Jim Purcell The Future of Arkansas Higher Education

Jim Purcell

The Future of Arkansas Higher Education

Thomas Jefferson:

“I was a revolutionary so that my children could farm and so their children could do art.”

Davey Crockett

"If I could rest anywhere, it would be in Arkansas, where the men are of the real half-horse, half-alligator breed such as grows nowhere else on the face of the universal earth."

State Per Capita Personal Income v. Share of AdultPopulation with Bachelor's Degree or Higher (2005)

$16,000

$18,000

$20,000

$22,000

$24,000

$26,000

$28,000

$30,000

$32,000

$34,000

$36,000

$38,000

15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Percentage of Adult Population with a Bachelor's Degree or Higher

Per

Cap

ita

Inco

me

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 2005

DC

TX

NM

FL

NDNC

AL

IN

LA

MIWI

SD

WY

TN

NV

AR

IAOH

ID

SCKY

MS

WV

MO

MEAZ

VA

NJ

PA

MD

MT

CT

MA

CO

NE

AK

GA

HI

KS

OR

DE

IL

RI MN

WA

UT

VT

NHNY

CA

OK

No state with a low proportion of

Bachelor’s degrees has a high per capita

income.

No state with a high proportion of

Bachelor’s degrees has a low per capita

income.

Investing in Higher Education• Arizona Gov. Janet Napolitano (D) proposed a compact with the state’s eighth-graders: Stay out

of trouble and get Bs in high school, and we’ll give you a college education. Napolitano also pledged to double the number of bachelor’s degrees awarded by her state’s colleges by 2020.

• Michigan Gov. Jennifer Granholm (D) also set a goal of doubling the number of college graduates. She wants to expand a pilot program that gives students an associate college degree after a five-year high school program and reward colleges that manage to graduate students, as opposed to just enrolling them.

• West Virginia Gov. Joe Manchin III (D) includes $50 million for the “Bucks for Brains” initiative to recruit faculty and build infrastructure with the goal of finding success in fields that could result in profits.

• Ohio Gov. Ted Strickland (D): wants to pay for students to spend their final year of high school on a college campus for free. He also wants to make Ohio one of the 10 least-expensive states to attend college.

• Tennessee’s Phil Bredesen (D) suggested lowering the GPA threshold that college students must maintain to keep their Hope Scholarship from a 3.0 to 2.75.

• South Dakota’s Mike Rounds (R) said another 200 students could join the 3,465 who already receive the state’s Opportunity Scholarships if the ACT score requirement were lowered from 24 to 23

• Missouri’s Matt Blunt (R) asked for $100 million for Access Missouri scholarships, a sum that would quadruple the state’s investment in need-based grants.

• Idaho’s C.L. "Butch" Otter (R) proposed in his address Jan. 7 spending $50 million for scholarships for low-income students.

• More impressive is that governors are proposing the funding increases in what promises to be a tough budget year. Usually in times of financial distress, higher education is one of the first areas to suffer spending cuts.

• “A lot more governors now realize that their systems of higher education are really their major economic strategy for the future, … that (companies) go to where you have highly skilled workers,” – Raymond Scheppach, executive director of the National

Governors Association (NGA).

Investing in Higher Education

• up to 50 percent of America’s adult population today lacks the advanced skills that are the foundation for most future high-paying jobs in today’s complex knowledge economy.

Arkansas: • BLS assures us that over the long

term, labor supply and demand will balance. (pg 18)

The 2010 MeltdownSolving the Impending Jobs Crisis

Edward E. Gordon

• Strengthening the Arkansas Education Pipeline

4641

29

1612

4

100

74

9th GradeEnrollment

High SchoolGrads

EnrolledDirectly into

College

First-timeFull-timeDegreeSeekingCohort

RetainedAfter 1 Year

GraduatedWithin 6Years

WithAssociate

Degree

WithBachelorDegree

Percent 96-97 Arkansas 9th Grader’s Progression into High School and College (percent)

100%

71%

28%

Fall 2000 College Freshmen

96-97 Arkansas 9th Grader’s Progression into High School and College (number)

17,11615,172

10,701

5,817

37,160

1,4934,324

27,335

9th GradeEnrollment

High SchoolGrads

EnrolledDirectly into

College

First-timeFull-timeDegreeSeekingCohort

RetainedAfter 1 Year

GraduatedWithin 6Years

WithAssociate

Degree

WithBachelorDegree

Fall 2000 College Freshmen

100%

71%28%

• 28,53228,532 Arkansas high school graduates

• How many high school graduates in

Dallas/Fort Worth MSA?

• All of Texas

• US

• China

40,906

240,485240,485

3,152,0003,152,000

9,500,0009,500,000

Competing Globally

Catching Up• What can be done? What is possible?

What are the issues?

• What is the solution?

• Will Arkansas seek to participate in the modern-global-technological society in a capacity other than being a provider of low-skilled cheap labor?

Arkansas College-Going Rate

59.4%

63.9%

62.0%

59.3%

60.9%60.8%

55%

60%

65%

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06Source: Arkansas Higher Education Information System

Arkansas_cnty.shp12 - 2526 - 4950 - 74

Reading Remediation Rates by CountyFall 2007

% Needing Remediation

First-time entering (full- and part-time) students seeking an associate or baccalaureate degree.


English Remediation Rates by CountyFall 2007





Math Remediation Rates by CountyFall 2007




Unduplicated Remediation Rates by CountyFall 2007


All Remedial

English Math Reading

% % % %ASUJ 1,733 46.68% 28.16% 38.72% 25.45%ATU 1,543 42.90% 25.92% 34.28% 22.29%HSU 803 38.11% 23.66% 30.76% 20.67%SAUM 537 55.87% 40.97% 42.27% 37.43%UAF 2899 10.93% 3.69% 7.07% 3.73%UAFS 1,138 44.02% 18.63% 38.05% 15.82%UALR 862 54.99% 33.76% 43.16% 31.55%UAM 533 64.73% 46.53% 56.10% 43.15%UAPB 819 91.70% 75.46% 84.86% 73.63%UCA 1,793 29.89% 4.13% 28.00% 6.97%

Total Four-Year 12,660 39.50% 22.50% 33.02% 21.09%

Unduplicated Number of Fall First-Time Freshmen Assigned to Remediation for 2007-2008

InstitutionFirst-Time Freshmen

All Remedial

English Math Reading

% % % %ANC 298 84.90% 55.03% 81.54% 52.35%ASUB 775 62.97% 38.32% 56.52% 31.10%ASUMH 175 64.57% 34.86% 51.43% 26.29%ASUN 153 79.74% 58.17% 71.90% 45.10%BRTC 319 72.41% 52.98% 52.66% 42.95%CCCUA 152 82.24% 60.53% 76.97% 54.61%EACC 256 84.38% 60.94% 70.31% 58.59%MSCC 280 80.00% 60.36% 70.36% 54.29%NAC 322 63.98% 42.55% 43.48% 34.16%NPCC 304 83.88% 49.01% 80.26% 38.16%NWACC 1,116 72.58% 38.35% 59.59% 30.82%OTC 131 75.57% 38.93% 70.99% 28.24%OZC 228 69.30% 47.81% 46.49% 34.21%PCCUA 75 86.67% 66.67% 72.00% 64.00%PTC 1,034 87.72% 54.26% 84.24% 53.58%RMCC 111 72.07% 40.54% 52.25% 33.33%SACC 137 87.59% 64.23% 78.83% 62.04%SAUT 160 85.00% 58.75% 74.38% 57.50%SEAC 166 86.75% 65.06% 79.52% 44.58%UACCB 216 77.78% 50.46% 70.83% 41.67%UACCH 195 79.49% 42.05% 65.13% 43.59%UACCM 453 73.95% 45.92% 65.78% 40.40%Total Two-Year 7,056 76.67% 48.41% 66.77% 42.05%

Unduplicated Number of Fall First-Time Freshmen Assigned to Remediation for 2007-2008

InstitutionFirst-Time Freshmen

Cost of Remediation

$53,800,000Equivalent to the combined budget of seven of Arkansas’s community colleges.

Certificates and Degrees Awarded by Level2006-07

Post-FP Certificate, 1571%

First-Professional, 5032%

Post-Bacc Certificate , 960%

Master's, 2,71812%

Specialist, 480%

Doctoral, 2151%

Bachelor's , 9,18839%

Adv Certificate, 20%

Associates , 5,53423%

Certificate, 5,12422%

Certificate Associates Adv Certificate Bachelor's Post-Bacc Certificate Master's Specialist Doctoral First-Professional Post-FP Certificate

Unrestricted Educational & General Budget Sources of Revenue

58.0% 54.3% 53.6% 51.7% 50.3% 50.9%

35.2% 38.3% 39.7% 41.0% 42.0% 41.5%

0.9% 1.3% 1.5% 1.3% 0.9% 1.1%6.5%6.8%6.0%5.2%6.1%5.8%

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

FY 2002 FY 2003 FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2007

State Appropriation Tuition & Fees Local Appropriation Other

During the 1980’s what percent of college and university budgets consisted of State Funds? 69 to 70%

64%1992?

2001? 60%


58.0% 54.3% 53.6% 51.7% 50.3% 50.9%

35.2% 38.3% 39.7% 41.0% 42.0% 41.5%

0.9% 1.3% 1.5% 1.3% 0.9% 1.1%6.5%6.8%6.0%5.2%6.1%5.8%

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

FY 2002 FY 2003 FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2007



58.0% 54.3% 53.6% 51.7% 50.3% 50.9%

35.2% 38.3% 39.7% 41.0% 42.0% 41.5%

0.9% 1.3% 1.5% 1.3% 0.9% 1.1%6.5%6.8%6.0%5.2%6.1%5.8%

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

FY 2002 FY 2003 FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2007


Academic Challenge/Governor's Scholarship, State Need-Based Aid, Institutional Scholarships, Student Loans

(in $millions)

13.924.97 24.83

2.9 3.44

34.77

66.2185.85

141.59

215.42

330.92

395.73

$0

$50

$100

$150

$200

$250

$300

$350

$400

$450

'98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07

Academic Challenge/Governor's Scholarship State Need-Based Aid

Institutional Scholarships Student Loans

State Per Capita Personal Income v. Share of AdultPopulation with Bachelor's Degree or Higher (2005)

$16,000

$18,000

$20,000

$22,000

$24,000

$26,000

$28,000

$30,000

$32,000

$34,000

$36,000

$38,000

15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Percentage of Adult Population with a Bachelor's Degree or Higher

Per

Cap

ita

Inco

me

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 2005

DC

TX

NM

FL

NDNC

AL

IN

LA

MIWI

SD

WY

TN

NV

AR

IAOH

ID

SC

OK

KY

MS

WV

MO

MEAZ

VA

NJ

PA

MD

MT

CT

MA

CO

NE

AK

GA

HI

KS

OR

DE

IL

RI MN

WA

UT

VT

NHNY

CA

OK00OK05

OK

No state with a low proportion of

Bachelor’s degrees has a high per capita

income.

No state with a high proportion of

Bachelor’s degrees has a low per capita

income.

From 2000 to 2004, Oklahoma increased in the number of bachelor’s degrees for Oklahomans age 25 and older from 20.2 to 22.2 and from 46th to 42nd in the state rankings.

Higher Education Initiatives• Increasing Awareness, Access & Opportunity –

• Improving the Educational Experience –

• Addressing Economic Development –

• Incentivizing Institutional performance –

Academic Challenge, Workforce Improvement Grant, Governor’s Scholars, Concurrent Enrollment, EPSCOR, EPAS, Smart Core, ACHIEVE/NGA Honors State, Career Pathways, YOU Program

ACTS, program alignment, SURF, Washington Center Internship

Workforce Cabinet, Teacher shortages, 2-year College Economic Initiatives

???

GEAR-UP, EPAS, ACE, Student Portal, EPSCOR outreach, Concurrent Enrollment, Cooperative Alliances, OHLAP & Academic Scholars

OKLAHOMA ARKANSAS

Retention strategies, program alignment, Programs of Excellence

Oklahoma Research Initiative, EPSCOR, Internships, workforce alliances (Nursing & Allied Health, Tinker, etc.)

Rewarding institutions for degree production and on-time graduation, as well as for achieving intermediate benchmarks.

Brain GainPerformance Funding

Beginning with FY02:

These measures emphasize degree production, retention rates, and graduation rates.

Degrees Conferred . . . . . 25%

Retention Rates. . . . . . . . 30%

Graduation Rates. . . . . . . 25%

2 Institutional-Specific . . 10% each

8,354

6,5226,766 7,479

8,002 8,155

15,257

12,47612,783

13,148 13,767

14,631

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06

Oklahoma Degrees ConferredBachelor’s

Associate

22%

28%

Associate and Bachelor's Degrees Conferred

19,021 19,021 19,021 19,021 19,021 19,021

590 590 590 590 590

1,103 1,103 1,103 1,103

1,163 1,163 1,163

1,031 1,031

781

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

22,000

24,000

26,000

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-2006

Base Added 2001-02 Added 2002-03 Added 2003-04 Added 2004-05

Enrollment during this same time period only increased 10%.

Since 2000-01, a total of 4,668 additional degrees (+24.5%) have been

awarded across the State System.

OKLAHOMA

Associate and Bachelor's Degrees Conferred

11,810 11,810 11,810 11,810 11,810 11,810

1,066 1,066 1,066 1,066 1,066

401 401 401 401

537 537 537

380 380

528

10,000

11,000

12,000

13,000

14,000

15,000

2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

Base Added 2002-03 Added 2003-04 Added 2004-05 Added 2005-06

Enrollment during this same time period increased 21%.

Since 2001-02, a total of 2,912 additional degrees (+24.7%) have been

awarded across the State System.

ARKANSAS

Workforce Development

• $4.5 million to increase academic programs at institutions offering nursing and allied health care programs.

• This will produce an additional 300 registered nurses, 130 allied health professionals and 15 additional masters level nursing faculty members annually.

• Based upon geography and industry shortages.

Workforce and Economic Development

Registered Nursing Pipeline (Only Public Colleges and Universities)

35

92

444

579

648

1027

2375

44

175

287

321

326

494

731

0 1000 2000 3000

Grads who got a job OUTSIDE Oklahoma

Grads who planned to continue their education

Grads who got a job in Oklahoma

Grads who got a job within 6 month

Passed licensure

Admitted applicants

Qualified Applicants

Grads who got a job OUTSIDE Oklahoma

Grads who planned to continue their education

Grads who got a job in Oklahoma

Passed licensure

Grads who got a job within 6 month

Admitted applicants

Qualified Applicants

Ass

oci

ate

Bac

cala

ure

ate

(2004 Data)

Only 68% of BSN qualified applicants are admitted into programs

Only 43% of qualified ADN applicants are admitted into programs

A Plan

“Speed to Market and Close to Customer”

Ed Barlow, Futurist

1. Implement a series of initiatives that expedite the number of degrees produced and the speed at which degrees are produced.

2. Enhance the production of degrees in high –demand programs that are needed for the modern Arkansas economy.

3. Incentivize students to complete a degree and to work in Arkansas.

“Speed to Market and Close to Customer”

1. A continuation of the current need-based funding formula with slight equity modifications

2. A separate performance funding formula coordinated by ADHE Emphasis on increasing the # of associate and bachelor degrees as fast as possible.

3. State-wide annual enrollment management workshop

4. Continue improving the college matriculation process: remediation, course articulation, advising

5. Expand concurrent enrollment

10M a

60K a

The Plan: “Speed to Market and Close to Customer”

1. Implement a series of initiatives that expedite the number of degrees produced and the speed at which degrees are produced.

1. Offer Competitive grants to address geographic workforce shortages. for program expansions -probably healthcare in first cycle –awards will be added to the institution’s base if degree targets are met within prescribed time period.

2. Establish closer ties with Business and Industry for the purposes of becoming more responsive.

3. Offer Competitive grants for the purpose of identifying academic/ technical programs as “Centers of Excellence.” Selected programs would illustrate quality, attract and graduate a large number of students. Awards will be added to the institution’s base if degree targets are met

5.0M y1 a

7.5M y2 a

1.5M a


2. Enhance the production of degrees in high –demand programs that are needed for the modern Arkansas economy.

1. Degree completion initiatives

2. Adult financial aid or tax credits (?)

3. Streamline state financial aid programs including the reduction of loan repayment programs.

4. Add state funds for work-study programs

5. Transfer scholarships

6. Expand internship/work opportunities

7. Training institutions on how to best package financial aid for maximum impact.

500K a

10M a


3. Incentivize students to complete a degree program and to work in Arkansas.

$ 29,560,000 a

Will it work?

Fall Enrollments at AR Public Institutions

Total Two-Year

37,58238,177

38,883

41,036

39,262

41,27542,130

43,217 43,218

45,052

35,000

37,000

39,000

41,000

43,000

45,000

47,000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Total Two-Year

Fall Enrollments at AR Public Institutions

Total Four-Year

60,161 60,812 61,324 62,704

69,58271,824 73,009

74,788 75,506 76,131

40,000

45,000

50,000

55,000

60,000

65,000

70,000

75,000

80,000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Total Four-Year

36.6%

22.1%

-6.6%

68.1%

-10.0%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

Geo

rgia

K

entu

cky

Ari

zon

a T

exas

M

inn

eso

ta

Nev

ada

Ark

ansa

s N

ort

h C

aro

lina

Idah

o

Okl

aho

ma

Mar

ylan

d

Mis

sou

ri

New

Jer

sey

Wes

t V

irg

inia

F

lori

da

Ind

ian

a W

yom

ing

M

issi

ssip

pi

Co

lora

do

V

irg

inia

U

tah

O

reg

on

M

ich

igan

Io

wa

Un

ited

Sta

tes

New

Mex

ico

M

on

tan

a W

isco

nsi

n

Mas

sach

use

tts

Cal

ifo

rnia

W

ash

ing

ton

S

ou

th C

aro

lina

Ten

nes

see

Mai

ne

Pen

nsy

lvan

ia

Ala

bam

a C

on

nec

ticu

t O

hio

N

ebra

ska

So

uth

Dak

ota

V

erm

on

t D

C

Kan

sas

Del

awar

e Ill

ino

is

New

Ala

ska

New

Yo

rk

Haw

aii

Lo

uis

ian

a N

ort

h D

ako

ta

Rh

od

e Is

lan

d

Growth in Associate Degrees Awarded by Public Institutions by State from 1999-2000 to 2004-2005

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), "Completions" survey.

Arkansas ranks 7th in the growth of associate degrees since 1999-2000

18.9%

35.6%

15.0%

-20.6%

-30.0%

-20.0%

-10.0%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

Uta

h

Nev

ada

Min

nes

ota

G

eorg

ia

Flo

rid

a C

alif

orn

ia

Mai

ne

Ore

go

n

Mar

ylan

d

Pen

nsy

lvan

ia

Ark

ansa

s T

exas

In

dia

na

Okl

aho

ma

New

Jer

sey

Co

lora

do

A

rizo

na

So

uth

Car

olin

a K

ansa

s U

nit

ed S

tate

sO

hio

Id

aho

N

ort

h C

aro

lina

Wis

con

sin

W

ash

ing

ton

C

on

nec

ticu

t K

entu

cky

Mic

hig

an

Ten

nes

see

Mis

sou

ri

New

Yo

rk

Vir

gin

ia

Iow

a W

est

Vir

gin

ia

Mas

sach

use

tts

No

rth

Dak

ota

N

ew M

exic

o

Del

awar

e M

issi

ssip

pi

Rh

od

e Is

lan

d

Haw

aii

Lo

uis

ian

a A

lask

a Ill

ino

is

New

Ham

psh

ire

Mo

nta

na

Neb

rask

a V

erm

on

t A

lab

ama

Wyo

min

g

So

uth

Dak

ota

D

C

Growth in Bachelor’s Degrees Awarded by Public Institutions by State from 1999-2000 to 2004-2005

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), "Completions" survey.

Arkansas ranks 11th in the growth of bachelor’s degrees since 1999-2000

• Close to customer and speed to market

16.3% - 23.3%

23.6% - 29.7%

30.5% - 37.4%

State Population Age 25 Years and Older with Bachelor’s Degree or Higher, 2004

civic involvementcivic involvementvolunteer activity by

education levels

Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2003). Volunteering in the United States, 2003. USDL03-888. U.S. Department of Labor.

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

Less Than High School

Diploma

High School Diploma

Some College

B.A. or Higher

9.9%(48 hours)

21.7%(48 hours)

34.1%(52 hours)

45.6% (60 hours)

Per

cent

age

Vol

unte

erin

g

blood donation by education level, 1994:

Source: DBD Worldwide. (2000). DBD Lifestyle Survey. Chicago. Available at www.bowlingalone.com.

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%


Diploma

High School Diploma

Some College

B.A. or Higher

6%

11%

13%

17%

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Do

na

ting

Blo

od

percentage who donate regularly

civic involvementcivic involvement

http://www.bowlingalone.com/

participation assistance programs

Source: Postsecondary Education Opportunity, May 28, 1997, pg 47.


Diploma

High School Diploma

Some College& Bachelor’s

Degree or More

24.3%

10.2%

4.6%

Ever Participated in Assistance Programs

education level

governmentgovernment

governmentgovernmentincarceration rates by incarceration rates by

education levelseducation levels

2.5%

2.0%

1.5%

1.0%

0.5%

0.0%


Diploma

High School Diploma

Some CollegeB.A. or Higher

1.9%

1.2%

0.3%0.1%

Per

cent

age

Inca

rcer

ated

Source: Harlow, C.W. (2003). Education and Correctional Populations. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Department of Justice. NCJ195670.

economicPercent Below Poverty

Threshold, 2004

economicPercent Below Poverty

Threshold, 2004

Census Bureau

40%

30%

10%

0%


Diploma

High School Diploma

Some College

B.A. or Higher

32%

15%

10%

4%

Per

cent

age

Hom

e O

wne

rshi

p

20%

economiceconomicunemployment rates and unemployment rates and

education level, 2004education level, 2004

Source: Employment Policy Institute

10

8

6

4

2

0


Diploma

High School Diploma

Some CollegeB.A. or Higher

9.7%

7.5%

5.1%4.6%

Quality of LifeQuality of LifeHome Ownership

Census Bureau, American Housing Survey for the United States:2005

80%

70%

60%

50%


Diploma

High School Diploma Some College

B.A. or Higher

58%

69%66%

75%

Per

cent

age

Hom

e O

wne

rshi

p

Seatbelt Use while intoxicated, 1990

Source: American Journal of Public Health

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%


Diploma

High School Diploma

Some College

B.A. or Higher

39%41%

52%

66%

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Do

na

ting

Blo

od

percentage who use seatbelt

SafetySafety

15%20%

31%

78%

economiceconomic

Average family income by educational

attainment, 2003

Source: Postsecondary Education Opportunity, 2005

25

175

50

100

75

125

150

0LT-9 9-12 HSG Some ProfMA PhDBAAA

Inco

me

($00

0)

College

3,798,9405,254,193Professional degree

2,527,3243,982,577Doctorate

1,507,8232,963,076Master's degree

$1,111,921$2,567,174Bachelor's degree

346,1201,801,373Associate degree

270,5691,725,822Some college, no degree

01,455,253High school graduate

-304,5551,150,698High school dropout

-$478,903$976,350Less than 9th grade

DifferenceCompared to

High School Graduate

EstimatedLifetimeEarnings

Education Level

Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, 2005

The Impact of Education on Individuals:Lifetime Earnings

economiceconomic

Nearly all economic growth and prosperity for individuals, families, cities, states, and the country is now driven by college educated workers.

Those individuals, families, cities, states and –increasingly—countries with the most education are prospering, while those with the least higher education are experiencing relative and often absolute economic decline.

--Postsecondary Education OPPORTUNITY, June 2005.

Time and Place

Jim [email protected]

501-371-2030

Documents

Jim Purcell The Future of Arkansas Higher Education