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Advancing International Policy, Programs, and Professional Development
related to Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations in all Domains
Why EMSO? A Conceptual Framework
Jesse “Judge” BourqueSecretary, Association of Old Crows
U.S. Senior Defense Analyst
OUSD Policy & OSD CIO
Director, Expression Networks
June 2017
Why EMSO? A Conceptual Framework
www.crows.org
Advancing International Policy, Programs, and Professional Development
related to Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations in all Domains
Perspective, Before We Begin...
2
• What is the one physical thing common to Sensing, Protection, C2,
Fires, Maneuver, Communication, Targeting, Exploitation, Disruption
& Destruction?
• Why aren't we leveraging that commonality to contextualize ops??
• What if the EMS is a continuous
maneuver space, not a utility??
• Our capabilities can evolve
incrementally … but our basic
approach must be disruptive.
• Don’t focus on labels … instead
try to see the concepts which
must be well understood first.
• Aggregation based on Energy for ‘Asymmetry at Operational Scale’
The Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMS)
*
Advancing International Policy, Programs, and Professional Development
related to Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations in all Domains
3
Disclaimer:
This discussion moves irresponsibly at the speed of
observation and logic, while concurrent institutional
contemplations move more deliberately, at the
speed of consensus and diplomacy.
Thus, a number of the views expressed herein may not
yet align precisely with those maintained by officials in
positions to actually affect the circumstances apparent.
As such, the following insights represent the views of
the speaker alone, as he runs with scissors…
Me
Not me
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Part 1
Where We Are Now
crows.org
4
(Fighting is Physics … we should no longer expect
our actions to dictate how nature behaves.)
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Situation
PROBLEM: ‘FRACTURED DEPENDENCE’
• The EMS no longer tolerates isolated behaviors or intentions
• Global reach and combat mobility require freedom in the EMS
• EMS demand, density, complexity, and contest are increasing
• EMS agreements must remain intact while conflict is resolved
SOLUTION: ‘DYNAMIC AGGREGATION’
• Focus must shift to the EMS, on par with individual programs
• EMS policy, doctrine, orgs and acquisition must harmonize
• EMS assignment, management & enforcement must converge
• Function must adapt to environment to permit this approach
SHAPE DETER SEIZE DOMINATE STABILIZE DISENGAGE 0 I II III IV V
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Cascading Consequence
• Low decision speed
• EMS/SDS inefficiencies
• Unavoidable fratricide
• Degraded ability to
hold adversaries at risk
• Lost operational initiative
• Unable to Control the EMS
“These risks are unacceptable and will negatively effect the ability
to achieve commander’s intent and desired effects.” (EW CBA)
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Requirement: EMS Control
Controlling access to the Spectrum will influence the entire fight
Demonstrated freedom of
action and adversary capability denial
in electromagnetic operating environments
(EMOEs) for the frequencies, times, locations
and durations necessary to achieve mission
objectives at acceptable levels of risk to
friendly personnel, facilities and
equipment
ADVERSARY ACTION
Demonstrated freedom of
action and adversary capability denial
in electromagnetic operating environments
(EMOEs) for the frequencies, times, locations
and durations necessary to achieve mission
objectives at acceptable levels of risk to
friendly personnel, facilities and
equipment
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Response: EMS Operations
“EMSO: Those activities consisting
of electronic warfare and joint EM
spectrum management operations
used to exploit, attack, protect
and manage the electromagnetic
operating environment to achieve
the commander's objectives.”
FEED FORWARD:
EMS Control
EMSO elevates the discussion of EMS from tactical-level effects to
operational-level outcomes, within reach of strategic-level Governance
FEED BACKWARD:
EMS Enterprise
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EMSO and “Operations”
Just as policemen protect citizens, EMSO ‘enforces order’ across the EMS
“Ops”: IN the EMS
Comms
Space
Links
C2
UAS
ISR
Cyber
“EMSO”: FOR the EMS
Electronic Warfare
Spectrum Mgmt
CONTROL
GROUP
USER
GROUP
Radar
PNT
Electronic Warfare
Spectrum Mgmt
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“Engine” for EMS Control
EMSCEMSW EMSMEMST
Electronic WarfareCompliance Enforcement
Spectrum ManagementProtocols and Standards
Spectrum TrafficPopulating Content:
Cyber, Comms, C2, UAS, Radar, ISR, Space…All EMS-Reliant
Activities and Networks
CONTROL
GROUP
EMS Operations
(All operations IN an EMOE)
A perpetual, reinforcing cycle vs perishable, episodic action
“State-Dependent”
Spectrum Systems
USER
GROUP
BLUEFORCE
EP EAES
SM
REDFORCE
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ELECTRONIC WARFARE (EW) “action involving the
use of EM and directed energy (DE) to control
the EMS or to attack the enemy.”
Electronic Attack (EA) is “the use of EM energy,
directed energy, or anti-radiation weapons to
attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with
the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying
enemy combat capability...”
Electronic Protect (EP) is “actions taken to protect personnel, facilities,
and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy use of the EMS
that degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability.”
Electronic Warfare Support (ES) “actions tasked by, or under direct
control of, an operational commander to search for, intercept, identify,
and locate or localize sources of intentional and unintentional
radiated EM energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition,
targeting, planning, and conduct of future operations.”
EW? …or “EMS” Warfare?
ELECTRONIC WARFARE (EW) “action involving the
use of EM and directed energy (DE) to control
the EMS or to attack the enemy.”
Electronic Attack (EA) is “the use of EM energy,
directed energy, or anti-radiation weapons to
attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with
the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying
enemy combat capability...”
Electronic Protect (EP) is “actions taken to protect personnel, facilities,
and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy use of the EMS
that degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability.”
Electronic Warfare Support (ES) “actions tasked by, or under direct
control of, an operational commander to search for, intercept, identify,
and locate or localize sources of intentional and unintentional
radiated EM energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition,
targeting, planning, and conduct of future operations.”
Focused on Energy & Capability vs. Electronics & Information
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Electronic Attack Includes All EMS Attack
Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP)Hi-Power Microwave (HPM) DE
RF Jamming … yup. LASER DE
DISRUPT
DECEIVE
DENY
DESTROY
“the use of EM energy, directed energy, or anti-radiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability...”
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Part 2
Understanding
the Tricky Bits
crows.org
14
(We have met the enemy, and it is us...)
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Cultural Challenge to EMSO
DIS
INTE
GR
ATI
ON
SPEED / CLARITY / EFFICIENCY / EFFECTIVENESS
EMAIL / PHONE COORD
EW CELL OPS
OPPORTUNITY
COST
EMSO CELL OPS
INTEGRATED C2/TOOLS/TASKS
UNITARYSKILLSET ??
CONSOLIDATED GUIDANCE
EMSO
EMSO is a culture shift … blending process stability (SM) & operational initiative (EW)
to create a durable professional cadre optimized for assuring force-wide EMS Control
EW
SM
The good news is that this
only affects our capabilities
that depend on Spectrum…
INTE
GR
ATI
ON
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Competing Service Dynamics(No Single-Service Spectrum Solution)
Solution providers, focused on different missions, with no viable ‘problem owner’
ARMY
Large
Dense
Stationary
~ 10,000
Enterprise
NAVY
Medium
Spread
Mobile
~ 500
Federated
MARINES
Small
Light
Highly Mobile
~ 1,000
Task-Organized
AIR FORCE
Dot
Formation
Mach
~ 50
Remote
SOF
Discreet
Team
Hidden
< 10
Isolated
Footprint
Dynamic
Movement
Apertures
Aggregation
As each of the Services sets out to solve “THE” Spectrum problem, intending to offer their template as the DoD’s best solution, we must remember that they are instinctively solving only for the
portions and attributes of the problem apparent to THEM.
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Competing EMS Paradigms
Fundamental EMS differences in Mindset, Requirement and Acquisition
• Civil-Commercial use of the Spectrum is based on Compliance (!!)
- Confidence - Grouping - Predictability!
- Planning - Sharing Path to Revenue
• Warfare challenges those assumptions, via introduction of CHAOS
- Disorientation - Spreading - UN-predictability
- Escalation - Denial Freedom of Action
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“Net Centric Vulnerability?”(IA Does Not Accomplish EP)
• Adversaries view DoD net-centric trends as low-hanging
fruit, based upon our apparent implementation strategies
• To avoid cost, we field predictable FCC-compliant and
IP-compatible systems, and then expect to be sneaky…
• In our reticence to concentrate on the Spectrum, we’ve
inadvertently bought into a ‘new and exciting’ problem set
• Continued reliance on insufficiently adaptive / survivable
links across the Spectrum will invite ‘cascading failures’
MILITARY NEED BUSINESS MERIT
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EMS Ops & Cyberspace Ops: Getting Along…
• EMSO & CO not ‘Convergence’
– Integration between Code & Energy
– Convergence of EW+SM as EMSO
• Working the EMSO / CO Seam
– Supported Fires “EP IA”
– Combined Fires Joint Targeting
– Integrated Fires “EMCA”…
• “Electromagnetic Cyberspace Attack”
– Delivery of ‘digitally-persistent’ effects from EMS systems into IT systems
• Information Assurance does not accomplish EM Protection
The EMS Domain is a unique and elemental component of the
mutually reinforcing system of Operational Responsibilities
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Fighting Like ‘MICE’Addressing the “Non-Kinetic Effects” Thing
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NON-
KINETIC
KINETIC
Man ON the Loop (REMOTE)
Man IN the Loop (COINCIDENT)
Man OUT of the Loop (AUTONOMOUS)
IDEAS
ENERGY
CODE
MASS
SCALABILITY!
- DECEPTION +
- DISRUPTION +
- PRECISION +
- PERSISTENCE +
- DESTRUCTION+
- LETHALITY +
EA/DE’s scalability, precision and speed will rebaseline Allied opportunity
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The Approaching Tech ParityCOTS Capes are Universal … and the GOTS Lead is Diminishing
???
Era of Clear Superiority Present Day:
Shifting Dynamics
Friendly EMS Capes
Adversary EMS Capes
Capability lines include aggregation of available & fielded
Technology, relative levels of Capacity, and qualified /
dedicated Personnel committed to warfighting effort
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
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I tried to look up “Ninjas” on a
wikipedia search and it replied,
“Ninjas could not be found.”
Well played, Ninjas...
Very well played.
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Part 3
Better Living Through
Disruptive Thinking
crows.org
23(This is where we begin fixing things...)
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A Shift in Perspective…
LOCAL
EMS
EMS
EMS
EMS
EMS
SPACE
AIR
CYBER
SEA
LAND(FRACTURED)
“SUSTAINABLE”
TO DEFEAT ADVERSARIES IN ANY SITUATION, WE MUST REALIGN
OUR INSTITUTIONAL FRAME OF REFERENCE ONTO THE SINGLE PHYSICAL ENTITY
UNIVERSALLY SHARED
“TRADITIONAL”
Unacknowledged
interdependencies,
relationships and
consequences
EMS
SPACE
CYBER
SEALAND
GLOBAL(COHERENT)
AIR
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…Driving a Shift in Approach• EMSO is not just “Ops” … it responds to future needs by
driving an inclusive framework for coherent engagement– Requirements, Coordination, Technology, Acquisition, and Enforcement
– EMSO acknowledges that J3 and J6 are having the same discussion
To win in the future, we must leverage LOGIC vs. waiting for Evidence…
• The most important thing about EMSO is “The SHIFT”– …from reactive fixation with threat to proactive pursuit of opportunity
– …from ad hoc tech-driven capabilities to unified EMS-driven technologies
– …from entropy of self-interest (MoP) to efficiency of shared interest (MoE)
– …from focus on means (electronics) to focus on ends (EMS Control)
– …from “EMS as a utility” to “EMS as a Maneuver Space” (‘Domain’)
• Fortunately, we saw this coming:– 2009 VCJCS-Directed EW Capability Based Assessment
– 2012 CNO SSG XXXI “Electromagnetic Maneuver Warfare”
– 2013 Defense Science Board (DSB) DoD EW Study
– 2013 DoD Electromagnetic Spectrum Strategy / Roadmap
– 2015 CJCS-Signed “Joint Concept for EMS Operations”
– 2017 DoD Electronic Warfare Strategy / Implementation Plan
– U.S. DoD Strategic Documents: “Defend the global commons…”
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EMSO Development Effortswith Inter-Relationships
26
Validation and Experimentation (TTX, VH, Tier 1)
Operational
Development
Operational Architecture Development
Joint EMSOC Operational Implementation (Products, Processes & Procedures)
Joint Concept for EMSO
Joint EMSO Doctrine Note
Joint EMSO JCS Guidance Functional
Requirements Development
EMBM JCTD
Policy and
Doctrine
Acquisition
Support
Capability
Development
GEMSIS
Increment 3*
USMC
MAGTF-SSF
US Army
EWPMT
US Navy
EMW-RTSO
Supported Acquisition
Efforts
* Assumes that GEMSIS Increment 3 will be funded and tasked to develop
Joint EMSO and EMBM Solutions
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Essentials of “Domain”
A consistent, discernible and unique
physics-based continuum, into or
from which decisive maneuver, attack,
concealment, deception and related
effects delivery can be conducted and
measured by operational forces
“If ‘Domain’ acts like this and EMS acts like this, then EMS acts like Domain.”
AIR LANDSEA SPACE CYBER
Governing Dynamics: Newton (Land/Maritime), Bernoulli (Air), Kepler (Space) … and Maxwell (EMS)
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Maneuver in the EMS Domain(“Three Dimensions, over Time”)
Operational EMS Maneuver is not abstract … it is a simple idea,
applied to multiple elements, simultaneously and collaboratively
FORWARD
SIDEWAYS
VERTICAL
TIME
YAW
PITCH
ROLL
TIME
DETAIL
SPACE
POWER
TIME
DETAIL “Parametric”- Frequency, Modulation, Waveform, Polarity, etc.
SPACE “Spatial”- Geolocation, Radiation Pattern, Directionality, Size
POWER “Competitive”- ERP, Gain, Attenuation, Dynamic Power
TIME “Temporal”- Real Time, Duration, Relative Phase, Pulsing
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Walking ‘Actions’ Back to ‘Strategy’
EMS Control (Requirement)
In order to afford a sufficiently
capable & adaptive future force, we
must shift our concentration from
individual EMS-reliant capabilities
to strategic consideration of
the EMS Domain, itself
Change Signal:- EW EXCOM & EWCT
- DoD EMS Strategy
- DoD EW Strategy
- Doctrine Note for EMSO
- Joint Concept for EMSO
- DoD ‘EMS Domain’ Study
- EMS-E in Survivability KPP
- EMS Enterprise Policy (draft)
EW … SM
EMSO [EW&SM] (Convergence)
EMS Superiority (Capability)
EMS Enterprise (Harmonization)
EMS Governance (Direction)
EMS Domain (Permanence)
We usually stop
paying attention
HERE wrt EMS
DELIBERATE
COHERENT
ENDURING
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A Taxonomy of AdvantageBased on EM Energy
“We are here…”
ACCELERATION
ADAPTATION
AWARENESS
AGGREGATION
Could an EMS-based approach
to Dynamic Aggregation be
the foundation of new
Allied strategy??
- Dynamic Apertures
- Small Form Factor
- Multi-Functional
- Multi-Spectral
- Distributed
- Cognitive
- Modular
ANTICIPATION?
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NATO: Progress & Potential
• NATO maintains competitive combat capabilities
• Consider the strategic messaging & leverage created if NATO
commits to an holistic EW / EMS approach…
• Purpose-designed EW exercises & wargames
• Developing EW / EMO as a core competency
• At operational level, advances
are being made -- U.S. ACT is
husbanding C2 for EW
• At national level, as NATO
Member States, we must ask:
‘What will this mean to us?’
• The AJP 3-6 draft and
U.S. JDN 3-16 align well
• When AJP 3-6 is ratified,
SHAPE / Member States
should not be surprised
by doctrine requirements
Assess NATO’s EMS Portfolio + Develop Use Case Rqmts = EMSO Interoperability
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“The budget also significantly funds important new
technologies that, when coupled with revised operational
concepts, will ensure we can deter and if necessary
win a high-end conventional fight in an anti-access,
area-denial environment across all domains and
warfighting areas: air, land, sea, space, cyberspace and
the electromagnetic spectrum.”
U.S. Secretary of Defense2017 Defense Posture Statement
Strategic Acknowledgment
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Advancing International Policy, Programs, and Professional Development
related to Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations in all Domains
Why EMSO? A Conceptual Framework
Jesse “Judge” BourqueSecretary, Association of Old Crows
U.S. Senior Defense Analyst
OUSD Policy & OSD CIO
Director, Expression Networks
June 2017
Why EMSO? A Conceptual Framework
www.crows.org