Chinese Grammar Made EasyA PRACTICAL AND EFFECTIVE GUIDE FOR
TEACHERS
Jianhua Bai
xt71' i51ifif1; ,~,;.ft~ 150 11'J
Chinese Grammar Made Easy A Practical and Effective Guide for
Teachers
){t71' ~51-ffl--ffl- 1; ,*,.ft~ 150 111j
Jianhua Bai Kenyon College
Chinese School, Middlebury College
Copyright © 2009 by Yale University.
All rights reserved.
This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including
illustrations, in any form
(beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S.
Copyright Law and
except by reviewers for the public press), without written
permission from the publishers.
Publisher: Mary Jane Peluso
Project Editor: Timothy Shea
Production Editor: Ann-Marie Imbomoni
Production Controller: Karen Stickler
ISBN: 978-0-300-12279-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007942529
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British
Library.
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and
durability of the
Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the
Council on Library
Resources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents ~~AJJ!J. IX
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IX
F,*#,i~
fR**
Acknowledgements
With the publication of this book my co-authors and I want to thank
many people who
have supported and encouraged us during the past few years when we
worked on the
project. We would like to thank the following colleagues for
reading the manuscript and
offering their valuable comments and suggestions: Juyu Sung and her
students of Chung
Yuan Christian University, Jian Guan ofNan Kai University, Ling
Ding, Xue Li, and Li
Xu of Beijing Normal University, and Amy Shen of the Chinese School
of Middlebury
College. Our thanks also go to Kun Feng, Fang Liu, Mengfei Qi, and
Pengyu Zhao for
their typing, formatting, and other editorial assistance. We would
also like to thank
Xiaoxia Hu, Jing Wang, Wu Lan, and many other teachers of the
Chinese School of
Middlebury College for their contribution at the early stage of
this project. Our special
thanks go to the reviewers of our book: Comelius Kubler of Williams
College, Carolyn
Lee of Duke University, Shou-Hsin Teng of National Taiwan Normal
University and
Scott McGinnis of the Defense Language Institute for their
encouragement and insightful
comments. Last, but not least, we express our sincere gratitude to
Mary Jane Peluso, Brie
Kluytenaar, Elise Panza and Ann-Marie Imbomoni ofYale University
Press for their
valuable comments, strong support, and constant encouragement and
professional
guidance.
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XIII
Introduction
Recent developments in the pedagogical grammar of Chinese as a
foreign language (CFL)
have played an important role in facilitating the teaching and
learning of CFL grammar.
Pedagogical grammar is based on the findings of theoretical
grammar. It not only deals
with the formal analysis of the structural properties but also
describes the functional and
pragmatic aspects of language use. Furthermore, it considers
leamer-related factors. Yet,
in order to provide the optimal learning conditions for students to
develop grammatical
awareness, teachers of Chinese must move their research agenda
forward from
pedagogical grammar to grammar pedagogy, that is, consider the
pedagogical issues
more systematically. This book addresses the following curricular
and pedagogical
questions: what are the best techniques to present grammar patterns
clearly and
effectively to learners at different stages of their learning
process? What techniques
should be employed to help learners practice grammar and word usage
so that they can be
effectively learned? How can teachers scaffold to engage learners
to apply grammar rules
meaningfully in communicative contexts? When and where should these
grammar items
be introduced and spiraled in a course of study? In the past four
years we have led a team
of teacher-researchers at the Chinese School of Middlebury College
working on the
above issues in a process-oriented action-research project, a
systematic process of inquiry
that helps CFL teachers understand more about the teaching and
learning of Chinese
grammar in a communicative context. This book came out of the
three-year research
project. According to the feedback that we have received, we are
confident that this book
is very useful for teachers of Chinese as a foreign language. It is
a research-based and
user-friendly reference book. It also helps teachers reflect on the
effectiveness of their
XIV
teaching of grammar and make informed instructional decisions
guided by sound
pedagogical principles.
There are a number of exceptional characteristics of this book. For
instance, the grammar
items (i.:g.-EL~) in this book were selected carefully. We use the
term "grammar item"
loosely to refer to a grammatical pattern or a word usage. We
identified 150 items from 1)
our many years ofCFL teaching experience, 2) an analysis of the
most commonly used
CFL textbooks, and 3) recent studies on pedagogical grammar and
curricular design such
as the «X1jr~J.i.:g.q&~fJJ&;!Uf)-~i.:g.~zt*:~IXJ)) . The
items we identified are the most
fundamental and most frequently used grammar items that students
need to learn in order
to communicate successfully and effectively.
Another unique characteristic of the book is its principle of
'ffiiJt~f-*. Instead of
explaining the many meanings of a particular grammar item, we focus
on one or two of
the most important meanings of an item (~*5<.Jm) and give
various learning activities
for the students to practice it in a number of ways and learn it
effectively. We believe that
effective instruction should involve a lot of practice of the
language: we learn a foreign
language by doing it! Research has shown that repeated practice not
only leads to
quantitative change but also results in qualitative change, that
is, students develop both
fluency and mastery of language rules.
Another guiding principle of this book is that, instead of focusing
too much on the formal
aspects of grammar, we scaffold for students to learn the semantic,
functional, and
xv
pragmatic aspects of the grammar items. At every stage of
instruction, from input
enhancement to output practice, we make sure that our students
learn the grammar in
meaningful and communicative contexts. Recent research has shown
that effective
processing instruction during the initial stage of instruction
helps not only understanding
of the grammar but also long-term memory of the grammar patterns.
Instead of the
conventional way of introducing grammar points through bilingual
explanation, we have
followed the principle of professing instruction, that is, we help
students understand the
items by engaging them in interactive and meaningful dialogues. We
have designed our
instruction in such a way that the learners' primary attention is
on communication while
they practice using the new i.g."§-lJ. We strongly believe that we
need to help our students
develop their grammatical awareness by engaging them in interactive
and communicative
tasks.
The attention paid to instructional sequencing is another
distinguishing feature of this
book. Research findings from cognitive psychology have informed us
that learners go
from controlled to automatic processing. Learners' processing
capacity at the initial stage
of acquiring any new grammatical pattern or word usage is limited.
Through practice,
students' sub-skills of the language become automatic and their
teachers can engage them
in more holistic tasks that lead to higher level oflanguage
proficiency. Our grammar
pedagogy is based on our belief that learning should be EE
;I~A:i'*, from more controlled,
contextualized rapid-fire practice to more open-ended task-based
communicative learning
activities.
XVI
For each grammatical item (i.g.~-A), we have designed effective
instructional techniques
that teachers can use to facilitate the students' understanding of
the item and to help
students develop the ability to use the grammar item correctly and
appropriately. We
divide each item into two main sections. The first section
(~yfjl~g[9;n) explains the
grammar item and the second section (i*~~11:) describes the
instructional procedures
for teaching and learning.
In the first section we present the explanation of the i.g. R,8 in
clear, concise, and user
friendly terms. We consider not only the structural properties of
the grammar point but
also its semantic, functional, and pragmatic properties. The
explanation is based both on
prior research findings of pedagogical grammar and on our own
recent analysis of the
items as well. The information presented in this section is for
teachers' reference, to help
them achieve a better understanding of the item in question.
Teachers should not simply
present the explanation to the students word by word. Instead the
teacher should follow
the procedures of the i*~md1::f£ff section.
The i*~md1:Ulff section provides step-by-step instructions to help
teachers help
students learn to use the grammar item meaningfully and
communicatively. The
introduction of the grammar item is always done meaningfully and
interactively. The
purpose of the introduction ( .£ifA.) phase is to help students
understand the structural as
well as the semantic and pragmatic meanings in a holistic
communicative context. For
each item we give an example to illustrate how the introduction and
explanation of the
item can be done meaningfully and interactively (~U*1iHjt,
JilfrlJJ.1I¥J't.~wl±l/pJID.).
XVll
Teachers should feel free to use the illustrative example to create
their own instructional
tasks and learning activities that best fit their own students.
When we developed the ~A
procedures, the students in our mind were mostly the undergraduate
and graduate
students in the Middlebury Chinese School total immersion context.
Users of this book
should make necessary adjustments in accordance with their own
context. For instance, if
your students are younger or in a different learning context, you
may need to adjust the
procedure and the content of the questions to fit your own
students' learning styles and
characteristics.
We strongly believe that it takes repeated and effective practice
for our students to learn
grammar well. In order to reinforce the students' understanding and
control of a grammar
item, we have designed subsequent learning activities, ranging from
controlled fast-paced
practice to more open-ended task-based and communicative learning
activities. Learners'
needs and interests were considered carefully when we designed the
content, the teaching
techniques, and the learning activities. For each i.g B,~ we
developed practice activities
for students of different proficiency levels, ranging from
first-year to third- or fourth-year
Chinese in a university program. Teachers need to decide which
partes) of the practice
activities are most appropriate for their own students. For
instance, if the students are at
the intermediate level, questions regarding daily routine or
current events may be
appropriate, but advanced questions that deal with abstract
thinking or specialized topics,
such as a discussion about economic issues and their impact on
environmental protection,
may be too difficult for the students at this proficiency
level.
XVlll
This book contains proven teaching techniques that we have found
useful and effective
for the teaching and learning of grammar in a meaningful and
communicative context.
We hope it will be a useful resource for other teachers and lead to
further exploration of
innovative and effective methods of grammar pedagogy, an important
task in teaching
Chinese as a foreign language.
XIX
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