 0.91 effective length(U.S.A upland cotton)180. what is effective length?Ans. It is the term defined as the length of the main bulk of the longer fiber.181. How the amount of twist is expressed?Ans. Twist per inch(TPI) = yarnTwist per meter (TPM) = rovingTwist per centimeter (TPCM)182. what is mass stress?Ans. Mass stress = Applied forse/linear densityUnit = CN/tex , gm/tex183. what is elastic recovery?Ans. Elastic recovery = Elastic extension/total extension.184. what is the modern testing equipment for spinning mill?Ans.(I)HVI(High volume instrument)(II)AFIS(Advance fiber information system)(III)Shirley analyzer = trash%(IV)Moisture meter = MC%(V)Moisture testing oven = MR%185. If MIC value is increased what should be the fineness?Ans. Fineness should be decreased.186. what is pitch?Ans. The distance between adjustment spindles.187. What is the maximum count to be produce in rotor m/c and ring m/c in spinning?Ans. Rotor m/c = not possible to produce more than 40s count.

Ring m/c = it is possible to produce about 300s count.188. what is the feed material in ring and rotor m/c?Ans. Ring m/c = rovingRotor m/c = drawing sliver.189.what is tex?Ans. Count is the tex system in the weight in grams of 1000m or 1km of yarn.190. How many types of draw frame ?Ans. (I)Breaker draw frame, (II)finisher draw frame.191. what is the output of winding?Ans. Yarn in cone form.192. Natural fibres are hydrophilic in nature? (Yes/No)Ans. Yes.193.What is the types of waste in a spinning mill?Ans: (i) useable waste (ii) unusable waste.194. the flyer is the essential part of speed frame(yes/no)?Ans. Yes195.What is neps?Ans. Entanglement protruding fibres or entangled mass of fibres.196. Write down the some name of yarn testing machine.Ans. I) Uster evenness tester

II) Uster classimatIII) Uster auto sorter.

197. what is the useable waste in spinning mill?Ans: (a)lap waste,(b) sliver waste,(c)roving waste,(d)bonda waste,(e) pneumafil waste .198. What is fiber migration?Ans. It means fiber distribution into the yarn.199. Number of fibres in the yarn cross-section?Ans. 60-70200. What is the standard staple length of cotton fibre?Ans. Generally 0.5 inch to 2.5 inch.201. Write some yarn faults which are generally shown?Ans. (I)Thick place, (II) Thin place, (III) Neps, (IV) slub, (V) Hairiness.

202. How many class or division of yarn preparation?Ans. (I) Warp yarn preparation, (II) Weft yarn preparation.203. What are the classes of winding machine for package of yarn?Ans. (I) pirn winding m/c, (II) cop winding m/c, (III) spol winding m/c, (IV) Cheese windingm/c, (V) cone winding m/c.204. What are the action of blow room?Ans. (I) Action of opposing spikes(II) Action of air current(III) Action of beaters, (IV) Regulating action205. What is crimp?Ans. The wavy shape of thread/yarn is called crimp.206. How to produce bale?Ans.

Seed cotton

Picking

Manual Mechanical

Ginning

Bale

207. Standard MR% &MC% of different fibre.Ans.Fibre MR% MC%Cotton 8.5 7.834Jute 13.75 12.1Viscose 11.0 9.91Nylon 4.0 3.1Polyester 0.4 Acetate 6.0 Acrylic 1.5 Flax & Hamp 12.4 10.4Silk 11.0 9.91Wool 16.0 13.8

208. Comber Production (Kg/hr) =

Where, N= Nips per minS= mm per nipLD= Lap densityNp= Noil%Nh= No. of headE= EfficiencyTd= Tension draft

209. Simplex Production/hr

210. Ring Production/day

211. Total Draft =?Total draft = BDMDFDBD=Back draftMD=Middle draftFD=Front draft

Viva QGMT1. What is clothing?Ans. Clothing is one of the three basic needs of human being. Clothing is used for coveringhuman body or other bodies to fulfill or satisfy the requirements of those bodies with the objectof protection, decoration and identification.2. Why woolen garments used in cooler climate?Ans. The general configuration of wool fibre is helical and this configuration works as a wall forpassing of cold or warm.3. What is design or sketch?Ans. In clothing industry design means determining the shape and cutting patterns of garmentsaccording to it.4. What id basic block or block pattern?Ans. Block patterns are the main or basic patterns which are constructed with definite andstandard body measurement, but they do not possess any style or extra attractiveness or any typeof allowances.5. What is a pattern?Ans. It is the model of all components of garments on a hard paper board.6. Why pattern is produced?Ans. (I) To make a set of templates of different components of garments.

(II) To make a large amount of production at a time.(III) To minimize wastage and cost of garments.

7. what is working pattern or production pattern?Ans. These are made on the basic of block pattern or basic block. Each block pattern is drawn orsketched on the hard paper board with the help of pencil. Then the following allowances andpositions are added-(I) sewing allowance(II) Trimming allowance(III) CBL(IV)CFL(V) Button attaching position(VI) Button holing position(VII) Plate etc.8. What is invoice?Ans. It is one kind of documents which contains the informations about selling items. Normallythere are two types of invoice-(I) Proforma invoice- preliminary, (II) Commercial invoice-finally.9. Seam line/attaching point is marked by U or V notch? (yes/no)

Ans. Yes10. How grain line is indicated/mentioned in patterns?Ans. By arrow mark.11. What is grain line?Ans. It is the line, which is marked on the patterns of a garment and the line indicates the warpyarn, as a result, when the pattern is placed in the marking paper then the Grain line follow thewarp yarn of fabric.12. Grain line of pattern must be parallel of the fabric? (yes/no)Ans. Yes

13. Define category?Ans. In garments export and import business a definite type of garments is specified by a definitenumber which is called category.

14. What is approved sample?Ans. The sample which is approved by the buyer is called approved sample.15. What is counter sample?Ans. The manufacturers produce several numbers of samples following the approved samplewhich is known as counter samples. They facility the bulk production or hung on productionfloor.16. What do you mean by allowance?Ans. In case of garments making some additional measurements are added with standard bodymeasurement which is termed as allowances. This allowances is 1cm or 1inch.there are two typesof allowance-(I) Trimming allowance. (II) Sewing allowances.17. What is back taking?Ans. During sewing we need to start or end it prior to 1cm or after 1cm respectively to secure thesewing end. This is termed as back tacking.18. What is bar tacking?Ans. We continue sewing for several times within a vary short distance to increase the load orstrength of that particular portion which is termed as bar taking.e.g- edge of pocket, belt loop,Fly piece etc.19. What is blind stitch?Ans. A particular type of stitch which is not visible from the face side of the garments.20. What do you mean by C.B.L and C.F.L?Ans. C.B.L= center back line, C.F.L= center front line

21. What are disposable garments?Ans. The garments which are used for one time only called disposable garments. e.g. Medicalgarments.22. What do you mean by Flap?Ans. Its the part of pocket which covers the pocket opening.23. What is interlining?Ans. A layer of fabric which is used between two layer of fabric to give the particular areadesired shape and to enhance the strength of that particular position which is called interlining.e.g. collar, cuff.24.What are the types of interlining?Ans. (I) sewable interlining,(II) fusible interlining.25. What do you mean by lining?Ans. A layer of fabric which is used in the inner side of garments to increase the comfortabilityof the garments which is called lining.e.g. suits, coats, ladies and babies wear.26. What do you mean by FDI?Ans. FDI= Foreign direct investment. These types of investment directly come from foreigncountry.27. What is overlocking or neatening?Ans. The sewing process of cutting edge of the fabric. So that the slack yarn cannot be opened.28. What is seaming?Ans. The attaching procedure of different components of garments.29. What is stitch?Ans. The unit of sewing or seam.30. What is seam?Ans. The line of sewing of one or more than one layers of fabric/the line of joining of fabric.31. What do you mean by trimmings or accessories?Ans. Beside fabric the components which are needed to make a complete garments termed astrimmings. e.g. Button, sewing thread, lining, interning etc.32. What is ticket number?Ans. It indicates the coarseness or fineness of a sewing thread.33. What is L/C?Ans. L/C means letter of credit. It is one kind of agreement between buyer and seller.

34. What is pattern grading?Ans. Grading means the stepwise increase or decrease of a master pattern piece to create large orsmall size. Grading alters the overall size of a design but not its general shape and appearance. Ifbuyer requires different sizes, we would have to grade the dimension. It may be S.L, X.L andXXL.35. What are the method of grading?Ans. Grading can be apply two method (I) manual method,(II) computerized method.36. Marker as a guideline for cutting?(yes/no)Ans. Yes.37. What is marker?Ans. Marker is a thin paper which contain all necessary pattern pieces for all sized for aparticular style of garments. its a representation or drawing of the arrangement of the identifiedmaterials.38. Fabric width and length must be higher than the marker width and length? (yes/no)Ans. Yes.39. Grain line should be parallel to the warp direction in a woven fabric or the Wales in a knittedfabric? (true/false)Ans. True40. What is formula of marker efficiency?Ans. Marker efficiency= total area of pattern pieces in a marker/total area of marker 100%41. The less the fabric wastage, the higher the marker efficiency?(true/false)Ans. True.42. The more the marker length, the higher the marker efficiency? (True/false)Ans. True.43. What do you mean by garments size?Ans. The size of garments can be expressed by two methods-

(I) Alphabetical expression e.g. S,M,L,XL,XXL(II) Numerical expression e.g. 38,39,40,41,42(in cm or in inch)

44. Write down the feature of T-shirt?Ans. (I) casual tops, (II) Narrow neck line, (III) Usually short sleeve, (IV) No collar45. Write down the feature of polo shirt?Ans. (I) Tops, (II) short/long sleeve,(III) collar,(IV) short button placket or neck opening.46. How can you divide all garments?Ans. All types of garments can be divided mainly two groups (I) Tops part, (II) Bottom part.

47. Write down the feature of pull oven / sweater?Ans. (I) warm shirt,(II) long sleeve, (III) waist band, (IV) pull on over head.48. Write down the feature of Tank-loop?Ans. (I) sleeve less pullover, (II) used over a shirt (III) warm shirt (IV) waist band, (V) pull onover head.49. Write down the feature of cardigan?Ans. (I) Open front, (II) Fastened with a zip or button, (III) waist band.50. What do you mean by CAD?Ans. CAD means computer aided design: In apparel industry CAD systems are mainly used forgarments design, pattern preparation, pattern grading and marker marking.51. What do you mean by CAM?Ans. CAM means computer aided manufacturing. It includes computerized sewing machines,fabric spreading machines, cutting systems.52. Write some important meaning?Ans. CM= Cost of making

CMT= Cost of making with trimmingsFOB= Freight on boatC & F= Cost and freightCIF= cost, insurance and freightL/C= letter of credit

53. What is cloth spreading/laying?Ans. To spread cloth as determined by needed quantity as per marking/ the smooth laying out offabric in superimposed layer of specified length.54. What do you mean by fabric cutting?Ans. To cut the cloth according to marker of patterns for sewing.55. What are the methods of fabric cutting?Ans. (A) Manual method

- Scissor- Round knife- Band knife- Straight knife- Die cutting- Notcher & -Drill

(B) Computerized method- Straight knife cutting- Water jet cutting- Leaser beam cutting

- Plasma torch cutting56. What do you know about fusible interlining?Ans. The interlining which is attaching to the garments component by the application oftemperature and pressure is called fusible interlining57. How fusible interlining is manufactured?Ans. By using a resin coating of thermoplastic materials on a piece of fabric.58. For symmetrical fabric marker efficiency is high and less efficiency for asymmetricalfabric? (True/false)Ans. True.59. The more large patterns and less small patterns reduce marker efficiency? (True/false)Ans. True.60. For more small patterns, marker efficiency will be increased? (True/false)Ans. True.61. What do you know about symmetrical fabric?Ans. Fabric which can retain the same appearance in case of turning in 180 angle calledsymmetrical fabric. e.g. solid dyed fabric.62. What do you know about the asymmetrical fabric?Ans. Asymmetrical fabric is those which can not retain the same appearance while turning in180 angle. E.g. pile fabric, brushed fabric etc.63. What are the methods of marker making?Ans. (I) manual, (II) computerized.64. What are the wastage of marker?Ans. (I) inside wastage(II) Outside wastage

-Ends of ply losses (2-4) inch-Loss of fabric ends-Selvedge losses-Purchase losses

65. What is sample?Ans. The garment which is needed for bulk production is called sample garment.66. What is sewing?Ans. The process of joining of fabric by the use of needle and sewing thread is called sewing.67. What are the basic components of sewing?Ans.

Needle Throat plate Pressure foot Feed dogs Sewing thread and fabric.

68. Write some name of sewing defects?Ans.

Seam pucker Broken or open stitch Staggered stitch Slipped or skipped stitch Vertical stitch density.

69. What do you mean by seam puckering?Ans. Stitching with unwanted gathering.70. What do you mean by pressing and Finishing?Ans. The process by which the unwanted crease and winkles are removed from the garments andthe outlook of the garments is improved as well.71. Which iron is used for industrial purposes?Ans. Steam irons.72. What do you mean by label?Ans. Label is an attached component of garment on which important information regarding thegarment are written or printed.73. What do you mean by WWSC and RSWD?Ans. WWSC = wash with similar color

RSWD = Re shape whilst damp.74. Which inspection system widely used in garment industry?Ans. 4-points system.75. What do you mean by TAP and AQL?Ans. TAP = Total acceptable product in a lot

AQL = Acceptable quality limit.76. What do you mean by core spun thread/yarn?Ans. This thread /yarn has continuous filament polyester wrapped in cotton fibres.77. What do you mean by OE & CE zipper?Ans. OE zipper = open end zipper - use in jacket

CE zipper = closed end zipper - use in baggage.

78. How many types of accessories?Ans. Two types

(i) Visible accessories e.g. button, sewing thread etc(ii)Invisible accessories e.g.interlining79. What do you know about synthetic thread/yarn?Ans. This is large group of thread/yarn made mainly from nylon, polyester, rayon and polyamidefilaments or fibres.80. What do you know about lings?Ans. Lings is the measuring unit of button diameter. To measure the outer diameter of button weuse lings number.

1 ling = 1/40 inch = 0.025 inch = 0.636 mm81. How many types of label?Ans. There are mainly three types of label

(I) Main label, (II) size label, (III) care label.The all other of label are called sub label.82. What do you know about motif?Ans. The special component which is attached outside of the garment for decorative purposecalled motif. e.g. company name, trade mark or other symbols can be written on the motif.83. What do you know about dart and pleat ?Ans. (I) dart = part of cloth is folded and stitched to slenderize it

(II) A pleat is a type of fold formed by doubling fabric back upon itself and securing it inplace or the pleat shows the form being folded and stitched.84. How many types of woven fabric?Ans. Three types (I) yarn dyed (II) solid dyed(s/d) (III) Denim85. Desizing is mandatory or obvious before washing (True/False) Ans. True.86. Why hot ash is necessary?Ans. To clean the desize chemicals (introduction to cold water re-solidify the fat and wax)87. Why M:L is important?Ans. Without m:l we can not determine the required amount of dyes, chemicals and water duringdyeing, washing and other wet processing. Thats why m:l is important.88. What is the mechanism of producing fading effect in garments manufacturing?Ans. Three process of fading mechanism

(I) Chemical action.(II) Mechanical action(III) Biological action.

89. How many types of mechanical abrasion in garments washing?Ans. Three types

(I) Garment to garment.(II) Garment to m/c(III) Garment to solid material (e.g. stone)

90. How many types of chemical action in garment washing?Ans. Three types-

(I) Regular(Bleach wash)(II) Irregular(Acid wash)(III) Local(p.p.spray, p.p.sponge)

91. What is the factor depends on action of washing?Ans.

(I) Time(II) Temperature(III) Mechanical abrasion(IV) Chemical action

92. What do you mean by costing and pricing/?Ans. Costing = Total consumption of garments without profit

Pricing = costing with profit.93. What do you know about back to back L/C opening?Ans. For purchasing fabric and accessories against main L/C.94. What is lead time in garments?Ans. Time start from L/C opening or order receive to garments delivery is called lead time.Lead time local market = 45 days

Foreign market = 90-120 days95. What is stock lot?Ans. When goods are made for buyer but not possible to shipping as a result goods are stain atstore. This goods are called stock lot .96. How many parts of jacket?Ans. Three parts

(I) Upper part is called shell(II) Inner part is called lining

(III) Middle part is called interlining.97. Write down the other commercial name of interlining?Ans. Padding / wedding/ Bedding / polyfil.98. What types of garments are made from feather?Ans. Overcoats,jackets,pillow,blanket etc.

99. What types of feather are used for making garments?Ans. Duck chest feathers.100. What do you mean by quality?Ans. Quality is the difference between the products or It is the goodness or badness in a productor the feather of a product which satisfy customers or end users.101. If 40 or more than 40 defects are present in 100 square yards then the fabric is consideredas rejected in four point system (True/false)?Ans. True.102. When established garments industry in Bangladesh?Ans. In 1960, REAZ garments.103. What do you mean by garments final inspection?Ans. Garments final inspection is to take decision whether the lot will be passed for shipment orit will be rejected.104. What are the different types of sampling inspection of garments?Ans. (I) without inspection, (II) 100% inspection, (III) spot inspection, (IV) Arbitary inspection,(V) Acceptance inspection.

105. Write down the section of shirt making?Ans. (I) Collar section, (II) Cuff section, (III) Body section.

106. What do you mean by PD, WR, WP, and TC?Ans. PD= Plain dyed, WR= Water repellent, WP= Water proof, TC= Tetron & cotton, SD= soliddyed, YD= Yarn dyed.

107. What is pattern?Ans. The pieces of thick paper are required in the form necessary to make or style of garments iscalled pattern.

108. What do you mean by marking?Ans. Drawing as patterns on the as per style.

109. What is consumption?

Ans. Needed quantity of cloth as per dz according to marker.

110. What do you mean by assortment?Ans. To determine the quantity of garments according to size and colour.

111. What types of style of collar?Ans. (I) One piece (Banded) collar, (II) two piece (banded) collar, (III) Sport open (no bended)collar.

112. How many types of cuff according to style?Ans. Four types (I) Notched, (II) Squared, (III) Rounded, (IV) Pointed.

113. How many types of cuff according to construction?Ans. Two types (I) one piece cuff (The cuff which includes both front & back in one piece ofcloth), (II) Two piece cuff (two piece of cloth).

114. Write down the types of front of a shirt?Ans. (I) Plain, (II) Top center, (III) French front.

115. How many types of sleeve?Ans. (I) Long genbol, (II)Sleeve placket, (III) Hemmed sleeve.

116. How many types of yoke ?Ans. (I) one piece plain yoke (yoke and back are one piece of cloth),

(II) Two piece single yoke (yoke is separated from the back but yoke is one piece)(III) Two piece double yoke (yoke is separated from the back but yoke are two piece

of yokes)

117. How many types of pocket style?Ans. (I) plain, (II) Hexagon, (III) Rounded, (IV) squared, (V) Hemmed.

118. How many types of bottom style of a shirt?Ans. (I) Straight bottom, (II) Tailed bottom.

119. What are the styles or types of packing and folding of shirt?Ans. (I) Stand up (collar is folded to remain at 90 angle from the floor level)

(II) Semi stand up (collar is folded to remain at 45 angle from the floor level)(III) Flat pack (collar is laid to the floor level at 0 angle)

(IV) Hanger pack (collar is folded for a hanger).

120. What are the styles of shirt?Ans. (I) Basic/regular, (II) Casual/Irregular, (III) Sport shirt, (IV) Blouse

121. What do you mean by numbering in garments?Ans. This process is to put a number on the each part of a garment after cutting. So that the samenumbers of each part might be combined at the time of sewing.

122. What is sorting?Ans. This process is to sort by size and color after cutting.

123. Write down the attention point when marking(I) Jumping & bias should not occur(II) Position marking(III) Must fit the end of the net (one side) line(IV) Must check the quantity whether all the parts are marked as directed.

124. When dies cutting is used?Ans. For interlining cutting

125. What is inlay/sewing allowance?Ans. The fabric which is kept excess of the seam line at the time of sewing is called inlay/sewingallowance.

126. Inlay is sewing allowance but sewing allowance is not inlay? (Yes/No) Ans. Yes.

127. What do you mean by Gusset (Front facing)?Ans. The part which is folded into the inside of the front. This is two types (I) Upper frontgusset, (II) Lower front gusset.

128. What do you know about inlay (sewing allowance)?Ans. The part which is folded into the inside during sewing.

129. What is back stitching?Ans. It is stitching to back after finishing the stitch length; it is normally 3-5 stitches.

130. What is error part?Ans. When left and right are attached being interchanged with each other or both right or left areattached in case of cuffs and sleeves is called error part.

131. Stitching and sewing, which is visible and invisible?StitchingvisibleSewinginvisible

132. What is double stitching?Ans. The stitching which has two lines keeping constant distance is called double stitching.

133. What do you know about slip out?Ans. When the interlocking stitching stitches do not lock with each other along the sewing linethen it is called slip out.

134. What do you mean by floating?Ans. few stitches, which are not passed through the cloth of proper interval during sewing isknown as floating.

135. Write down the classification of assortment/packing?Ans. (I) Solid size, solid color, (II) Solid size, assort color, (III) Assort size, solid color, (IV)Assort size, assort color.

136. What do you mean by Y-shirt?Ans. Basic shirt/regular shirt/Dress shirt.

137. What do you mean by casual/irregular shirt?Ans. various types of style.

138. What do you mean by sport shirt?Ans. The shirt which is sporty and needs no neck tie.

139. What are the function of clothing?Ans. 1. Protection 2. Decoration 3. Identification

140. What is the requirement of clothing?Ans. 1. Suitability , 2. Appearance, 3. Comfort,4. Aftercare , 5. stability

141. How can we difference between a ladies shirt and a Gents shirt?Ans. Buttons are on the opposite side to that of gents shirt,i.e., Ladies shirt: Upper front part is right side.

Gents shirt: Upper front part is left side. Ladies pant: Fly piece is right side.

Gents pant: fly piece is left side.

142. What is E-Textiles?Ans. E-textile also known as electronic textiles are fabrics that enable computing, digitalcomponents and electronics to be embedded in them.

The emphasis of e-textile will be on creating a women textile with embedded copper which willprovide the usual wear comfort and at the same time it will have a circuit with a few chipssunning at few megahertz.Example: In the field of medical prevention and rehabilitation it becomes highly necessary tocontinuously monitor the patients health condition by keeping sensing devices close to the bodyand e-textile can successfully accomplish senior functionality.

143. What is the reason for clothing?Ans: (a) Modesty (b) Protection against adverse climate conditions

(c) Adornment (d) Identification(e) Aristocratic reason

144. Size of Human?Ans. 1. Men-(i). Short- 5 3 to 5 7 (ii). Regular- 58 to 6

(iii). Tall- above 62. Women-(i). Short 411 to 53 (ii). 54 to 57

(iii). Tall above 57

145. What is Production pattern/Garments pattern?Ans. When necessary allowances are added to the working patterns, then they are calledproduction pattern.

146.What is Working pattern?Ans. The patterns which are made with net dimension of a particular style called workingpatterns.

147. What methods are used to make Block patterns?Ans. i. Flat method ii. Modeling method

148. What are the methods of pattern grading?Ans. (i).Manual grading, (ii). Computer aided grading.

149. What is half part grading?Ans. If the increasing or decreasing is done in every sides of a pattern, then it is called half partgrading.

150. What is th part grading?Ans. If the increasing or decreasing is done in either lengthwise or widthwise or in any two sidesof a pattern then it is called th part grading.

151. What is C.B.L (Center back line)?Ans. Middle point of back neck up to the bottom end in the back part of a shirt.

152. What is C.F.L (Center front line)?Ans. Line from the top button to the bottom end in the face side of a shirt.

153. What is collar stand or collar band?Ans. Its the part of a collar in which collar stands in upward direction.Collar stands in upward direction.

154. What is cuff?Ans. It is the end point of sleeve of a shirt laying around the wrist.

155. What is Ticket number?Ans. It indicates the coarseness or fineness of a sewing thread. e.g. 3/60, 2/80 etc.

156. What is Hemming?Ans. The process of sewing of an edge or border on a piece of cloth, especially a finished edge,as for a garment or curtain, made by folding an edge under and stitching it down. e.g. Bottomedge of a shirt.

157. What is lead-time?

Ans. The time interval between the initiation and the completion of a production process.

158. How design can be developed?Ans.

1. Sketching (Two dimension method): Usually developed on paper2. Modeling (Three dimension method): Usually developed dummy or live model3. Computer aided design (CAD): Usually developed using design related software.

159. T-shirt Feature.Ans. i. Refers as casual

ii. Garments with narrow neckline,iii. Garments with short or long sleeves,iv. No collar/Cuff, andv. Usually made of cotton.

160. Polo-shirt feature. Used to cover the upper body part (Tops), Garments with short/long sleeves, Garments with collar and cuffs, Short button placket or short chest opening, and Made of either 100% cotton or CVC or PC.

161. Tank Top feature. It is a sleeveless pull over, It is used over a shirt, Used as warm shirt, Garments with waist band, and It is put on over head.

162. Pull over/Sweater feature. Used as warm shirts, Garments with long sleeves,

Garments with waist band, and Put on over head.

163. Cardigan feature. Open front and fastened with a zipper or button, Garments with waist band, Used as warm shirts, and Usually made of wool/acrylic.

164. Shirt feature. Upper-body garment with a collar, cuffs and pocket, A full vertical opening and fastened with buttons, With short or long sleeves, and Mens shirt having lower front part at right hand side and for women it is exactly opposite.

165. Sportswear feature. Auto motorcycle racing wear Bike wear Golf apparel Ski wear (winter garments) Sports jersey and track tops Sports shorts and trousers Swim wear and beach wear Training and jogging wear

166. What is the function of CAD in apparel industries?

1. Garments design.2. Pattern design & pattern preparation.3. Pattern grading4. Marker making

167. What is the function of CAM in apparel industries?Ans. 1. Fabric spreading. 2. Cutting systems.

3. Mover systems. 4. Sewing systems.

168. What is grading?Ans. Grading means the stepwise increase or decrease of a master pattern piece to create largeor small size. Grading alters the overall size of a design but not its general shape & appearance.

169. What is the main objective of marker?Ans. i. To minimize the fabric wastage

ii. To improve the quality of garments.

170. What are the main product are produced in garments Industry in Bangladesh?Ans. Woven shirt, T-shirt, trouser, jacket, jogging shuts, sweaters, jersey etc.

171. How much currency earn from garments sector in Bangladesh every year?Ans. Above 75%.

172. What is quota?Ans. Kind of agreement between the exporter country where importer country mention a specificnumber of garments.

173. When established garments industry in Bangladesh?Ans. In 1960, REAZ garments.

174. What is the difference between the sewing and stitching?Ans. Sewing=Invisible

Stitching=Visible

175. What is the difference between the yarn and thread?Ans. Yarn= (i) Yarn is used for producing fabrics (Knit & Woven).

(ii) Normally it is single ply.Thread= (i) Thread is used for garments sewing.

(iii) It is normally two or three or four plies.

176. What measurement unit used in America and Europe.Ans. America use=Inch

Europe use=Centimeter (cm).

177. What are the sections of sewing used for making a shirt?Ans. There are three sections- 1. Collar section

2. Cuff section3. Body section

178. What type of woven fabric?Ans. 1. Yarn dyed 2. Solid dyed 3. Denim.

179. What is Line Balancing?Ans. Line Balancing is the allocation of sewing machines according to style and design ofgarment. It depends on, what type of garments we have to produce.

180. What is Compliance?Ans. Compliance means comply somethings that is yield to the wishes another. The main aim ofcompliance is to ensuring the all labour rights and facilities according to the Buyer code ofconduct.

181. What are the different types of order?Ans.

1. FOB (Free on boat) order2. FOA (Free on air) order3. C & F (Cost and freight) order4. CIF (Cost, insurance and freight) order

5. CIFC (Cost, insurance, freight and commission) order6. CMT (Cutting, making and trimmings) order7. CM (Cost of making) order8. TT (Telephonic transfer) order9. Subcontract order10. Exchange order.

182. What do you mean by FOB (Free on boat) order?Ans. This is the export term of delivery and price quotation. The sellers send the goods forexport and delivers them on boat (the ship). The risk is passed from seller to buyer when thegoods are loaded in the ship at the port of departure. The buyer payes the freight charges. Theseller does not include the freight charge with his costing.

183. What do you mean by FOA (Free on air) order?Ans. The seller delivers the goods to the air carrier at the air port of departure. The buyer bearsthe risk from that moment and payes the air transport cost. The seller bears the cost of materialsand making, does not include air freight.

184. What do you mean by C & F (Cost and freight) order?Ans. The sellers send the goods for export, payes the freight charge and deliver them on boat (theship). The risk is passes to the buyer when the goods are left the port of departure.185. What do you mean by CIF (Cost, insurance and freight) order?Ans. This is identical to the C&F term except that in addition, the seller ensures (pay theinsurance bill) the goods against loss and damage at his own cost.186. What do you mean by CIFC (Cost, insurance, freight and commission) order?Ans. At this type of order, the seller includes the cost of insurance, freight and commission forlocal buying house.187. What do you mean by CMT (Cutting, making and trimmings) order?Ans. In this case, the buyer fixes the rate of CMT with the factory. So the seller does not add theprice of fabric with his costing, but at L/C buyer gives all money to the factory. The factorycollects only CMT money from the bank. Balance money return to the fabric supplier. Thisordering system is following the tailoring shop.188. What do you mean by CM (Cost of making) order?

Ans. In this case, the buyer fixes the rate of CM only with the factory. So the seller does not addthe price of fabric and trimmings with his costing, but at L/C buyer gives all money to thefactory. The factory collects only CM money from the bank. Balance money return to the fabricand accessories supplier.189. What do you mean by TT (Telephonic transfer) order?Ans. When order quantity is very small and need urgent delivery, in that case, buyer givespurchase contract instead of L/C and sends money to seller bank by TT. After getting money, theseller sends the goods to buyer.190. What do you mean by Subcontract order?Ans. It is indirect order, the order is received by another factory and when it is not possible forthat factory to complete the production within the time, in that case they share the order withother factory by giving subcontract. The subcontract factory only gets the CM charge by localmoney from the order taker.191. What do you mean by Exchange order?Ans. In this case, the buyer did not pay any money against buying garments from Bangladesh.Instead of money, they are giving another goods or products, which is surplus in their countrybut we need it very much. This type of business is very rare. They use L/C for doing this type ofbusiness.192. What do you mean by Proforma invoice?Ans. Proforma invoice is temporary commercial invoice, which is send by exporter to importer.It helps to open a letter of credit (L/C) in favor of exporter by importer. It helps the foreign buyerto obtain an import license if it is necessary.193. What do you mean by commercial invoice?Ans. Commercial invoice is the final invoice and basic document. It contain all the details likename & address of importer and exporter, description of goods, quantity, rate, value of goods,details of shipment.194. What do you mean by letter of credit (L/C)?Ans. It is important document, which is used for doing the business, where Bank is responsiblefor payment in favor of sellers. It is a means/instrument for opening a credit (L/C) in favor ofexporter by importer to make payment on fulfillment of conditions within given time.

Assortment195. Give example of Assort size, Assort color for 12 pieces garments?

Ans. Red Yellow BlueSmall 1 2 1 =4

Medium 1 2 1 =4Large 1 2 1 =4

=3 =6 =3 =12 pce196. Give example of Assort size, Solid color for 12 pieces garments?

Ans. Small Medium LargeRed 4 4 4 =12 pcs

197. Give example of Solid size, Assort color for 12 pieces garments?Ans. Red Yellow BlueSmall 4 4 4 =12 pcs

198. Give example of Solid size, Solid color for 12 pieces garments?Ans. RedSmall 12 pcs

------------------------------------------199. What is Tag gun?Ans. It is used for attaching the Hang tag, Price ticket etc.

200. What do you mean by Bill of Exchange?Ans. A Bill of Exchange is a legal document and order in writing, requesting the drawee(Factory) to pay within the specified time. The drawer (supplier), drawee and payee (Bank) areinvolved in this transaction. The Bill of Exchange also known as draft, can be right draft orwsanee draft.

201. What do you mean by Bill of Landing?Ans. Bill of Landing is a document issued by the shipping company acknowledging that thegoods have been shipped on board and undertaking that the goods as received will be deliveredto the consignee (Buyer).When the export contract is CIF, then the exporter makes payment of the freight and getsfreight paid Bill of Landing. On the other hand, if the contract is FOB, the freight has to bepaid by the importer. In that case, the shipping company will issue a freight collect Bill ofLanding.

202. What do you mean by Shipping Bill?

Ans. The shipping bill is the main documents required by the customs authority for allowingshipment. It contains description of export goods and other particulars as defined in The SeaCustoms Act, name of the vessel in which goods are to be shipped, Country of Destination etc.

203. What do you mean by Shipping Order?Ans. It is a document issued by the shipping line intimating the shipper (Exporter) about thereservation of space for shipment of cargo through a particular vessel from a specified port andon a specified date.

204. What do you mean by Vehicle Ticket/Cart Ticket?Ans. It is a gate pass for port gate .it is prepared for admittance of cargo through the port gate. Itcontains details of cargo for export, the shipper name, cart, lorry number, gate number, marks onpackage, quantity and description.

205. What is pattern engineering?Ans. It is the engineering idea which is applied at the time of marking for reducing theconsumption of fabric. In this case consumption is reduced by overlapping the patterns orreducing the patterns or dividing the patterns into two parts like cuff, side pocket of pant etc.

206. What is Style?Ans. A style is a type of product that has one or more specific feature or characteristics thatdistinguish it and make it different from other product of the same type. e.g. A crew neck is onestyle of neck line and a turtle neck is another style.

207. What is Design?Ans. Within a specific style there can be many variations in trimmings, texture, decoration orother details like embroidery, screen printing etc. The individual interpretation or variations ofthe same styles are called design. One style can be many designs.

208. What is Fashion?

Ans. Fashion means consumer acceptance, the prevailing or accepted style in dress or personaldecoration established or adopted during a particular time or season.The most widely recognize fashion authority, the late Dr. Paul-H-Nystrom (1928) define fashionis similar words as Nothing more or less than the prevailing style at any given time.

209. What do you mean by D/P (Document of payment)?Ans. Under this method, the goods are shipped and documents are sent to the importer throughthe banking channel. The documents are handed over to the clearing (C&F) agent for clearing thegoods from the port.210. What do you mean by D/A (Documents in Acceptance)?Ans. Under this method of payment terms, importer takes delivery of the documents onacceptance of a claim in the form of Bill of Exchange from the bank through whom documentsare sent after goods are shipped.In this method there is risk of non-acceptance of bill and non-payment due to bankruptcy.

211. What are the processes for fixation of export prices?Ans. There are three processes-

1. FOB (Free on board)2. C & F (Cost & Freight) (FOB cost+ Freight = C & F ) and3. CIF (Cost, insurance & freight) (C&F cost + Insurance = CIF)

212. What is consumption?Ans. In the garments trade, consumption means quantity of raw materials with a view todetermine the price of a garment. In order to calculate the above quantity how much fabric,sewing thread, button, label, zipper and other accessories are required to produce a garment up tothe exporting is called consumption.

GARMENTS TERMS AND DEFINITION

Arm scye: The arm hole of sleeve in a particular garment is named as arm scye. Allowance: Additional measurement which added with body measurement in case of garments

making. Aplique: Additional fabric added in the face side of the garments for increasing the beauty of the

dress which is called aplique. Back rise: Distance between CRUTCH TO CENTER BACK WAIST LINE. Basting: It is the temporary sewing by hand or m/c before doing final stitching for better fitting. Bust point: Focusing point of the chest is called bust point. Bodice: The part of ladies dress which stay neck to waist. Back stitch: A type of hand stitch which is use for garment sewing. Bodkin: The m/c used for making hole on the fabric is called bodkin. Cheese: it is cylinder shape thread package in which thread in cross wound. Closing: It is an operation in which side seam is join in the garment or join lining with fore part. Collar: It is the part of the garment (shirt, polo-shirt etc) which stay round the neck. Fork/Crutch/crotch: The part in which inside leg seam of the part is join, this part is called

crutch. Cuff: It is the end point of a sleeve of a shirt laying around the wrist. Cone: It is a triangle form of thread packages. Clem: It is a small dart which produced by sewing but not cut the fabric. Crease: To give crease mark on the fabric or garments/ any kind of creasing or folding in

clothes. Double faced: The fabric which both side is same and both side can be focused, it is called

double faced. Darning/mending:When fabric hole is repaired by needle and yarn. Dummy: This is a duplicate model of doll similar to human body construction used for garments

fittings. Ends: Wrap direction threads of fabric are called ends. Fore part: The face side of the garments which use on the upper part of the body is called fore

part.

Front rise: Distance between crutch to face side of waist band of a garment/pant is called frontrise.

Fusing: The method by which fusible interlining is joining with the garments is called fusing. Gusset: To increase the strength or fitting or shape of garments, some extra fabrics are used

which is called gusset. Neatening: The process of sewing in cutting edge of the fabric so that the slack yarn can not be

opened. SMV: Standard minutes value. TST: Total standard time. CNT/NT: Computing normal time/Normal time. SAM: Sum of all minutes. CST: Computing standard time. CPM: Cost price per minute. CMT: Cost of making with trimmings/Cutting, making and Trimmings cost/Cost of making

time. N.S.A: No sewing allowance. Off Pressing: Final pressing after sewing the garments. Off Grain:When weft yarn is not maintaining 90 with selvedge. Cross Pocket; Side pocket of trouser. Sewing Out:When stitching is done by keeping sewing allowance inside. Sewing Round:When lining is attached with shell at the edge of all parts of a garments. Seam Busting;When pressing is done on seam for placing fabric both side equally. Shirring:When elastic thread is used as looper thread for making gathering stitch. Straight Line System: Line system production. Thread Marking: Temporary stitching for testing fitting of a garments. Templet: It is plastic or metal or hand paper, which is used for making pattern or use as guide for

fabric cutting. Crocking; Colour is fading after rubbing from dry or wet cloth. Double Faceed: Symmetric fabric, both side same. Drape; The shape of fabric, after hanging. Donkey: Pressing board, is used for pressing.

Drop Loop;When waist band loop is placed 1-2 cm below of top waist line. Ease or Loose Dress: Keeping excess fabric for comfort using. Epaulet: Strap on shoulder for a shirt or jacket. Faced Cloth:When face side of fabric is different from other side. e.g. Flannel fabric. Fall: Collar fall, back width of collar after folding. Fofk; Crutch of trouser. Fullness; Extra fabric is used for getting shape of a part of a dress. e.g. Sleeve head. Forearm Line: A line from middle of front arm hole to the end of sleeve at thumb. Fagot Stitch; Zigzag stitch by maintaining gap between two fabrics. Grinning; Sewing by loose thread tensions, as a result gap in sewing line. Grown-on-Facing: Plain front facing (Facing made by fabric folding inside). Godet:When interlining is used under embroidery. Hanger Appeal: The shape of garments when hang on Hanger. Interfacing:When interlining is used inside facing. Inset:When extra fabric is used for better fitting. Jigger: Button, which is attach inside of the garments. e.g. shank button of double brast coat. Laying-up: Process of fabric laying. Leaf Edge; The edge of collar which is hanging after folding. Linking: In sweater Factory, when two fabrics are joined by linking machine. Lashing:When interlining is attached with facing by using Blind stitch machine. Make through (Sample man):Who attach all parts of a garments. Making-up; It is process to make garments from fabric. Marking-in:Marking, when pencil is moved around the patterns.

VIVA QUESTIONS ----WPTSingeing: Singeing is a process carried out to remove loose hairy fibre protruding from thesurface of the cloth/yarn by burning them.Why singeing is necessary?

To obtain smooth surface To increase luster Optical levelness of dyeing & clean out of printing design.

Types of singeing m/c ( plate, roller, gas)1. Plate singeing m/c2. Roller singeing m/c3. Gas singeing m/c

Desizing: Desizing is the first step of textile wet processing finishing technology employed toremove sizing material from the fabric.Why Desizing is necessary?

To remove starch from the fabric. To increase absorbency of the fabric. To increase luster of dyed & printed fabric. For perfect action of scouring & bleaching.

Give some example of common sizes1. Starch: Corn, photo, Sago.2. Natural gun: Tragacanth, Locust-beam etc.3. Protein: Glue, gelatin.4. Synthetic sizing agent: PVA, PAN, CMC (Carboxy methyl cellulose).5. Additives: Deformer, Tallow, Oil & greases.

6. Enzyme: Enzyme is one kind of bio-catalyst. Its molecular weight is high & they are livingorganism.The action of enzyme is controlled by-

Temp Concentration Time PH of the solution

Problem by size material- Stiffens the fabric handle Reduce the absorbency of fabric Reduce the absorbency chemical Size may absorbed by chemical

Starch:Made by amylase & amylosepectin.-amylase: Which attack the chain at random, so degree of polymerization of starch is rapidlyreduced.-amylase: Which successively remove the terminal maltose from reducing ending polymerchain is shortened.Bleaching is not necessary for which type of fabric-

For dark shade fabric such as red, black & navy blue.Man made fabrics.

Bleaching is done for-White, light & medium shade fabric

What % of fabric strength after scouring ? 20-30%

Caustic Soda:Neutralize acidic materialSaponity glycerides, wax & Oil.Sequestering agent: Deactivate metal ions, reduce hardness of water.Wetting agent & detergent: To reduce surface tension, emulsity oil, fats, waxes.Oxidizing bleaching agent:-O3one (O3)

H2O2Ca (OCl)2K2Cr2o7KMnO4Reducing bleaching agent:-Zinc dust (Zn)Stannous chloride (SnCl2)Ferrus Sulphate (FeSO4)Sulphur di-oxide (SO2)Hydrozen Sulphate (H2S)Shouring: Treating the fabric with 1% HCl or H2SO4 to remove CaCO3 is known as shouring.Disadvantage of Ca(OCl)2 : Ca(OCl)2 reacts with atmosphere CO2 & H2O to give CaCO3 aswhite participate CaCO3 deposit on fabric causes harsh feeling & uneven dyeing. But this is notdone in case of Na(OCl).Na2CO3: To maintain the pHWhy hypochlorite /chlorite bleaching is not used in wool & Silk?Ans. Hypochlorite/chlorite bleaching is not used in wool and silk because Cl of hypochloritereacts with protein and thus the main bleaching action is not done & fabrics become discolored& hampered.PPM: Per mullion parts of water or mg/l or gm/m3 .How hardness of H2O is expressed?Ans. The hardness of water is expressed by the amount of metal on present in water.Problem causes by hard water-

Reduce cleaning efficiency Reduce absorbency & lusture. Reduce dye diffusion Uneven dyeing

Soap: Soap is a metallic salt of a saturated or unsaturated higher fatty acids.Factors for color vision:

1. Light2. Substrate

3. ObserverDetergent: A detergent is compound, or a mixture of compounds, intended to assist cleaning &acts mainly on the oily films that trap dirt particulars.Dyes: Dyes are colored unsaturated organic chemical compounds which are responsible for thecolor of dyed & printed textile materials.Which agent is known as universal bleaching agent?

Hydrogen per oxide (H2O2)Ideal pH of fibre after neutralization:

5.5-6.5Light: This is the first element of color perception light is energy.Textile printing: Textile printing is the most important and versatile of the technologies used toadd design, color & racialist to textile fabrics.Effects of electrolyte-

Electrolyte increases exhaustion of dyeing.Types of vat dyes-There are two types of vat dyes- those are below

1. Indigoid2. Anthraquinion

Classify of hard water: Two types of hard water1. Temporary 2. Parmament.

Source of hardness:1. water2. Fabric3. Chemical

What is bleaching powder?Ans. A complex mixtures of calcium hypochlorite & calcium oxide.Why H2O2 is called universal bleaching agent?Ans. All types of fabric are bleaching in this agent.

Both sides of fabric is signed in which singeing m/c.Gas singeing m/c

When signed fabric produce spot?Ans. If fabric contain ZnCl2 or MgCl2ZnCl2 +H2O = ZnO + HClHCl + Cellulose = Hydrolysis spotWhich fabric is difficult to operate by gas singeing m/c.Synthetic fabricAfter Desizing absorbency of the fabric increase or decrease?IncreaseWhat are the methods of desizing?

Methods of Desizing

Hydrolytic desizing Oxidative desizing1. Rot steeping 1. Bromite desizing

2. Alkali steeping 2.Chlorite desizing3. Acid steeping 3. Ammonium per

sulphate desizing.What is pancreatic enzyme: The pancreatic enzymes are prepared from the pancreases of theslaughtered animals.Trade name: Vivesal, Novotermosol.What is malt-extract enzyme: These enzymes are obtain by extraction of freshly germinatedbarley corn.Trade name: Diaster, Papidase.What is bacterial enzyme: Obtain by termination from bacillus substitute which grown on riceand it break down the stretch into water somble dextrins.Trade name: Rapider, BiolaseAfter desizing which test is done to ensure the desizing.At first produce 100cc solution with KI. I2 and water.Then some drops of this solution falls into the sizing material randomly. Then the followingincident may occur-

1. Deep blue color Present of starch/Not done desizing

2. Violet colorPresent partially degraded starch/desizing is done partially.3. Brown Completely degraded starch/desizing is done complete

What are the forms of scouring:(i) Yarn form (ii) Fabric from

-Hank form -Rope form (knit)-Package form -Open width form (knit, woven)-Continuous sheets form (woven)

What are the types of scouring ?i) Batch processii) Semi-continuous processiii) Continuous process

Stripping: If the textile goods become uneven dyeing and unsuitable for using,the color has tobe destroyed. The process is called stripping.Curing: The application of heat, usually to polymerase or set remains applied to textilematerials.Degree of polymerization: The number of monomers or repeating units is one polymer. Morespecially, it is the average molecular weight.Oleophilic: Having a strong affinity for oie; readily absorbs oil, grease, wax etc.Primary additive colors-

1. Red2. Blue3. Green

Specifying of color-1. Hue2. Value3. Chroma

Azoic dyes are also called - Naphthol dyes Ice colors Developed colorMagic color

Whiteness: The attribute by which an object color is judged to approach a preferred white.Buffer: It is a saturated solution of acid salt or alkali-salt mixture.Expression of mixtures:

1. w/w-weight to weight2. w/v-weight to volume3. v/v-volume to volume

How to prepare 0.1% stock solution:10 ml or 1 ml of 1% solution need to mix with 90 ml or 9 ml water respectively.

Dyeing GlossaryAbsorbency: The ability of one material to take up another material.Absorption: The process of gases or liquids being taken up into the pores of a fiber, yarn, orfabric.Acetic acid: An organic acid (CH3COOH) widely used in textile applications. It is used intextile wet processing, dyeing and printing, and in the manufacture of cellulose acetate andcellulose triacetate.Acetic, anhydride: Anhydrous acetic acid [(CH3CO)2O]. It is used in the acetylation process inthe manufacture of cellulose acetate.Acetone: Diemthyl ketone (CH3COOH). One of the most powerful organic solvents. Acetonedissolves secondary cellulose acetate and other derivatives of cellulose. It is miscible with waterand has a low boiling point(55-56oC)Acid dyes: An anionic dye having substantivity for fibers (e.g. Protein, polyamide) whichcontain cationic groups usually in acidic or neutral aqueous dyebaths. Acid dyes are oftenapplied to fabric in organic or inorganic acid dyeing solution.Acid-dyeable variants: Polymers modified chemically to make them receptive to acid dyes.Acidic: A term describing a material having a pH of less than 7.0 in water.\Activated oxygen bleach: A bleaching system comprising an oxygen bleach and a bleachactivator.Add-on: The amount of materials applied to a textile is known add-on; it is calculated as theweight of solids left on a given weight of fabric after impregnation and drying. The percentageadd-on is computed by the formula {(w2-w1) 100}/ w1; where w1 is the initial weight ofmaterial before impregnation (wet-out), and w2 is the weight of material after impregnation anddrying.Additive: A supplementary material combined with a base material to provide special properties.Adsorption: The attraction of gases, liquids or solids to surface areas of textile fibers, yarns,fabrics or any materials.Aerobic: A biological process active only in the presence of oxygen.

Affinity: Chemical attraction; the tendency of two elements or substances to unite or Combinetogether, such as fiber and dyestuff. Affinity is usually expressed in units of joules (or calories)per mole.Aftertreatment: Any treatment done after fabric production. In dyeing, it refers to treating dyedmaterial in ways to improve properties; in nonwovens, it refers to finishing processes carried outafter a web has been formed and bonded. Examples are embossing, creping, softening, printingand dyeing.Alkaline: A term used to describe a material having a pH greater than 7.0 in water.Anaerobic: A biological process active only in the absence of free oxygen.Aniline dyes: Dyes derived chemically from aniline or other coal tar derivatives.Anionic dye: A dye dissociates in aqueous dyebath and provide negatively charged colored ion.Anthraquinone dyes: Dyes that have Anthraquinone as their base and the carbonyl group(>C=O) as the chromophore. Anthraquinone-based dyes are found in most of the synthetic dyeclasses.Antichlor: A chemical, such as sodium thiosulfate , used to remove excess chlorine afterbleaching.Azo dyes: Dyes characterized by the presence of an azo group (-N=N-) as the chromophore. Azodyes are found in many of the synthetic dye classes.Azoic dyes: The dyes, produced by interaction of a diazotized amine (azoic diazo component)and a coupling component (azoic coupling component).Bacterial Amylase Unit (BAU): A measure of starch degradation as shown by the quantity ofan enzyme that will dextrinize one milligram of starch per minute under the specifiedexperimental conditions.Basic dyes: A class of positive-ion-carrying dyes known for their brilliant hues. Basic dyes arecomposed of large-molecule, water-soluble salts that have a direct affinity for wool and silk andcan be applied to cotton with a mordant.Batch: A group of units of products of the same type, structure, colour and finish, class andcomposition, manufactured under essentially the same conditions and essentially at the sametime, and submitted at any one time for inspection and testing. Similar word Lot.Bath ratio: Ratio of bath to fiber as 20:1, 10:1 or 1:20, 1:10Binder: An adhesive applied in pigment application to make a bond between fibers and pigment.

Bleaching: A process of whitening fibers, yarns, or fabrics by removing the natural and artificialimpurities to obtain clear whites for finished fabric, or in preparation for dyeing and finishing.The materials may be treated with chemicals or exposed to sun, air, and moisture.Carbonizing: A chemical process for eliminating cellulosic material from, synthetic and wool orother animal fibers. The material is reacted with sulfuric acid or hydrogen chloride gas followedby heating. When the material is dry, the carbonized cellulose material is dust-like and can beremoved.Carrier: A product added to a dye-bath to promote the dyeing of hydrophobic manufacturedfibers and characterized by affinity for, and ability to swell, the fiber.Cat-ion: A positively charged ion.Cationic dyes: A dye that dissociates in an acidified, aqueous solution to give a positivelycharged colored ion.Caustic Soda: The common name for sodium hydroxide(NaOH)Chrome dye: A mordant dye capable of forming a chelate complex with a chromium ion.CIE: Commission internationaly de IEclairage.CMC: Carboxymethyl cellulose. Synthetic size used in cotton fabric processing.Colorant: A colouring matter, a dye or pigment which can produce colour in a substrate likefiber, yarn or fabric.Coloration: A series of textile operation involved to impart color in textiles. It embraces dyeing,printing, painting, spraying and preparatory treatment as well.Color: 1. (Sensation) that characteristic of the visual sensation which enables the eye todistinguish differences in its quality, such as may be caused by differences in spatial distributionor fluctuation with time.

2. (of an object) the particular visual sensation caused by the light emitted by, transmitted through,or reflected from the object.Colour can be described approximately in terms of Hue, Saturation, and Lightness, or specifiednumerically by chromaticity coordinates. Alternatively , colour can be specified by reference tovisual standards e.g. the Munsell Color Atlas.

Colorfastness: Resistance to fading; i.e the property of a dye to retain its color when the dyed(or printed) textile material is exposed to conditions or agents such as light, perspiration,atmospheric gases, or washing that can remove or destroy the color.Color strength: A measure of the ability of a dye to impart color to other materials. Colorstrength is evaluated by light absorption in the visible region of the spectrum.Colorist: In textile coloration, a person experienced in developing color formulas, evaluatingsamples for color and producing colored samples to meet standards.Color index (CI): A listing of dyes and chemical structures published by the Society of Dyersand Colorists. Each structure is assigned a name according to chemical composition. Each dye isassigned a number according to its class and shade. A correlating structure number is given whenavailable.Compatibility:In textile dyeing, propensity of individual dye components in a combinationshade to exhaust at similar rates resulting in a buildup of shade that is constant, or nearlyconstant, in hue throughout the dyeing process.Copper chelating value (CuCV): The milligrams of copper sulfate pentahydrate chelated byone gram of a chelating agent or product containing a chelating agent.Cross dyeing: A process of dyeing textiles containing fibers having different dye affinities toachieve a multicolored effect.Desizing: The process removal of size materials from greige (gray) fabric to prepare for dyeing.Dip: Immersion of a textile material in some processing liquid. The term is usually used inconnection with a padding or slashing process.Direct dyes: A class of dyestuffs that are applied directly to the substrate in a neutral or alkalinebath. They produce full shades on cotton and linen without mordanting and can also be appliedto rayon, silk and wool. Direct dyes give bright shades but exhibit poor washfastness.Disperse dyes: A class of water-insoluble or slightly soluble dyes originally introduced fordyeing cellulose acetate and usually applied from fine aqueous suspensions. Disperse dyes arewidely used for dyeing most of the manufactured fibers.

Dyes/dyestuff: Substances that add color to textiles. They are incorporated into the fiber bychemical reaction, absorption, or dispersion. Dyes may be divided into natural and synthetictypes. Natural dyes are extracted from root bark, flowers and marine growth. Synthetic dyes arechemically compounded through many processes from coal tar or other sources of hydrocarbonmolecules. On basis of application it is classified as Acid dye, Azoic dye, Basic dye, Direct dye,Disperse dye, Mordant dye, Reactive dye, Sulphur dye, Vat dye etc. Fluorescent whitening agentis also a dye.Dyeing: A process of coloring fibers, yarns, fabrics or garments with either natural or syntheticdyes under specified conditions.Dyeing auxiliaries: Various substances that can be added to the dyebath to aid dyeing. Theymay necessary to transfer the dye from the bath to the fiber or they may provide improvements inleveling, penetration etc. Also call dyeing assistants.Dye liquor: The liquid that contains the dye and the reagents necessary for dyeing.Ecmc: In color difference evaluation, a single number defining the total color difference in CMCunits of a trial from a standard.Emulsion: A suspension of finely divided liquid droplets in a second liquid, i,e., oil in water orvice versa.Exhaustion: During wet processing, the ratio at any time between the amount of dye orsubstance taken up by the substrate and the amount originally available.Fixation: The process of setting a dye after dyeing of printing, usually by steaming or otherheart treatment.Fluorescent: A substance that is added to a textile (uncolored or colored) to increase theapparent light reflectance in the visible region by the conversion of ultraviolet radiation intovisible light and so to increase the apparent brightness or whiteness of the textile. Similar wordsbrightener.Florescent whitening agent (FWA): Colorant that absorbs near ultraviolet (UV) radiation andre-emits visible (violet-blue) radiation. This causes a yellowish material to which it has beenapplied to appear whiter.Foam: Dispersion of gas in a liquid or solid. The gas bubbles may be any size. The term covers awide range of useful products such as insulating foam, cushions, etc. It also describes theundesirable froth in polymer melts, dye baths, etc.

Hue: The attribute of color perception by means of which an object is judged to be red, orange,yellow, green, blue, violet or a combination of these.Hydrolysis: A double decomposition reaction involving the addition of the elements of waterand the formation of an acid and a base, an acid and an alcohol, or an acid and phenol.Hydrophilic: Having strong affinity for or the ability to absorb water.Hydrophobic: Lacking affinity for or the ability to absorb water.Indigo: Originally a natural blue vat dye extracted from plants, especially the indigofera tinctoriaplant. Most indigo dyes today are synthetic. They are frequently used on dungarees and denims.Ingrain dye: A colorant, which is formed, in situ, in the substrate by the development andcoupling of one more intermediate compounds. The term was originally used for colorantsobtained from oxidation bases and by azoic techniques, but is now reserved for other types ofcolorant formed in situ.Inhibitor: A substance that retards or prevents a chemical or physical change. In textiles, achemical agent that is added to prevent fading, degradation, or other undesirable effects.Isoelectric: Same charge in a certain condition. When positive and negative charges are equal.The isoelectric point is pH value at which the molecule carries no electrical charge or thenegative and positive charges are equal.Isotherm: Constant temperature line used on graphs of climatic conditions or thermodynamicrelations, such as pressure-volume relations at constant temperature.Jet dyeing machine: A high-temperature piecedyeing machine that circulates the dye liquorthrough a Venturi jet, thus imparting a driving force to move the fabric. The fabric, in rope form,is sewn together to form a loop.Kier: A large metal tank, capable to being heated uniformly, used for wet processing.Kier boiling: Process of boiling cellulosic materials in alkaline liquors in a kier at or aboveatmospheric pressure.Laboratory sample: A portion of material taken to represent the lot sample, or the originalmaterial and used in the laboratory as a source of test specimens.Leuco dye: A soluble, reduced form of a dye from which the original dye may be regenerated byoxidation.Liquor ratio: In wet processing the ratio of the weight of liquid used to the weight of goodstreated.

Lot: A unit of production or a group of other units or packages that is taken for sampling orstatistical examination, having one or more common properties and being readily separable fromother similar units.Metal-complex dye: A dye having a coordinated metal atom in its molecule. Unless the termmetal-complex dye is used in direct association with a particular application class of dye, e.g.metal-complex disperse dye or metal-complex reactive dye, its use is inexact and inadvisable.Migration: Movement of an added substance (e.g. dye or alkali) from one area to textiles toanother. Commonly used to express the movement of color from the dyed area to the undyedarea of cloth.Mock Dyeing: A heat stabilization process for yarns. The yarns are wound onto packages andsubjected to package dyeing conditions (water, pressure, temperature) but without dye anchemicals in the bath.Mordant: A chemical used in some textile fibers to provide affinity for dyes. Or a substance,usually a metallic compound, applied to a substrate to form with a dye a complex which isretained by the substrate more firmly than the dye itself.Mordant dye: A dye that is fixed with a suitable mordant.Optical Brightener: A colorless compounds that, when applied to fabric, absorbs the ultravioletradiation in light but emits radiation in the visible spectrum.OWB: On the weight of bath.OWF: On the weight of fabric/fibreOWG: On the weight of goods.OWV: On the weight of value.Pad: A machine for impregnating fabrics with chemicals. It consists essentially of a troughfollowed by two or more pairs of squeeze rolls.pH: Value indicating the acidity or alkalinity of a material. It is the negative logarithm of theeffective hydrogen ion concentration. A pH of 7.0 is neutral; less than 7.0 is acidic; and morethan 7.0 is basic.Pick-up: % or weight added per unit weight of fabric.Pigment: An insoluble, finely divided substance, such as titanium dioxide, used to deluster orcolor fibers, yarns or fabrics.

Premetallized acid dye: An acid dye manufactured by reacting an equivalent of a suitable metalion with one equivalent of a dye, or with two equivalents of the same or different dyes, capableof chelating the metal.

Preparation: In textile manufacturing, those processing operations performed on greige fabric,colored fabric, textile yarns or fibers to ready them for dyeing, printing or finishing. Forexample, typical greige cotton fabric preparation includes singeing, desizing, scouring, bleachingand (optionally) mercerizing.Reactive dye: A dye that, under suitable conditions, is capable of reacting chemically with asubstrate to form a covalent dye-substrate linkage.Reduction clearing (RC): The removals of unabsorbed disperse dye from the surface ofpolyester at the end of the dyeing or printing process by treatment in a sodium hydroxide/sodiumhydrosulfite bath. A surface-active agent may be employed in the process.Retarder (Retardants): A chemical that, when added to the dyebath, decreases the rate ofdyeing but does not affect the final exhaustion.Saponification: Specifically in relation to manufactured fibers, saponification is the process ofremoving part or all of the groups from acetate or triacetate fiber, leaving regenerated cellulose.Saturation: The maximum intensity or purity of a color. If the color is as brilliant as possible, itis at saturation; if the color is subdued or grayed, it is dull, weak, and low in intensity.Scouring: In textile processing, treatment of textile materials in aqueous or other solutions toremove nature fats, waxes, proteins and other constituents as well as dirt, oil and otherimpurities.Shade: A common term loosely used to describe broadly a particular color or depth, e.g. paleshade, 2% shade, mode shade, fashion shade.Shading: In colored textile fabrics, gradual changes in hue, chroma and/or lightness lengthwiseor widthwise. When unintended, shading is considered a defect; may be international for stylingpurposes.Sizing: A generic term for compounds that are applied to warp yarn to bind the fiber togetherand stiffen the yarn to provide abrasion resistance during weaving, Starch, gelatin, oil, wax and

manufactured polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, polyacrylic acid, andpolyacetates are employed.Softener: 1. A product designed to impart a soft mellowness to the fabric. Examples are glucose,glycerine, tallow, or any one of a number of quaternary ammonium compounds.

2. A substance that reduces the hardness of water by removing or sequestering thecalcium and magnesium ions.3. A substance used to reduce friction during mixing and processing when dry powders are addedto polymers.Solubilized sulfur dye: A thiosulfuric acid derivative of a sulfur dye which during dyeing isconverted to the substantive alkali-soluble thiol form.Solubilized vat dye: A water-soluble salt of the sulfuric ester of a leuco vat dye. Afterapplication to the fiber the parent vat dye is regenerated by hydrolysis and oxidation.Solvent dye: A dye which is soluble in organic solvents, but not in water, and is widely used inlacquers, inks, waxes, plastics, soaps, cosmetics, fuels and colored smokes.Souring: Any treatment of textile materials in dilute acid. Its purpose is the neutralization of anyalkali that is present.Substantivity: The attraction, under the precise conditions of test, between a substrate and a dye(or other substance) where the latter is selectively extracted from the application medium by thesubstrate.

Substrate:1. In textiles, a fiber, fiber assembly, yarn, fabric or garment to which another material is

applied.2. Fabric to which coatings or other fabrics are applied. It can be of woven, knit, nonwovens, or

weft-insertion construction. Generally, substrate properties are dependent both on fiber type andfabric construction. Usually the fabric is scoured, heat-set and otherwise finished prior to coatingor bonding. Many smooth-surfaced manufactured fiber fabrics require impregnation with a latexprior to coating to ensure adequate adhesion.

Sulfur dye: A dye, containing sulfur both as an integral part of the chromophore and in attachedpolysulfide chains, normally applied in the alkali-soluble reduced (leuco) form from a sodiumsulfide solution and subsequently oxidized to the insoluble form in the fiber.Uneven dyeing: A fabric dyeing that shows variations in shade resulting from incorrectprocessing or dyeing methods or from use of faulty materials.Union dyeing: A process of dyeing textiles containin