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Breakout Session 3: Coping with Labor Scarcity in the New World From Servitude to Slavery and “Free” Labor. Jenny Wahl Carleton College Economics Department. Some Numbers. Free migrants (~1600-1775) About ½ million total emigrated to British American colonies - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Breakout Session 3: Coping with Labor
Scarcity in the New World
From Servitude to Slavery and “Free” Labor
Jenny WahlCarleton College Economics
Department
2
Some Numbers• Free migrants (~1600-1775)
– About ½ million total emigrated to British American colonies– Of those, more than 350,000 via indenture
• Slaves (~1500-1900) – About 12 million left Africa, about 10 million arrived in
Americas– By 1808 (end of trans-Atlantic trade to US), only 6% of
African slaves landing in New World had come to North America
• Population as of 1790– 2.8 million free whites– 58,000 free non-whites– 682,000 slaves
3
Percent Non-White by Original Colony, 1750,
1790, 1810, 1860
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Connecticut
Massachusetts
New
Ham
pshire
Rhode Island
Delaw
are
Maryland
New
Jersey
New
York
Pennsylvania
Georgia
North C
arolina
South C
arolina
Virginia
1750
1790
1810
1860
4
Net Slave Imports, VA and MD,
1698-1774
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
1698-1703 1704-1718 1719-1730 1731-1745 1746-1760 1761-1774
time period
net i
mpo
rts
of s
lave
s
Virginia
Maryland
5
Indentured Servants Slaves (South) and
Servants (North)
• Demography of blacks in North America• Benefits of native-born slaves• Improved wages in England• Cheaper Atlantic passage• Demography of whites in North America• Regional diversity – plantation crops in
South, manufactories in North
6
Jefferson’s Runaway Slave (1769)
7
Indigo Exports (SC and GA), 1755-1772
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
17
55
17
56
17
57
17
58
17
59
17
60
17
61
17
62
17
63
17
64
17
65
17
66
17
67
17
68
17
69
17
70
17
71
17
72
00
0s
of
lbs
8
Rice Exports (SC and GA), 1698-1774
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
1698
1702
1707
1711
1716
1720
1724
1728
1732
1736
1740
1744
1748
1752
1756
1760
1764
1768
1772
000s
of
lbs
9
Tobacco Imports into England, 1697-1775
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
1697
1700
1704
1708
1712
1716
1720
1724
1728
1732
1736
1740
1744
1748
1752
1756
1760
1764
1768
1772
000s
of l
bs
10
Distribution of Wealth by Region, 1774
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
Land Slaves/servants Livestock Personal
New England
Middle Colonies
South
11
Northern Colonial Slavery
Significant dates VT PA MA NH CT RI NY NJ
European settlement 1666 1638
1620 1623
1633
1636
1624
1620
First record of slavery
c.1760? 1639
1629? 1645
1639
1652
1626
1627
Official end of slavery 1777 1780
1783 1783
1784
1784
1799
1804
Actual end of slavery 1777
c.1845
1783
c.1845?
1848
1842
1827
1865
12
Percent of Free Non-Whites by Original Colony, 1790,
1810, 1860
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Connecticut
Massachusetts
New
Ham
pshire
Rhode Island
Delaw
are
Maryland
New
Jersey
New
York
Pennsylvania
Georgia
North C
arolina
South C
arolina
Virginia
1790
1810
1860
13
Pennsylvania Slave Advertisement
14