Jessica Sellitto Extended Essay 2014 History

8/18/2019 Jessica Sellitto Extended Essay 2014 History

1/21

Jessica Sellitto

Extended Essay

History

Mentor: Ms. Napoli

2014

IB Candidate Nu !er: 1"#$01#%

&ord Count: #'""(

)o *+at extent did t+e e,,orts o, t+e Blac- o*er Mo/e ent under ine or da a e t+e e,,orts o,

r. Martin ut+er 3in ' Jr. to ac+ie/e racial e uality5


2/21

2

Abstract

)+is extended essay deals *it+ t+e ro*t+ o, t+e Ci/il 6i +ts Mo/e ent durin t+e

1"%07s and 1"807s in t+e 9nited States. It ,ocuses speci,ically on t+e contrastin approac+es o,

r. Martin ut+er 3in Jr.' and Sto-ely Car ic+ael. Martin ut+er 3in *as a proponent o, a

passi/e resistant approac+ to o!tainin e uality *+ereas Car ic+ael7s Blac- ant+ers too- a

ore radical approac+. )o *+at extent did t+e e,,orts o, t+e Blac- o*er Mo/e ent under ine

or da a e t+e e,,orts o, r. Martin ut+er 3in ' Jr. to ac+ie/e racial e uality5

)+e scope o, t+is essay is !ot+ a +istorical snaps+ot o, *+at +as led to t+e Ci/il 6i +ts

Mo/e ent' as *ell as exa ples o, successes and ,ailures o, t+e ti e. co parison o, !ot+

approac+es *ill also !e exa ined. )o ans*er t+is researc+ uestion' sources suc+ as !io rap+ies'

,irst person narrati/es' +istories and ;ournal articles are used.

)+is in/esti ation leads to t+e conclusion t+at t+e e,,orts o, t+e Blac- ant+er

Mo/e ent did in ,act under ine t+e ,or*ard pro ress o, Martin ut+er 3in and +is ,ollo*ers.

lt+ou + t+e Blac- ant+ers ac+ie/ed so e inor successes' t+eir radical and o,ten /iolent

approac+es alienated ainstrea erica. )+e de ands o, t+e Blac- ant+ers counteracted t+e

,or*ard otion o, 3in 7s peace,ul e uality o/e ent and created a ne ati/e i a e o, t+e Ci/il

6i +ts Mo/e ent ,or *+ite erica.

&ord Count: 218


3/21

3

Table of Contents

Introduction- Page 4

History of the Unfair Treatment- Page 5

Beginning of the Civil ights !ovement- Page "

#r$ !artin %uther &ing' (r$ and His !ovement- Page )

ise of the Blac* Panthers- Page ++

Analysis- Page +,

Conclusion-Page +)

Bibliogra hy- Page +.


4/21

4

Introduction

o/e ent is a continuous' collecti/e e,,ort to !rin a!out ,unda ental social' political

and econo ic re,or . It is a colla!orati/e rat+er t+an indi/idualistic endea/or. No atter +o*

any roups are in/ol/ed' t+ere is al*ays a co on o!;ecti/e. It is also o,ten a product o, *+at

+as +appened +istorically !e,ore it. It is so eti es di/er ent in t+at t+e et+odolo y o, /arious

sta-e+olders di,,er' e/en *it+ co on oals.


5/21

5

History of the Unfair Treatment

In order to understand t+e Ci/il 6i +ts Mo/e ent in t+e 9nited States' one ust ,irst

exa ine t+e treat ent o, ,rican ericans prior to t+e 1"807s. )+e Ji Cro* la*s o, t+e

late$1(007s' ,or exa ple' *ere passed !y t+e o/ern ents o, t+e Sout+ern states to create a racial

class syste . lt+ou + sla/ery +ad already !een a!olis+ed' any *+ites at t+is ti e !elie/ed

t+at t+ey *ere superior to non*+ites. E/en t+e 9.S. Supre e Court sided *it+ t+e *+ite$

supre acist perception and in 1((# declared t+e Ci/il 6i +ts ct o, 1(?%' *+ic+ a/e !lac-s

e ual ri +ts in pu!lic esta!lis+ ents' as unconstitutional. In 1("8' it also le iti i@ed t+e

principle o, Aseparate !ut e ualA in t+e rulin o, Plessy v. Ferguson . By 1"14' e/ery Sout+ern

state +ad passed la*s t+at created t*o separate societies D one !lac- and one *+ite. Separate

,acilities *ere created in ost aspects o, pu!lic society' includin sc+ools' restaurants'

ce eteries and +ealt+$care institutions. rand,at+er clauses' poll taxes' and literacy tests ,urt+er

restricted t+e ri +ts o, !lac-s. =Sc+olastic' 2014> Fears later' !lac-s still could not con re ate in

pu!lic places and restroo s' par-s' pools' and *ater ,ountains *ere a on t+ese se re ated

pu!lic ,acilities. E/entually' !lac-s !eca e ,ed up *it+ t+is treat ent and decided to ta-e action'

*+ile *+ites decided to turn to /iolence. Be,ore t+e Ci/il 6i +ts Mo/e ent' !lac- e ploy ent

in anu,acturin +ad si ni,icantly increased 1#% percent o/er its 1"40 a ount and lar e

uantities o, !lac-s ;oined industrial unions rapidly. Blac-s played +u e roles durin &orld &ar

II' *it+ t+ousands o, t+e dra,ted into t+e ar y. &orld &ar II o,,ered an opportunity to et out

o, t+e cycle o, pressin po/erty. Blac-s ;oined t+e ilitary to ,lee t+e epression and traditional

tenant ,ar in in t+e Sout+. )+e r y accepted !lac- en' !ut it *as still se re ated' creatin


6/21

6

separate !lac- re i ents and assi ned *+ite aut+ority to t+e . )+e Na/y se re ated units and

a/e !lac-s t+e ost de radin ;o!s on s+ips. In addition' t+e Marines did not e/en accept

,rican ericans initially. t all !ases' !lac- and *+ite soldiers *ere -ept separate =&essels'

2014>. More t+an t+ree illion Blac- en re istered ,or t+e ser/ice' and +a/in ,ou +t ,or

de ocracy a!road' !lac-s returnin ,ro t+e *ar !elie/ed t+ey ou +t to +a/e so e ri +ts at

+o e' and t+ey intended to ,i +t ,or t+ose ri +ts =S+a*-i' 2008>.

Beginning of the Civil ights !ovement

)+e 1"%07s and 1"807s ar-ed a ti e *+en drastic action +ad to !e ta-en ,or !lac-s to

ac+ie/e e uality. )+e National ssociation ,or t+e d/ance ent o, Colored eople =N C >

*as created in t+e early 1"007s to ,i +t t+is social in;ustice and e/entually ended le al

se re ation. In 1"%4' t+e Supre e Court a ain addressed t+e uestion o, le al se re ation

created !y Plessy ' in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. In t+e early 1"%07s' ci/il

ri +ts roups ade le al and political c+allen es to t+e racial se re ation t+at Plessy created in

sc+ools. In t+is case' N C la*yers !rou +t class action la*suits on !e+al, o, !lac-

sc+oolc+ildren and t+eir ,a ilies. =McBride' 2008>. ll o, t+e Justices a reed to support t+e

decision o, declarin se re ation in pu!lic sc+ools unconstitutional. =9nited States Courts' 2014>

)+en' t+ree years a,ter t+e Supre e CourtGs Brown v. Board of Education decision' a ,ederal

court ordered ittle 6oc-' r-ansas' to co ply. o/ernor r/al .

http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/ka1.htmhttp://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/ka1.htm


7/21

7

#r$ !artin %uther &ing' (r$ and His !ovement

In;ustices suc+ as t+ese enerated a desire a on !lac-s to protest' pic-et' and e/en

diso!ey t+e la* in a peace,ul anner' to ,i +t ,or reater ri +ts. n ad/ocate o, t+e non/iolent'

peace,ul o/e ent *as r. Martin ut+er 3in ' Jr.' *+o *as !orn in 1"2" in tlanta' eor ia.

,ter years o, excellin in sc+ool' Martin ut+er 3in Jr. ca e under t+e in,luence o, t+eolo ian

6ein+old Nie!!u+r' a class ate o, +is ,at+erGs at More+ouse Colle e. Nie!!u+r !eca e a entor

to Martin' c+allen in +is li!eral /ie*s o, t+eolo y. =Bio rap+y.co ' 2014> Soon' r. 3in 7s

leaders+ip *ould !e put to t+e test in a ost pu!lic anner ,or t+e ,irst ti e in +is li,eti e.

,ter 6osa ar-s *as arrested ,or /iolatin t+e Mont o ery City Code ,or re,usin to

i/e up +er seat' local e !ers o, t+e N C c+apter et *it+ Martin ut+er 3in Jr. and

ot+er local ci/il ri +ts leaders to plan a city*ide !us !oycott. 3in 7s support dre* uc+

attention to t+e cause and rallied any supporters outside o, t+e Mont o ery area. 3in 7s

pro inence in t+e Ci/il 6i +ts Mo/e ent ained t+e respect o, any political leaders' and a/e

+i t+e potential po*er to inspire a;or c+an e =Martin ut+er 3in ' Jr. and t+e lo!al

' 2014>. )+rou + non/iolent

resistance' t+e Sout+ern C+ristian eaders+ip Con,erence =SC C> *as esta!lis+ed in 1"%?' to

or ani@e protest roups in t+e Sout+. )+e SC C !rou +t /isi!ility to t+e ci/il ri +ts stru le and

pa/ed t+e *ay ,or t+e passa e o, t+e Ci/il 6i +ts ct o, 1"84 and t+e otin 6i +ts ct o, 1"8%.

,rican ericans in sout+ern to*ns *ere not only +arassed' terrori@ed and assaulted *+en t+ey

tried to re ister to /ote' !ut *ere su!;ect to rando literacy tests and poll taxes. Ci/il ri +ts

acti/ists *ere et *it+ stron resistance to t+eir ca pai n *+en ci/il ri +ts *or-ers *ere

attac-ed !y *+ite police o, cers on a arc+ ,ro Sel a to Mont o ery. resident Jo+nson soon


8/21

8

introduced t+e otin 6i +ts ct o, 1"8%' *+ic+ a!olis+ed literacy tests and poll taxes desi ned

to ar inali@e !lac- /oters' and a/e t+e o/ern ent t+e aut+ority to ta-e o/er /oter re istration

in counties *it+ a pattern o, discri ination and exclusion. =Martin ut+er 3in ' Jr. and t+e

lo!al 3in also


9/21

9

launc+ed non$/iolent anti$se re ation protests in Bir in +a ' la!a a in 1"8#. )+e

deter ination and +eart o, t+e de onstrators' paired *it+ t+e /iolent response ,ro police c+ie,

Eu ene Connor and +is en' +elped pressure Bir in +a Gs !usinesses to dese re ate t+eir

stores. )+is success' +i +ly due to 3in Gs leaders+ip' *as one o, t+e ost pi/otal ac+ie/e ents

o, t+e ,irst +al, o, t+e Ci/il 6i +ts Mo/e ent. ,ter t+ese ac+ie/e ents' 3in ser/ed as one o,

t+e ain or ani@ers o, t+e Marc+ on &as+in ton ,or Jo!s and .

In 3in 7s in,a ous etter ,ro Bir in +a Jail' +e explains *+y passi/e resistance

is crucial to ain e uality and +e +i +li +ts t+e steps o, non/iolent ca pai ns. In t+is letter'

3in states +o* actually' *e *+o en a e in non/iolent direct action are not t+e creators o,

tension. &e erely !rin to t+e sur,ace t+e +idden tension t+at is already ali/e. &e !rin it out in

t+e open' *+ere it can !e seen and dealt *it+. = li$ inar' +. .' 2012> 3in truly !elie/ed in

non/iolent resistance and ne/er once strayed ,ro it in order to ac+ie/e racial e uality. His

non/iolent et+ods +ad a a;ority o, positi/e ains and ac+ie/e ents ,or !lac-s and t+e Ci/il

6i +ts Mo/e ent. 3in and +is ,ollo*ers *ere a!le to ac+ie/e ;udicial and le islati/e /ictories

a ainst discri ination in pu!lic acco odations and /otin . )+ey also +ad considera!le success

in ,i +tin ;o! and +ousin discri ination. )+eir actions e/en created ne* opportunities ,or

iddle$class !lac-s' teac+ers' la*yers' doctors' and ot+er pro,essionals *+o *ere portrayed as

role odels ,or t+e !lac- co unity = ir inia Historical Society' 201#>. ne /isi!le

de/elop ent in 1"%?' stated in an earlier para rap+' also encoura ed ad/ocates o, ci/il ri +ts.

)+e passa e o, a Ci/il 6i +ts ct created a Ci/il 6i +ts i/ision t+at *as aut+ori@ed to

in/esti ate racial pro!le s and ,acilitate solutions. lso' in early 1"8#' *+en Eu ene Connor'

t+e Bir in +a police c+ie,' ordered +is en to attac- de onstrators and unleas+ /icious do s


10/21

10

on t+e resisters' tele/ision captured t+ese stri-in scenes o, assaults. s a result' any s+oc-ed

nort+erners !eca e a*are o, t+e predica ent o, ,rican ericans in t+e Sout+. )+e /iolence o,

*+ites in Bir in +a ,orced t+e erican people to consider serious ,ederal action pro otin

ci/il ri +ts = atterson' 2008>. &it+ t+e +elp o, r. Martin ut+er 3in ' Jr. and +is supporters'

!lac-s *ere ,inally ainin ne* and e,,ecti/e ri +ts. lt+ou + t+ere *as still uc+ ore to !e

done' *it+out 3in ' t+ese steps ,or*ard in t+e Ci/il 6i +ts Mo/e ent *ould not +a/e !een

nearly possi!le.

Maria J. Step+an and Erica C+eno*et+' aut+ors o, &+y Ci/il iso!edience &or-s'

*ould a ree *it+ 3in 7s et+ods and !elie,s. )+ey state t+at t+eir ,indin s s+o* t+at a;or

ca pai ns +a/e ac+ie/ed success %#K o, t+e ti e' co pared *it+ 28K ,or /iolent resistance

ca pai ns. =Step+an' C+eno*et+' 10$14' 2011> )+ey ar ue t+at non/iolent resistance ay +a/e

a strate ic ad/anta e !ecause repressin non/iolent ca pai ns ay !ac-,ire and !ecause

non/iolent resistance ca pai ns appear to !e ore open to ne otiation and !ar ainin !ecause

t+ey do not t+reaten t+e li/es or *ell$!ein o, e !ers o, t+e tar et re i e. =Step+an'

C+eno*et+' 10$14' 2011>. r. 3in ' t+rou + +is o*n actions' s+o*ed t+e i portance o, passi/e

resistance. In a ree ent *it+ t+is text' 3in !elie/ed t+at people =*+ites> *ould !e ore *illin

to support acti/ists and !ar ain *it+ t+e !ecause o, t+eir lac- o, /iolence. I, !lac-s instilled

,ear in *+ites durin t+e id$1"007s' *+ites and o/ern ent o,,icials *ould !e less *illin to

assist t+e . Non/iolent ca pai ns li-e 3in 7s' accordin to Step+an and C+eno*et+' are ore

e,,ecti/e ainly !ecause people are ore *illin to co ply *it+ a non/iolent person7s needs.


11/21

11

ise of the Blac* Panthers

lt+ou + non/iolent resistance *as t+e touc+stone o, t+e !e innin s o, t+e Ci/il 6i +ts

Mo/e ent' not e/eryone a reed and t+us' t+e Blac- o*er Mo/e ent initiated and *as at its

pea- around t+e id$1"807s. ccordin to any' despite non/iolent e,,orts' idealistic !lac-s

*ere ettin arrested and attac-ed. So e could not turn t+e ot+er c+ee- to t+e un;ust treat ent

and' as a result' c+ose a ore /iolent pat+ to*ards e uality. Many youn !lac-s !e an to re;ect

t+e coura e and patience displayed !y r. Martin ut+er 3in in +is non$/iolent response to

in;ustice in erican society and *ere ,rustrated !y t+e continued istreat ent !y *+ites. )+e

epito e o, t+e Blac- o*er Mo/e ent *as t+e Blac- ant+er arty. .

In )+e Basis o, Blac- o*er' Sto-ely Car ic+ael discusses t+e Blac- ant+er arty7s

et+ods' oals and reasonin . Car ic+ael discusses racis ' !lac- po*er' *+ite supre acy and

/otin in t+is speec+. He closes o,, !y i/in so e*+at o, an ulti atu : )+e uestion is' *ill

*+ite people o/erco e t+eir racis 5 I, t+at does not +appen' *e +a/e no c+oice !ut to say /ery

clearly' Mo/e o/er' or *e oin7 to o/e on o/er you. =C+urc+er' 2008> Here Car ic+ael ade


12/21

12

+is ideas clear' sayin t+at i, not+in c+an es and co pro ises cannot !e ade' !lac-s *ill ta-e

any action necessary to ac+ie/e racial e uality. Ho*e/er' t+rou + t+e analysis o, 3in 7s actions'

it +as !een pro/en t+at /iolence is not t+e ans*er. lt+ou + it can !e seen as t+e ,aster ans*er'

speed does not e uate to success. ny action necessary' accordin to Car ic+ael' in/ol/es

/iolence. But in reality' t+e people *+o patiently too- t+e *isely t+ou +t$out and or ani@ed

actions *ere t+e ones creatin t+e ains ,or ,rican ericans. )+ere,ore' it can !e said and

pro/en t+at t+e Blac- ant+er Mo/e ent i peded t+e ,or*ard otion created !y Martin ut+er

3in 7s o/e ent to ain e ual ri +ts ,or ,rican ericans.

In an article called &+y iolence &or-s' Ben;a in ins!er explains *+y +e !elie/es

/iolence can !e t+e ans*er to t+e *orld7s pro!le s. He ar ues t+at' /iolence usually pro/ides

t+e ost de,initi/e ans*ers to t+ree a;or uestions o, political li,e: state+ood' territoriality' and

po*er. He +i +li +ts t+e ,act t+at tolerant' politically li!eral indi/iduals s+rin- ,ro usin

/iolence under al ost any circu stance. Most' +o*e/er' accept t+e protection o, t+e o/ern ent

and its ilitary and police ,orces' payin taxes to support t+e syste ic /iolence t+at preser/es

t+eir co ,orta!le li/es. = ins!er ' 201#>. eople o, t+e Blac- o*er Mo/e ent and ins!er

+a/e si ilar /ie*s *+en it co es to approac+in a pro!le . )+is aut+or and t+ose *+o

supported t+e !lac- po*er o/e ent a ree t+at /iolence is ine/ita!le' !ut in a positi/e *ay

!ecause to t+ese people' t+e only *ay to a-e c+an e is t+rou + ore serious easures suc+ as

/iolence. )+e pro!le *it+ t+is ar u ent' +o*e/er' is t+e lac- o, e/idence and +istorical

connections and accuracy. His ar u ent t+at e/en tolerant people still pay ,or t+e o/ern ent to

support t+e ilitary is nearly discourteous due to t+e ,act t+at +e i nores t+e consideration t+at

t+e ilitary is actually protectin our ri +ts and ,reedo ' ;ust li-e t+e acti/ists o, t+e Ci/il

6i +ts Mo/e ent *ere tryin to do =re ardless o, t+e et+od !ein used>. )+e Blac- o*er


13/21

13

Mo/e ent did not conde n /iolence !y any eans and its supporters *ere extre ely i patient.

3in and ot+er acti/ists a reed t+at Blac- o*er *as t+e result o, despair and disappoint ent' a

cry o, pain and a reaction to t+e ,ailure o, &+ite o*er to deli/er t+e pro ises t+ey +ad ade

in a +urry. =Martin ut+er 3in ' Jr. and t+e lo!al


14/21

14

!e attained t+rou + /iolence. Car ic+ael' on t+e ot+er +and' !elie/ed t+at !lac- people +ad to

rst close ran-s77 in solidarity *it+ eac+ ot+er !e,ore t+ey could ;oin a ultiracial

society. =Martin ut+er 3in ' Jr. and t+e lo!al )+is ,ear and t+ese t+reats' +o*e/er' caused *+ite ericans'

*+o i +t +a/e supported t+e Ci/il 6i +ts Mo/e ent' to uestion t+eir !elie,s. In addition'

ne*ly inte rated sc+ool i +t !e /ie*ed !y *ary *+ite ericans as a dan erous place ,or t+eir

c+ildren. )+e appearance o, e !ers o, t+e Blac- ant+er Mo/e ent *as also radically

di,,erent ,ro t+e *+ite nor . It *as not unusual' ,or exa ple' ,or *+ite person to cross to t+e


15/21

15

ot+er side o, t+e street in ,ear o, an approac+in !lac- an. In ,act' any *+ites !e an to

enerali@e t+e !e+a/iors o, all !lac-s to t+ose o, t+e percei/ed /iolent Blac- ant+ers.

)+e Blac- o*er could !e seen as pro!le atic and e/en dan erous. Many *+ites' and

se/eral !lac-s' sa* t+e o/e ent as a !lac- separatist or ani@ation ,ocused on se re atin t+ese

races' *+ic+ ulti ately *ould end up undoin t+e i portant *or- o, t+e non/iolent Ci/il 6i +ts

Mo/e ent. Blac-s *ere clearly still /icti s o, racis and discri ination' !ut t+e solutions t+at

so e Blac- o*er leaders ad/ocated see ed only to inspire ne* pro!le s. So e' ,or exa ple'

su ested t+at !lac-s recei/e para ilitary trainin and carry uns to protect t+e sel/es.

lt+ou + t+is *as ar ued as sel,$de,ense' it *as still unner/in to any to t+in- o, ar ed

ci/ilians *al-in t+e streets. In addition' !ecause t+e Blac- o*er o/e ent *as ne/er a

,or ally or ani@ed o/e ent' it +ad no central leaders+ip' *+ic+ eant t+at di,,erent

or ani@ations *it+ di/er ent oals o,ten could not a ree on t+e !est course o, action. )+e ore

radical roups accused t+e ore ainstrea roups o, su! ittin to *+ites' and t+e ore

ainstrea accused t+e ore radical o, !eco in too ready to use /iolence. By t+e 1"?0s' ost

o, t+e or ani@ations t+at +ad co e into play *it+ t+e Blac- o*er o/e ent' suc+ as t+e SNCC

and t+e Blac- ant+ers' +ad all disappeared. )+e Blac- o*er o/e ent did not succeed in

ettin !lac-s to isolate t+e sel/es ,ro *+ite society to create a separate society. It also did not

+elp end discri ination or racis and t+ere,ore did not !ene,it r. 3in 7s stru le to o!tain

racial e uality. Instead' it ;ust created ore pro!le s in t+e lon $run. = a* i!rary =Blac- o*er

Mo/e ent>' 2014> lt+ou + t+e Blac- ant+ers ,or ed out o, need ,or uic-er c+an e' t+eir

desire ,or ,aster c+an e only created ore issues suc+ as ,ear !y *+ites' lac- o, sy pat+y !y

society' unor ani@ed e,,orts and lac- o, leaders+ip' all o, *+ic+ t+e r. 3in 7s non/iolent


16/21

16

o/e ent actually o!tained. )+ese e,,orts o, t+e Blac- ant+ers da a ed t+e understandin o,

t+e needs and +opes o, !lac-s in erica.


17/21

17

Conclusion

)+e Blac-


18/21

18

Bibliogra hy

li$ inar' li B.' +. .' ed. A etter ,ro a Bir in +a Jail 3in ' Jr.O.A African tudies !enter"

#niversity of Pennsylvania . N.p.' 2012. &e!. 8 u . 2014.

P+ttp:LL***.a,rica.upenn.eduL rticlesQ enL etterQBir in +a .+t lR.

ABlac- o*er.A $artin %ut&er King, 'r. and t&e lo)al Freedo* truggle . N.p.' 2014. &e!. 8

u . 2014. P+ttp:LL l-$

-pp01.stan,ord.eduLindex.p+pLencyclopediaLencyclopediaLencQ!lac-Qpo*erLR.

ABlac- o*er Mo/e ent.A %aw %i)rary" A*erican %aw and %egal +nfor*ation . N.p.' 2014.

&e!. 11 No/. 2014. P+ttp:LLla*.;ran-.or Lpa esL4??8LBlac-$ o*er$Mo/e ent.+t lR.

A)+e Blac- o*er Mo/e ent 1"8($1"(0.A oover.arc&ives.gov . N.p.' 201#. &e!. 1 Sept. 2014.

P+ttp:LL+oo/er.arc+i/es. o/Lex+i!itsLa,ricana ericanL!lac-po*erLR.

Bo er' 6e!ecca. ABlac- o*er in reens!oro.A #niversity of -ort& !arolina reens)oro . N.p.'

2014. &e!. % No/. 2014.

P+ttp:LLli!rary.unc .eduLdpLcr LtopicalessaysL!lac-po*er o/e ent.aspxR.

C+urc+er' 3alen M. .' ed. ASto-ely Car ic+ael' Blac- o*er' Speec+ )ext.A Voices of

e*ocracy/ T&e #. . 0ratory Pro1ect . N.p.' 2008. &e!. 8 u . 2014.

P+ttp:LL/oiceso,de ocracy.u d.eduLcar ic+ael$!lac-$po*er$speec+$textLR.

A)+e Ci/il 6i +ts Mo/e ent in t+e ost*ar Era: 1"48$1"%#.A Aut&entic istory . N.p.' July

2012. &e!. 8 u . 2014. P+ttp:LL***.aut+entic+istory.co L1"48$1"80L($

ci/ilri +tsL1"48$1"%#LR.

ins!er ' Ben;a in. A&+y iolence &or-s.A T&e !&ronicle of ig&er Education . N.p.' 12 u .

201#. &e!. 8 u . 2014. P+ttp:LLc+ronicle.co LarticleL&+y$ iolence$&or-sL140"%1LR.


19/21

19

oerss' Matt. A)+e Blac- ant+er arty )en oint ro ra : 6easona!le or 9nreasona!le5A # .

N.p.' n.d. &e!. 11 No/. 2014.

P+ttp:LL***.usd118.or Lpro,de/La+tcLlessonsL oerss10L esson lan.+t R.

History.co Sta,,. A.A PB . N.p.' ec. 2008. &e!. 8 u .

2014. P+ttp:LL***.p!s.or L*netLsupre ecourtLri +tsLland ar-Q!ro*n.+t lR.


20/21

20

AMont o ery Bus Boycott.A Biograp&y.co* . N.p.' 2014. &e!. 8 u . 2014.

P+ttp:LL***.!io rap+y.co LpeopleL artin$lut+er$-in $;r$"#8%0(8T ont o ery$!us$

!oycottR.

AMont o ery Bus Boycott =1"%%$1"%8>.A $artin %ut&er King, 'r. and t&e lo)al Freedo*

truggle . N.p.' 2014. &e!. 11 No/. 2014. P+ttp:LL l-$

-pp01.stan,ord.eduLindex.p+pLencyclopediaLencyclopediaLencQ ont o eryQ!usQ!oycott

Q1"%%Q1"%8LR.

atterson' Ja es ). A)+e Ci/il 6i +ts Mo/e ent: Ma;or E/ents and e acies.A T&e ilder

%e&r*an +nstitute of A*erican istory . N.p.' 2008. &e!. 11 No/. 2014.P+ttp:LL***. ilderle+r an.or L+istory$!y$eraLci/il$ri +ts$ o/e entLessaysLci/il$ri +ts$

o/e ent$ a;or$e/ents$and$le aciesR.

ASelected Uuotes.A $artin %ut&er King, 'r. and t&e lo)al Freedo* truggle . N.p.' 2014. &e!. 8

u . 2014. P+ttp:LL l-$-pp01.stan,ord.eduL-in *e!LpopularQre uestsL uotes.+t R.

S+a*-i' + ed. A6oots o, t+e Ci/il 6i +ts Mo/e ent.A +nternational ocialist 2eview . N.p.'

Jan. 2008. &e!. % No/. 2014. P+ttp:LL***.isre/ie*.or LissuesL4%Lci/ilri +ts.s+t lR.

ASout+ern C+ristian eaders+ip Con,. =SC C>.A $artin %ut&er King, 'r. and t&e lo)al Freedo*

truggle . N.p.' 2001. &e!. 8 u . 2014. P+ttp:LL l-$

-pp01.stan,ord.eduLindex.p+pLencyclopediaLencyclopediaLencQsout+ernQc+ristianQleaders

+ipQcon,erenceQsclcLR.

Step+an' Maria J.' and Erica C+eno*et+. A&+y Ci/il 6esistance &or-s.A $+T Press 'ournals

=2011>: 10$14. rint.


21/21

21

A otin 6i +ts ct =1"8%>.A $artin %ut&er King, 'r. and t&e lo)al Freedo* truggle . N.p.'

2014. &e!. 11 No/. 2014. P+ttp:LL l-$

-pp01.stan,ord.eduLindex.p+pLencyclopediaLencyclopediaLencQ/otin Qri +tsQactQ1"8%LR.

&essels. ACi/il 6i +ts ,or Minorities.A 3essels %iving istory Far* . N.p.' 2014. &e!. 18 ec.

2014. P+ttp:LL***.li/in +istory,ar .or L,ar in int+e40sLli,eQ1(.+t lR.

Documents

Jessica Sellitto Extended Essay 2014 History