‘JEWS AND CHRISTIANS –FACTS’ Vasile Mesaros Anghel / 2010 (PPT)

8/9/2019 JEWS AND CHRISTIANS FACTS Vasile Mesaros Anghel / 2010 (PPT)

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EI\FZI\B ;

QIANKM MKZQ IE CIQFQ PNU#PNNN LAF 1

@F\CFQ R\NQCFJNQRV P LAF 6KGANFGR FJ^TR 1;64 LAF14 LAF 5

QIANKM MKZQ IE CIQFQ :

@FL\FZ A@\NQRNKGQ ENJ@R LFJNGNGJQ EI\ R@F JIQTFM IE OFQVQ ;>

NGR\IBVARNIG # @NQRI\^ KGB MFJFGB

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A'NU';' \IKB RI OF\VQKMFC 50

A'NU':

A'U'1' ^FK\Q NG K\KL AKMNT@KRF IAAVTKRNIG >>

A'U'2' ^FK\Q NG A\VQKBF\Q IAAVTKRNIG ;4;

A'U'6' ^FK\Q IE CKCFMVHF IAAVTKRNIG ;4


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6' TITF OI@G PPNNN, TKTK LVIGI zkq biavcfgrfb ng


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QIANKM MKZQ IE CIQFQ

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Kganfgr Fj~tr# 1;64 vgrnm # 14 LAF

R`flf

AnunmnkrnigEivgbfb ng

Gi|r` Ke|nakl~ oingngj r`fVttf| Fj~tr

kgbMizf| Fj~tr

(#1;64.

Ckngrkngngj ei| 1444 ~fk|q ie anunmnkrnig ie Fj~tr nq fptmkngfb l~ r`f r`|ff ufari|q ie karnig? Rfa`gimijnakm klnmnr~ # Fj~trnkg anunmnkrnig nctmfcfgrfb ng rncf- rfa`gimij~ kgb

`~b|irfa`gna aigqr|varnigq (n||njkrnig.- z`na` k|f aigr|immfb kgb vqfb r`f tf|nibna emiibngj ie r`f

Gnmf \nuf|- t|iunbngj k tf|ckgfgr qv|tmvq ie eiib' R`nq `kq mfb bfufmitcfgr ie r`f cngngj

ngbvqr|~- aigqr|varnig- cnmnrk|~ f{vntcfgr' Bnqr|nlvrnig miqq- ai||vtrnig ng r`f Fj~trnkg qrkrf

kbcngnqr|krnig iuf| r`f tkqr r`|ff `vgb|fb ~fk|q L'A'F- zfkhfgfb r`f faigicna tizf| kgb

cnmnrk|~ engkmm~ aimmktqf # r`f iaavtkrnig ie Fj~tr l~ r`f \ickgq kgb bfamngf ri fprngarnig ie r`femiv|nq`ngj anunmnkrnigq ie Fj~tr'

Fj~trnkg qrkrf zkq k r`fia|ka~? T`k|ki` qìvmb lf aigen|cfb l~ r`f `nj` t|nfqrq ie R`flfq'

R`f~ zf|f klmf ri a`kgjf r`f qf{vfgaf ne r`f bfqnjgkrfb kaai|bngj T`k|ki` zkq gir r`f lfqr

qimvrnig- znr` ir`f| qv|unui|q ie T`k|ki`*q ekcnm~' Nr nq kmqi k akvqf ei| z`na` Ciqfq- ngnrnkrfb ng

R`flfq- zkq gkcfb *J|kgb Qa|nlf* # ngqtfari| rf||nri|~ l~ \kcqfq NN # r`f aìnaf gir ri fgbkgjf|

`nq qig Cf|gftrk`- kq mfqq t|ftk|fb r`kg Ciqfq ( @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq enj`r Lfjngngjq ei| r`fJiqtfm ie Ofqvq # Ofìqvk`.'

5


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*EI\JNUFGFQQ* NG R@F QFUFGR@ ^FK\' *(;.

A`ktrf| ;6 Tk|kj|kt` 5 (Akt';6 ) 5.,Ei| r`f Mi|b ~iv| Jib znmm lmfqq ~iv kq ~iv jnuf a|fbnr `kq qtihfg kgb ir`f| tfitmfq- kgb ~iv znmm

gir jfr a|fbnr- kgb rìv q`kmr |fnjg iuf| ckg~ gkrnigq- kgb rìqf znmm |fnjg iuf| ~iv' ,

A`ktrf| ;6 Tk|kj|kt` : (Akt';6 ) :.,Kgb ~iv znmm lf tii| kg~ ie ~iv| l|ir`f|q ng kg~ ie ~iv| anrnfq ng ~iv| mkgb z`na` r`f Mi|b ~iv| Jib

jnufq ~iv- bi gir `k|bfg ~iv| `fk|r gi| amiqf ~iv| `kgb lfei|f ~iv| l|ir`f| r`kr ~iv tii|' ,

A`ktrf| ;6 Tk|kj|kt` 0 (Akt';6 ) 0.,Lvr ri itfg ~iv| `kgb kgb jnuf `nc mikgq qvnrfb ri ~iv| gffbq kgb mkah ie qveef|ngj' ,

A`ktrf| ;6 Tk|kj|kt` > (Akt';6 ) >.,Zkra` ivr bi gir aicf ngri ~iv| `fk|r kgb cngb znahfb qk~ ktt|ika`ngj r`f qfufgr` ~fk|- r`f ~fk| ie

ei|jnufgfqq- kgb gir ckhf nr lfakvqf ~iv| f~f ri ~iv| l|ir`f| gfcnmiqrnu r`f tii| kgb njgi|f nr- r`kr `f

q`kmm a|~ vgri r`f Mi|b kjkngqr ~iv kgb znmm lf ig ~iv| j|fkr qng' ,A`ktrf| ;6 Tk|kj|kt` ;4 (Akt';6);4.,Jnuf `nc- jnuf `nc kgb ìz ckg~ mikgq ~iv znmm |f{vn|f kgb ìz nr znmm lf- kgb z`fg ~iv jnuf r`fc-

gir ri j|nfuf ~iv| `fk|r- lfakvqf ei| r`f Mi|b ~iv| Jib znmm lmfqq ~iv ng kmm ~iv| qrvee kgb kmm igf znmm

zi|h ei| ~iv| `kgbq' ,

A`ktrf| ;6 Tk|kj|kt` ;; (Akt';6);;.,Ei| gir bft|nuf tii| ie ~iv| mkgb- kgb r`f|fei|f N aicckgb ~iv? Itfg ~iv| `kgb ri ~iv| l|ir`f|-

~iv| tii| kgb r`f bft|nufb ie ~iv| mkgb'

Aiccfgr? *EI\JNUFGFQQ* NG R@F QFUFGR@ ^FK\' *(;. jiuf|gngj r`f @fl|fz mikg kgb ir`f|

tfitmf # ìz- kerf| qfufg ~fk|q- bnfq BFLR'

Aicckgb z`na` |f{vn|f @fl|fz ri li||iz ir`f| gkrnigq lvr zivmb gir |f{vn|f r`f mikg e|ic ir`f|gkrnigq # kq k aigbnrnig ie *r`f |vmf iuf| ir`f| tfitmfq* # gir kq k riim ri BICNGKRF kgb QVLOVJKRF

r`fc' Ri *|fnjg* ng r`f Lnlmnakm qfgqf cfkgq ri b|nuf # JIIB CKGKJFCFGR'

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*EI\JNUFGFQQ* NG R@F QFUFGR@ ^FK\ (


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EI\JNUFGFQQ NG R@F QFUFGR@ ^FK\' (


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Aiccfgr? R`f|f k|f qi amfk|m~ fptiqfb r`kr N bi gir r`ngh N `kuf kg~r`ngj ri kbb'

Girf ri Akt'


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QMKUFQ

A`ktrf|


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J\FFB

A`ktrf| ;: Tk|kj|kt` ;: (Akt'


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Fqqfgrnkmm~ N r`ngh r`f t|ilmfc k|f gir ig *ìz zf aimmfar* lvr ig *ìz |fbnqr|nlvrf*'

Rìqf zì fgu~ Ofzq ng gffb- zì |fafnuf |fjvmk| eiib knb- amir`ngj kgb eiirzfk| kgbri `kuf k |iie iuf| r`fn| `fkbq kgb k bfafgr mnef zivmb gffb ri *ait~* cibfm Ofznq`

cnmmfggnkm r|kbnrnig ng r`fn| izg aiccvgnrnfq kgb ng r`fn| izg aivgr|nfq ' Ne gir- ri rv|g ri

@fl|fz # gir ri r`f ieenankmq r`kr fuf|~ rncf r`f~ *b|kz lfgfenrq* ie kg~ aimmkli|krnig- lvr

r`f ngrf| `vckg |fmkrnigq`nt' Kr r`f av||fgr mfufm ie aiccvgnakrnig ie ribk~- k `vckg

aiccvgnr~ ie Qf|lnkg ìvqfìmbq- ei| fpkctmf- aivmb aiccvgnakrf znr` ieenankmq ie k

Hnllvr i| Ciq`ku ng Nq|kfm- ovqr kq kg fpkctmf- ng r`f fptf|nfgafiebnqr|nlvrnig ie

*rnr`ngj*'

;0


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Kvrì| Girfq?R`fqf r|kbnrnigq zf|f ng t|karnaf ng Ciqkna Fqqfgnkgq Aiccvgnrnfq'

\klln Oigkr`kg Qkahq (A`nfe \klln ie r`f L|nrnq` Aicfgzfkmr. ilqf|ufb? ,Ng rncf r`f t|ni|nr~ zkqmnef aiccvgnr~- r`f gkrnig- r`f Fctn|f- Ofzq zf|f tvr ri r`f ei|f bnjgnr~, '''

\fjk|bngj Fr`naq- ciqknqc zkq r`f en|qr |fmnjnig r`kr qr|fqqfq r`f bnjgnr~ kgb qkgarnr~ ie `vckg mnef'Ei| r`f en|qr rncf- r`f ngbnunbvkm akg gir lf qka|nenafb ei| qv|unukm ie k aiccvgnr~ znrìvr nruimvgrk|nm~ kqqvcf r`nq ciuf' Ri hnmm k tf|qig

nq gir igm~ k a|ncf kjkngqr k ckg- lvr k qng kjkngqr Jib'

*Ri|k`* |fef|q ri r`f a|fkrnig ie ckg l~ qk~ngj ,Jib a|fkrfb ckg kq @nq izg nckjf- ri fct`kqnfr`kr fuf|~ `vckg nq bnungf jf|c' Ne fka` tf|qig `kq r`f qtk|h ie Jib ng `nc- kg~igf qìvmb lf r|fkrfb

znr` |fqtfar kgb bnjgnr~'

*Rkmcvb* rfmmq vq r`kr Jib a|fkrfb r`f en|qr ckg ri rfka` vq r`kr? zì qkufq k ckg qkuf k zi|mb- zìbfqr|i~q k mnef bfqr|i~ k zi|mb+ Kaai|bngj ri r`f Rkmcvb aigaftrq ng @fl|fz- r`f ngbnunbvkm nq k

cna|iaiqc ie r`f zi|mb' R`f ngbnunbvkm- ng @fl|fz mkz nq ncti|rkgr ng nrqfme- ckgnefqrfb ng k uk|nfr~ ie

qnrvkrnigq'

Ei| fpkctmf- kg nggiafgr ckg akg gfuf| lf qka|nenafb ri qkuf qicfigf fmqf i| k j|ivt ie tfitmf' Ner`f|f k|f ci|f tfitmf ng r`f qnrvkrnig lfrzffg mnef kgb bfkr` kgb zf akg igm~ qkuf igf- ei| fpkctmf kg

fk|r`{vkhf i| k q`ntz|fah- zì qkuf k tf|qig- kgb ir`f|q ck~ bnf- `f `kuf gir bn|farm~ akvqfb r`fn|

bfkr`q lvr `f evmenmm r`f aicckgb? `f qkufb k cna|i vgnuf|qf' Ne ~iv bi qi- kgb Jib jnufq vq ci|ftizf| zf qkuf tf|`ktq fufg k `vckg lfngj''' gir r`f gvclf| ie aivgrq ng r`kr rncf lvr ~iv|

nguimufcfgr- vgbf| r`f aicckgbq ie Jib'

Kgir`f| fpkctmf nq r`f kli|rnig nqqvf- @kmkhk kgb Cnq`gk kaaftrfb r`kr igm~ ne r`f cir`f| mnufqr`f|f bn|farm~ kcfgk efrvq' Zf qff `f|f Aicckgb qrkrfb kliuf ng |fqtfar ie zi|bq {virfb \klln

Oigkr`kg Qkahq' Fr`naq Jib qfgr vq- r`|ivj` r`f t|it`frq nq r`f Jiib Zi|hq'

*@vckg \nj`rq* zf|f ci|f i| mfqq fptmnanrm~ qrkrfb ng r`f tiqr#efvbkm qrkrf aigqrnrvrnigq' R`f mkqrbiavcfgr r`kr N cfgrnig nq r`f ,Bfamk|krnig ie @vckg \nj`rq ng Qkg E|kganqai, (Bfafclf| ;4- ;>20.'

;0

@FL\FZ A@\NQRNKGQ ENJ@R LFJNGNGJQ;>


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Kcivgr hf~ Mvakgnkg rfpr aigqnqrq ie r`f kvr`i|*q nccfbnkrf tk|rnantkrnig ng r`fmkrrf| tk|r ie r`f Cnqqnigk|~ ktiqrimna @fl|fz#A`|nqrnkgq' R`f ktiqrmf Mvhf nqk engf

kgkm~qr- klmf ri nbfgrne~ r`f qnjgnenakgaf ie hf~ cicfgrq ie r`f t|nck|~ fptkgqnig ie

A`|nqrnkgnr~'

Ng r`f *Karq ie Ktir|fq* r`f|f nq k |na` ak|ji ngei|ckrnig q`izngj r`f bknm~ mnef kgb

t|ilmfcq ie mk|jf aiccvgnrnfq ie @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq ng r`f Cnbbmf Fkqr kgb ng r`f

Cfbnrf||kgfkg |fjnig' Klivr @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq e|ic Of|vqkmfc- k|f ngbn|far |fti|rq ig

r`f karnunrnfq Ktiqrmf Tfrf| (t'>'1


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Ofznq` Aiccvgnrnfq ie Nvbffk' Ng r`nq en|qr tf|nib ie rzfgr~#enuf ~fk|q k|f |fafnungj kcigj

r`f @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq Aiccvgnrnfq cfclf|q ie ir`f| gkrnigq? K QNJG IE FPTKGQNIG

IE CI\KM AIGAFTRQ CIQKNA L^ \FMNJNIVQ FUKGJFMNQC KARNIG IE

@FL\FZ A@\NQRNKGQ'

Afgrf| ie j|kunr~ ie r`f qri|~ rfpr nq klivr Tkvmnkg Cnqqnigk|~' Iuf|kmm r`f zi|h nq ke|fqai ie r`fcfq kgb k|jvcfgrq ie en|qr A`|nqrnkg ktt|ika`' Nr kmqi kbb|fqq? ri Ofzq l~ciqkna aiccfgrq ie qka|fb rfprq- ri J|ffhq l~ t`nmiqit`nakm |femfarnigq ie @fmmfgnqrna

gkrv|f' Ei| kmm- ktiqrimna ktt|ika` fuihfq r`f fqqfgaf ie r`f A`|nqrnkg c~qrf|~? k a|vanenfb

Cfqqnk`- znrgfqq `nq |fqv||farnig kgb r`f akmm ri aiguf|qnig l~ A`|nqrnkg Lktrnqc kgb r`f

Fva`k|nqr c~qrf|~' R`f rfpr zkq krrkahfb r`kr kg ktimij~ ie r`f Tkvmnkg Cnqqnigk|~' R`f

ekar nq r`kr Mvhf tmk~q bn|far rfqrncig~ klivr |fmnjnivq aigemnar lfrzffg Ciqkna Ofzq kgb

r`f @fl|fz A`|nqrnkg |nrfq8 l|kga`fq ie r`f qkcf cigir`fnqr |fmnjnigq'

R`f kvr`i| |fmkrfq r`f ktiqrmf Tkvm cnmnrkga~- cfqqkjfq kbb|fqqfb ri nrq ciqkna ai#

|fmnjnignqrq kgb ri *tkjkgq*- \ickg hgnj`rq- \ickg ovqrnaf kgb ri r`f \ickg Fctf|i|

(Afk|.' Mvhf ckbf k rfqrncig~- kq k znrgfqq kgb tk|rnantkgr ng ri qfrvt r`fc'

Hf~ nbfkq ng r`f Mvakgnkg rfpr aivmb lf?R`f Eknr` ng \funukm ie Ofqvq kgb `nq {vkmnr~ ie *Qig ie Jib*'R`f ckng k|jvcfgrq ie r`f ktiqrmfq kjkngqr ciqkna \klln- r`kr bfgnfb Ofqvq kq Cfqqnk`-r`f `k|lngjf| ie r`f t|it`frq'

R`f Cnqqnigk|~ Karq ie Ktiqrmfq l~ ekarq- qf|cigq kgb tf|qigkm fpkctmf- ng r`faiguf|qnigq ri A`|nqrnkgnr~'

T|nck|~ ei|cq ie A`|nqrnkg |nrvkm t|karnafq'

Nqqvf ie kaafqq ri bnungf ei|jnufgfqq8 fqqfgrnkmm~ aiccig t|ilmfc ng kmm bijckrnakm iefqirf|na |fmnjnig'


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Mvhf ckbf k rfqrncig~- z|nrngj qicf ekarq e|ic r`f lfjnggngj ie A`|nqrnkgnr~- kq kznrgfqq kgb tk|rnantkgr ng ri qfrvt r`fc' Ng tmkaf ie aigamvqnig ri r`nq ngr|ibvarnig- akg

jnuf r`f fpkctmf ie \klln Qkvm aiguf|qnig ri r`f Jiqtfm ie Ofqvq- lfakcf Ktiqrmf Tkvm' Ng

r`nq qngjmf bfanqnig ie k `vckg b|kck zf engb r`f Ofzq aiguf|r ri ir`f| |fmnjnigq- mkqrngj

rzi r`ivqkgb ~fk|q' R`f ktiqrmf Okcfq r`f ~ivgj znmm aigrngvf ri |fqtfar r`f Ciqkna Mkz-

lvr r`f~ tingr ri Aivganm ie Of|vqkmfc r`kr tkjkgq znmm qvtti|r r`f engkm |f{vfqr ie k

cngncvc ie |fqr|narnigq ig aiguf|rq ri A`|nqrnkgnqc' Ck|r~|bic ie Qkngr Qrft`fg bfkaig

znmm l|fkh *vclnmnakm ai|b* r`kr nq rnfb ri r`f @fl|fz A`|nqrnkg nrq Ciqkna Ofzq efmmizq' R`f

Aivganm ie Of|vqkmfc (20 ~fk|- e|ic ir`f| qiv|afq 64 AF. znmm fgq`|ngf r`f t|ngantmfq ie

*Bnungf Ei|jnufgfqq* jiqtfm r`|ivj` eknr` ng Ofqvq' Znmm l|fkh r`f `imb aiguf|rfb ri

A`|nqrnkgnr~ l~ *avr k|ivgb* |nrvkm kgb |fqtfar *kb ng* k qfuf|f Ciqkna Mkz' Lvr r`nq zkq

gir r|vf ei| bfuirffq @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq (r`f~ evmm~ |fqtfar r`f imb Ciqkna mkzq.' R`f ri lf

vgbf|mngfb ekar nq r`f cicfgr ie |nt lfrzffg r`f rzi rznjq ie @fl|fz Cigir`fnqc? r`f

Ciqkna kgb A`|nqrnkg' Kq k b|nuf kzk~ *l|ir`f|q ri l|ir`f|q*' R`f A`|nqrnkg @fl|fz

Ktiqrmfq znmm aiguf|r A`|nqrnkgq kcigj *tfitmfq nbimkr|~*- k t`fgicfgig z`na` znmm lf

aigrngvfb kerf| en|qr afgrv|~ e|ic gig @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq kmigj


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u q i q ri l f ~ r f rf q uf vqf i l k fqiv afq r ivj r k j k b k j fkr zk~ie mnef- z`na` rkhf lfrzffg eiv| kgb eiv|rffg ~fk|q (bftfgbngj ig r`f qrkjf |fka`fb l~ r`f

qrk|r.' @f zkq- hfftngj r`f t|iti|rnigq- qicfz`kr mnhf k j~cgkqr r|kngngj ei| tf|ei|ckgaf

''' lfznmbf|cfgr r`kr ~fk| zkra`ngj \ickgnkg Gkbnk Aickgfan ng tk|kmmfm i| lfkc nq kmqi

r`f ivraicf kgb f{vnttngj gkrnuf kgb k mk|jf gvclf| ie ìv|q ie r|kngngj bigf ig bfunafq'

fk|q ie bft|nukrnig aictk|fb ri r`f mnef kgb oi~q ie a`nmb|fg `f| kjf' \fqvmr k|f qncnmk|?

r`f ckpncvc tiqqnlmf ngbnunbvkm tf|ei|ckgaf' N ngunrf rìqf znmmngj ri aigqvmr kcigj fka`

ir`f| kgb lnlmnij|kt`~ ie r`nq rfpr' Ofqvq- mnhf Ciqfq- T~r`kji|kq kgb Ci`kccfb- k|f r`f

T|it`frq' R`f~ `kuf |fka`fb r`f vmrnckrf ckpncvc bfj|ff- l~ j|kaf kgb r|kngngj- kgb

zf|f cfkgr ri vqf r`nq tizf|- jfgfrna kgb ka{vn|fb- ng ci|km kgb |fmnjnivq |funukm ie r`f f|k

ng z`na` r`f~ mnufb rfcti|km bfqrng~ znr` k unqnig r`kr znmm |fqvmr kgb ei|flibngj'

Qi Ofqvq fptmkngfb ng k efz zi|bq r`kr Of|vqkmfc kq r`f tmkaf ie bftk|rv|f kgb k||nukm- kcvrkrnig r`kr znmm r|njjf| k *Jiqtfm ie Ofqvq*8 ckoi| qrkjfq ie `nqri|~ kgb r`f A`|nqrnkg

ktiqrmfq' Lvr f{vkmm~ r|vf nq r`kr znrìvr eknr` kgb rfgkanr~ ie fk|m~ @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq

cnqqnigk|nfq- rìqf zì `kuf eimmizfb r`f bfbnakrnig- r`f t|it`frq zivmb `kuf |fckngfb ng

r`f znmbf|gfqq ''''

Kerf| ener~ bk~q a|vanenpnig ie Ofqvq- eimmizf|q jkr`f|fb ng r`f t|fangarq z`f|f r`f|f `kq

lffg *R`f mkqr Qvttf|' R`f~ zf|f Tfrf|- Oi`g- Okail- Kgb|fz- T`nmnt- Rìckq-Lk|ricmicfv (Gkrkgkfm.- Ckrr`fz- Okail (qig ie Kmefn.- R`f _fkmir Qncig- Ovbkq (ir`f|

r`kg Nqak|nir Ovbkq- zì `kgbfb Ofqvq ri r`f \ickg r|iitq- rijfr`f| znr` qf|ukgrq aicngj

ri Rfctmf nr aktrv|fq.' Rijfr`f| znr` r`fc zkq Ck|~- Ofqvq cir`f| kgb k j|ivt ie

eimmizf|q' Eimmizfb \fqv||farnig ekarq- zfmm hgizg- akcf gfzq ie Ovbkq*q qvnanbf kgb

|ftmkafcfgr znr` Ckrr`fz' Lk|gklf- kmrìvj` nr zkq gir fmfarfb- znmm aigrngvf ri

rfgkanivqm~ bnqantmf ie Ofqvq' R~tnakm @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq ie r`f rncf zkq r`f klqfgaf ie fgu~kgb t|nbf' Gigf ie r`f rzfmuf k|f gir aigqnbf|fb kr lfqr igm~ kcigj r`f rzfmuf RI LF'

6

Kr ener~ bk~q kerf| Fkqrf| kgb Tkqqnig ie Ofqvq \fqv||farnig k qri|c ie ginqf r`kr


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Kr ener~ bk~q kerf| Fkqrf| kgb Tkqqnig ie Ofqvq \fqv||farnig- k qri|c ie ginqf r`kr

qv||ivgbfb r`f lvnmbngj z`f|f r`f~ zf|f' Qr|kgjf t`fgicfgk riih tmkaf? *qr|fkcq ie en|f*

z`na` nq bizg e|ic rit ie fka` ktiqrmf' Bnungf j|kaf (ng ekar r`f Qkngr Qtn|nr Lktrnqc.

aicf' R`f feefar zkq ilqf|ufb ig bk~q r`kr eimmizfb l~ anr~ ng`klnrkgrq' Gir qckmm nr zkq

qv|t|nqngj z`fg fka` ie r`fc `fk|b r`f zi|bq ie r`f ktiqrmfq? *\fqv||farnig gfzq ie Ofqvq*

ig `nq rigjvf' Nr nq hgizg kq r`f ktiqrmfq zf|f qnctmf tfitmf- gir r|kngfb kr qa`iimq gfk| r`fq~gkjijvf' Ci|f? r`f~ rkmhfb klivr Ofqvq ng Fmkcnrf- K|klna- Tk|r' T|fka`fb r`f aicngj ie

Cfqitirkcnk- Ovbfk- Aktkbia`nk- Tigrf Fvpng- Mnl~k- \icf' Rfctmf `nj`f| |fqtigqf nq

r`kr Tfrf| kgb fmfufg ir`f| ktiqrmfq- zkq r`f |fqvmr ie ''' b|ngh' Ng r`f a|izb jkr`f|fb ng r`f

aiv|r~k|b ie r`f Rfctmf- |fakmmq r`kr gngf aicngj ri t|fka` ci|gngj' Fnr`f| Ofzq

t|karnangj Ciqkna Mkz- k|f t|i`nlnrfb lfei|f k t|k~ r`nq ci|gngj lfuf|kjfq ie kg~ hngbX;S'

R`f~ fptmkng r`f qr|kgjf t`fgicfgig znr` r`f cfqqkjf r|kgqcnrrfb l~ Ofqvq ig r`f CivgrImnuf r|ffq?

*N znmm bi r`kr Cfnqkgnaq rncfq- C~ qtn|nr ri bfqafgb ig r`f libnfq' Lf znmm t|it`fq~- ~ivgj

tfitmf znmm `kuf unqnigq- imb cfg znmm `kuf r`ivj`rq' N znmm bizg ig r`f @im~ Qtn|nr

aiccnrrfb' N aigov|f c~qrf|nivq qnjgq ig r`f qh~ kgb bizg ri Fk|r`' R`f qvg znmm a`kgjf

r`f q`kbiz kgb r`f Ciig ng r`f lmiib ri aicf lfei|f r`f bk~ ie Jib # r`f J|fkr Bk~' Kgb

fuf|~igf znmm nguihf Jib*q gkcf znmm lf qkufb*' (Karq


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R`f en|qr qrftq ie A`|nqrnkgnr~- r`f ktiqrmfq zf|f |fef||fb ri kg kganfgr fqirf|na aigaftr?\FQV\\FARNIG QIVM kq k |fqvmr ie nrq tkqqkjf r`|ivj` k migj mngf ie rfcti|km

fpnqrfgaf- vgrnm igf ie r`f rzi tiqqnlnmnrnfq? bfqr|varnig ng @kbfq(@fmm. i| tkqqkjf ng k

`nj`f| tmkg (akmmfb r`f Hngjbic ie Jib- Im~ctvq- @fkufg- Gn|ukgk- fra'.' K aigrfcti|k|~

`kq k ukjvf tf|aftrnig ie r`f fpnqrfgaf ie r`nq kganfgr c~r`' T|it`rq @fl|fz tfitmf- kcigj

r`fc Ciqfq- Bkunb kgb Nqknk`- N hgfz' @nqri|~ kgb t|fqfgaf ie r`nq c~r` ng r`f fqirf|narfprq giz gngf rìvqkgb ~fk|q? r`f unqnig ie @f|cfq R|nqcfjnqrvq (klivr zìqf fpnqrfgaf

zf rkmh Qìv|f.' @nq eimmizf|q- t|nfqrq ie rfctmfq ie Cfct`nq (Fj~tr.- kgb mkrf| Ngbnkg

\kck H|nq`gk- q`k|fb r`f ngqnbf ig r`f mkqr qrftq ie ngnrnkrnig- c~qrf|~ |fqv||farnig qtn|nr

ngri kgir`f| lnimijnakm lib~- r`|ivjìvr r`f fpnqrfgaf ie k gvclf| ie z`na` bfj|kbf @NJ@

i| rizk|bq mnef znrìvr bfkr`' T~r`kji|k ~iv bnqamiqf fmfvnqkg c~r` klivr jibbfqq Tq~`f'

@nq bnqantmfq- riih `nc ng J|ffh aimignfq' Igf ie r`f bnqantmfq- _kcimpf (r`f kganfgr Mi|b ieBka Tfitmf- ng r`f UNN afgrv|~ lfei|f f'a'. `kq j|izg znr` bfkr` qcnmf ig r`f mntq ie rìqf

hnmmfb ig r`f lkrrmfenfmb- aigenbfgr ng r`f gfpr mnef znmm lf |fzk|bfb ei| r`f aiv|kjf kgb

bnjgnr~' Ciqfq- zì zkq r`f en|qr Qvlcnrrfb (Cfqknk`. ie r`f tfitmf ie Jib zkq k Ofz

ngnrnkrfb ng Rflkg rfctmfq (PNNN afgrv|~ lfei|f r`f A`|nqrnkg f|k.' Ciqfq |fufkm

\fqv||farnig C~qrf|~ ri r`f Ofznq` tfitmf ig r`f zk~ e|ic Fj~tr ri r`f lkghq ie Oi|bkg'

R`f |fkqig zkq ri a|fkrf k tfitmf ei| k |fmnjnig' Ei| Ofznq` r|nlfq r`kr `kuf lffg aigbvarfb

ng r`f zkqrfq ie Qngkn ei|r~ ~fk|q lfrzffg Gnm Bfmrk kgb F|nìg (bnqrkgaf r`kr zivmb lf jigf

ng k efz cigr`q.' R`f knc lfngj r`kr r`f gfz li|g ig r`nq |ikb ri lf fbvakrfb kgb r|kngfb

cigir`fnqr |fmnjnigri r|vqr ng IGF JIB # kgb r`f gfz qtn|nr ie ci|km kgb qiankm mkzq ie

Ciqfq- z`na` ng rv|g vgbf|mnf r`f i|jkgnkrnig ie `vckg anunmnkrnig ei| gfk|m~ r`|ff

rìvqkgb ~fk|q' Ne r`n|qr~ kgb `vgj|~ Ofzq `kb af|rkngm~ k mnef k`fkb zivmb lf qtfanenakmm~

zknufb ng tmkaf kr r`f t|fqfgr ''' Kerf| Ciqfq gi K`kk|ig (Kk|ig. i| Nfìq`vk (Oiq`vk.

`kuf gir |fufkmfb r`f fqirf|na |fqv||farnig c~qrf|~ Lvr `f zkq tf|afnufb l~ qicf ie r`f


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`kuf gir |fufkmfb r`f fqirf|na |fqv||farnig c~qrf|~' Lvr `f zkq tf|afnufb l~ qicf ie r`f

|klln (T`k|nqff kgb Fqqfgfq. bv|ngj r`f fpnqrfgaf ie Ofqvq'

Jiqtfm ie Ofqvq znmm lf r`f en|qr ri bnqamiqf r`f c~qrf|~ ie r`f iaavmr kq \fqv||farnigciqkna tnmmk| ie eknr`' R`f t|it`fr zkq a|vanenfb lfakvqf r`kr cfkgq engkm bfkr` ie qivm ei|

ngqnbf|q ciqkna' \fkttfk|kgaf lfei|f `nq bnqantmfq zkq kg kahgizmfbjcfgr ie r`f c~qrf|~?

*R`f bfkr` ie bfkr` ri qrft ig*' Kgb fptmkngq qva` rfgkanr~ kgb un|rvf znr` z`na` r`f en|qr@fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq \fqv||farnig enmfb rfqrncig~ ie Ofqvq- ciqr ierfg kr r`f aiqr ie mnef'

Ktiqrmf Tfrf| ng `nq en|qr mfarv|fq (kgb mkrf| Tkvm hftr t|fka`ngj ng q~gkjijvfq kgb ng `nq

mfrrf|q. amkncfb lfrzffg r`f vgnr~ kgb r`f Jiqtfm ie Ofqvq kgb r`f Imb Rfqrkcfgr' Nr zkq kg

krrfctr ri tf|qvkbf t|nfqrq ri kaaftr rfqrncig~ |fqv||farnig kq t|iie ie {vkmnr~ ei| Ofqvq ri

lf Cfqqnk`' R`nq zkq j|ffrfb znr` ngrimf|kgaf bnqjvnqfb ri vq ribk~' Lvr *Miuf Bnungf* kgb

ìtf ng *Mnef Kerf|* znmm ei|af r`fc ri fptkgb l~ eimmizf|q ie *tkjkg zi|mb* r`|ivjìvr r`fìmf ckghngb'

Ng rìqf bneenavmr cicfgrq kgb r`kr zkq gir ri lf k tiqqnlmf aigqfgqvq' Ovbfkg Hngjbic-iaavtnfb l~ r`f \ickgq- bnunbfb `nq ngqnbf- zkq gir kg fgun|igcfgr ei| r`fimijnakm *aimb*

bflkrf- znr` r`f ilofarnuf ie engbngj mngfq fcf|jngj lfrzffg @fl|fz? Ciqkna ngqnbf|q kgb

A`|nqrnkgq- lfakvqf ie r`|ff ckoi| aigemnarq?

GKRNIGKM AIGEMNAR # Ofz tfitmf ittiqfb ri k *qvnanbkm rfgkanr~* (Fctf|i| Kb|nkgqrkrfcfgr. \ickg bicngkrnig l~ e|f{vfgr |nirq mfb l~ fkmirq' Kgir`f| tk|r ie r`f @fl|fz

qianfr~- r`f |na`fqr- engb k cibvq unufgbn znr` r`f \ickg iaavtkrnig ei|af' R`kr a|fkrf kg

ngrf|gkm qtmnr lfrzffg eimmizf|q ie r`f rzi tkr`zk~q' Kg fpkctmf nq r`f `fkb ie ìqrnmf- Ofz

Oiqft` Lfg Ckrnrk`v- zì rkvj`r r`f \ickgq r`f gkcf lfngj |fciufb e|ic tfitmf*q

`nqri|~ (r`f n|ig~ nq r`kr nr lfaicfq igf ie r`f `nqri|nkgq anrfb ei| r`f Ofznq` mnef kgb

\ickgOfz zk|q ie r`kr kjf- r`fg vgbf| \ickg Oìqfevq Emkunvq.' R`f ;16 ~fk| l|ngj ri

`nc r`f iaavtkrnig ie Of|vqkmfc Ofzq b|nungj kzk~ e|ic r`f anr~8 \ickgq bfqr|i~ngj


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`nc r`f iaavtkrnig ie Of|vqkmfc- Ofzq b|nungj kzk~ e|ic r`f anr~8 \ickgq bfqr|i~ngj

lvnmbngjq- |k|fm~ mkgb znr` ipfg kgb lvnmb k \ickg anr~ akmmfb Kfmnk Aktnrimngk (afgrv|~ NN

a'f'.'

NGRF\GKM AIGEMNAR # Nr aigqnqrq ng r`f bfj|kbkrnig ie anunm qianfr~ kgb kricnqkrnig@fl|fz anunm qimnbk|nr~ lkqfb ig zfkmr`' R`f |fqvmr zkq k qf|nfq ie |nirq kjkngqr qvlcnrrngj

kg kbcngnqr|krnuf gkrv|f r`kr iuf|mkt r|nlvrf r`f \ickg kvrì|nr~' Ei| qnctmf ckg aicngjie r`f Cfqqnk`- r`f ngak|gkrf Ofqvq- zkq gir igm~ faì r`f t|it`frq Ciqfq- Bkunb- i| Nqknk`-

lvr k cfkgq ri fpt|fqq |flfmmnig ie r`f tfitmf kjkngqr akqrfq kgb r|nlkm kbcngnqr|krnuf Ovbfk

kgb \ickg kvrì|nrnfq kgb lfk| cigf~' Nr nq kmciqr qvtf|emvivq ri cfgrnig r`kr r`fg- kq

giz- r`fqf aigemnarq `kuf mfb ri ngrf|gkm eknmv|fq kgb k mkah ie vgnr~- akg lf vqfb l~ r`f

\ickgq ri ckngrkng tiqqfqqnig kgb engkmm~ bfqr|i~ Ovbfkg qrkrf'

\FMNJNIVQ AIGEMNAR itngnigkrfb kr r`kr rncf zf|f r`|ff j|ivtq znr` bneef|fgrngrf|t|frkrnigq ie r`f r`fimijnakm kgb t|karnakm kqtfarq ie r`f biar|ngf ie |fmnjnivq ciqkna'

Qkbvaffq (Rkbihnc. # qv|unungj aigqf|ukrnuf l|kga` ie Mfunrnavq- Ri|f |f{vn|ngjaictmnkgaf znr` r`f mfrrf|- znrìvr kg~ bfunkrnig' R`f~ amkncfb Bijck fpnqrfgaf ie k qngjmf

(qngjmf mnef.' Mnef Ofz zkq b|nufg l~ efk| ie l|fkhngj ~iv| cnruir (aicckgbcfgrq qka|fb.-

r`f tvgnq`cfgr ie Jib' R`f~ `kb kr r`kr rncf aigr|im Qkg`fb|ng (|fmnjnivq bfanqnig#ckhngj

ei|vc ie r`f J|fkr Rfctmf.' Kcigj r`fc k|f r`f Aknt`kq # @nj` T|nfqr ng r`f rncf ie Qkngr

Oi`g r`f lktrnqf| kgb r`fg Ofqvq'

T`k|nqffq (Tf|vqa`nc. zf|f rìqf zì- ng ktt|ika`ngj r`f t|ilmfcq ie *Ofz ng r`fqr|ffr*- Ri|f t|karnaf rfka`ngj ng k qtn|nr ie emfpnlnmnr~ kgb kbktr r`fc ri t|karnakm |fkmnr~ (

*I|km vqf Ri|k`*.' R`f~ bi gir bfg~ r`f \fqv||farnig' Qicf ie r`fc qva` kq \klln

Gnaibfcvq- Jkckmnfm r`f ivgj- `kuf fpt|fqqfb ng Qkg`fb|ng ri engb k aict|icnqf znr`

r`f A`|nqrnkg qfar ie Ofzq- lir` lfei|f kgb nccfbnkrfm~ kerf| r`f hnmmngj ie Ofqvq'

Fqqfgfq (@kqnbnc. zf|f r`f ai|f ie r`f fqirf|na lib~ ie \kllngkrf Ai|tvq' R`fn| afgrf|q14


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Fqqfgfq (@kqnbnc. zf|f r`f ai|f ie r`f fqirf|na lib~ ie \kllngkrf Ai|tvq' R`fn| afgrf|qzf|f itfg ng Fng J`fbbn (Fng Jfbn. kgb [vc|kc gfk| Bfkr` Qfk kgb Gnm Bfmrk' R`fn|

fjkmnrk|nkg i|jkgnkrnig (mnef kgb t|itf|r~ ng aiccig- cvrvkm l|ir`f|q ie eknr` z`f|fuf|

r`f~ k|f- lkggngj r`f t|karnaf ie qtfavmkrnuf karnunrnfq- r|kbf- cnmnrk|~. znmm lf rkhfg iuf| l~

r`f en|qr A`|nqrnkg aiccvgnrnfq kgb A`|nqrnkg mkrf| cigkqrna i|bf|q- |fjk|bmfqq ie |nrf'

Kcigj r`fc zivmb lf rìqf zì `kuf qvtti|rfb r`f ckrf|nkm kgb mijnqrna qvtti|r cnqqnigqt|fka`fb ie Ofqvq (r`f kqqvctrnig nq lkqfb ig r`f ilqf|ukrnig r`kr r`f Jiqtfmq k|f gir

cfgrnigfb ckg~ ie rìqf zì `kuf lffg ìqrq ie r`f Ktiqrmfq- z`na` enrq znr` r`f r|kbnrnig

ie t|irfarngj mnghq lfrzffg cfclf|q ie r`f Fqqfgfq aigj|fjkrnig.' Amkncfb r`kr r`fn|

biar|ngf \fqv||farnig c~r` kgb fpnqrfgaf ng rncf ie qfuf|km qfgr (Cfqqnk`.' R`f~- ng uk|nivq

cicfgrq ie r`f *Zk| ig r`f a`nmb|fg ie mnj`r qigq ie bk|hgfqq* aicf ri r`f * bnungf znmm *'

Fqqfgfq- Qkbvaffq- T`k|nqffq nq aigqrnrvrfb ng r`f tkqr aivganmi| ie Ovbffk Hngjq'Ngrf|gkm aigemnarq zf|f gir zntfb ivr l~ giz '''

Ngrf|gkm enj`rngj qvtf|tiqf ri r`f engkm Nq|kfm Qrkrf bnqngrfj|krnig ie r`f ~fk| ;16'Ckhngj *Qtn|nrvkm Qrkrf ie Nq|kfm*- l~ qr|varv|ngj nrq biar|ngkm kgb t|kjckrna- nq ngnrnkrfb l~

Ni`kgkg \klln Lfg _khkn- ri NKQCNGK (:4.' R`nq i|jkgnkrnigkm qr|varv|f `kq fgklmfb r`f

qv|unukm ie Qtn|nrvkm bnqtk|krf aiccvgnrnfq kl|ikb F|fr Nq|kfm (Jkmvr.' Aigj|fqq ng Lkqfm

ng ;0>: zkq r`f lfjnggngj ie Aicngj Lkah' Fgbfb ng ;>20 znr` r`f eivgbngj ie F|fr Nq|kfmQrkrf' Ng gigf ie r`fqf cicfgrq `kq gir lffg kaaftrfb kq k Ofz ri r`f @fl|fz kb`f|fgr ie

A`|nqrnkgnr~' Kgb ri lf ekn| ''' ei| kg~ ir`f| |fmnjnig r`kg Ciqkna'

Kerf| r`f en|qr mfarv|f ie Tfrf| lfjngq ri aiguf|r r`f Ofzq l~ A`|nqrnkg *lktrnqc znr`

zkrf|* kgb Fva`k|nqrX;S'X;SKlivr A@\NQRFGNGJ I\ KBVMR LKTRNQC # *\ftfgr- kgb fka` ie ~iv znmm lf lktrnfb ng r`f

gkcf ie Ofqvq A`|nqr ei| r`f ei|jnufgfqq ie qngq* (Karq


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R`f~ zf|f kmciqr r`|ff rìvqkgb qivmq 'R`f en|qr A`|nqrnkg aiccvgnr~ ng Of|vqkmfc

k|nqfq' Eimmizf|q ri |fqtfar r`f |nrvkm Fva`k|nqrna8 jiibq zf|f ckbf ng aiccig- ckqq kgb

t|k~f|q zf|f q`k|fb- kgb r|kngngj ri Ktiqrimna Qaìim'

R`f~ ilqf|uf r`f r|kbnrnig ie i|jkgnngj k r~tf ie @fl|fz Fqqfgfq aiccvgnr~' Miuf Jib

kgb efk| gir- jiib gfnj`li| kgb ckbf gi cf|a~- oi~ ri mfk|g kmigjqnbf ir`f|q ng eknr` kgb

gir |fufm r`f *fmfarfb* kgb ckbf r`f en|qr A`|nqrnkgq ri qfmm r`fn| kqqfrq- l|ngjngj ng gfzckrf|nkm jiibq l~ r`f @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq aiccvgnr~' R`f~ aigrngvfb ri ilqf|uf r|kbnrnigq-

ìmnbk~q kgb |nrvkm aiccfci|krngj Ciqkna (ie r`f~ gir effmngj ktk|r. kgb ri ji ri r`f

J|fkr Rfctmf'

R`f cn|kavmivq `fkmngj- |fkmnfb l~ r`f Ktiqrmfq- r`f~ |fngei|afb r`f aigenbfgaf ng r`f zk~

aìqfg' Ei| fpkctmf `f |faiuf|~ ng k mkcf zk~ ri ci|gngj t|k~f|q ng r`f Rfctmf' Ng igf

bk~- z`fg Tfrf| kgb Oi`g ji ri r`f Rfctmf ci|gngj t|k~f|- k a|nttmf e|ic ln|r` r`f~qr|fra`fb `kgb ri |fafnuf r`f bimf' Tfrf| kgb r`f enpfb ngrfgqnr~ ie `nq f~fq z`nmf `f rimb

Oi`g? *Miih Nr*q VQ+' Lfngj vg`ktt~ kgb `f |knqfq `nq `fkb ig- kmzk~q `kgb qr|fra`fb'

Tfrf| aigrngvfq ri unfz znr` ngrfgqnr~ z`fg `f qk~q?

*Qnmuf| kgb Jimb N `kuf gir- LVR Z@KR KC N jnuf ~iv? Ng r`f gkcf ie Ofqvq A`|nqr ie

Gkk|fr` JFR VT KGB JI+ ,(Karq t'1'5'.

Tfrf| `fmtfb a|nttmf qrkgb vt kgb effm r`kr r`f~ k|f unji|ivq' Ji r`|ivj` r`f Rfctmfaiv|r~k|b r`kgh Jib' N qff r`f eknrèvm t|fqfgr a|nttmfb lfjjngj jingj ig'

R`kr akvqfb lfznmbf|cfgr kcigj r`f~ k|f r`f|f' Tfrf| kgb Oi`g jingj ri r`f e|igr jkrf

Fqtmkgkbk Qimicig kgb kbb|fqqfq a|izb r`f|f' R`f |fafgr |fakmmq ìz ckg~ ie rìqf amiqf

ri bfkr` r`f~ kqhfb Ofqvq' @nq \fqv||farnig rfqrncig~ nq r`kr mkcf r`kr |faiuf|~ r`|ivj`

eknr` ng Ofqvq kgb r`f Ktiqrmfq nguihngj `nq gkcf R`f zi|bq ie Tfrf| kgb Oi`g?

*Tfitmf ie Nq|kfm- z`~ k|f kckfb' Z`~ zf miih mnhf zf `kuf aiccnrrfb r`nq cn|kamf znr`

iv| izg ei|afq i| l~ r`f tizf| ie iv| t|k~f|' Jib ie Kl|k`kc- ie Nqkka kgb Okail- r`f Jib1


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ie iv| ekr`f|q kgb r`f ìm~ j|kaf bfqafgbfb- jmi|ne~ngj `nc `nq qf|ukgr- Ofqvq A`|nqr- z`na`

mnghfb ~iv kgb |fgfjkbf lfei|f Tnmkrf8 `nc z`fg `f zkgrfb ri mnlf|krf `nc' Kgb ~iv `kuf

kaavqfb r`f ìm~ qf|ukgr ie Jib kqhngj ei| mnef ng fpa`kgjf ei| kg kqqkqqng XLk|klkqS' Z`nmf

ri hnmm r`f T|ngaf ie Mnef' Jib |fqv||farfb e|ic r`f bfkb' Kgb r`|ivj` eknr` ng @nq gkcf-

r`nq ckg zì ~iv hgiz- r`f nguiakrnig ie r`f gkcf igm~ `kq tmk~fb igf ~iv qff ig evmm

`fkmr`' (Karq t'1';


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A'N'


39/146

@f|f- qffngj `iz igf nq cnqr|fkrfbX;S' Ciqfq zkq k |fevjff e|ic CkbnkgX


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ìz ~iv ìih ~iv| eknrèvm- `fk|r kgb qivm |fckng ng vglfmnfe'

\klln Qkvm zkq r`f igf zì mfb r`f tf|qfavrnig kjkngqr A`|nqrnkgq eimmizf|q' Nr znmm aiguf|r

ri r`f Jiqtfm ie Ofqvq lfakcf r`f igf zì znmm rfka` kgb r|kng gfz eimmizf|q eknr` ng r`f

Cnbbmf Fkqr kgb Cfbnrf||kgfkg aikqr'

R`f ekar r`kr r`f a|vanenpnig ie Ofqvq kgb aictkar bfkaig Qkngr Qrft`fg zf|f rzi ì||nlmf

a|ncf akcf ri \icf' Rnlf|nvq Fctf|i| (;2 # 1:. i|bf|fb `nc ri Unrfmmnvq- ie Q~|nk- ri

|fciuf r`f |ft|fqfgrkrnuf ie \ickg Of|vqkmfc (Tnmkrf. kgb r`f @nj` T|nfqr Aknt`kq'

Rnlf|nvq gir qff kg~ krrfctr ri qrkrf qfav|nr~ ng r`f ciufcfgr jfgf|krfb l~ *k Ofz t|it`fr

A`|nqrvq*- z`na` aivmb gir lf ci|f r`kg k qtfanena t|ibvar fgun|igcfgr Ovbkna kgb

rimf|krfb kq qva`' Kr 16 `f fufg t|itiqfq k Qfgkrf lnmm r`kr A`|nqrnkg zi|q`nt qìvmb lf

bfamk|fb *mfjkm* (kmmizfb.- znq`ngj ri t|fufgr kclnjvnr~ r`kr kmmizfb r`f Ofzq kq |fufgjfkjkngqr r`f A`|nqrnkgq ciqkna ri lf tvr vgbf| r`f t|irfarnig ie \ickg Mkz' Lvr Qfgkrf

jnufq uf|bnar? *gig mfjkm fqqf A`|nqrnkgiq* '''

A@KTRF\ NN TF\QFAVRNIG LFRZFFG L\IR@F\Q1>


42/146

A@KTRF\ NN TF\QFAVRNIG LFRZFFG L\IR@F\Q

A'NN';' R@\IVJ@ @FL\FZ FUKGJFMNQC

A`|nqrnkg aiccvgnr~ krr|kar r`f krrfgrnig kgb ie ngqnbf|q' Qncig R`f Ckjnankg ieef|q k

mk|jf qvc ie cigf~ ei| r`f ktiqrmfq Tfrf| kgb Oi`g ri |fufkm r`f qfa|frq ie ktiqrmf

|faiuf|ngj karq' Tfrf| kgkr`fck ri r`|fkrfg `nc lfakvqf `f zkgrq ri lv~ z`kr akg lfka`nfufb igm~ r`|ivj` eknr`' Qncig nq gir lmkcfevm (kgb `f `kq kqhfb ei|jnufgfqq ei| r`nq

ieef|.' Kq r`fg kgb giz mnef- r|kngfb i| gir- nq i|nfgrfb rizk|bq rkgjnlmf r`ngjq8 fkqnf| i|

ci|f bneenavmr ri ilrkng' Aiccig qfgqf- r`kr ie Qncig nq r`kr kg~r`ngj akg lf ka`nfufb znr`

cigf~' Qfaigb qfgqf- r`kr ie Tfrf| kgb Oi`g- nq r`kr Bnungf J|kaf nq ilrkngfb l~ Eknr`' R`f

r`|ff#afgrv|~ qfgqf- r`f aigaftr nq r`kr Jib bifq gir |f{vn|f r`f ieef|ngj ckrf|nkmq lvr

aictmnkgaf Bnungf Qtn|nr- r`f Rfg Aicckgbcfgrq- r`|ivj` eknr` kgb |ftfgrkgaf' Qka|nenafng r`f A`|nqrnkg unqnig nq ri |fciuf funm e|ic r`f qivm ie fuf|~ lfmnfuf|' Ofqvq (eimmizfb l~

qfufg `vgb|fb ~fk|q kerf| Cv`kcckb.- kqh Jib gfk| l~- kgb R@F QIVM' Qncig R`f

Ckjnankg q`izq r`kr- lfngj ngnrnkrfb ng uk|nivq C~qrf|~ qtn|nr- znr` nrq izg tizf|q- r|kngngj

kgb ngrfmmnjfgaf k|f gir ~fr bnqaf|gngj fgivj` ri vgbf|qrkgb r`f A`|nqrnkg fqirf|~k- r`kr ri

lf kqqncnmkrfb l~ `nc izg qivm'

Iuf||nbf ng Of|vqkmfc- @fmfgnqr A`|nqrnkg Ofzq- zk~ ri r`f J|ffh aimignfq ig r`faigrngfgr kgb r`f Nqmkgbq- r`f rf||nri|~ ie Tkmfqrngf kgb Q~|nk' Lfaicf cnqqnigk|nfq ie r`f

Jiqtfm ie Ofqvq kgb ngnrnkrf r`f en|qr fptkgqnig ie A`|nqrnkg A`v|a`' Z`f|f nq r`f ktiqrmf

T`nmnt lktrnqf k `nj` ieenankm ie [vffg Akgbkaf? Fr`nitnkg fvgva`' Qr' T`nmnt zfgr ng igf

ci|gngj ig r`f |ikb r`kr aiggfar Jkk ri Of|vqkmfc' Kr giig- `f akcf kmigjqnbf k ak|kukg

jmnrrf|ngj' Nr zkq mfb l~ r`f j|fkr hfftf| ie r`f Fr`nitnkg [vffg Akgbkaf' Ciungj rizk|bq

Of|vqkmfc' Bnungf nctvmqf mfkbq `nc ri kqh ieenankmq ri rkhf znr` `nc' Ig r`f zk~- `f qk~q

` F `n n b ` n e N n ` b ` h ` m n `n l `

24


43/146

r`kr Fr`nitnkg |fkb t|it`fanfq ie Nqknk` kgb `f kqhq r`fc ri fptmkng qicfr`ngj klivr r`f

Jiqtfm ie Ofqvq- zì `fk|b r`kr nr zivmb lf k *qfgr*- kggivgafb l~ r`f t|it`fr Nqknk`'

T`nmnt nr |fmkrfq ri r`f Cn|kamfq ie Ofqvq av|ngj ckbf klivr nr \fqv||farnig kerf| lfngj

a|vanenfb kgb ei|afq znr` z`na` `f kgb fmfufg ir`f| ktiqrmfq zf|f jnungj kerf| r`f @im~

Qtn|nr ri bfqafgb ig r`fn| bv|ngj ener~ bk~q kerf| \fqv||farnig- ie Tfgrfaiqr' Nct|fqqfb

Fj~trnkg bnjgnrk|~ zkgrq ri lfaicf k bfuirff ie Ofqvq' T`nmnt `f |fkmnfq r`kr r`f cffrngj nq

gir `fmb vt' Ig a|iqqngj r`f Oi|bkg- `f lktrnqf znr` zkrf|- kmrìvj` `f hgfz r`kr r`f gfz

fcvmf lfmigjfb ri k tfitmf *ri nbim zi|q`ntf|' Nccfbnkrfm~ kerf| r`f af|fcig~- Fr`nitnkg

engbq r`kr c~qrf|nivq tkqqfgjf| zkq gi migjf| lfqnbf `nc' Ng z`kr aigaf|gq T`nmnt- qffg nr

ig r`f |ikb mfkbngj ri Kir' T`nmnt znmm aigrngvf `nq Cnqqnigk|~ zi|h ng Qkck|nk' Nr nq

eimmizfb l~ Tfrf| kgb Oi`g- zì znmm mk~ ig vq Ofzq lktrnfb l~ T`nmnt' Cnqqnigk|~

bfufmitq Afqk|ffk- Mnbbk- Jnkeek- Kgrnia`' Aknt`kq qfgb ciqr `k|q` \kllnq t`~qnakmm~

bfqr|i~ r`fqf t|imnena A`|nqrnkg aiccvgnrnfq' Kcigj nrq \klln Qkvm- zì aiguf|rfb ri

A`|nqrnkgnr~- kgb kerf| k bifg ~fk|q kerf| r`f ftnqibf ig r`f Bkckqavq |ikb- Lk|gklk znr`-

rkhf r`f |ikb ie aiguf|rngj J|ffhq ie r`f aiqcitimnrkg cfr|itimnq ie Kgrnia`' @f|f nq r`f

en|qr cfgrnig ie gkcf *A`|nqrnkgvq* (.X;S' R`f~ itfgfb gvcf|ivq bfanqnuf

aiguf|qnigq ei| r`f gi avr k|ivgb lktrnqc' R`f *unqnlnmnr~* ie r`f aigr|kar lfrzffgKl|k`kc ekcnm~ kgb Jib- ng z`na` r`f ckmf tk|r nq *avr k|ivgb*' Aigqnbf|fb k cnruir

(lkqna aicckgbcfgr.- r`f~ aigqrnrvrfb kg nge|ngjfcfgr ei| ckg~ ie r`f ktiqrmfq gfz

X;S A|nqrnkgin # J|ffh rf|c kttfk|q ng r`f* Karq* ;;'


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A`|nqrnkg A`v|a`f ie Of|vqkmfc' Ktiqrmf Tfrf| akmmq r`f cfqqkjf # eknr` ng r`f Jiqtfm ie

Ofqvq nq kbb|fqqfb ri kmm gkrnigq (Karq ;':' # ;';2'.'

@fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq aiccvgnr~ ng Of|vqkmfc nq jingj r`|ivj` k {vnfr tf|nib' Cn|kavmivq|faiuf|~ ckbf l~ Tfrf| kr Mnbk (k tk|km~rna |faiuf|. kgb Nitf (L|ngjngj mnef ri k ci|nlvgb.

|fngei|afb eknr` eimmizf|q' Qrk|r aiguf|rngj kcigj \ickg k|c~- igaf r`f r|kgqnrnig ri

A`|nqrnkgnr~ \ickg afgrv|nig Ai|gfmnvq Ekcnm~- Mfjnig ie *Nrkm~*- ng Afqk|ffk' Afgrv|nigAi|gfmnvq zkq znr` `nq ekcnm~ k ef|ufgr t|itigfgr ie r`f Jiqtfm ie Ofqvq' Lvr nr zkq gir

lktrnfb ng ciqkna |nr (avr k|ivgb.' Qi ìz ri lf lktrnfb kq A`|nqrnkg9+' Ng igf ci|gngj-

z`nmf `f zkq t|k~ngj kg nggf| uinaf rfmmq `nc? *Qfgb qicf r|vqr cfg giz ri r`f Nitf- kgb

akmmq Qncig- qknb Tfrf|'* (Karq ;4';6.' Tfrf| ng rv|g rzi#bk~ kr giig nq t|k~f| ei| r`f unqnig?

*k mk|jf amir`- krrka`fb ri r`f eiv| ai|gf|q- kgb bfqafgb r`f ufgr nq bizg ri fk|r`' Ng nr zf|f

kmm hngbq ie kgnckmq kgb eiv|#eiirfb |ftrnmf ig fk|r` kgb ln|bq ie `fkufg' Rkhf k uinaf qknbri Tfrf| jfr vt kgb fkr ''' Gir Jib- |ftmnfb Tfrf|' Kg~ rncf zf krf qicfr`ngj bn|r~ i|

vgamfkg' Uinaf `kq qknb? Z`kr Jib `kq tv|jfb gir akmm eivm' R`nq zkq |ftfkrfb r`|ff rncfq'

*(Karq ;4';6-;5.'

Tfrf| cfbnrkrf ig r`f cfqqkjf ie r`f Qvt|fcf Ei|af- z`fg r`f jkrf ìvqf qicf \ickg

qimbnf|q kqhfb `nc' R`f~ qk~ r`kr afgrv|nig Ai|gfmnvq ngunrfb ri `nq ìcf znr` `nq

krrfgbkgrq' K gfz itti|rvgnr~ ei| cfbnrkrnig kgb t|k~f| ri mnj`rngj z`kr zkq bigf? k Ofz

zkq gir kmmizfb ri qrft r`|fqìmb ri k *ji~* (vglfmnfuf|.' @nc bfanqnigq nq ri ji kgb r`|ff#

bk~ qrk|r ri Afqk|ffk' Ai|gfmnvq fptfarfb `nc znr` `nq ekcnm~- k j|ivt ie ngrnckrf kgb nrq

qmkufq' Lfei|f fgrf|ngj Tfrf| qk~q?

* iv hgiz r`kr nr nq klqimvrfm~ ei|lnbbfg ri lf k Ovbfkg kgb ri ei|c k amiqf e|nfgbq`nt znr`

cfclf| ie kgir`f| r|nlf i| ri ji ri `nq ìvqf' Lvr Jib akmmfb cf ri gir r`ngh klivr lfngj

akg lf bn|r~ i| nctv|f Qi N zkq `k|b ri kgqzf| ~iv| akmm Giz rfmm cf z`~ ~iv akmmfb92


46/146

A'NN'


48/146

c~qrf|~ ie eknr` ng k qngjmf Jib- lvr `kq gir |vmfb nr ng kg~ zk~+ Ng k qtffa` ri r`f Ktiqrmfq-

ng kg~ rfpr ie r`f A`|nqrnkg Jiqtfm' Gfnr`f| r`f *Hi|kg* Cv`kcckb gir lmkcf r`f @fl|fz

*ng ai|ti|f* lvr igm~ rìqf z`na` `kuf hnmmfb `nq izg t|it`frq ''' Nr nq r|vf r`kr- iuf| rzi

rìvqkgb ~fk|q- zf|f qf|ukgrq ie r`f r`|ff bfgicngkrnigq `kuf v|jfb ri ngrimf|kgaf kgb

`kr|fb rizk|bq rìqf kcigj r`fc zì `kuf bfunkrfb ngmkgb i| ri ir`f| cigir`fnqr eknr`q'

Cnmmnigq ie ck|r~|q ie r`f r`|ff |fmnjnigq k|f rfqrncig~' Lvr r`nq nq gir *r`f Tfitmf ie Jib*lvrigm~ r`f tfitmf' Ick| Hk~kc tifr- t`nmiqit`f| kgb ngnrnkrfb- kg K|kl- qk~ngj ? *Jib

nq igf- tfitmf ckbf qfuf|km' Z`~9 Ngbffb? Jib igm~ hgizq ''' Ck~lf r`f cka|iaiqc ie r`f

cnmmnigq ie ~fk|q- r`f qnf ie rfg rìvqkgb ~fk|q (ng z`na` tfitmf znmm b|nuf l~ r`fcqfmufq ng

Jib eknr`. nq k qckmm tf|nib'

A'NN'1' R@F @FL\FZ A@\NQRNKGQ AIVGANM IE OF\VQKMFC

^fk| 64 (e|ic ir`f| qiv|afq 20. |ft|fqfgrfb k tfkh cicfgr ng z`na` r`f bnqtvrf rkhf tmkaf

qicf rncf ng r`f liqic ie r`f A`v|a` ie Of|vqkmfc' Qicf amkncfb r`kr r`f gfz @fl|fz

eimmizf|q zf cvqr aictm~ qr|narm~ znr` r`f Ciqkna |nrvkm- ir`f|q aìiqf ei| k cngncvc

gvclf| ie |fqr|narnigq- jnufg r`kr r`f titvmkrnig ie gfz eimmizf|q zì akcf `kb gi

t|ftk|krnig i| r|kngngj ie ~ivr` ng r`nq |fqtfar'

R|kngngj qrk|r kg~ Ofz e|ic r`f kjf ier`|ff ~fk|q ng uk|nivq ei|cq- bftfgbngj ig r`f aiccvgnr~ r`kr lfmigjq ri kgb gir mfkqr r`f

|fmnjnivq |f{vn|fcfgrq ie r`fn| ekcnmnfq ie i|njng kgb r`f tiqqnlnmnrnfq ie ckrf|nkmq ei|

tk|fgrq' Tk|rnantkrnig ng uk|nivq ei|cq ie tf|nibna Ovbkna fbvakrnig ngamvbfq r`f qrvb~ ie

Ri|k` tkqqkjfq rknmi|fb ri r`f kjf- aigrfqrq ei| a`nmb|fg znr` nqqvfq |fmkrfb ri r`f

kqqncnmkrnig ie Ofznq` r|kbnrnig' Qkllkr` cfkm nq kaaictkgnfb l~ qigjq kgb Lnlmf qri|nfq-

kganfgr bkgafq- tk|rnantkrnig ng oil Qkllkr`- ìmnbk~q kgb r`f afmfl|krnig ie r`f Rfctmf-

r`f aìn|q ie bneef|fgr kjf- cvqna lkgbq- fra'' Kbimfqafgrq tk|rnantkrngj ng r`f oil kgb k|f25


49/146

j - - t t j o

gicngkrfb kmigjqnbf r`f kbvmrq- ri |fkb kgb aiccfgr rfpr ng *Ri|k*' Kr ;1 ~fk|q # Lk|

Cnruk` r`f ~ivgj Ofz k|f aigen|cfb- eimmizngj kg fpkcngkrnig ie mfk|gngj ng r`f t|fqfgaf

ie aiccvgnr~ cfclf|q- ng r`f q~gkjijvf- ng rfka`ngj *Ri|f* qrvb~ kgb aictmnkgaf

lf`kuni| ie zi|q`nt ng r`f Ciqkna aiccvgnr~' Kmm r`nq qtn|nrvkm kgb aiccvgnr~ r|kngngj

a|fkrf k `klnr ie |fqtfar *ei| r`fcqfmufq* Ciqkna |nrvkm |fqr|narnigq' Ei| rìqf e|ic ir`f|gkrnigq- ilunivqm~ r`kr zkq gir ig `kgb ri ilqf|uf qr|narm~ r`f |nrvkm r`kr `kq gir lffg

ngqr|varfb ri tk|rnantkrf' R`f |nqh nq ri miqf bfuivr eimmizf|q'

R`f~ bfanbfb ri kqqfclmf k aivganm ri Of|vqkmfc ei| avrrngj bnqtvrf' J|ivt *r|kbnrnigkm*ei|cfb ie r`f |klln zì aiguf|rfb ri A`|nqrnkgnr~- |f{vn|ngj qr|nar aictmnkgaf ri ciqkna

|nrvkm l~ gfit`~rf- zkq `fkbfb l~ Okcfq r`f îvgj' R`f ir`f| j|ivt zf|f tk|r ie Tfrf|-

Oi`g- Lk|gklf- Tkvm' Tfrf| k|jvfb qva` k cngncvc ie |fqr|narnigq? *L|ir`f|q- ~iv hgizr`kr r`f bk~q ie Mi|b aìqf cf r`|ivj` ~iv ri jfr ri tkjkgq r`f Zi|b kgb r`f Jiib Gfzq

(\fqv||farnig ie Ofqvq'. Qi r`kr r`f~ `vj eknr`' Jib- ~iv hgiz bfft bizg- rfqrnenfb ng r`fn|

ekui| lfakvqf r`f~ `kuf `fk|r tv|nenfb l~ eknr`' Z`~ r|~ ri tvr kjkngqr Jib- |f{vn|ngj

bnqantmfq k ~ihf r`kr iv| tk|fgrq kgb zf bi gir N aivmb ji9 Ng ekar r`f tk|big ie iv| Mi|b

Ofqvq- zf lfmnfuf FPKARM^ KQ QKUF @F\' (Karq t';6';4'.

R`f~ aigrngvfb ri kbuiakrf kgb Tkvm- Lk|gklf' Gk||krngj aiguf|r tfitmf ie bneef|fgrgkrnigq kgb qiankm aigbnrnigq- ie r`f r|vf eknr` ei| z`na` r`f~ jkuf funbfgaf- |fjk|bmfqq ie

|kgh i| |fmnjnig aigqnbf|fb imb' Engkmm~ jir r`f zi|b kr Okail r`f ivgj- kq r`f mfkbf| ie

r`f @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq A`v|a` ng Of|vqkmfc?

*L|ir`f|q- mnqrfg ri cf' Qncig (r`f akqf ie Qncig Tfrf|- ktiqrmf. qtfkhq kq ie r`f lfjnggngj

Jib `kq ckhngj tfitmf JKUF VQ @NQ GKCF' R`f t|it`frq qknb? *Z`fg znmm r`f~ |frv|g- N

znmm |flvnmb Bkunb*q zi|h znmm lf bfqr|i~fb- N znmm |flvnmb r`f |vngq kgb lvnmb- ng i|bf|

2:


50/146

r`kr kmm ckghngb ri qffh Jib- qi r`kr kmm gkrnigq qìvmb lf fgq`|ngfb C~ Gkcf nq z`~ N r`kr

qìvmb gir lf |f{vn|fb ie rìqf zì aiguf|rfb tkjkgq' Lf |f{vn|fb igm~ ri |fe|kng e|ic

cfkr ei| qka|nenafq nbim mnghq nmmfjnrnckrf- gir ri aigqvcf cfkr e|ic kgnckmq kgb qvtt|fqq

r`f lmiib' Ei| ng kganfgr rncfq Ciqfq `kq `kb ng fka` rizg t|fka`f| r`f~ |fkb ng

Q~gkjijvfq Qkllkr` *(Karq t';6';4'.' Zkq t|ftk|fb Ftqrmf ie @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq A`v|aè|ic Of|vqkmfc kgb zf|f bfmfjkrfq zì zf|f ri l|ngj r`f hgizmfbjf fqrklmnq`fb A`|nqrnkg

A`v|a`fq' Lfakvqf r`nq biavcfgr nq a|vankm ri ev|r`f| bfufmitcfgr ie A`|nqrnkgq ig r`f igf

`kgb kgb r`f |fmkrnigq`nt lfrzffg @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq kgb ciqkna Ofzq- ig r`f ir`f| `kgb-

zf jnuf nr evmm?

*Ktiqrmfq- t|fql~rf| kgb l|ir`f|q ri l|ir`f|q ie tfitmf zì k|f ng Kgrnia`- Q~|nk kgbAnmnank- qk~ @n+ Lfakvqf N `fk|b r`kr qicf ie vq ji znrìvr k aiccnqqnig e|ic vq- ~iv `kufr|ivlmfb qivmq r`|ivj` r`fn| qtffa`- kgb ~iv `kuf q`khfg qivmq qk~ngj ri avr k|ivgb kgb

hftr r`f Mkz- vq- kerf| zf `kuf jkr`f|fb kmm rijfr`f| znr` k tmkg- Zf eivgb r`f zk~ ri

aìiqf qicf tfitmf kgb qfgb r`fc ri ~iv rii znr` iv| qzffr`fk|rq kgb Tkvm Lk|gklf- r`fqf

tfitmf zì tvr mnufq kr qrkhf- ei| iv| Mi|b Ofqvq A`|nqr ' Ei| nr qffcfb ri `nc r`f @im~

Qtn|nr kgb ri vq- gir ri tvr ~iv iuf| kg~ ir`f| zfnj`r r`kg ri lf- nf? r`kr ~iv qtk|fb

nccimkrnig nbim r`ngjq- lmiib- kgnckm qvtt|fqq- kbvmrf|~- r`ngjq r`kr ne ~iv znmm ~iv| jvk|bznmm lf jiib ri ~iv' Lf `fkmr`~+ (Karq t';6'


51/146

Km|fkb~ rfr|k|a` @f|ib Kj|ntk X;S bfaktnrkrfb `fkbq ie @fl|kna A`|nqrnkg a`v|a` ie

Of|vqkmfc ciungj r`|ivj` r`f k||fqr ie Okail r`f J|fkr kgb Tfrf| ng r`f ~fk| 2


52/146

A@KTRF\ NNN AIGUF\RNGJ TKJKGQ L^ @FL\FZ A@\NQRNKGQ

A'NNN';' \KLLN QKVM AIGUF\RNGJ

\klln Qkvm zkq li|g ng Rk|qvq' Bkrf ie ln|r` nq miakrfb- kerf| bneef|fgr qiv|afq- lfrzffg

6#;4' R`f ekcnm~ zkq ie gilmf |kgh- r`f r|nlf ie Qkvm' @nq ekr`f| zkq r`f cf|a`kgr zì `kb

|fafnufb \ickg anrnfgq`nt kq k qnjg ie aiitf|krnig znr` r`f nctf|nkm kbcngnqr|krnig'ivgj Qkvm eimmizfb ngnrnkrnig qaìim qaìmk|q`nt vgbf| r`f jvnbkgaf ie \klln Jkckmnfm'

Lfaicf k cfclf| ie r`f en|qr |kgh ie r`f J|kgb Rfctmf Ciqkna Qkg`fb|ng' Rkhf tk|r kqnbf

e|ic r`f |fti|rfb tf|qfavrnig ie *qfar Jiqtfm ie Ofqvq*' Kerf| `nq rfqrncig~- z`fg `f `fmb

aictkar bfkaig Qkngr Qrft`fg- zì zkq jvk|bngj r`f amir`fq ie r`f hnmmf|' \f{vfqr kgb

|fafnuf ktt|iukm ie r`f J|kgb \klln Aknt`kq ri tf|qfavrf r`f A`|nqrnkg aiccvgnr~ ie

Bkckqavq- z`f|f r`f mfkufq znr` k j|ivt ie ~ivgj |kllnq? bnqantmfq kgb e|nfgbq' Ig r`f zk~ri Bkckqavq aict|nqfq k l|nj`r mnj`r j|ivt- eiavq ig \klln Qkvm' @f ekmmq ekaf bizg ng r`f

|ikb bvqr' K uinaf- r`kr igm~ `f `fk|q qk~?

*Qkvm- Qkvm ''' Z`~ tf|qfavrf cf9 Zì k|f ~iv Mi|b9 Kqh r`f ~ivgj |klln rf||nenfb' N kc

Ofqvq r`f ie Gkk|fr`- zìc ~iv tf|qfavrf `nc' Jfr vt- aicf ngri rizg kgb rfmm ~iv z`kr

ri bi *' (Karq t'>'5'.' Qkvm ji miih qh~zk|b- lvr bi gir qff kg~r`ngj' @nq efmmizq nrq |fmkrfb ri

r`f efk| r`kr r`fn| cfgri| nq mnhf k lmngb' R`f~ |knqfb `nc e|ic bvqr e|ic r`f |ikb kgb riih

`nc l~ r`f k|cq ri Bkckqavq' \klln qrk~fb r`|ff bk~q ng ekqr lmkah kgb t|k~f|' @f zkq

ngnrnkrfb ngri r`f qfa|frq r`kr Mkz hgfz ie unqnig miqq nq k qnjg ie r`f Qvt|fcf Ei|af' @f

hgfz r`kr `f cvqr t|k~- ri |vf- ri engb ivr z`~ kgb z`kr r`f tvgnq`cfgr zivmb lf' Ng r`f

eiv|r` bk~ ng- k Ofz `f nq |fqtfarfb ng r`f aiccvgnr~ ie Bkckqavq kgb ef|ufgr t|itigfgr

ie A`|nqrnkg qfarq ng r`f anr~? Kgkgnkq' Jfr tfgnrfgr qìvmbf|q kgb zigbf|ngj ne r`nq ckg

bfqf|ufq tvgnq`cfgr qkufb' *Jib- N `fk|b ckg~ tfitmf rkmhngj klivr r`f funm bigf l~ r`nq

ckg- ~iv| qkngrq ng Of|vqkmfc' Kgb giz `f akcf `f|f- ngufqrfb znr` kmm tizf|q ri r`feknrèvm ig ~iv| a`kng *(Karq t'>';4'.' Unqnig `kq k uinaf ngqnbf r`kr qk~q?

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eknrèvm ig ~iv| a`kng (Karq t'>';4'.' Unqnig `kq k uinaf ngqnbf r`kr qk~q?

*Bi nr+ Ei| r`|ivj` nr ~iv qt|fkb r`f eknr` kcigj tkjkg tfitmfq- znmm aiguf|r r`f hngjq kgb

r`f a`nmb|fg ie Nq|kfm' N c~qfme znmm rfmm `nc r`kr `nq qveef|ngj nq r`f zk~ ng c~ gkcf *' (Karq

t'>';;'.'

Kgkgnkq |fafnufb r`f j|kaf ri jnuf r`f f~fqnj`r ri Qkvm' Kerf| |fafnungj nrq lktrnqc znr`

zkrf|' @f qrk~fb znr` `nc vgrnm `f |faiuf|' Nr nq kqqvcfb r`kr ng rìqf bk~q r`f|f zf|flfrzffg rzi migj bnkmijvfq mfk|g @fl|fz Jiqtfm ie Ofqvq' Kerf| `f zkq klmf ri zkmh- r`f

en|qr Qkllkr`- Qkvm fgrf|q ng r`f Ciqkna Rfctmf ie Bkckqavq' Lfei|f r`f kqqnqrkgaf lfjng l~

t|fka`ngj r`f Jiqtfm ie Ofqvq kgb ri qvlcnr rfqrncig~ ri r`f {vkmnr~ ie r`f Cfqqnk` kgb

a|vanenfb r`f t|it`fr |fqv||farnig nr' Tfitmf kqh? ìz9 nr nq r`f tf|qfavri| ie eimmizf|q ie

Ofqvq+ Fuf|~igf hgfz r`kr r`f |klln zkq rkmhngj ri r`fc giz zkq r`f `nj` t|nfqr qfgr ri

Of|vqkmfc ri hnmm r`f eimmizf|q ie Ofqvq ng Bkckqavq' Qiig ''' r`f ciqkna lnjirqX;S tmkg ri

hnmmngj `nc' Qkvm nq qkufb l~ r`f bnqantmfq- |fckngngj eknrèvm' R`f~ tkqq iuf| r`f cnbbmf ie

r`f gnj`r ng r`f ei|r|fqq zkmm ie Bkckqavq' Kerf| r`f |frv|g ng Of|vqkmfc Qkvm r|~ngj ri jfr

ng riva` znr` cfgri|q A`|nqrnkg Aiccvgnr~' Lvr fuf|~z`f|f nq j|ffrfb znr` qvqtnanig kgb

`kr|fb- `kungj gi|ckm |fkarnigq ri `nq |imf znr` gir cva` rncf lfei|f' Nr zkq `nq Lk|gklf

ri ckhf lknm ei| Qkvm- qk~ngj ri A`|nqrnkgq z`kr `kttfgfb ng Bkckqavq' @izfuf|- r`f

iuf||nbf- fqtfankmm~ *A`|nqrnkg `fmmfgnqrq* tmkggfb ri hnmm `nc' R`f t|fql~rf|q ie Of|vqkmfc

A`|nqrnkg Aiccvgnr~ bfanbf ri qfgb ei| k rncf ng ~iv| ìcfrizg # Rk|q'

Ktiqrimna |imf ie r`f tf|qig znmm a`kgjf igaf r`f i|nfgrkrnig kgb r`f gkcf ie A`|nqrnkgnr~

(\klln Qkvm lfaicngj r`f Ktiqrmf Tkvm.- znmm lf |fti|rfb ng z`kr eimmizq'

X;S Rf|c bfqnjgkrngj eimmizf|q ngrimf|kgaf ri uk|nivq ngrf|t|frkrnigq ie biar|ngf bneef|fgr

e|ic r`fn|q- z`na` r`f~ lfmnfuf r`f igm~ ilunivq kgb lfqr' R`f f{vnukmfgr rf|c nq*evgbkcfgrkmnqr*'

@nq cnqqnigk|~ oiv|gf~ rkhfq tmkaf ng Of|vqkmfc- Kgrnia`- J|ffaf- ri \icf kgbvguf|nenfb ig af|rkng bkrk ng Qtkng' Z`kr `kttfgfb ng Bkckqavq kgb `kuf kgir`f|

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vguf|nenfb ig af|rkng bkrk ng Qtkng' Z`kr `kttfgfb ng Bkckqavq kgb `kuf kgir`f|

cfkgngj' Z`krfuf| r`f gkrv|f i| fptmkngklmf qtfgr r`f gig fptmkngklmf Bkckqavq cicfgr

ie Tkvm mnef- zf akg gir njgi|f r`kr r`f|f `kq lffg k bfft a`kgjf ng tf|qigkmnr~ ie k |klln-

migj r|kngfb ng r`f qfa|frq ie Ciqkna Qa|ntrv|fq- Mkzq ie r`f Ri|k`' Qkvm*q itrnig ri lfaicf

k cnqqnigk|~ ie r`f Jiqtfm ie Ofqvq- znmm `kuf k a|vankm |imf ng fukgj`fmnqkrnig ie r`f tkjkg

tfitmfq* ie r`f Cfbnrf||kgfkg k|fk ng r`f gfpr r`n|r~ ~fk|q' Qr|fgjr` ie a`k|karf| ie r`f`vckg r|nlf ng Qkvm kqqiankrfb znr` fqirf|na fgf|jnfq ngufqrfb- znr` r`f @im~ Qtn|nr r`|ivj`

Lktrnqc ri av|f tfitmf8 j|kaf nrq qtfkhf| kgb i|jkgnf| ie A`|nqrnkg ei|cq ie zi|q`nt kgb

|nrvkm ie r`f A`|nqrnkg aiccvgnrnfq ri lf qfr vt- znmm kmm lfaicf |fkm zfktigq' Znr` r`fc

znmm ekaf ig r`f bnqtk|kjf|q ie nrq izg r|nlf- r`f kbcngnqr|kri|q ie r`f \ickg Fctn|f-

jnungj @ITF ri r`iqf qffhngj k qfkr ng e|igr bivlrq ie r`fn| qtn|nrvkm mnef' R`f|fei|f- r`f qnf

ie nrq qngjvmk| bfqrng~- r`f zk~ ng z`na` r`f *lk|f `kgbq* ri ekaf r`f lfqr afgrf|q ie |fmnjnivq

tizf| (ng Of|vqkmfc- Krnia`- Kr fgq- \icf. kgb r`fg anunm bfqf|uf tv|qvfb gir igm~ ng r`f

ktiqrimna- lvr kq k fpkctmf ie ei|afb RI R@F JFGF\KRF K @VCKG LFNGJ

IEEF\NGJ'

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e|ic r`f Fctf|i| Amkvbnvq (2; # 62.- k|ivgb 64' K{vnmk kgb T|nqanmk - @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq

r`kr Mvhf qk~q r`f~ zf|f fptfmmfb e|ic \icf (Karq t';0'


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j ~ j j t j

ir`f|q- tk|rnantkrngj ng t|k~f|' Kr r`f fgb ie r`f bnungf qf|unaf- z`fg r`f |klln qknb r`f

t`|kqf *L|ir`f|q- ne ~iv `kuf qicfr`ngj ri qk~ ri fgaiv|kjf tfitmf- bi nr+* @f qrkgbq znr`

enqr |knqfb kgb mnrrmf engjf| vtX;S'|fef|q ri kg ncti|rkgr kgb afgr|km t|k~f| ng r`f Ofznq`

t|k~f| qf|unaf' R`f afgr|km r`fcf ie r`fHkbbnq` nq r`f ckjgnenakrnig kgb qkgarnenakrnig ie

Jib*q gkcf. qtfkhngj?*Tfitmf ie Nq|kfm kgb ie rìqf r`kr ~iv efk| Jib mnqrfg+ Jib ie r`nq tfitmf- r`f Jib ie Nq|kfm

aìqf iv| ekr`f|q kgb ckbf ri j|iz bv|ngj `nq fpnmf ng Fj~tr' R`fg- vqngj r`f Ei|af zkq

ckbf ri fqaktf e|ic qmkuf|~ kgb ei|r~ ~fk|q- `f jvnbfb r`|ivj` r`f bfqf|r' R`fg lmkqrngj

qfufg gkrnigq ie Akgkkg ig fk|r`- `f tvr ng tiqqfqqnig ie r`fn| aivgr|~- ei| eiv| `vgb|fb

~fk|q' Kerf| r`fqf r`ngjq `f jkuf ri ovbjfq Qkcvfm t|it`fr' R`fg `f |f{vfqrfb k hngj' Zf

jkuf ri Qkvm- r`f qig ie Anq- ie r`f Lfgnkcng r|nlf' Kerf| `f zkq |fciufb- Jib jkuf Bkunb

('''.' Ie r`f t|ijfg~ r`kr Ofqvq zkq li|g kq r`f Cfqqnk`' Oi`g (Oi`g r`f Lktrnqr. zkq

t|ftk|fb l~ r`f aicngj gfz kbcngnqr|krnig Lktrnqc' Kr r`f fgb ie nrq cnqqnig- `f qknb-

Z@I R@NGH N KC- N KC GIR- LVR @F\F AICNGJ KERF\ CNGF IG R@F GIR

ZI\R@^ RI RIVA@ Q@IFQ' L|ir`f|q- ~iv| a`nmb|fg ie Kl|k`kc |kaf kgb ~iv r`f

t|fqfgr- nq qfgr ri ~iv r`nq cfqqkjf' Ci|fiuf|- |fqnbfgrq ie Of|vqkmfc kgb r`f `fkbq `kuf

|fka`fb r`fn| ciqkna zi|bq t|it`frq z`na` zf|f |fkb fuf|~ Qkllkr`' Gi |fkqig ri engb ('''.-

aigbfcgfb `nc (Ofqvq. kgb kqhfb `nc ri Tnmkrf ri hnmm `nc' Kgb fuf|~r`ngj kq z|nrrfg l~

r`f t|it`frq- r`f~ `kuf bfqafgbfb e|ic r`f a|iqq kgb tvr `nc ngri r`f j|kuf' Lvr Jib `kq

\fqv||farfb `nc' T|naf qfuf|km bk~q `f kttfk|fb ri rìqf zì akcf znr` `nc e|ic Jkmnmff'

R`f~ k|f `nq znrgfqqfq lfei|f r`f tfitmf' Kgb zf hgiz ri kggivgaf? r`f t|icnqf X;S

Ck|hf| ie lfmigjngj kbuiakrfq qtfkhngj kr Ciqkna eknr`' Qnjg r`kr nq bigf- ei| fpkctmf-z`fg t|k~f| qknb *Hkbbnq`*#

ckbf ri iv| tk|fgrq (aicngj ri Cfqqknk`. ri qvtti|r a`nmb|fg ie Jib `kq |fka`fb k? r`f|fqv||farnig ie Ofqvq' Kq nq z|nrrfg ng Tqkmcq? iv k|f c~ qig- c~qfme ribk~ N zkq li|g kgb

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O ~ - ~ ~

N znmm bfefgb' Kgb Jib jkuf vq r`|ivj` \fqv||farnig kgb akg gir lf {vfqrnigfb k|f rìqf

zi|bq? *Zf znmm jnuf ~iv r`f ìm~ r`ngjq ie Bkunb- rìqf zì k|f r|vqrzi|r`~' Qi k|f

l|ir`f|q- r`kr r`|ivj` @nc ei|jnufgfqq ie qngq nq kggivgafb' Kmm r`f ei|jnufgfqq r`kr ~iv

akg gir jfr r`|ivj` r`f Mkz ie Ciqfq- r`|ivj` @nc ~iv akg `kuf' Tmfkqf girf ~iv bi gir

`kttfg z`kr nq z|nrrfg ng r`f t|it`frq? *Miih tfitmf evmm ie r`fcqfmufq' Lf qv|t|nqfb girvgbf|qrkgb z`~ kgb bnfb ei| qngaf r`f rncf r`kr ~iv znmm bi zi|h r`kr ~iv bi gir lfmnfuf

~iv kg~ rncf- z`fr`f| ~iv zivmb |fanrf k qicflib~' ,(Karq t';1';5'#2;'.

Nct|fqqfb l~ r`f ei|af ie k|jvcfgr kgb ìz ri qvtti|r ckg~ ie r`f cffrngj |f{vfqrfb ri

cffr kjkng' Ig r`f gfpr Qkllkr`- rìqf zì efmr unimkrfb Ciqkna eknr`- r`f~ `kuf r`|fkrfgfb

kgb bf|nqnig z`fg kjkng kqhfb ri qtfkh'

Tkvm qk~q?

*N zkgrfb ri mfr ~iv hgiz ~iv en|qr zi|b ie Jib' Lfakvqf zf |fofar kgb bi gir aigqnbf|

zi|r`~ ie frf|gkm mnef- zf znmm |fef| ri tkjkgq' Ei| r`vq Jib qknb? *N `kuf ckbf mnj`r ie

tfitmfq- ei| ~iv ri ji iee cfqqkjf ri r`f fk|r`*' (Karq t';1'25'#2:'.

Tkvm aigrngvf fukgjfmnqc tkjkg titvmkrnig ivr ie r`f t|irfqrq @fl|fz *evgbkcfgrkmnqrq*'

R`f~ bfanbf ri hnmm `nc' R`fg igf bk~ ~iv akra`- ~iv ji ri r`f fbjf ie rizg kgb lfkr `nc

lmiib~' Lfmnfuf `nc bfkb r`f~ mfkuf r`f lib~ r`f|f' R`f gfzq `kq qt|fkb kgb `nq krrfgbkgrq-

zì gir qak|fb zfgr ri qff r`f lib~- lvr t|k~fb ei| r`f bfkb rìvj`r' Bnungf ei|af `f hftr

kmnuf' Tkvm |faiuf|ngj kgb igf ie nrq ngrf| |frv|g bv|ngj t|k~f| ei| `nq qivm' Krrfgbkgrq qkz

r`f qnjg ng `kgb t|irfarnig ie Ofqvq' Mkqr unqnrfb anr~ ng r`f nqmkgb zkq Bf|lf' @f|f k mk|jf

gvclf| ie tfitmf- @fl|fz i| gir- zf|f aiguf|rfb ri A`|nqrnkgnr~- ei|cngj k gfz A`|nqrnkg

aiccvgnrnfq'

Cnqqnigk|~ j|ivt |frv|gq ri Kgrnia`- z`f|f Tkvm kgb Lk|gklf znmm i|jkgnf kgb mfkb6:


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|faijgnf- ng [v| kg (R`f Nqmkcna @im~ Liih. kq k ei|f|vggf| ie nrq Kl|k`kc- Ciqfq-

Fmnok`- Ofqvq' K|klq znmm akmm Jib *Kmmk`*' R`f|f t|fcnqf fcf|jngj bnuf|qnr~ ie r`f r`|ff

l|kga`fq ie r`f qkcf qtn|nrvkm Tfitmf ie Jib*- zntfb r`f q`ft`f|bq *evgbkcfgrkmnqrq* ie

r`f r`|ff |fmnjnigq- kqqiankrngj r`fc znr` r`f aigav||fgaf ie ngrf|fqrq TIZF\ zi|mbm~'

Znrìvr rkhngj ngri kaaivgr r`f aiccig fqirf|na ufng? *Imb Rfqrkcfgr*- *Gfz Rfqrkcfgr*

kgb *[v|*kg *'

@f aicf lkah kr R|ikq' K gfz unqnig nq |fufkmfb ri lf k Ckafbignkg z`kr*q `nq gkcf ignr' Fclk|hngj- znr` `nq krrfgbkgrq ri Enmntnvc- r`fg r`f aktnrkm ie Ckafbignk' Bv|ngj r`nq

oiv|gf~- ng Mnqr|iq `kq fmfarfb k gfz bnqantmf ri lf r|kngfb? Rncir`~' Ng i|bf| gir ri a|fkrf

bnqqfgqnig kcigj nrq eimmizf|q- r`f gfz fcvmf `kq lktrnfb en|qr ciqkna |nrf l~

an|avcanqnig- r`fg nr fqrklmnq`fq znr` A`|nqrnkg lktrnqc' Nr zkq k bf|ijkrnig e|ic r`f Mkzie Ciqfq r`kr Tkvm- kerf| k bfft cfbnrkrnig- `f bnb' Kgir`f| nganbfgr zkq r`f k||fqr kgb

amiqv|f ng oknm lfakvqf r`f~ `kb |fmfkqfb k ~ivgj zickg tiqqfqqfb ie Q`kckg*q r|kgaf' R`f

k||fqr zkq ckbf ng r`f aictmkngr r`kr fptminr r`f ekn|- jfr cigf~ e|ic `f| faqrkrna qrkrfq'

T|k~f|q lfrzffg rzi zkmmq ie r`f oknm zf|f kaaictkgnfb l~ kg fk|r`{vkhf- z`na` q`fb

t|fcnqfq ng r`f bfkb ie gnj`r' Bii|q zf|f itfgfb kgb r`f a`kngq zf|f l|ihfg' Qak|fb r`kr

r`f ngckrfq znmm |vg- t|nqig jvk|b `f zkgrfb ri hnmm gir ri lf `fmb |fqtigqnlmf l~ r`fkvrì|nrnfq' Tkvm `kq qknb? *Bi gir hnmm- zf k|f kmm `f|f' Kckfb- r`f ckg nq ri r`|iz vt-

~iv rkhf `nc ìcf kgb ak|f ie ngov|nfq akvqfb `nc ri aimmktqf r`f zkmmq' Kqh ri lf lktrnfb

rijfr`f| znr` `nq ekcnm~ ''' K rzi#bk~ qr|krfjnqr akqrmf (Aicckgbf| ie r`f \ickg anr~.-

nct|fqqfb l~ r`f t|nqigf|q qfgb k aiv|nf| ri kggivgaf r`kr r`f~ k|f e|ff' Lvr Tkvm kgb Qnmkq

qknb r`kr \ickg anrnfgq ck~ gir lf |fmfkqfb r`kg k \ickg' R`fg qr|krfjnqr aicfq tf|qigkm

ri ckhf r`nq bfanqnig''' Kmqi ig r`nq |ikb kr R|ikq- oingq k cnqqnigk|~ j|ivt kgb Mvhf' R`kr

kttfk|q ng r`f rfpr- bnqa|ffrm~- l~ a|iqqngj r`f r`|ff#tf|qig kr k rzi#tf|qig tmv|km ie' Nr nq~fr kgir`f| t|iie ie r`f tk|fgr A`|nqrnkg cibfqr~ (Karq t ;4 ;5 . Kerf| k l|nfe qritiuf| ng

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~fr kgir`f| t|iie ie r`f tk|fgr A`|nqrnkg cibfqr~' (Karq t';4';5'.' Kerf| k l|nfe qritiuf| ng

Mnbk- k||nungj ng R`fqqkmignhn' R`f en|qr zk~ zkq r`f ktiqrmf- kq km|fkb~ hgizg- r`f

q~gkjijvf ng r`f anr~' @f|f kjkng r`f Ofzq t|fka` klivr r`f Jiib Gfzq ie Ofqvq

\fqv||farnig- akmmngj ri lf a`|nqrfgfb' Nr |fafnufb r`f A`|nqrnkg lktrfcf ie Ofz Nkqig

(Tf|qigkmnr~ ie r`f Ofzq ng rizg.' Lvr r`f gfpr bk~ k j|ivt ie Ofzq- ng `~qrf|nk fqrkrf- `nc

a|kzm ig Nkqig ri \ickg kvrì|nr~' R`f |fkqig zkq r`kr qicf tfitmf zì ìqrq*''' `kuf

|fuimvrnignfb kg fgrn|f zi|mb ('''. aigr|k|~ ie Akfqk| fbnarq- qk~ngj r`kr r`f|f nq kgir`f|

hngj- Ofqvq' (Karq t';:'5'.' R`nq k|jvcfgr* znmm lf |ftfkrfb tf|ckgfgrm~- r`f a|vanenpnig ie

A`|nqr kgb vgrnm r`f @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq kq k bnqrngar j|ivt ng r`f A`|nqrnkg A`v|a`- lfei|f

lfngj j|ivgb ri kg~ cnmnrk|~ i| anunmnkg \ickgq' R@NQ BFEKCKRNIG- NR QFFCQ-

CIQKNA EVGBKCFGRKMNQRQ- KLIUF R@F RFG AICCKGBCFGRQ ''' Ng |fkmnr~ r`fOfzq- fk|m~ A`|nqrnkgq- GIR OFQVQ K\JVFB R@KR R@F @VCKG KVR@I\NR^' @F

ZKQ R@FN\ QTN\NRVKM HNGJ I\ CI\F QNCTM^- QIG IE JIB+ R`f mfkbf|q ie

Ofznq` Aiccvgnr~fq fptminrfb r`f aigevqnig ie rf|cq? hngj ie r`f tfitmfq (akfqk|. uf|qvq

hngj ie qtn|nr (Ofqvq.- r`f t|nbf ie r`f \ickg ''' kg~- ri itt|fqq r`fc i| fufg ckhf r`fc ji

ie r`fc kq {vnahm~ kq rìqf zì qvccig r`f Ofzq kgb ir`f|q ri k gfz ei|c ie qtn|nrvkm

fpnqrfgaf kgb aiccvgnr~ i|jkgnkrnig? Ciqrm~ R@\IVJ@ CI\KM AIGAFTR IECKRF\NKM ZI\MB'

Ng i|bf| gir ri akvqf ci|f tf|qfavrnig kjkngqr A`|nqrnkgq- Tkvm bfrf|cngf bftk|rv|fe|ic R`fqqkmignhn ri Kr`fgq- rkhngj znr` `nc k gfz eimmizf|? K|nqrk|`' R`f gfpr qrit zkq

r`f Lf|f' @f qrvbnfb `f|f ng r`f q~gkjijvf- r`f @im~ Liihq rijfr`f| @fl|fz \kllnq' R`f~

aigen|cfb r`f kaav|ka~ ie r`f rfprq anrfb l~ r`f ktiqrmf ie Ri|k`- ie z`na` aigen|cfb r`f

a|vanenpnig kgb r`f aicngj ie *Qig ie Ckg*' Kmrìvj` rìqf ie R`fqqkmignhn zf|f qfgr ri

@fl|fz mnhf Ofzq fgcnr~ rizk|bq r`f A`|nqrnkg cnqqnigk|~ Tkvm k|ivgb r`f aiccvgnr~ ie

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@fl|fz mnhf Ofzq fgcnr~ rizk|bq r`f A`|nqrnkg cnqqnigk|~ Tkvm k|ivgb- r`f aiccvgnr~ ie

Lf|f |fckngfb ng bfafgr mncnrq' K gvclf| ie @fl|fz `kuf kqhfb ri lf lktrnfb' Tkvm- Qnmkq

mfkufq ig r`fc ri aigrngvf r`fn| t|fka`ngj' @f- kmigj znr` Rncir`~ livgb ei| Kr fgq'

Qtn|nrvkm afgrf| ie J|ffh avmrv|f- Kr`fgq zkq fqrklmnq`fb t`nmiqit`nakm qaìimq |fckngngj

kerf| r`f *jimbfg eiv| afgrv|nfq* ie Fmmkbk? k Ftnav|nkgq kgb Qrinaq' Kr`fgq zkq giz k

\ickg t|iungaf? ng r`f J|ffh qtn|nr z`na` t|icirfb Tnr`kji|k i| Tmkri zkq igm~ k q`kbiz'

Lvr t|nbf fqirf|na ufqrnjf Bfmt`n ckhfq avmrnukrfb J|ffhq *fgivj` *- vgekrìcklmf iaavmr

|fmnjnivq ktt|ika` ri r`f ir`f| qiv|af- ngamvbngj A`|nqrnkg' R`f|fei|f- kerf| qicf bflkrf-

r`f J|ffh t`nmiqit`f|q kgb zf|f b|kjjfb k|ivgb r`f Ofzq ie Tkvm lfei|f Krrna K|fitkj

(R`f bfanqnig ie r`f qvt|fcf Kr`fgnkg bfcia|ka~.' Tkvm riih r`f emii| ri bfefgb `nq j|ivt-

r`f |nj`r ri ckgnefqr e|ffm~ r`|ivj` eknr` ng Kr`fgq? *Kr`fgnkg kmm aigbnrnigq- zf qff kq r`f ciqr eknrèvm ie cfg' Jingj r`|ivj` ~iv| rizg-qffngj ~iv| qka|fb cigvcfgrq- N eivgb igf z`na` zkq r`f ngqa|ntrnig? *Vghgizg Jib*'

Zfmm- r`kr N miuf ~iv znrìvr ~iv hgiz- N akcf ri `kuf `nc girnaf' Jib zì ckbf r`f zi|mb

znr` z`kr nq ng nr- Jib ie @fkufg kgb Fk|r` bi gir mnuf ng rfctmfq ckbf l~ `vckg `kgbq-

z`na` `f jkuf mnef ri kmm lfngjq ('''.' Ne k VGN[VF T\NGANTMF- @f a|fkrfb qtfanfq `vckg

mnungj ig r`f fk|r`' Ne r`f enpfb tf|nib kgb r`f k|fk ie `vckg mnef- ckbf nr ri ckhfq tfitmfqffh bnungnr~8 ÎV EIVGB L^ QFK\A@NGJ' Nr nq amiqf ri kmm ie vq' Ei| vq ZF @KUF

MNEF- CIUFCFGR KGB LFNGJQ' Ng ekar qicf ie ~iv qknb? *lfakvqf zf k|f ie @nq |kaf'

Ne zf k|f hngb ie Jib zf cvqr gir r`ngh bnungnr~ mnhf jimb- qnmuf| i| qrigf t|iafqqfb r`|ivj`

k|r i| r`|ivj` r`f `vckg jfgnvq' @f|f nq r`kr Jib znq`fq ri ckhf hgizg r`f tfitmf r`kr

akcf r`f cicfgr ri fptnkrf qngq- ei| `f `kq enpfb k bk~ ei| r|nkm- jnungj r`f CKG zf rv|g ri

ei| r`nq kgb r`kr jkuf fuf|~lib~ k t|iie ie r`f vgbfgnklmf ekar r`kr `f

\fqv||farfb e|ic r`f bfkb *(Karq t';:'


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gir aigqnbf|fb `nc jvnmr~ ei| `nq lfmnfeq kgb mfr r`fc ji' Igm~ k efz znmm eimmiz r`f

cnqqnigk|~' Kcigj r`fc kgb Bnignqnf r`f K|fitkjnr- k evrv|f cnqqnigk|~'

Cnqnigk|~ j|ivt ji ri Lf|f- rkhf nr kgb Qnmkq jingj ri Ai|ngr`- r`f aktnrkm ie r`f \ickg

t|iungaf K`knk' Tfitmf ie uk|nivq fr`gna i|njngq- kbitrfb ng ciqr \ickg anrnfgq`nt'

Lvqngfqq r`kr lngb ti|r Ai|ngr` znr` kmm r`f Cfbnrf||kgfkg- |fka`ngj Ke|nak kgb Kqnk-krr|karngj r|kbf|q e|ic kmm gkrnigq- jnungj r`f anr~ k aiqcitimnrkg a`k|karf|' @fl|fz

aiccvgnr~ ng Ai|ngr` zkq uf|~ |na`fqr' Kgb `f|f- fuf|~ Qkllkr` r`f @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq

k|ivgb Tkvm zfgr ri `nq q~gkjijvf' R`f~ aiccfgr rij`frf| ie Ri|k` rfprq- r|~ngj ri

tf|qvkbf r`fc r`|ivj` r`fn| bnqaiv|qf nq r`kr Ofqvq *Cfqqknk`* t|it`fq~ kgb fptfarfb

`k|lngjf| ie Nqknk`' Ng z`kr aigaf|gq r`fc r`f J|ffhq kgb r`iqf ie ir`f| |kafq- Tkvm rfa`

r`fc ka{vkngrfb znr` r`f Mkz ie Ciqfq- jnungj r`fc mnj`r kgb hgizmfbjf aigrkngfb ng r`fJiqtfm ie Ofqvq' A`nfe \klln ie q~gkjijvf- A|nqtvq- zkq lktrnfb' Ciqr Ofzq zf|f

cnqr|vqrevmX


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*Z`fr`f| ~iv| lmiib ri ekmm ig ~iv| `fkbq+ Ng cf k|f tv|f- kgb kmqi znmm ji ri tkjkgq *(Karq

t';0'5'.'

Jfqrv|f bnq|vtrnig amir`fq k|f ng r`f r|kbnrnig ie @fl|fz fqirf|na |imf- CK\HNGJ KL\FKH' Igf ie r`f bfft bnqaigrfgr r`kr bifq' R`f fpt|fqqnig *ÎV\ LMIIB RI EKMM

IG ÎV\ @FKBQ+* Nq gir k cf|f r`|fkr i| kg nguiakrnig ie |fufgjf' Cfrktì| nq bnungftvgnq`cfgr? RI TVGNQ@ ÎV\QFME'

Ci|fiuf|- l~ r`f fgb ie `nq bk~q- Tkvm znmm aigrngvf ri fukgjfmnf r`f @fl|fz kjkngqr

tq~aìqnq a|fkrfb l~ avmr ekgkrnaq ciqkna- z`f|f fuf|~z`f|f `f k||nuf' R`f nganbfgr

|fti|rfb kliuf tmk~q r`f r|kjna qnbf ie Cnqqnigk|~ Ofzq kgb A`|nqrnkgq ng jfgf|km ie kmm r`f

Tkvmnkg bncfgqnig ie `vckg bkrvc |fjk|bmfqq ie |kaf i| |fmnjnig ie r`f Ofznq` r|nlf z`na`

i|njngkrfb' R`f|fei|f r`f qr|vjjmf lfrzffg ieenankmq kgb aiccvgnr~ kgb |fmnjnivq ciqkna ieOfzq kgb r`f A`|nqrnkgq- amiqfm~ k|ivgb r`f ktiqrmfq zkq n||faiganmklmf' Igaf ivr ie r`f

*qigq ie Nq|kfm*- A`|nqrnkgnr~ gi migjf| aigqrnrvrfb k bkgjf| ri ciqkna Ofzq' Bizg r`|ivj`

r`f afgrv|nfq r`kr eimmizfb- qaìmk|q- biari|q- r|fkqv|f|- fra zf|f ng kg nge|kqr|varv|f ei|

aiitf|krnig znr` r`f a`v|a` kgb A`|nqrnkg ngqrnrvrnigq' Lvr gir znr` r`f @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq'

Kgb giz r`kr aigaf|g r`fc- znrìvr `kr|fb ie kganfgr Ofz' Lvr giz- r`f {vfqrnig tiqf l~

igf Ofz mnhf? *z`kr bifq r`kr cfkg9*' K hngb ie ''' qr|~rk#akcfm- kgb gir lmkcfevm kq tfitmf-kgb eknr`' Ne kgb z`fg Jib zkgrq ~iv- iv| cngbq- ie iv| qv|unui|q znmm ri amk|ne~ ir`f|znqf'

R@F CF\NR IE @FL\FZ A@\NQRNKGQ R@FG ZKQ RI @KUF @FL\FZ RFGKANR^

KGB LFMNFEQ NG OFQVQ RI LFJNG \IKB IE A@\NQRNKGNR^' Nr nq k ekar- fufg ne nr nq

bfgnfb i| qvlmnckrf'

Ng r`f qt|ngj ie 6< Ofzq ìqrnmf ri Tkvm nq jingj ri ekaf r|nkm t|iaigqvm ie K`knk- Jkmnig-k|jvngj r`kr nr zivmb lf t|fka`fb ng r`f q~gkjijvf kjkngqr r`f Ciqkna Mkz' Tkvm `kq jir ri

51

bfefgb' \ickg ieenankm nqqvf qk~ngj?


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*Ne nr nq k efmig~ i| k z|igjbingj- N `kuf |fafnufb- Ovbfk- kq |fkqigklmf aictmkngr' Lvr

lfakvqf nr nq a`kmmfgjngj zi|bq kgb gkcf ng ~iv| izg mkz- zf qrnmm qff ~iv+ Mfr cf lf r`f

ovbjf ng r`nq akqf |fevqf+ *(Karq t';0';2'.'

Kmm r`f~ aivmb ckhf r`fc kgj|~ zkq ri `nc k bfuirff ie Tkvm- Qiqrfgf (k |klln rv|gfb ri

A`|nqrnkgnr~. kgb lfkr `nc lfei|f r`f aiv|r lvnmbngj' Ig aictmfrnig ie r`f cnqqnig ieAi|ngr`- Tkvm*q j|ivt ciufb rizk|b r`f tmkaf ie bftk|rv|f? Kgrnia`' Ig r`f zk~ r`f~ qrit

kr Ft`fqvq' R`nq nq qv||ivgbfb l~ r`f miuf ie @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq- z`na` `f t|k~q ri |fckng'

Tkvm t|icnqfq r`kr nr znmm |frv|g'

R`vq r`f fgb ie nq rzi cnqqnig kcigj r`f *tkjkgq*' Nr girfb r`kr r f fmfarnigfgun|igcfgr zkq lfgfenankm J|ffh kq k en|qr qrft rizk|bq qtkaf ivrqnbf Ofznq`' Qnjgnenakgr nq

r`f ekar r`kr r`nq *rf||nri|nkm aig{vfqr * zkq bigf ng klivr rzi ~fk|q- znrìvr k|cq- znrìvr

r`f ei|af ie k |fmnjnivq imnjk|a`nfq qnf ie r`f ciqkna ng r`f lkah- i| ìz r`f cnmnrk|~ zkq r`f

\ickg Fctn|f' R`kr*q QICFR@NGJ r`kr Tkvm cilnmnf? lfmnfe qr|fgjr`- qtn|nrvkm qr|fgjr`-

r`f ekarq ie nrq lfgfenrq' Gvcf|nakm qnf kgb {vkmnr~ ie aiguf|qnig- fufg kcigj r`f Ofzq- mfb

rìqf zì zkgrfb r`f hnmmngj cnqqnigk|~ ri lf ci|f ak|fevm ng r`f t|karnaf ie m~ga`ngj ng

tvlmna' Nr zkq k tf|nib ie emiv|nq`ngj aiccvgnrnfq @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq ivrqnbf Ovbffk' @kb

jkngfb- ei| fpkctmf- kmm Ofznq` aiccvgnrnfq |fafnufq knb qfgr Lk|gklf kgb Tkvm ng rncf ie

ekcngf ng Ovbfk (25 # 20- z`f|f ir`f| qiv|afq 20#64.' Karvkmm~ r`f |fkm fgfcnfq ie r`f eknr`

zf bi gir `~qrf|nakm Ofzq zì zf|f hnmm ig r`fn| @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq ivrqnbf r`f akqrmf ri

qrigf `nc- LVR Z@I- R@FG KQ GIZ- @KGBMNGJ K QFR Ie FCIRNIGKM

QRKGBNGJ LFRZFFG R@F TFITMF- EI\ R@F CICFGRQ IE I\BFKM'

52 N znmm nmmvqr|krf znr` r`f t`|kqf *Lfmnfuf kgb bi gir miih*' R`f qvtti|rf|q ie r`fmn `r r r r b n n R` A` n rn e b r mn r rn rn


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fgmnj`rfgcfgr r|fkrfb kq kg fgjngf njgi|kgaf' R`f A`|nqrnkg evgbkcfgrkmnqrq kq cirnukrnig

znrìvr qvlofarngj aigbnrnigq' Ei| cf r`kr cfkgq r`f qtn|nr kgb `vckg bfqrng~ ng r`f `kgbq

ie Jib? Eknr` ng `nc |fmfkqfb e|ic r`f qr|fqq ~iv rii ckg~ {vfqrnigq kgb vgaf|rkngrnfq

|fmkrfb ri ~iv| bfqrng~' R`|ff unfzq? rzi jfgf|kri|q kgb fcirnigkm aigr|kbnarnigq

n||fr|nfuklm~' K r`|ff#ri k *qnctmf* z`na` kg~zk~ nq gir gi `k|c gi Fgmnj`rfgcfgrevgbkcfgrkmnqrq' Ng r`nq qfgqf rfmm ~iv r`f zi|bq ie k cigh e|ic Civgr Krìq- r`f a|kbmf ie

A`|nqrnkg fqirf|na' @f `kb r`f b|fkc- r`f unqnig ie |vggngj `nq mnef mnhf k ciunf ig r`f

lkahj|ivgb ie r`f kv|f Cfbnrf||kgfkg Qfk' Miihngj bizg r`f lfka` ri qff r|kafq ie qrftq?

rzi tkn|q ng r`f jiib rncfq |nj`r- k aivtmf ie qrftq ng r`f bneenavmr cicfgrq' @f hgfz r`kr k

tkn| ie rzi#qrftq ie Ofqvq zkq' Cigh nq kbb|fqqfb?

*Jib- ng bneenavmr cicfgrq r`kr mfkuf cf9 ,R`f kgqzf| aicfq nccfbnkrfm~? *Ng rivj` rncfq N zfgr ng c~ k|cq+'

A'NNN'6' A@\NQRNKG NGNRNKRNIG NG FEFQ QA@IIM

Kerf| k qì|r qrk~ ng Kgrnia`- Tkvm nq |frv|gfb kr Ft`fqvq' @f|f `f znmm ngnrnkrf kbftrq ng r`f

A`|nqrnkg fqirf|na c~qrf|nfq ei| r`|ff ~fk|q' R`f|f znmm lf ngnrnkrfb- kcigj ir`f|q Ktimmi ie

Kmfpkgb|nk kgb Ftke|kq' R`f~ znmm lf qfgr ri fukgjfmnf kgb t|fka` r`f Aimiqffgq ngMkibnanvc kgb @nf|itimnq'

R|kngngj zkq ngrfgqnuf' Nr rkhfq lfrzffg fmfufg qnprffg ìv|q k bk~' Zf|f ngamvbfb nglir` r`f ngnrnkrnig ciqkna qka|fb rfprq- kgb r`f Jiqtfm ie Ofqvq' Bnqantmfq zf|f |fkb~ ri ekaf

k bnqavqqnig ie r`f Ri|k` rfpr- i| ri |fqtigb ri {vfqrnigq ie t|nfqrq i| t`nmiqit`f|q kr`fnqr

i| tim~r`fnqr' Kr r`f fgb ie r`f r|kngngj j|kgr Tkvm fmfarfb l~ j|kaf r`|ivj` eknr` kgb

t|iufb lktrnqc l~ r`f @im~ Qtn|nr- z`na` ngufqrfb ig r`f igf znr` r`f jner ri |faiuf|'

56Ir`f|q `kuf r|nfb ri bi r`f qkcf' Karvkmm~ t|karnaf fpi|anqc- r`f imb r|kbnrnigq `kuf tfitmf

O R` ` r n b e \ lln Q L r r` n Cn m r b


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Ofz' Rìqf zì r|nfb zf|f qfufg qigq ie \klln Qafuk' Lvr r`fn| Cn|kamfq zf|f gir bigf-

kmrìvj` r`f~ `kuf |fmnfb ig Ofqvq' R`f~ zf|f lfkrfg kgb ivqrfb rìqf zì `kuf akmmfb

r`fc' Qr|fgjr` ktiqrmfq ckbf ckg~ t|nfqrq ie avmr jib Ktimmi ri ji kmigj znr` r`f anrnfgq

zìc r`f~ q`ft`f|b- ri A`|nqrnkgnr~'

Tkvm z|nrfq ng r`nq tf|nib Ftnqrmfq ri Ai|fgrffgq- ri Jkmkrffgq (rzi ie. ri Enmntffgq'Bftk|rv|f e|ic Ai|ngr` zkq ck|hfb l~ kg nganbfgr' Ofz Bfcfr|nvq- k |na` Ofzfmf| kgb

lvnmbf| tkjkg rfctmf- nganrf r`f zi|hf|q kjkngqr @fl|fz A`|nqrnkgq lfakvqf r`f~ rkhf r`f

l|fkb e|ic r`fn| civr`q' L~ aiguf|rngj tkjkgq ekmmfg b|kqrnakmm~ |f{vfqr ei| qrkrvfq ie jibq

kgb rfctmfq ie k||kgjngj ei| r`fn| |fuf|fgaf' Nccfbnkrf akvqf zkq afkqngj aigqr|varnig ie

k rfctmf ei| r`f jibbfqq K|rfcnq' R`f bkjjf|q zf|f akvj`r Jknvq kgb K|nqrk|` kgb

b|kjjfb `nc ngri r`f anr~ lfei|f \ickg aivgr~ a`nfe' @f kqhfb Bfcfr|nvq ri qvlcnr kaictmkngr ri lf lkqfb ig a|ncngkm- kaai|bngj ri \ickg mkzq' \ickg kbcngnqr|krnig jkuf

qnjgq ie gfvr|kmnr~ ng r`f ngrf|gkm Ofznq` aigemnar' Tkvm aigrngvfq nrq zk~ ri en|qr ng

Ckafbignk Enmntnvc kgb r`fg lkah ri Ft`fqvq ri R|ikq' E|ic r`kr tf|nib bkrfq ie r`f rzi#

mfrrf| ri Ai|ngrffgq' Kcigj `nq krrfgbkgrq zf|f Qitkr|iq ie Lf|f- K|nqrk|` ie Qkciq-

Qfavgbvq ie R`fqqkmignhn- bilf| ie Jknvq- Rncir`~- Rnangnvq kgb R|ieng' @f zkgrfb ri

|funfz r`f amiqfqr `nq `fk|r lfei|f rkhngj r`f |ikb ri Of|vqkmfc' Efmr r`kr r`f|f znmm fuf| qffkgb `f zkgrfb ri qr|fgjr`fg r`f eknr` kgb rìqf zì zf|f bnqantmfq' K||nufb ng r`fn| cnbbmf

kgb qk~?

*îv hgiz ~iv|qfme kgb ng z`kr ckggf|- r`f en|qr bk~ N zkmhfb ng `f|f N bi gir `kuf afkqfb

ri qf|uf r`f Mi|b znr` `vcnmnr~- znr` rfk|q ng r`f cnbbmf kgb funbfgaf ie `kr|fb ie Ofzq'

iv hgiz ìz znrìvr |fqr zf r|kngfb r`f tvlmna ig fka` qnbf- aigungangj r`f @fl|fz kgb

J|ffh ri t|iaffb RI JIB KGB lfmnfuf ng Ofqvq iv| Mi|b' Giz `f|f nq jvnbfb l~ r`f @im~

55Qtn|nr- N*mm |fef| ri Of|vqkmfc- lvr N hgiz z`kr znmm `kttfg- kmrìvj` `f zk|gfb cf r`kr N

r b A@KNGQ b @KRF L r N b r r n mne n e r e m r


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fptfarfb A@KNGQ kgb @KRF' Lvr N bi gir tvr k t|naf ig c~ mnef ng e|igr ie jikm ri ak||~

ivr c~ rkqh z`na` N |fafnufb e|ic r`f Mi|b Ofqvq? ri ckhf hgizg c~ rfqrncig~ ng r`f

Jiqtfm kgb Bnungf J|kaf' N giz hgiz r`kr c~ ekaf ck~ ~iv qff kg~ rncf ng r`f cnbbmf ie

kmm ie ~iv zì `kuf lffg kgb zf kggivgafb r`f Hngjbic (nr*q klivr *Hngjbic ie Jib*

z`f|f r`f *Tfitmf ie Jib*.' R`f|fei|f rfqrne~ lfei|f ~iv ribk~? r`f lmiib nq tv|nenfb lfakvqf~iv bnb gir `fqnrkrf z`fg N tkqqfb kmm r`f bnungf znmm' Lf ak|fevm znr` ~iv|qfme kgb kmm r`f

emiah z`na` r`f @im~ Qtn|nr znmm ckngm~ jvk|bq ri jvk|b r`f A`v|a` r`kr Jib ngak|gkrf ng

`nq izg lmiib qig' N hgiz r`kr kerf| c~ bftk|rv|f q`kmm aicf kcigj ~iv ke|knb ie zimufq-

z`na` znmm gir qtk|f r`f emiah kgb e|ic kcigj ~iv znmm |nqf fufg tfitmf rkhngj tf|uf|qf

bnqaiv|qfq ng i|bf| ri ckhf bnqantmfq ri eimmiz' R`f|fei|f lf unjnmkgr |fcngbngj ~iv r`kr ei|

r`|ff ~fk|q- bk~ kgb gnj`r bnb gir `fqnrkrf ri fgjkjf fka` ie ~iv '' Giz ~iv mfkuf avqrib~ rir`f Zi|b ie Jib kgb `nq j|kaf z`na` `kq r`f tizf| ri lvnmb kgb hfft lvnmbngj `f|nrkjf

kcigj kmm rìqf qkgarnenfb' Cigf~ i| r`ngjq zf riih e|ic gilib~- ~iv hgiz r`kr ei| c~

gffbq kgb c~ ckrfq zf|f qveenanfgr r`fqf `kgbq' Kr kmm rncfq zf qìzfb r`kr zf cvqr

ngrf|ufgf ri `fmt r`f zfkh kgb ri |fcfclf| r`f zi|bq r`f Mi|b Ofqvq zì qknb? *NR NQ

CI\F MVAH^ RI JNUF R@KG \FAFNUFB* (Karq t'


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ri t|fka`- lvr ng r`nq qnctmf t`|kqf? NR NQ CI\F MVAH^ RI JNUF R@KG \FAFNUFB '

Qfaigb kqtfar nq r`f tf|nib ie 64 # 60? rncf ri Ft`fqvq z`f|f Tkvm karvkmm~ ckbf en|qr qaìim ieA`|nqrnkg Ngnrnkrnig ng r`f fqirf|na' Nrq |ftvrkrnig `kq ckbf ckg~ qaìmk|q ri ji ri @fl|fz

A`|nqrnkgnr~ kgb aicf ri r|kng Nr q`kmm hfft r`f lkmkgaf lfrzffg *eknr` ie tk|fgr* kgb r`f

fukgj`fmnqkrnig kmm rìqf zì l~ eknr` k|f `kuf qìzg r`kr r`f~ k|f r`f eimmizf|q ie gfz |fmnjnig-

ie kg~ tf|qvkqnig zivmb `kuf lffg' Tkvm zkq gir kr kmm qv|f r`kr r`nq aigqfgqvq znmm lf hftr kerf|

`nq bftk|rv|f' R`f~ qk~ r`nq lmvgrm~- kgb jnungj hf~? UNJNMKGAF NG EKNR@- NG ZI\B KGB

BNUNGF NGQTN\KRNIG IE FKA@ NGNRNKRFB A@\NQRNKG'

@f hgfz ìz bkgjf|ivq zkq r`f zk~ ri Of|vqkmfc- LVR KQ K QNCTMF QIMBNF\ IE R@FA@\NQRNKG EKNR@ ZNMM JI MFKUNGJ KMM R@KR ZKQ LVNMR - KQ K QIMBNF\ IE R@F

MI\B *' Nr zkq r`f {vkmnr~ ie r`f en|qr A`|nqrnkg cnqqnigk|nfq- r`f ktiqrmfq e|ic kgig~civq

tfitmf- lf r`f~ @fl|fz i| gir+

R`f eiv| kttfk|kgaf- qffcngjm~ vglivgb l~ r`f zi|bq ie Tkvm- nq kgir`f| ukjk|~ ie `vckgr`nghngj' Ng r`f gngfrffgr` afgrv|~- Hk|m Ck|p bfengfq k biar|ngf akmmfb aiccvgnqr' E|ic kg

i|jkgnkrnigkm tingr ie unfz- r`f aiccvgnqr `kq k qr|varv|f qncnmk| ri r`kr Fqqfgfq i| @fl|fz

A`|nqrnkg aiccvgnrnfq' R`f~ eimmizfb r`f cigkqrna aiccvgnrnfq kgb giz Ofznq` hnlvr ie F|fr

Nq|kfm Qrkrf' Vrrf|fb l~ r`f ktiqrmf Tkvm- zkq rimb kmciqr fgrn|fm~- kq nbfkq ie Ck|p- Fgj`fmq ri

aiccvgnqr bnqantmfq' Mnungj- zi|hngj kgb t|itf|r~ q`k|ngj- bnqr|nlvrnig kq gffbfb (gir qffg ìz~iv akg jfr- lvr ~iv jnuf kaai|bngj ri r`f gffbq ie gi|ckm mnef? ìvqngj- eiib- r|kngngj )

fbvakrnig- `fkmràk|f- a`nmbak|f kgb fmbf|m~. kgb r`f aigr|nlvrnig fka` kerf| lfngj kq ckg~

itti|rvgnrnfq lfga`ck|h i|jkgnkrnigkm r~tfq ng r`f eiv| aiccvgnrnfq cfgrnigfb' Z`~ Ck|p

kgb Fgj`fmq aìnaf ri |ftvbnkrf A`|nqrnkgnr~9 K *aictfrnri|* aictfrfb `k|b''' i| r`nghngj ìz k

Ciqkna Ofz kjkngqr r`f kgafqr|km biar|ngf ie Ofqvq- znr` kmm nrq |iirq ng ciqkna zi|mb lvr gir

ciqkna9+

50

A@KTRF\ NU R@F L\FKH NGGF\ R@F @FL\FZ A@\NQRNKGQ AICCVGNR^ NG


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A@KTRF\ NU R@F L\FKH NGGF\ R@F @FL\FZ A@\NQRNKGQ AICCVGNR^ NG

OF\VQKMFC

A'NU';' \IKB RI OF\VQKMFC

R`f j|ivt r`kr kaaictkgnfb r`f ktiqrmf tkqqfq Afqk|ffk- \`ibfq kgb R~| ri ji riOf|vqkmfc- ri afmfl|krf Fkqrf| ng r`f Rfctmf (~fk| 6:- kerf| ir`f| qiv|afq 60 fa.' R`f qnjgkmq

|fafnufb zf|f gir fgaiv|kjngj ei|' Kr T`nmnt*q `ivqf (igf ie r`f qfufg J|ffhq.- k mfk|gfb

@fl|fz A`|nqrnkg- gkcfb Kjklvq rkhf qfkr ng Tkvm*q- nrq mngh znr` `f| `kgbq kgb effr kgb

qknb?

*@f|f*q z`kr `f |fufkmfb r`f @im~ Qtn|nr? r`f ckg ak||~ngj r`f lfmr znmm lf a`kngfb l~ Ofzq-

z`fg `f k||nufq ng Of|vqkmfc kgb znmm jnuf tkjkg `kgbq (cvqr lf r`f \ickgq.'Tkvm nq kqhfb ri gir aigrngvf r`fn| r|nt' @nq kgqzf| `kq?

*Z`~ a|~ ri cf L|fkh c~ `fk|r' N*c |fkb~ ri bnf ei| r`f gkcf ie Ofqvq ''' CKHF R@KR

R@F JIB ZKGR+* (Karq t'


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l|ivj`r J|ffhq ngri r`f rfctmf ri t|iekgf r`f @im~ Tmkaf* (Karq t'


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QFGB ^IV (Karq t'


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r`fqf qrkrfq ie aimmfarnuf qrvtnbnr~ zivmb gir fpnqr+ Qkungj mnuf ktiqrmf bftfgbfb gir igm~

r`kr r`f \ickg jk||nqig zkq ng amiqf t|ipncnr~ ri r`f Rfctmf' \ickg kvpnmnk|~ aiì|r zkq

aictiqfb ie miakmq cf|afgk|nfq- kq kmm r|iitq zf|f i|jkgnfb kvpnmnk|~ fctn|f' Mnqnkq- kq

ciqr ie nrq qimbnf|q zkq li|g ng Ovbfk' @f lfakcf r|nlvgf tk~ngj `fku~ cigf~ ri lfaicf k

\ickg anrnfg (qr|kgjf avqric ie r`f tkqr kgb iv| rncf.' @fgaf kqrignq`cfgr z`fg `fmfk|gfb r`kr Tkvm zkq \ickg anrnfg l~ ln|r`- z`na` ei| `nc t|nqigf| ck|h gilmfqqf ie `nq

ekcnm~- gir |flfm qnak|' @f bfanbfb ri t|irfar nr- ri t|irfar `nq |nj`rq kq k \ickg anrnfg # ri

lf ovbjfb igm~ l~ k \ickg r|nlvgkm'

Ofzq- A`|nqrnkgq i| gir- nr zkq nctmkgrfb cfgrkmnr~ *Tfitmf ie Jib*' Ngnrnkmm~ r`nqbiar|ngf- r|kngngj ie Ciqfq zì eimmizfb `nc eiv|rffg ~fk|q ng Qngkn- kgb r`fn| a`nmb|fg- mfb

r`fc ri |fqnqr- qv||ivgbfb l~ tim~r`fnqr tfitmf- ~iv amfkgqf kgb |funuf ci|km |fmnjnig' R`nqlkqna aigaftr `kq |fckngfb krrka`fb ri r`f @fl|fz tfitmf vgaigqanivq' R`nq qfgrncfgr `kq

lffg vqfb ng qicf `nqri|nakm cicfgrq ri ovqrne~ |fmnjnivq ngrimf|kgaf l~ rìqf zì `fmb

tizf| ng r`f Ofznq` Aiccvgnrnfq ''' Gir`ngj gfz vgbf| r`f qvg? r`f cf|afgk|~* ie tv|nr~

ie eknr`- ie *|kankm* i| biar|ngkm k|f eivgb r`|ivjìvr `nqri|~ ri kmm tfitmfq' E|ic r`f

A`|nqrnkg ng{vnqnrnig ri ekqanqc- qi akmmfb aiccvgnqc- kgb Nqmkcna fpr|fcnqc ng iv|

rncfq- ovqr kq fpkctmfq' R`f~ zf|f rìqf zì eivj`r tnrnmfqqm~ kjkngqr rìqf zì- mnhfKtiqrmf Tkvm- qknb?

*N ZKQ QFGR RI L\NGJ R@F ZI\B IE MI\B RI FUF\ÎGF*'

Rìqf gir kaaftr r`f *aictfrnrnig* ei| E\FF aiguf|rfb' R`fn| |fkarnig- qi ri fptmkng- q`fbq

mnj`r ig r`f qkb ekrf ie iv| ekr`f|q- kgb iv|q+

R|kjna aigrfpr ie r`f fk|m~ l|fkh ng aktrnunr~ ie Tkvm nq kcigj r`f @fl|fz A`|nqrnkg

:

Documents

‘JEWS AND CHRISTIANS –FACTS’ Vasile Mesaros Anghel / 2010 (PPT)