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8/7/2019 Jerusalem as a Component of Israels National Strength
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The Jerusalem Institutefor Israel Studies
Jerusalem as aComponent of Israel'sNational Strength
Indicators of the State of the Capitaland a View to the Future
Position Paper
Israel KimhiMaya ChoshenYair Assaf-Shapira
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ל א ר ש ר י ק ח ם ל י ל ש ו ר ן י ו כ מ ת ל ו ר ו מ ת ש ו י ו כ ז ל ה כ
8/7/2019 Jerusalem as a Component of Israels National Strength
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The Jerusalem Institute for Israel StudiesEstablished by the Charles H . Revson Foundation
Jerusalem as a Component of Israel's
National StrengthIndicators of the State of the Capital, and a View to
the Future
— Position Paper —
Israel K i m h i , M a y a Choshen and Ya i r Assaf-Shapira
2006
ל א ר ש ר י ק ח ם ל י ל ש ו ר ן י ו כ מ ת ל ו ר ו מ ת ש ו י ו כ ז ל ה כ
8/7/2019 Jerusalem as a Component of Israels National Strength
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The JUS Research Series N o . 108
Jerusalem as a Component of Israel's National StrengthIndicators of the State of the Capital, and a View to the Future
Submitted to the Sixth H e r z l i y a Conference, 2006
Steering Committee:Ora Ahimeir, Prof. Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov , Dani Halperin,
Amnon L o r c h , A d v. , A mb. Reuven Merhav, Dr. K o b i M i c h a e l ,
U d i Prawer, Yehudit S h a l v i , Dr. Emmanuel Sharon, N i s s i m Solomon,
Amnon Ramon —
The opinions expressed in this document are solely those of the authors.
This Position Paper was made possible by funds granted by
the Jacob and H i l d a Blaustein Foundation, the Frankel Foundation,
the Jerusalem Foundation and the Charles H . Revson Foundation.
© 2006, The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies
The Hay Elyachar House
20 Radak St. 92186 Jerusalem, Israel
http://www.jiis.org.il
E - m a i l : [email protected]
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Contents
Introduction 5
Jerusalem as a Component of Israel's National Security
Indicators of the State of the Capital, and a Vi e w to the Future
Israel K i m h i ,M a y a Choshen and Ya i r Assaf-Shapira 7
The negative processes occurring in Jerusalem, and the indicators
used to assess them 8
A . Demographic indicators 8
B . Economic indicators 8
C . Socio-economic indicators 10
D . The personal security indicator 10
E . Image and awareness indicators 12
Neglect and vision 13
What can be done and what basic conditions are required in order
to generate the necessary transformation in Jerusalem? 15
List of sources 26
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ל א ר ש ר י ק ח ם ל י ל ש ו ר ן י ו כ מ ת ל ו ר ו מ ת ש ו י ו כ ז ל ה כ
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Introduction
T h e Herz l iya Conference which has in recent years become a major venue for theclarification of issues regarding Israel's resilience and security, examined i n 2006
f o r the first time the basic assumption that a connection exists between Jerusalem's
resilience as a national capital and as a central city for the Jewish people, and the
resilience of the State of Israel. The state of the capital and the processes that are
taking place within it have reached the forefront of the public agenda for the
following reasons:
•There is a growing recognition within the general public that currentdemographic trends in Jerusalem are liable to have a negative effect, in the
foreseeable future, on maintaining a so l id Jewish majority in the city.
According to population forecasts, i f the existing demographic trends continue
Jerusalem may, in about 25 years' time, lose the Jewish majority which has
characterized it since the second half of the 19 th century. A change of this
nature may have far-reaching geopolitical implications for Israel.
• The negative immigration balance that has characterized Jerusalem since the
early 1980s harms the city's image and does not positively contribute to its
social status.
• Jerusalem's economy is in a state of decay. According to the socio-economic
indicators used by Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics to rank the country's
local authorities, Jerusalem's status has deteriorated rapidly over the last
decade. Decisions and courses of action capable of helping the city emerge
from its current crisis are, therefore, urgently needed. Jerusalem is in a
particularly difficult state with regard to the issue of poverty, and is ranked as
the poorest of the nation's large cities.
T h e Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies (JUS), which leads and monitors policy
studies on the city's development, was asked to propose a set o f objective measures
that could be used to assess Jerusalem's status on a periodic basis. Most of the
measures proposed in this report are based on data collected by the Institute for
the annually-published S t a t i s t i c a l Y e a r b o o kof J e r u s a l e m .But quantitative data
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are not enough. In order to complete the picture, the JUS conducted a national
survey among a representative sample of Israel's Jewish population, aimed at
delineating the imagethat
the general Israeli public has of Jerusalem on a variety
of issues, and its opinions regarding the city's future. The Institute intends to
repeat the survey periodically, in order to monitor changes in public opinion and
in Israeli positions regarding Jerusalem.
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Jerusalem as a Component of Israel'sNational Strength
Indicators of the State of the Capital, and a Viewto the Future
Israel Kimhi, Maya Choshen and Yair Assaf-Shapira
The State of Israel's national resilience is linked to the resilience of its capital city,
Jerusalem. Most of the Jewish population in Israel believes that a strong Jewish
majority in Jerusalem contributes to Israel's national resilience. 1 Israel's capital is
also perceived as an important national and religious symbol for Jews around the
world, as testified by 93 percent of the survey interviewees.
However, in contrast to the public's sentiments regarding Jerusalem, recent
years have witnessed the intensification of processes which threaten to impair the
city's resilience, and there is real reason to fear for Jerusalem's ability to weatherthe difficulties facing it.
The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies has been monitoring the state of the
city, and the processes that have accompanied its development, for many years.
The Institute proposes that efforts to investigate changes in Jerusalem's status
over time be institutionalized, and that processes taking place in the city continue
to be monitored.
The Institute applauds the fact that the Herz l iya Conference has, for the firsttime, placed the issue of Jerusalem at the forefront of the public agenda, l ink ing
the city's status to that of Israel's national resilience.
1
77 percent of the adult Jewish population in Israel expressed this opinion in a surveyconducted for the Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies in early January 2006, among arepresentative sample of the Israeli adult population. The survey was conducted on behalf
of the Institute by the Tatzpit Institute, headed by D r. Aharon Fein. The survey results areprovided below.
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However, raising the issue for public deliberation is not enough. Decisions
and real actions are needed to alter the current state of affairs. The Institute calls
upon the Israeli government to make Jerusalem its highest national priority and to
extend to the city the resources that it needs to cope with the difficult issues facing
it .
The negative processes occurring in Jerusalem, and the
indicators to assess them
A . D e m o g r a p h i c i n d i c a t o r s
1. The population indicator: Jerusalem's Jewish majority has been in a state
of erosion for many years. After the city's unification in 1967 the Jewish
majority stood at 75 percent. Since then it has been gradually declining, to a
current level of only 66 percent. If this trend continues, the Jewish majority in
Jerusalem w i l l drop to 58 percent in 2020, and a decade later Israel's capital
city w i l l have lost its Jewish majority.
2. The immigration indicator: Jerusalem's negative immigration balance is
growing. Over the last twenty years the city has lost more than 100 thousand
Jewish residents; while about half of them have stayed within the Jerusalem
metropolitan area, the other half made its way to other parts of the country.
Most of those who left were young and educated people or established families,
who could have made a positive contribution to the city's future.
B y tracking the data in these two areas one can see the trends toward
demographic change.
B . E c o n o m i c i n d i c a t o r s
1. Participation in the labor force: Jerusalem's labor force participation rate
is low compared with the country as a whole. The main reasons for this are
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twofold: a low labor force participation rate among men in the ultra-Orthodox
Jewish sector, and a low participation rate among women in the Arab sector.
2. Employment structure: The public services sector in Jerusalem is particularly
large (50 percent of all salaried workers). Salary levels for this group, as is
known, are low. On the other hand, the percentage of those employed in
more lucrative sectors, such as finance, industry and trade, is relatively low.
The city's employment structure has, of course, a direct influence on income
levels, quality of life and on residents' consumption possibilities.
3. Dependency ratio: The dependency ratio in Jerusalem is relatively high and
and small number of household heads bear responsibility for supporting many
people — primarily children. The dependency ratio serves as a useful economicindicator.
4. Per-capita income: Jerusalem residents' per-capita income is low compared
with that of residents of Israel's other large cities. The low income levels
affect purchasing power and the state of the city's commercial system. It also
has implications for the state of the local authority. The large number of poor
families leads to numerous property tax exemptions and results in the
placement of an excessive tax burden on a small segment of the city' spopulation. As a result, municipality income is low and the range of services
that Jerusalem is capable of providing to its residents is continually
diminishing. This unquestionably has an impact on quality of life in the city
and may wel l lead to increased negative immigration of the more affluent
sectors. To get a clear picture of the situation, all one has to do is to compare
Jerusalem's level of educational investment per pupil with that of other large
cities, or simply to walk around the city and have a look at the roads, the
children's playgrounds, etc.
The economic resilience indicators presented above refer to Jerusalem's entire
population, but in a heterogeneous city such as Jerusalem it is also important to
break the data down by major population group — secular/national religious, ultra-
Orthodox, and Arab. This is because each group's economic status differs
significantly from that of the others, which means that each group makes a different
contribution to the city's economic growth. This demographic breakdownw i l l
also have a decisive influence on Jerusalem's future economic status.
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C . S o c i o - e c o n o m i c i n d i c a to r s
1. Poverty index: Jerusalem is the poorest of Israel's large cities. A third of the
families residing in the city in 2003 were below the poverty line. Over 53
percent of the city's children meet the criteria for classification as "poor."
The Arab population is much poorer than the Jewish population. 68 percento f Jerusalem's Arab population lives below the poverty line, including 77
percent of its children, compared with 29 percent of the Jewish population
and 38 percent of its children.
The city's demographic breakdown and the Municipality's difficulty in coping
with all of the demands placed on it intensify polarization between the city'sneighborhoods, particularly between the Arab and the Jewish neighborhoods.
2. Socio-economic status: Particularly worrisome is the rapid rate of
deterioration of the population's socio-economic status. According to CBS
statistics, Jerusalem's ranking on the Israeli loca l authorities socio-economic
indicator scale dropped from 130 i n 1995 to 93 in 2001, taking its place between
Hatzor Hagli l i t and A k k o . At the same time the other large cities in Israel
improved their status. Be'er-Sheva, for instance, rose from 66* place to 124th
place, and T e l Av i v rose from 154* place to 1 7 5 * place in the socio-economic
rankings.
D . T h e p e r s o n a l s e c u r it y in d i c a to r
1. Scope and impact of terrorist activity: Jerusalem is a preferred target for
Palestinian terrorist activity. The terror attacks impair the city's resilience.The number of attacks that have been carried out in Jerusalem since the
outbreak of the second intifada (September 2000) comes to about 635. In
these incidents 1,643 people were injured and 211 ki l led, amounting to about
20 percent of a l l those who perished in terrorist attacks during the five yearso f the intifada. As a result of these attacks, 16 percent of the survey
interviewees stated that it is dangerous to visit Jerusalem, and 27 percent said
that they would be afraid to l ive there.
2. Hotel bed nights in Jerusalem: Due to Jerusalem's cultural-religious
uniqueness, its status as Israel's capital, its wealth of cultural and historical
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resources, and its archeological and holy sites, the city is a magnet for visitors
from elsewhere in Israel and from the entire world. Tourist activity in Israel
and in Jerusalem reached record highs in 2000, but the second intifada struck
a harsh blow to tourism, resulting in a significant decline in tourist and hotelbed night numbers. Since 2003 the tourism industry has been enjoying
something of a recovery, but the numbers are still low compared with those
recorded during the 1990s and 2000.
Tourist and Israeli Overnight-Stays in Jerusalem, 1980-2004
4 ,000
3,000
Tourists
Source: S t a t i s t i c a l Ye a r b o o ko f J e r u s a l e m ,Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies and the
Jerusalem Municipality.
Jerusalem is not a preferred destination for Israeli tourists, despite the fact that last
year 56 percent of the survey interviewees reported having visited the Old Ci ty
and the Western Wa l l .
The intifada's impact on the tourism industry was keenly felt throughout the
city, but hit Jerusalem's eastern section the hardest. Hotel revenue in the western
part of the city constitute about 90 percent of tourist hotel revenue in Jerusalem.
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E . I m a g eand a w a r e n e s s i n d i c a t o r s
Residentsof Jerusalem
and thesurrounding
area
Residentsof Israel
Entirepopulation
Jerusalem is the Jewish people's world
center 9 2 . 9 % 9 2 .0 % 9 2 .2 %
Jerusalem is Israel's most beautiful city 82.4% 7 0 . 3 % 7 2 . 3 %
Jerusalem is turning into a city for theultra-Orthodox 62.4% 64.4% 6 4 . 3 %
Jerusalem is a poor city 5 4 . 3 % 4 1 . 1 % 43.4%
Jerusalem is a dirty city 4 7 .6 % 2 7 .0 % 3 0 .5 %
Jerusalem is a frightening place in which
to live 9.4% 2 6 .6 % 2 3 .6 %
Quality of life in Jerusalem is low 11 .9 % 1 9 .8 % 18.4%
Jerusalem has no recreational resources 4.8% 17.9% 15.5%
Jerusalem lacks cultural resources 6.0% 6 . 1% 6 .1 %
It is dangerous to visit Jerusalem 5.9% 1 4 .6 % 1 3 . 1 %
Source: A survey conducted o n behalf o f the Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies i n earlyJanuary 2006, among a representative sample of the adult Israeli population. The surveywas conducted by the Tatzpit Institute, headed by D r . Aharon Fein.
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From among the above indicators it is recommended that special attention be paid
to changes in Jerusalem's image with regard to the fo l lowing: quality of life,
increased ultra-Orthodox presence, recreational possibilities, the city's poverty,
and the danger of l iv ing there.
Neglect and vision
Jerusalem's importance to the citizens of Israel is great, but it may be asked whether
this importance is actually reflected in national priorities. A great deal of l ip-
service is paid to the capital of Israel and of the Jewish people, but Jerusalemactually attracts most attention in the wake of terrorist attacks, or during election
campaigns in which the candidates all pledge their loyalty to the city.
We of the Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies fear for the city's future and
believe that the Israeli government has to do more to strengthen Jerusalem; talk
has to be translated into action and budgets. We therefore feel the need to sound
the alarm bel l on the city's social, economic and geopolitical status, and on the
gap that exists between the heavenly Jerusalem and the earthly, real-life city.
The State of Israel would do wel l to ensure that its capital city maintains a
clear Jewish majority, and to help it out of its present state of distress. The time
has come to make courageous decisions aimed at ensuring a brighter future for
this city which lies at the center of world attention. The Jerusalem Municipality
wi l l not be able to bear the burden alone and its resources are insufficient to initiate
the necessary changes. Only active intervention and real involvement on the part
of the Israeli government — in the form of actions, rather than words — w i l l be
capable of generating a transformation — and the sooner, the better.
Part of the solution may wel l lie in a change in the traditional political position
regarding the city's political future. Data presented in the following tables indicate
that most of the Israeli public is w i l l i n g to relinquish control over certain parts of
Jerusalem in order to preserve the city's clear Jewish majority and status as Israel's
capital:
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Willingnessto make concessions
Religious Traditional Secular Totalpopulation
On the Jewish Quarter andthe Western Wall 2.1% 0.6% 6.3% 3.2%
On the Jewish Quarter 3.2% 1.7% 9.8% 5.4%
On Arab neighborhoods 32.0% 55.1% 62.9% 54.5%
Unwillingto make
concessions of any kind 62.7% 42.6% 21.0% 36.9%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Assumptions regarding the possibility of achieving peace in return for
concessions
Belief in the possibilityof peace
Religious Traditional Secular Totalpopulation
Believe that peace can beachieved 9.5% 12.5% 30.7% 20.3%
D o not believe that peacecan be achieved 84.2% 84.7% 64.3% 75.7%
Hope that peace is possible 6.3% 2.8% 5.0% 4.0%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
W h i l e a clear majority of residents of Israel attach great importance to maintaininga Jewish majority in Jerusalem (97 percent believe that such a majority is important
or very important), the above table shows that, in return for real peace, a willingness
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exists to make concessions capable of contributing to a possible peace agreement
and of ensuring a significant Jewish majority in the city. 55 percent of the adult
population is prepared to relinquish Arab neighborhoods in the eastern part of the
city in return for true peace. Three percent are even wil l ing to give up the Mountof Olives, the Jewish Quarter and the Western Wa l l ; five percent are prepared to
relinquish the Arab neighborhoods, the Jewish Quarter and the Mount of Olives,
but not the Western Wa l l . 37 percent of the entire sample would be unwilling to
make any concessions in Jerusalem. The religious sector shows greater
unwillingness to make concessions in Jerusalem, reaching a figure of about 63
percent.
While a relatively high percentage of the population may be identified asbeing prepared to make concessions within the framework of a peace treaty and
an end to the conflict, 76 percent do not believe that such an agreement with the
Palestinians is actually possible. Among the religious population, 84 percent do
not believe in the possibility of a peace agreement.
What can be done and what basic conditions are required inorder to generate the necessary transformation in Jerusalem?
A . Reconsideration of the city's borders: Jerusalem's anachronistic borders
should be redrawn. The city needs boundaries consonant with Israeli interests
in the region, boundaries that would take into account demographic processes
and the geographical spread of the various population groups that inhabit the
area. Based on the data presented in this document it appears that most of the
public would support changes in the existing borders.
B. Self-management: Due to Jerusalem's great complexity, an effort should be
made to decentralize authority within the city, based on a division into large
quarters which would have autonomy over as many areas of life as possible.
A municipal structure of this nature would help to improve residents' quality
of life and satisfaction levels, minimize the potential for conflict and create
an infrastructure for peaceful co-existence between the city's variouspopulation sectors in the future.
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C . Governmental change: Jerusalem may wel l need a different governmental
structure. Thought should be given to this issue in Jerusalem metropolitan
area terms — the city and the Jewish localities that surround it. The Jerusalemmetropolitan area should be mobilized on behalf of the city and the city should
be mobilized on behalf of the Jerusalem metropolitan area. Appropriate
frameworks should be developed in order to ensure optimal distribution of
responsibility and resources.
D. Peace industries: Jerusalem's unique status should be employed in the
creation of a development laboratory for "peace industries," in which the
Jewish, Christian and M u s l i m worlds as wel l as the resident population wouldbe involved. In this context it should be recalled that Jerusalem is the only
place in which Palestinians and Israelis l ive in close proximity to each other.
E . Strategic plan: A plan should be drawn up which integrates political thinking
with an economic and social vis ion . The plan should define the geopolitical
red lines that no diplomatic arrangement would be authorized to cross, and it
should then be implemented jointly by all of the parties involved in the city's
development: the government, the Municipality, nearby localities, institutions
of higher education and research, c i v i l society organizations, community
representatives, representatives of world Jewry and parties involved in
economic and social entrepreneurship.
F. Multi-systemic approach: The government needs to take a comprehensive
approach to addressing both the city's ills and its relative advantages in an
integrative and simultaneous manner. Greater central government involvement
is needed in order to secure for Israel's capital city the status that befits it. It
should be recalled that Jerusalem is not just "anyplace," but rather a cultural
and religious focal point for all Israelis and all Jews; the entire world is
concerned about Jerusalem's fate, and this should guide all efforts to improve
the city's status.
G . Continued calm from a security standpoint: One of the basic conditions
for attainment of the desired change is a continuation of the current respite
from terrorist attacks. This period of calm should be accompanied by creative
thinking about ways in which Israelis and Palestinians can co-exist in the city
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and its shared space — consideration of various alternate geopolitical
arrangements that may be implemented in the absence of actual peace
agreements.
The strategic plan should serve as a framework for activity aimed at halting
the negative trends discussed above, and it should make intelligent use of
Jerusalem's relative advantages in the following areas:
• As a capital city — The trend toward transferring most governmental and
national authorities to Jerusalem should be continued; employees should be
encouraged to invest in the city and in the Jerusalem metropolitan area, and
governmental units should be prevented from leaving the city. A n effort should
also be made to draw back to the city the embassies and consulates that have
left it, to concentrate all international properties and to enable the Palestinians
to set up national institutions in areas of Jerusalem which would not conflict
with Israeli policy.
• As a cultural center and tourism city — Development of cultural sites, tour
routes and scenic viewp oints; renewal of historic neighborhoods and
transformation of these areas into centers of tourism and recreation; serious
development of tourism infrastructures and promotion of pilgrimages.
• As a religious center for the three monotheistic religions — Electronic
information resources devoted to religious issues should be established;
institutes for study and research on religion and religious issues should be
founded; and the religious items industry encompassing the various relevant
crafts should be promoted, along with the "Jerusalem" label on items produced
in the city and its environs.
• As a center for research and higher education — National and international
institutions of higher education, including an institute of technology, should
be established; substantial assistance should be extended to students interested
in pursuing their studies in Jerusalem, particularly those students who are
themselves Jerusalemites; student dormitories should be constructed in the
city center; efforts should be made to integrate students into the city's work
force during the period of their studies; the relationship between educationaland research institutions and "fledgling industries" should be strengthened; a
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college should be founded which would specialize in training public
administration personnel for the city, etc.
• As a medical center — The city's existing medical centers and related
biotechnology industries should be fostered and expanded, international and
Israeli medical conferences should be initiated, and sources of employment
in the medical and medical research sectors, in which Jerusalem enjoys an
advantage over other cities, should be developed.
The plan's physical aspect must reflect clear priorities and include the
following elements:
• High priority to renewal and development of the downtown area and the
inner city, with particular priority given to public transportation and
pedestrians over private vehicles.
• Improvement of the city's environment and quality of life, maintenance
of the city's cleanliness and exterior appearance at an appropriate level .• Priority to renewal of the city's built-up areas: Development outside of
the city can wait. Efforts should be made to attract and encourage private
urban renewal initiatives in the inner city.
• Preservation of the city's special character, sites and architectural heritage,
with priority to renewal of the Old Ci ty.
• Strengthening of the Jerusalem metropolitan area: From a regional
perspective, it is important to ensure continued functioning of the Jerusalem
metropolitan area and to maintain its connection to the city on various fronts —
some of which have weakened during the last decade. The economic, service-
related, cultural and employment ties of the surrounding localities (both Jewish
and Palestinian) to Jerusalem should be strengthened. Ties between the
Jerusalem metropolitan area's Palestinian sector and the city itself have greatly
weakened due to the intifada, and they are liable to weaken even further with
the completion of the security fence, which cuts Jerusalem off from most ofthe localities that surround it.
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A n d finally, on a more optimistic note, efforts should be made to develop "peace
industries" in Jerusalem's shared space.
A s pointed out earlier, within this space hundreds of thousands of Palestinians
and Israelis l ive in close proximity. Even if a Palestinian capital should be
established in some section of the city, residents of the entire area — both Israelis
and Palestinians — have a joint interest in an economically thriving Jerusalem, a
city in which the quality of life is high, efforts are made to ensure residents' security,
and an atmosphere of openness prevails. Chances are therefore good that, if the
current respite from terrorist attacks continues and the peace process advances,
Jerusalem wil l turn into a natural center for the future peace industries mentioned
above. These industries wi l l attract entrepreneurs and business initiatives fromaround the world, including the M u s l i m world. Countries of the free world wi l l
be the first to pour resources into the development of such industries. The cash
influx wi l l turn Palestinian al-Quds into the West Bank's financial hub — one
capable of cooperating with Jerusalem as Israel's capital. This future situation
wi l l be constructive, in every sense of the term, for both entities — Jerusalem,
capital of Israel and al-Quds, capital of Palestine.
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Indicators: DemographyDemograph ic Ba lance - J e w i s h Majority Decl ining
1967 2004
Jews 74% • 4 66%
Arabs 26% • 4 34%
Indicators: DemographyPopulation Projection - Continuing Trends
2000 2020 2035
Jews 69% • • 61 % 4 50%
Arabs 31% • • 39% • 50%
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Indicators: DemographyInternal Migration Balance - Population is Leav ing
O C M ׳ f C D 0 0 O C S i T l - C D C 0 O C M ^ ־
o o c o c o o o o o C T > o ) a > o ) a > o o o0 ) 0 ) c n c j > 0 ) a 3 a ) a ) a ) 0 5 o o oT - 1 - T - T - T - T - T - - ^ T - T - C N C N J C \ J
Indicators: Social and EconomicLow Participation in Civic Labor-Force* (2003 data)
75%
50%
25%
0%
Israel
45% 47%
Jerusalem Jerusalem -
Jews
Employed and Employment-Seeking as % of Population Aged 15+
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Indicators: Social and EconomicIncome per Capita (2001) - Low
Jerusalem Tel-Aviv HaifaBeer-
Sheva
1,962 4,458 3,485 3,101
Indicators: Social and EconomicStructure of Labor-Force (2004): Public Administration v s.
B u s i n e s s & Finance
5 0 %
4 7 %
1 4 %
WK'r׳ f1 4 %
Employed in Employed In Publ icB u s l n e s s & F i n a n c e Administration
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Indicators: Social and EconomicPoverty Rate* (2003) - Arab Population Very Poor
75 %
50%
25%
0%Ü
68%
SI 29%
Je rusa lem - A r a b s Je rusa lem - J e w s
Indicators: Social and EconomicPoverty Rate* (2003) - Poorest city in Israel
50 %
40 %
30 %
20 %
10%
0%
Israel Je rusa lem Je rusa lemJ e w s
Tel-Aviv
' Individuals below poverty line
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Indicators: Personal SecurityCasualties in Terror Attacks - A Terror Struck City
Period Israel Jerusalem Tel-Aviv Haifa
1967-1999 4,847 1,390 (29%) 837 (17%) 89 (2%)
2000-2003 5,081 1,524 (30%) 767 (15%) 239 (5%)
2000-2005 1,854
Frightening to live in Je rusa lem:
9% of Jerusalem residents
27% of the rest of Israel's population
Tourist Overnight-Stays in Jerusalem
3,500
3,000w 2,500
£ 2,000
g 1,500
i~ 1,000
500
0O T - o j c o ^ L n c D N - o o c n o T - c N j r o T j -c n o c D c n c o C D c n c n c D c o o o o o oC O C O C O C O C O C D C O C O O C O O O O O O- t - T - i - t - T - T - T - T - T - T - r M C M C M C M C S J
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Willingness for concessions
in Jerusalem
Willing togive inreturn for
true peace:
The JewishQuarter and theWestern Wall
3%
* 63%
Willing togive inreturn for
true peace:
The JewishQuarter
5% * 63%
Willing togive inreturn for
true peace: ArabNeighborhoods
55%
* 63%
Not willing to make anyConcess ions
37%
Total 100%
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List of sources
1. The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, O p i n i o nSun׳ ey o n J e r u s a l e m ,
January 2006.
2 . Dr. M a y a Choshen (ed.), S t a t i s t i c a l Y e a r b o o kof J e r u s a l e m ,Jerusalem
Municipality and the Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, relevant years.
3 . Central Bureau of Statistics, S t a t i s t i c a l A b s t r a c to f I s r a e l ,relevant years.
4. Central Bureau of Statistics, C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n a n d R a n k i n go fL o c a l A u t h o r i t i e s
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e P o p u l a t i o ns S o c i o - E c o n o m i c L e v e l ,1995.
5. Central Bureau of Statistics, C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n a n d R a n k i n go f J jo c a l A u t h o r i t i e s
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e P o p u l a t i o n ' s S o c i o - E c o n o m i c L e v e l ,2001.
6. Central Bureau of Statistics, L o c a l A u t h o r i t i e s i n I s r a e l ,relevant years.
7. National Insurance Institute, A n n u a lS u r v e y, 2004.
8. Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Center for Special Studies,
J e r u s a l e mas a P re fe r r e d T arg e t f o r P a l e s t i n i a n T e r r o r i s mD u r i n gt h e F i v e
Ye a r s of V i o l e n t C o n f r o n t a t i o n ,2005.
9. Central Bureau of Statistics and the Minist ry of Tourism, T o u r i s m a n d H o t e l
S e r v i c e s S t a t i s t i c s Q u a r t e r l y ,relevant years.
1 0 . Prof. Sergio della Pergola, P o p u l a t i o n F o r e c a s t s f o rJ e r u s a l e m(for the
Jerusalem local outline plan of 2000).
1 1 . Prof. A v i Ben Bassat et a l . , O p p o s i t i o n t o L . O . P . 3 7 / 1— t h e S a f d i e P l a n :A n
E c o n o m i c O p i n i o n , 2 0 0 4 .
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י ?
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Jerusalem as a Component of Israel's National Strength is a bold attempt to present
indicators for assessing the city's demographic, economic, social and political status.
It also suggests how to bridge the gap between image and reality, change current
trends and fulfill the city's potential - and what could happen if current trends are
allowed to continue.
T he Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies [JUS], an independent, non-profit organization and
a unique phenomenon on the Israeli scene, was founded in 1978 to study Jerusalem. With a
balance of highly qualified academics and practitioners, the JU S has been working for more
than 27 years to provide a constant flow of relevant, essential and accurate data, in-depth
background material, policy papers and professional analysis for use by decision makers andthe general public on subjects of great importance. These studies are accompanied by applicable
suggestions for options and solutions.
The Jerusalem Institute
for Israel Studies
T h e Hay Elyachar House
20 Radak Street
Jerusalem, Israel 92186
www.jiis.org.il
Top right picture: Flash 90
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