Jefferson, Madison and the War of 1812

• Revolution of 1800– Peaceful transition of

power– “We are all Republicans –

we are all Federalists”

• Jeffersonian Democracy– Simplicity– “The government governs

best that governs least”– Agrarian republic– Repealed the Alien and

Sedition Acts

Jefferson, Madison and the War of 1812

• Louisiana Purchase– Westerners needed

the Mississippi River– France needed money– Constitution did not

expressly permit the President or Congress the power to purchase territory (Strict Interpretation)

– Doubled the size of the country

Jefferson, Madison and the War of 1812

• Marbury v. Madison– Gave the Supreme Court

the authority to determine constitutionality of laws

• War of 1812– British impressment of

American sailors was a cause

– The War Hawks (Clay, Calhoun) wanted Canada

– The British were allied with Native Americans in the West

• Some Americans were opposed to the War– New England held the

Hartford Convention and contemplated seccesion

• Andrew Jackson’s victory at the Battle of New Orleans restored American pride

• The War ended the Federalists– They were seen as disloyal

The Era of Good Feelings

• James Monroe– No opposition party– Federalists were gone– Surge of nationalism

• American System– Henry Clay of Kentucky– Internal improvements

• Roads and Canals

– Tariff to protect American industry

– Similar to A. Hamilton

The Era of Good Feelings

• Missouri Compromise– 1820 Missouri admitted

as a slave state– Maine admitted as a free

state– No slavery north of 36

degrees latitude in the Louisiana Purchase

– Slavery now seems permanent

• Monroe Doctrine– American continent was

no longer open to European colonization

– The British navy actually enforced to doctrine

The Age of Jackson

• Election of 1824– Corrupt bargain allows

John Quincy Adams to be elected

• Jacksonian Democracy– Dramatic expansion of

suffrage– Party nominating system– Spoils system– First president from the

West

The Age of Jackson

• Tarriff of Abominations– 1828 highest tariff ever– Southerners hated the

new tax

• Nullification Crisis– Calhoun of South Carolina

challenged the tariff, claiming states could declare an act “null and void”

– Jackson forced South Carolina to back down

• Indian Removal Act– 1830 Congress passes a law

moving the Native Americans of the Southeast to the West

– Worcester v. Georgia 1832• Supreme Court supported

Native American rights• Jackson ignored the ruling

• Bank War– Jackson refused to re-charter

the BUS

• Rise of the Whigs– United in opposition to

Jackson

Transportation and Market Revolutions

• Transportation Revolution– Steamboats and Railroads– National Road

• Erie Canal– Western goods to Eastern markets– New York City became primary Eastern city

• Market Revolution– National economy

• Impact of the Revolutions on Regions– Northeast – industrial growth– Midwest – immigration and agriculture– South – plantation system dominated by elite planters

The Old South

• Old Slavery– Chesapeake

• Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin– 1790s invention– Slavery expands

• King Cotton– Most valuable cash crop– Tobacco depleted the soil

• Cotton Economy– Changed the South’s attitude

toward slavery– No immigration to the South– South lagged industrially

• Planters– Small, but powerful group

• Yeoman Farmers– Majority in the South– Deferred politically to the

Planters

• Poor Whites– Unskilled laborers– Backwoods– Supported slavery

• Slavery in 1850s– Necessary Evil to Positive Good

Religion, Reform and Romanticism

• American Colonization Society– Abolition and return of slaves to Africa– Founded Liberia

• William Lloyd Garrison• Frederick Douglas

– Both prominent abolitionists• Republican Motherhood

– Women would raise virtuous citizens for the new country

• Cult of Domesticity– Idealized women as mothers and

housewives• Seneca Falls

– 1848 Women’s Rights Conventions– Declaration of Sentiments

• Second Great Awakening– People could improve themselves and

society

• Educational Reform– Horace Mann believed in public education– Longer school year, more training for

teachers

• Mentally Ill– Dorothea Dix launched a crusade for

better hospitals for the mentally ill

• Transcendentalism– Henry David Thoreau– Ralph Waldo Emerson– Margaret Fuller– Minimized logic and reason– Fiercely individualistic

• Temperance– Campaign to drink less alcohol

• Utopian Communities– Rejected competition– Egalitarian social order– Brook Farm the most famous

Immigration

• Irish Immigration– Irish moved to the port

cities of the Northeast– Potato Famine caused the

surge– Faced religious

discrimination

• German Immigration– Moved to the Midwest

• Nativism and the Know-Nothing Party– Anti-Catholic Political Party

Westward Expansion

• Lone Star Republic– Texas acquired its independence

from Mexico in 1836

• Polk and “Manifest Destiny”– America had a God-given right to

expand across the continent– President Polk supported it

• Mexican War– 1846 – the war began under fuzzy

circumstances

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo– Mexico lost one0third of its territory

• Wilmot Proviso– A proposal that all land taken in the

Mexican war would be free states