Jelena Sokolovic, Dusica Ljubinkovic and Tijana Kirkov · jelena sokolovic, dusica ljubinkovic and tijana kirkov. credibility, honesty, ethics & politeness in journalistic texts •

Jelena Sokolovic, Dusica Ljubinkovic and Tijana Kirkov

CREDIBILITY, HONESTY, ETHICS & POLITENESS IN JOURNALISTIC TEXTS

•FIRST DRAFT – A PROJECT OF THE SHORENSTEIN CENTER ON

MEDIA, POLITICS AND PUBLIC POLICY AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY’S

JOHN F. KENNEDY SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT

• USES RESEARCH-BASED METHODS TO FIGHT MIS- AND

DISINFORMATION ONLINE


•MISLEADING CONTENT

• FALSE CONTEXT

•MANIPULATED CONTENT


1. VOJTEHOVSKI: VUČIĆ HUMILIATED WOMEN,

WE ARE NOT RENT-A-WOMBS

[Serbian original: VOJTEHOVSKI: VUČIĆ PONIZIO ŽENE, NISMO RENTA

UTROBE

Available at http://rs.n1info.com/a372769/Vesti/Vojtehovski-Vucic-

ponizio-zene-nismo-renta-utrobe.html]

2. ‘WOMEN IN BLACK’ FIERCELY ATTACKED VUČIĆ

Furious about the measures concerning birth

rate increase

[Serbian original: ‘ŽENE U CRNOM’ŽESTOKO NAPALE VUČIĆA

Pobesnele zbog mera za povećanje nataliteta

Available at http://www.alo.rs/zene-u-crnom-napale-vucica/153157]

http://rs.n1info.com/a372769/Vesti/Vojtehovski-Vucic-ponizio-zene-nismo-renta-utrobe.html

http://www.alo.rs/zene-u-crnom-napale-vucica/153157

1.

•THE PRESIDENT, OF COURSE, HUMILIATED WOMEN… YOU CAN’T SEE WOMEN AS

RENT-A-WOMBS THAT WERE SUPPOSED TO GIVE BIRTH TO CHILDREN FOR THE

IRON REGIMENTS

[SERBIAN ORIGINAL: PREDSEDNIK JE, NARAVNO, PONIZIO ŽENE…NE MOŽETE DA

POSMATRATE ŽENE KAO RENTU UTROBE, KOJE ĆE DA RAĐAJU DECU ZA GVOZDENE

PUKOVE]

•REPETITION OF PHRASES: THE GOVERNMENT CAN’T FIND A SOLUTION...; IN THIS

COUNTRY YOU CAN’T FIND HELP FOR…

2.

• THE COORDINATED ACTION OF THESE NGOS WITH THE OPPOSITION SHOWS THAT THEIR GOAL IS TO UNDERMINE THE

PLAN OF THE PRESIDENT AND OF THE GOVERNMENT OF SERBIA TO HELP MOTHERS AND FAMILIES

[SERBIAN ORIGINAL: KOORDINISANA AKCIJA TIH NVO SA OPOZICIJOM GOVORI DA IM JE CILJ DA SRUŠE PLAN

PREDSEDNIKA I VLADE SRBIJE ZA POMOĆ MAJKAMA I PORODICAMA]

• BLINDED WITH PERSONAL HATRED TOWARDS THE PRESIDENT OF SERBIA, THE INDIVIDUALS ARE TRYING TO SABOTAGE

THIS PLAN

[SERBIAN ORIGINAL: ZASLEPLJENI LIČNOM MRŽNJOM PREMA PREDSEDNIKU SRBIJE, POJEDINCI POKUŠAVAJU DA

SABOTIRAJU TAJ PLAN]

• IT IS KNOWN THAT ‘WOMEN IN BLACK’ AND OTHER SUCH ORGANISATIONS WERE ALWAYS AGAINST ANYTHING

POSSIBLY PATRIOTIC, BUT WHAT BOTHERED THEM THIS TIME WAS THE MERE THOUGHT THAT ANYTHING COULD BE

DONE TO PREVENT OUR VILLAGES AND CITIES FROM BECOMING DESOLATE

[SERBIAN ORIGINAL: POZNATO JE DA SU ‘ŽENE U CRNOM’ I SLIČNE ORGANIZACIJE UVEK BILE PROTIV SVEGA ŠTO JE BILO

IOLE PATRIOTSKI, ALI OVOGA PUTA ZASMETALA IM JE I SAMA POMISAO DA BI SE MOGLO URADITI NEŠTO DA NAM SELA I

GRADOVI NE OSTANU PUSTI]

•IMPOSTER CONTENT

•FABRICATED CONTENT

•MANIPULATED CONTENT


The vice-president gives a statement

before she even arrives at the meeting

SERBIAN ORIGINAL: PODPREDSEDNICA VLADE I ČLANICA PREDSEDNIŠTVA SNS-A ZORANA

MIHAJLOVIĆ OBIŠLA JE DANAS NIŠ I PORUČILA DA JE POSLE VLADAVINE DS U TOM GRADU OSTALA

PUSTOŠ, UGAŠENE DRŽAVNE FIRME I HILJADE RADNIKA BEZ POSLA.

GLOSS: THE VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE GOVERNMENT AND THE MEMBER OD THE PROGRESSIVE

PARTY VISITED THE CITY OF NIŠ TODAY AND STATED THAT AFTER THE RULE OD THE DEMOCRATIC

PARTY ENDED, THE CITY BECAME A WASTE LAND, STATE FIRMS WERE SHUT DOWN AND

THOUSANDS OF WORKERS WERE LEFT JOBLESS.

POLITENESS IN ACADEMIC TEXTS: SERBIAN EXAMPLES

•ETIQUETTE

•POLITENESS

•BROWN & LEVINSON (1987)

•POLITENESS STRATEGIES

•HEDGES

•“I HOPE I MANAGED TO SHOW THAT THIS CRITICISM IS

ONLY PARTIALLY VALID BECAUSE BY MEANS OF

DETAILED METAPHORIC MAPPINGS WE CAN EXPLAIN

MANY SUBTLE DIFFERENCES IN MEANING AT THE

LINGUISTIC LEVEL” (KÖVECSES, 2008, P.182).


• “/ HAVE BEEN SO RASH AS TO SAY MORE THAN ONCE, THAT WE MIGHT EXPECT

BETWEEN 10 AND 100 DIFFERENT ENZYMES; BUT THAT WAS PURE GUESSWORK. THE

NUMBER COULD BE AS LOW AS TWO; ROBIN LAKOFF S ANALYSIS OF THIS... SEEMS TO

US COUNTERINTUITIVE. IT SEEMS MORE ACCURATE TO SEE...; SO FAR AS WE CAN TELL,

IT IS ROUGHLY COMPATIBLE WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA, BUT IT MUST BE

REGARDED AS UNPROVED UNTIL IT HAS BEEN CHECKED AGAINST MORE EXACT

RESULTS; WITH SOME TEMERITY WE SUGGEST THAT THIS SIMPLE REASONING MIGHT

BE APPLIED QUITE GENERALLY TO THE ANALYSIS OF RITUALS OF EXCHANGE”

(MYERS, 1989).


• “AT THE RISK OF OVERSIMPLIFYING, WE SUGGEST THESE

CHARGES OF AD HOC THEORIZING BRING TO THE FORE TWO

COMPETING TRADITIONS OF INQUIRY THAT GALISON (1997)

OUTLINES FOR CONTEMPORARY PARTICLE PHYSICS: THE

IMAGE TRADITION AND THE LOGIC TRADITION” (COULSON

& OAKLEY, 2000, P. 193).


• “IT’S OUR VIEW THAT WHEN YOU CLEAR A WAY THESE

MISCONCEPTIONS WHAT’S LEFT IS A REAL DISAGREEMENT

ABOUT THE NATURE OF MENTAL PROCESSES AND MENTAL

REPRESENTATIONS” (FODOR & PYLYSHYN, 1998, P.3).


•SERBIAN EXAMPLES (ĐORĐEVIĆ, 2017)

•NA OSNOVU DOBIJENIH REZULTATA MOŽE SE ZAKLJUČITI DA

JE PRAVILNIK 87/ 2011 RIGOROZNIJI U PROCENI STEPENA

OPASNOSTI.

‘BASED ON THE RESULTS OBTAINED, IT MAY/CAN BE

CONCLUDED THAT…’



•STANDARD PRETPOSTAVLJA DA SU OBA PARAMETRA (INDEKS

ŽILAVOSTI I FAKTOR REZIDUALNE ČVRSTOĆE) NEZAVISNA

OD DIMENZIJA PROBNOG TELA, KAO I OD DRUGIH

PROMENLJIVIH VELIČINA (NPR. RASPONA OSLONACA). ‘THE

STANDARD PRESUMES THAT…’



•ОВА ЛАЖНА ПОЗИТИВНОСТ ВЕРОВАТНО ЈЕ ПОСЛЕДИЦА

ТОГА ШТО СЕ ГЉИВЕ РОДА PENICILLIUM КОРИСТЕ У

ПРОЦЕСУ ПРОИЗВОДЊЕ ОВИХ АНТИБИОТСКИХ ЛЕКОВА, А

ПОЗНАТО ЈЕ И ДА ОВЕ ГЉИВЕ ПРИЛИКОМ РАСТА

ОСЛОБАЂАЈУ

‘THIS FALSE POSITIVITY IS PROBABLY THE RESULT OF…’



•У ОВОМ РАДУ НЕМАМО НАМЕРУ ДА ПРЕДСТАВИМО ИСЦРПАН И

СВЕОБУХВАТАН, ПОСЕБНО НЕ НОВ ИНВЕНТАР СЕМАНТИЧКИХ

ЈЕДИНИЦА, ТЈ. СЕМАНТИЧКИХ УЛОГА ИЛИ ФУНКЦИЈА ВЕЋ

НАСТОЈИМО ДА УКАЖЕМО НА ПРАВИЛНОСТИ И ОДСТУПАЊА…

‘...WE SEEK TO POINT TO...’


• REFERENCES

• BROWN, P., LEVINSON, S. C., & LEVINSON, S. C. (1987). POLITENESS: SOME UNIVERSALS IN LANGUAGE USAGE

(VOL. 4). CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

• COULSON, S., & OAKLEY, T. (2000). BLENDING BASICS (LINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF CONCEPTUAL BLENDING THEORY

AND CONCEPTUAL INTEGRATION). COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, 11(3-4), 175-196.

• ĐORĐEVIĆ, D. DANIJELA. (2017). EPISTEMIC MODALITY MARKERS USED AS HEDGES IN RESEARCH ARTICLES.

BELGRADE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDIES. 9, 25-47.

• FODOR, J. A., & PYLYSHYN, Z. W. (1988). CONNECTIONISM AND COGNITIVE ARCHITECTURE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS.

COGNITION, 28(1-2), 3-71.

• KÖVECSES, Z. (2008). CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR THEORY: SOME CRITICISMS AND ALTERNATIVE PROPOSALS.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, 6(1), 168-184.

• MYERS, G. (1989). THE PRAGMATICS OF POLITENESS IN SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES. APPLIED LINGUISTICS, 10(1), 1-35.


THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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Jelena Sokolovic, Dusica Ljubinkovic and Tijana Kirkov · jelena sokolovic, dusica ljubinkovic and tijana kirkov. credibility, honesty, ethics & politeness in journalistic texts •