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SHRI KRISHNA ACADEMY BOARD EXAM (10,+1,+2) ,NEET AND JEE COACHING CENTRE
SBM SCHOOL CAMPUS,TRICHY MAIN ROAD,NAMAKKAL
CELL:9965531727-9443231727 +1 COMMON QUARTERLY EXAMINATION - SEP - 2019
Tentative answer key
SUBJECT: BOTANY MARKS : 70
Q.NO CONTENT MARK
I.
PART-I
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:
15X1=15
1 d) Methanobacterium 1
2 c) 42 1
3 b) Descending, positively geotropic, negatively phototropic 1
4 a) Multicarpellary, Apocarpous ovary 1
5 a) Ceropegia 1
6 c) G1-S-G2-M 1
7 d) Dictyosomes 1
8 c) Glycine 1
9 a) Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1
10 a) Prof. Birbal Sahni 1
11 a) Jasminum 1
12 b) England 1
13 b) Prukinje 1
14 a) Mitochondria 1
15 a) Cuscuta 1
II. PART-II ( ANY SIX) Q. No 24 Compulsory 6X2=12
16 Sterigma:
The basidiospores are borne on stalk like structures called
Sterigma.
2
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17 Oogamy: The Oogamy fusion of both morphologically and physiologically dissimilar gametes. Example: Sargassum.
2
18 Two types of rhizoids in Bryophytes:
Smooth walled and pegged. Multicellular scales are also
present.
In Moss the plant body is erect with central axis bearing leaf
like expansions. Multicellular rhizoids are present.
2
19 Pulvinus: In legumes leafbase become broad and swollen which is known
as pulvinus. Example: Clitoria, Lablab, Cassia, Erythrina, Butea,
Peltophorum.
2
20 Classified into three major types:
Terminal: Inflorescence grows as a part of the terminal shoot.
Example: Raceme of Nerium oleander
Axillary: Inflorescence present in the axile of the nearest
vegetative leaf. Example: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Cauliflorous: Inflorescence developed directly from a woody
trunk. Example: Theobroma cocoa, Couropita guianensis
2
21 Cell Theory:
In 1833, German botanist Matthias Schleiden and German
zoologist Theodor Schwann proposed that all plants and
animals are composed of cells and that cells were the basic
building blocks of life.
2
22 Functions of the nucleus
Controlling all the cellular activities
Storing the genetic or hereditary information.
Coding the information in the DNA for the production of
enzymes and proteins.
DNA duplication and transcription takes place in the nucleus.
In nucleolus ribosomal biogenesis takes place.
2
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23 Classify the types of chromosomes based on the place of
centromere:
Based on the position of centromere, chromosomes are
called telocentric (terminal centromere)
Acrocentric (terminal centromere capped by telomere)
Sub metacentric (centromere subterminal)
Metacentric (centromere median).
2
24 Meiosis Prophase I :
Prophase I is of longer duration and it is divided into 5 substages
– Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene and Diakinesis
2
III. PART-III ( ANY SIX) Q .No. 33 compulsory 6X3=18
25 Coenocytic Mycelium:
In lower fungi the hypha is aseptate, multinucleate and is known
as coenocytic mycelium (Example: Albugo).
3
26 Lichens based on the Morphology:
Leprose (a distinct fungal layer is absent) Crustose-crust like;
Foliose-leaf like; Fruticose- branched pendulous shrub like
3
27 Alternation of Generation
Alternation of generation is common in all plants. Alternation of
the haploid gametophytic phase (n) with diploid sporophytic
phase (2n) during the life cycle is called alternation of generation.
3
28
The difference between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms:
(any three)
3
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29 Regions of root:
3
30 True Fruits and False fruits:
True Fruits False fruits: Ovary develops into fruit without any non-carpellary part. Example: Tomato, Mango
The ovary non- carpellary (floral)
parts like thalamus (Apple),
perianth ( jack fruit) and
involucre and perianth (English
walnut) develop into fruit.
3
31 Structure of plant cell:
3
32 Mitotic Poisons (Mitotic Inhibitors)
Certain chemical components act as inhibitors of the mitotic cell
division and they are called mitotic poisons.
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Endomitosis
The replication of chromosomes in the absence of nuclear
division and cytoplasmic division resulting in numerous copies
within each cell is called endomitosis.
Anastral
This is present only in plant cells. No asters or centrioles are
formed only spindle fibres are formed during cell division.
Amphiastral
Aster and centrioles are formed at each pole of the spindle
during cell division. This is found in animal cells.
1
1
1
33 Steroids: These are complex compounds commonly found in cell
membrane and animal hormones. The reinforces of structure cell
membrane in animal cells and in an unusual group of cell wall
deficient bacteria – Mycoplasma. Eg. Cholesterol
2
1
IV. PART-IV 5X5=25
34
1. Protostele:
In protostele xylem surrounds phloem. The type includes Haplostele, Actinostele, Plectostele, and Mixed protostele.
(i) Haplostele: Xylem surrounded by phloem is known as haplostele. Example: Selaginella.
(ii) Actinostele: Star shaped xylem core is surrounded by phloem is known as actinostele. Example: Lycopodium serratum.
(iii) Plectostele: Xylem plates alternates with phloem plates. Example: Lycopodium clavatum.
(iv) Mixed prototostele: Xylem groups uniformly scattered in
the phloem. Example: Lycopodium cernuum.
2
1
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2. Siphonostele:
In siphonostele xylem is surrounded by phloem with pith at the centre. It includes Ectophloic siphonostele, Amphiphloic siphonostele, Solenostele, Eustele, Atactostele and Polycylic stele.
(i) Ectophloic siphonostele: The phloem is restricted only on the external side of the xylem. Pith is in centre. Example: Osmunda.
(ii) Amphiphloic siphonostele: The phloem is present on both the sides of xylem. The pith is in the centre. Example: Marsilea.
(iii) Solenostele: The stele is perforated at a place or places corresponding the origin of the leaf trace.
(a) Ectophloic solenostele – Pith is in the centre and the xylem is surrounded by phloem Example Osmunda.
(b) Amphiphloic solenostele – Pith is in the centre and the phloem is present on both sides of the xylem. Example: Adiantum pedatum.
(c) Dictyostele – The stele is separated into several vascular strands and each one is called meristele. Example: Adiantum capillus-veneris.
(iv) Eustele: The stele is split into distinct collateral vascular bundles around the pith. Example: Dicot stem.
(v) Atactostele: The stele is split into distinct collateral vascular bundles and are scattered in the ground tissue Example: Monocot stem.
(vi) Polycyclicstele: The vascular tissues are present in the
form of two or more concentric cylinders. Example: Pteridium.
2
(OR)
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35 Phyllotaxy: The four main types of phyllotaxy are (1) Alternate (2) Opposite (3) Ternate (4) Whorled.
1. Alternate phyllotaxy
In this type there is only one leaf per node and the leaves on the successive nodes are arranged alternate to each other. Spiral arrangement of leaves show vertical rows are called orthostichies. They are two types.
a) Alternate spiral: In which the leaves are arranged alternatively in a spiral manner. Example: Hibiscus, Ficus.
b) Alternate distichous or Bifarious: In which the leaves are organized alternatively in two rows on either side of the stem. Example: Monoon longifolium (Polyalthia longifolia).
2. Opposite phyllotaxy
In this type each node possess two leaves opposite to each
other. They are organized in two different types.
i. Opposite superposed: The pair of leaves arranged in succession are in the same direction, that is two opposite leaves at a node lie exactly above those at the lower node. Example: Psidium (Guava), Eugenia jambolana (Jamun), Quisqualis (Rangoon creeper). ii. Opposite decussate: In this type of phyllotaxy one pair of leaves is placed at right angles to the next upper or lower pair of leaves. Example: Calotropis, Zinnia, Ocimum
3. Ternate phyllotaxy
In this type there are three leaves attached at each node.
Example: Nerium
4. Whorled (verticillate) type of phyllotaxy In this type more
than three leaves are present in a whorl at each node forming a
circle or whorl. Example: Allamanda, Alstonia scholaris.
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Types of Placentation
4
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36 Aestivation
4
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SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS:
1. Genetic stability – daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cells.
2. Growth – as multi cellular organisms grow, the number of cells making up their tissue increases. The new cells must be identical to the existing ones.
3. Repair of tissues - damaged cells must be replaced by identical new cells by mitosis.
4. Asexual reproduction – asexual reproduction results in offspring
that are identical to the parent. Example Yeast and Amoeba.
5. In flowering plants, structure such as bulbs, corms, tubers,
rhizomes and runners are produced by mitotic division. When they
separate from the parent, they form a new individual.
The production of large numbers of off springs in a short period of
time, is possible only by mitosis. In genetic engineering and
biotechnology, tissues are grown by mitosis (i.e. in tissue culture).
6. Regeneration – Arms of star fish.
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37 Botanical Description Habit: Twining climber
Root: Branched tap root system having nodules.
Stem: Aerial, weak stem and a twiner
Leaf: Imparipinnately compound, alternate, stipulate showing
reticulate venation. Leaflets are stipellate. Petiolate and stipels
are pulvinated.
Inflorescence: Solitary and axillary
Flower: Bracteate, bracteolate, bracteoles usually large,
pedicellate, heterochlamydeous, complete, bisexual,
pentamerous, zygomorphic and hypogynous.
Calyx: Sepals 5, synsepalous, green showing valvate aestivation.
Odd sepal is anterior in position.
Corolla: Petals 5, white or blue apopetalous, irregular
papilionaceous corolla showing descendingly imbricate
aestivation.
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Androecium: Stamens 10, diadelphous (9)+1 nine stamens
fused to form a bundle and the tenth stamen is free. Anthers are
dithecous, basifixed, introse and dechiscing by longitudinal slits.
Gynoecium: Monocarpellary, unilocular, with many ovules on
mariginal placentation, ovary superior, style simple and incurved
with feathery stigma.
Fruit: Legume
Seed: Non-endospermous, reniform.
Floral formula Br.,Brl.,%, , K(5),C5,A(9)+1,G1
1
2
1
(OR) Structure of DNA
Watson and Crick shared the Nobel Prize in 1962 for their
discovery, along with Maurice Wilkins, who had produced the
crystallographic data supporting the model.
Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958) had earlier produced the first
clear crystallographic evidence for a helical structure.
James Watson and Francis Crick (Figure 8.40) of Cavendish
laboratory in Cambridge built a scale model of double helical
structure of DNA which is the most prevalent form of DNA, the B-
DNA. This is the secondary structure of DNA.
As proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick, DNA consists
of right handed double helix with 2 helical polynucleotide chains
that are coiled around a common axis to form right
Chargaff ’s Rule:
A = T; G ≡ C
4
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A + G = T + C
A : T = G : C = 1
handed B form of DNA. The coils are held together by hydrogen
bonds which occur between complementary pairs of nitrogenous
bases. The sugar is called 2′-deoxyribose because there is no
hydroxyl at position 2′. Adenine and thiamine base pairs has two
hydrogen bonds while guanine and cytosine base pairs have
three hydrogen bonds.
As published by Erwin Chargaff in 1949, a purine pairs with
pyrimidine and vice versa. Adenine (A) always pairs with
Thymine (T) by double bond and Guanine (G) always pairs with
Cytosine (C) by triple bond.
1
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38
5
(OR) Factors Affecting the Rate of Enzyme Reactions
Enzymes are sensitive to environmental condition. It could be
affected by temperature, pH, substrate concentration and
enzyme concentration.
The rate of enzyme reaction is measured by the amount of
substrate changed or amount of product formed, during a period
of time.
Temperature
Heating increases molecular motion. Thus the molecules of the
substrate and enzyme move more quickly resulting in a greater
probability of occurence of the reaction. The temperature that
promotes maximum activity is referred to as optimum
temperature.
5
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pH
The optimum pH is that at which the maximum rate of reaction
occurs. Thus the pH change leads to an alteration of enzyme
shape, including the active site. If extremes of pH are
encountered by an enzyme, then it will be denatured.
Substrate Concentration
For a given enzyme concentration, the rate of an enzyme reaction increases with increasing substrate concentration (Figure 8.32).
Enzyme Concentration
The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the enzyme
concentration.
Introducing the Michaelis-Menton Constant (Km) and Its
Significance
When the initial rate of reaction of an enzyme is measured over a
range of substrate concentrations (with a fixed amount of enzyme)
and the results plotted on a graph. With increasing substrate
concentration, the velocity increases – rapidly at lower substrate
concentration.
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However the rate increases progressively, above a certain
concentration of the substrate the curve flattened out. No further
increase in rate occurs.
This shows that the enzyme is working at maximum velocity at this
point. On the graph, this point of maximum velocity is shown as
Vmax.
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