JEFFERSONJEFFERSON1801-1809 1801-1809

andand

MADISONMADISON1809-18131809-1813

THOMAS JEFFERSONHome is Monticello, VA

Pictured on the nickel & $2 bill

1st President inaugurated in Washington, D.C.

On Mount Rushmore; a state capital named after him

Declaration of Independence

Died on the 4th of July

Suffered from migraines

Kept live bears on White House lawn; had a pet mockingbird

Made macaroni & cheese, waffles & ice cream popular

JEFFERSON, Third PresidentJEFFERSON, Third PresidentWill serve two terms; Will serve two terms; Republican; VARepublican; VAHates crowds and making Hates crowds and making speeches; shrill voicespeeches; shrill voiceMulti-talented:Multi-talented:– AGRICULTURALIST, AGRICULTURALIST,

Author, Architect, Author, Architect, Attorney, Linguist, Attorney, Linguist, Educator, InventorEducator, Inventor

Probably the most Probably the most intellectual, intelligent intellectual, intelligent President of U.S.President of U.S.

Jefferson the Inventor

Swivel chair, folding chair

Hidden staircases, dumb waiters

First “copy machine”

The Contradictions of Thomas The Contradictions of Thomas JeffersonJefferson

A champion of individual liberty who owned A champion of individual liberty who owned slaves all his life.slaves all his life.

A fiscal conservative who dies deeply in debt.A fiscal conservative who dies deeply in debt.

An agrarian idealist who thrives in big citiesAn agrarian idealist who thrives in big cities

A master politician who fears confrontation A master politician who fears confrontation and abhors government power except when he and abhors government power except when he wields it.wields it.

JEFFERSON & SLAVERYJEFFERSON & SLAVERY

Inherits 5000 acres & 52 slaves at age 21 Inherits 5000 acres & 52 slaves at age 21 Inherits more later from father-in-law; ultimately Inherits more later from father-in-law; ultimately number at Monticello is up to 267number at Monticello is up to 267Viewed slavery as morally wrongViewed slavery as morally wrongTried twice to pass legislation to emancipate slaves:Tried twice to pass legislation to emancipate slaves:– 1769, Virginia General Assembly1769, Virginia General Assembly– 1784, Continental Congress1784, Continental Congress

In his draft of the Declaration ofIn his draft of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, Jefferson blasted theIndependence in 1776, Jefferson blasted the King’s involvement in the Atlantic slave tradeKing’s involvement in the Atlantic slave trade

President in 1808 – when the slave tradePresident in 1808 – when the slave tradeabolished abolished

“The rights of human nature are deeply wounded by this infamous practice of slavery.”

Yet, Jefferson acquired and sold hundreds of slaves Yet, Jefferson acquired and sold hundreds of slaves throughout his lifetime, throughout his lifetime, Jefferson was always deeply in debt (a heavy spender) Jefferson was always deeply in debt (a heavy spender) and had encumbered his slaves by notes & mortgagesand had encumbered his slaves by notes & mortgagesJefferson could not free them until he was free of debt, Jefferson could not free them until he was free of debt, which he never achieved.which he never achieved.All but one of Jefferson's slaves was sold after his All but one of Jefferson's slaves was sold after his death to pay his debts. death to pay his debts. Relationship (for 37 years!), and children, with one of Relationship (for 37 years!), and children, with one of his slaves, Sally Hemingshis slaves, Sally Hemings– Jefferson’s wife died in 1782 – deathbed wish…Jefferson’s wife died in 1782 – deathbed wish…– Sally was child of Jefferson’s father-in-law and one Sally was child of Jefferson’s father-in-law and one

of his slavesof his slaves

ELECTION OF 1800ELECTION OF 1800

Jefferson & Burr – Republican P & VPJefferson & Burr – Republican P & VPAdams & Pinckney – Federalist P & VPAdams & Pinckney – Federalist P & VPJefferson & Burr each get 73 votesJefferson & Burr each get 73 votesElection thrown into House of Reps Election thrown into House of Reps – each state gets – each state gets one vote (16 states)one vote (16 states)– 35 ballot deadlock – 8 days!35 ballot deadlock – 8 days!– Finally, Finally, HAMILTONHAMILTON convinces NY to change vote convinces NY to change vote

1212thth Amendment will change electoral college – P & Amendment will change electoral college – P & VP now voted for separatelyVP now voted for separatelyWas there a Was there a “Revolution of 1800” “Revolution of 1800” with his election?with his election?– No, Jeffersonians did take power in White House & No, Jeffersonians did take power in White House &

Congress but…Congress but…– 11stst peacefulpeaceful transfer of power in world history! transfer of power in world history!– Kept most Federalist programsKept most Federalist programs

Jefferson’s Inaugural Address Jefferson’s Inaugural Address ::

Principles espoused in inaugural address:Principles espoused in inaugural address:– Majority rule with minority rightsMajority rule with minority rights– Equal rights for all peopleEqual rights for all people– Source of a government’s power is the peopleSource of a government’s power is the people– Against entangling alliancesAgainst entangling alliances– Promises to preserve gov’ts credit/pay off debtsPromises to preserve gov’ts credit/pay off debts– Promises to stimulate commerce as well as Promises to stimulate commerce as well as

agricultureagriculture– Stresses need to deemphasize party politics – Stresses need to deemphasize party politics – “We “We

are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”

Jefferson’s Approach to OfficeJefferson’s Approach to Office::

Becomes a MODERATE as Becomes a MODERATE as PresidentPresident– Did cut taxes (like Whiskey Did cut taxes (like Whiskey

tax)tax)– Naturalization Act – 5 yrs. Naturalization Act – 5 yrs.

reestablishedreestablished– Did NOT try to alter balance Did NOT try to alter balance

of fed & state power but did of fed & state power but did have fundamental belief in have fundamental belief in strong states’ and individual strong states’ and individual rightsrights

– New tone: played down New tone: played down ceremonial aspects of ceremonial aspects of presidency (“pell-mell is our presidency (“pell-mell is our law”).law”).

Jefferson & the CourtsJefferson & the CourtsFundamental belief that courts consistently overstepped Fundamental belief that courts consistently overstepped overstepped their bounds in decisionsoverstepped their bounds in decisions– ““throwing an anchor ahead”throwing an anchor ahead”

Angered that Federalists had appointed theAngered that Federalists had appointed the

““midnight judges”midnight judges”

Chief Justice – John Marshall; the cousin he hatedChief Justice – John Marshall; the cousin he hated

Judiciary Act of 1801 – appointing of “midnight judges”Judiciary Act of 1801 – appointing of “midnight judges”

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison– Marbury sues Madison for Marbury sues Madison for writ of mandamus writ of mandamus ordering delivery of ordering delivery of

his commission as justice of peacehis commission as justice of peace– Marshall ruled against Marbury……. Congress had Marshall ruled against Marbury……. Congress had

unconstitutionally tried to give this power to the Courtsunconstitutionally tried to give this power to the Courts– Established principle of “Established principle of “JUDICIAL REVIEW” JUDICIAL REVIEW”

Supreme Court has authority to review acts of Congress (& P) Supreme Court has authority to review acts of Congress (& P) and determine whether they are constitutionaland determine whether they are constitutional

– Jefferson furious; seeks impeachmentJefferson furious; seeks impeachment

The Great Chief JusticeJohn Marshall

Jefferson & the MilitaryJefferson & the MilitaryMilitary Policies:Military Policies:– REDUCE IT! He’s REDUCE IT! He’s ““parsimoniousparsimonious!”!”– Use “peaceful coercion, not military force”Use “peaceful coercion, not military force”– Saw large standing armies as an invitation to dictatorshipSaw large standing armies as an invitation to dictatorship– Why did he not fear navies as much?Why did he not fear navies as much?

couldn’t march inland & endanger freedomcouldn’t march inland & endanger freedom

Barbary Pirates & 1801 War with TripoliBarbary Pirates & 1801 War with Tripoli– Tripoli declares war – Jefferson sends “Mosquito Fleet”Tripoli declares war – Jefferson sends “Mosquito Fleet”– U.S. doesn’t really win, but is only nation to resist the U.S. doesn’t really win, but is only nation to resist the

blackmailblackmail– Greatest hero: Stephen DecaturGreatest hero: Stephen Decatur

Captured 2 pirate ships; set fire to U.S. ship (Philadelphia) to keep it Captured 2 pirate ships; set fire to U.S. ship (Philadelphia) to keep it from piratesfrom pirates

Louisiana Louisiana PurchasePurchase

SP-FR transfer in 1800SP-FR transfer in 1800Right of deposit revoked in Right of deposit revoked in 18021802Problem of a French Problem of a French Louisiana?Louisiana?Potential loss of New Potential loss of New OrleansOrleansFrench designs on North French designs on North AmericaAmerica

James Monroe & Robert Livingston sent to FR in James Monroe & Robert Livingston sent to FR in 1803 to seek purchase of 1803 to seek purchase of New Orleans New Orleans for $10Mfor $10M

Napoleon's reason for selling:Napoleon's reason for selling:– Santo Domingo defeat –doesn’t need LA as breadbasketSanto Domingo defeat –doesn’t need LA as breadbasket– About to go to war with BritainAbout to go to war with Britain– Hamilton also instrumental-Napoleon paid in U.S. bondsHamilton also instrumental-Napoleon paid in U.S. bonds

Price: $15M for entire area of 828,000 sq. mi.Price: $15M for entire area of 828,000 sq. mi.DOUBLED size of USDOUBLED size of USJefferson troubled by constitutionality of the purchase Jefferson troubled by constitutionality of the purchase butbut– Justified the purchase on basis that it was part of P’s Justified the purchase on basis that it was part of P’s

implied powers to protect the nationimplied powers to protect the nation

LEWIS & CLARKLEWIS & CLARKEXPEDITION, 1804-1806EXPEDITION, 1804-1806

Accomplished all their objectives:– To find the source of the

Missouri river– Find a usable route across

the Rockies to Pacific Ocean– Observe Indian customs,

features of the land, weather, plants & animals

Guide/Interpreter:– Sacagawea – “Bird Woman”– Shoshone Indian, married to a French-Canadian trapper– York – black slave – hunting, fishing skills– 48 men on the 3 year expedition

SACAJAWEA

Stolen, held captive, sold, eventually reunited with the Shoshone Indians.

An interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark in 1805-1806 with her husband Toussaint Charbonneau. She navigated carrying her son, Jean Baptiste, on her back. She traveled thousands of miles from the Dakotas to the Pacific Ocean.

The explorers said she was cheerful, never complained, and proved to be invaluable. She served as an advisor, caretaker, and is legendary for her perseverance and resourcefulness.

BURR vs. HAMILTONBURR vs. HAMILTON

BURR vs. HAMILTONBURR vs. HAMILTONBurr leaves Vice Presidency & runs for Gov. of NY

Hamilton works against him & keeps him from winning; also exposes Burr’s NE secession conspiracy (Essex Junto)

Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel

NJ, July -1804

Hamilton fires to miss; Burr fires to kill

Hamilton mortally wounded; dies

bankrupt; Federalists leaderless

Burr’s career over….

he & LA Gov. plot to take over Mexico; arrested & tried for treason – acquitted; flees to Europe

Jefferson reelected by landslide victory in 1804 winning all but 2 statesBRITISH (shark) & FRENCH (tiger) back at war by 1805 & both interfere with American neutral trading rightsBritish “Orders in Council” 1806

– Kept US from trading with FRFrench then issue order to seize all merchant ships in BR ports

• BRITISH IMPRESSMENT:• Legalized form of kidnapping where BR would

stop ships, seize American sailors off of them & “press” them into service against their will (over 6,000 Americans between 1808 & 1811).

ATTACK ON THE CHESAPEAKE, 1807:

U.S. warship; stopped by BR for search;U.S. refused. BR fired. Killed 3 &wounded 18. U.S. surrendered, BRboarded & carried off 4 sailors.

EMBARGO ACTEMBARGO ACTAmericans are clamoring for war; JeffersonAmericans are clamoring for war; Jefferson

responds instead with responds instead with EMBARGO ACT – Why?EMBARGO ACT – Why?• Wanted to keep U.S. ships off seas & safe from BR & FRWanted to keep U.S. ships off seas & safe from BR & FR• Too Too “parsimonious” “parsimonious” to build a good navyto build a good navy

Act is an Act is an economic sanction against the BR & FR economic sanction against the BR & FR that outlawed all trade with foreign countriesthat outlawed all trade with foreign countries– No US ships could leave country to trade – imports?No US ships could leave country to trade – imports?

Effects of the Embargo Act?Effects of the Embargo Act?– Doesn’t really hurt BR or FRDoesn’t really hurt BR or FR– Has disastrous effects for US -- goods rotting on the Has disastrous effects for US -- goods rotting on the

docks and smuggling increasesdocks and smuggling increases

Repealed during Jefferson’s last week in officeRepealed during Jefferson’s last week in office– Non-Intercourse Act substituted (reopened trade with all Non-Intercourse Act substituted (reopened trade with all

exceptexcept BR & FR) BR & FR)

Jefferson’s miscalculations:– Extent of European dependence on American trade– Unpopularity of act & difficulty of enforcing it in America

One positive effect: Manufacturing renewed in New England

Jefferson Jefferson wants to be wants to be remembered remembered as:as:The FounderThe Founder

Of theOf theUniversityUniversityof Virginiaof Virginia

& the Author& the Authorof theof theDeclaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

NOT as PresidentMonticello

JAMESJAMESMADISONMADISON

44THTH President President

Two Terms, Republican, VATwo Terms, Republican, VAHad served as Jefferson’s Had served as Jefferson’s Secretary of State Secretary of State Jefferson’s hand-picked Jefferson’s hand-picked successor for Presidentsuccessor for PresidentShortest President: 5’4” & Shortest President: 5’4” & less than 100 poundsless than 100 poundsMacon’s Bill No. 2, 1810Macon’s Bill No. 2, 1810– Commerce restored with all Commerce restored with all

countriescountries– BUT any violation of neutral BUT any violation of neutral

commerce would require commerce would require reapplication of Non-reapplication of Non-Intercourse ActIntercourse Act

James Madison James Madison on Slaveryon Slavery

Saw slavery as politically, Saw slavery as politically, economically, and economically, and morally wrongmorally wrongOwned slavesOwned slavesIndirectly freed one slave, Indirectly freed one slave, rest were never freed rest were never freed

Pres. Of American Pres. Of American Colonization SocietyColonization SocietyFelt that freed slaves Felt that freed slaves could not live in white could not live in white society, must be society, must be returned to Africa & returned to Africa & compensation given to compensation given to slave ownersslave ownersLeft $2,000 to society & Left $2,000 to society & proceeds from sale of proceeds from sale of his grist mill his grist mill

An incident that illuminates James Madison's ambivalence An incident that illuminates James Madison's ambivalence toward the issue of slavery is the story of Billey, a body servant toward the issue of slavery is the story of Billey, a body servant who accompanied him to Philadelphia during the Continental who accompanied him to Philadelphia during the Continental Congress. Madison wrote to his father at Montpelier:Congress. Madison wrote to his father at Montpelier:

"On a view of all circumstances I have judged it most prudent "On a view of all circumstances I have judged it most prudent not to force Billey back to VA even if it could be done; and have not to force Billey back to VA even if it could be done; and have accordingly taken measures for his final separation from me. I accordingly taken measures for his final separation from me. I am persuaded his mind is too thoroughly tainted to be a fit am persuaded his mind is too thoroughly tainted to be a fit companion for fellow slaves in VA. The laws here do not admit companion for fellow slaves in VA. The laws here do not admit of his being sold for more than 7 years. I do not expect to get of his being sold for more than 7 years. I do not expect to get near the worth of him; but cannot think of punishing him by near the worth of him; but cannot think of punishing him by transportation merely for coveting that liberty for which we transportation merely for coveting that liberty for which we have paid the price of so much blood, and have proclaimed so have paid the price of so much blood, and have proclaimed so often to be the right, and worthy pursuit, of every human often to be the right, and worthy pursuit, of every human being."— James Madison, Jr., to James Madison, Sr., 8 being."— James Madison, Jr., to James Madison, Sr., 8 September 1783September 1783

His solution was to sell Billey to a Quaker, knowing that, by His solution was to sell Billey to a Quaker, knowing that, by Pennsylvania law, Billey could only remain a slave for seven Pennsylvania law, Billey could only remain a slave for seven years and then would be freed. Billey was indeed freed, years and then would be freed. Billey was indeed freed, adopted the last name Gardner, and in his occupation as a adopted the last name Gardner, and in his occupation as a merchant's agent, was lost at sea a few years later.merchant's agent, was lost at sea a few years later.

TECUMSEH & THE BATTLE OF TECUMSEH & THE BATTLE OF TIPPECANOETIPPECANOE

Shawnee Indian; excellent Shawnee Indian; excellent leader and warriorleader and warrior

Formed a Confederation of Formed a Confederation of Indians in the trans-Indians in the trans-Appalachian regionAppalachian region

Brother, Brother, TenskwatawaTenskwatawa – the – the “Prophet” – a fanatic who is on “Prophet” – a fanatic who is on moral crusade for Indians to moral crusade for Indians to give up white culture & reclaim give up white culture & reclaim their owntheir own

While Tecumseh is away, While Tecumseh is away, his forces defeated by his forces defeated by William Henry HarrisonWilliam Henry Harrison at at Battle of TippecanoeBattle of Tippecanoe

End of his Indian End of his Indian confederation by 1811confederation by 1811

Westerners claimed that Westerners claimed that the confederation was the confederation was actually a BR scheme & actually a BR scheme & cried for war against BRcried for war against BR

Tecumseh joins BR & Tecumseh joins BR & dies fighting with them in dies fighting with them in War of 1812War of 1812

hashasTHE WAR OF 1812

“Mr. Madison’s War”“The Second War for Independence”

U.S. DECLARES WAR AGAINST BRITISH:1) Impressment2) BR interference with US trade & neutrality rights3) BR inciting of Indians (Westerners)4) Land fever (FL, Canada)

War HawksWar HawksObjections to War by the Objections to War by the

Federalists …. NewFederalists …. New

England:England:Economic reasons – would be Economic reasons – would be worse than Orders in Councilworse than Orders in Council

Realism – foolish to take on Realism – foolish to take on strongest Navy in worldstrongest Navy in world– U.S. has only 7 frigatesU.S. has only 7 frigates

Real threat is Napoleon – and Real threat is Napoleon – and we’re aiding him if we go to war we’re aiding him if we go to war with BRwith BR

U.S. WINS EARLY BATTLES at sea.U.S.S. CONSTITUTION (“Old Ironsides”) VERY SUCCESSFUL.BR are too involved in Europe fighting Napoleon to concentrate on U.S.Attack on Canada will fail (poorly planned)

COMMANDER OLIVER HAZARD COMMANDER OLIVER HAZARD PERRY – LAKE ERIEPERRY – LAKE ERIE

COMMANDER OLIVER HAZARD COMMANDER OLIVER HAZARD PERRY – LAKE ERIEPERRY – LAKE ERIE

Most important naval victory in the War!Most important naval victory in the War!Summer 1813Summer 1813Perry’s ship shot to piecesPerry’s ship shot to piecesHad to row to sister ship, Had to row to sister ship, NiagraNiagra, during , during heavy battleheavy battleTook charge of Took charge of NiagraNiagra and defeated and defeated BritishBritish““We have met the enemy and they are We have met the enemy and they are ours!”ours!”Instant heroInstant hero

British Strategy:British Strategy: After Napoleon's After Napoleon's

defeat in 1814, defeat in 1814, concentrate entire concentrate entire forces on U.S.forces on U.S.

3 major invasions:3 major invasions: Attack from Attack from

Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C. Baltimore, MDBaltimore, MD

Attack at New Attack at New OrleansOrleans

WASHINGTON, D.C.WASHINGTON, D.C.

BRITISH WINBRITISH WIN Burn the Capitol, White House & other public buildingsBurn the Capitol, White House & other public buildings

Done in retaliation for US burning of York, CanadaDone in retaliation for US burning of York, Canada Dolley MadisonDolley Madison

Escapes from White House with original of Washington’s Escapes from White House with original of Washington’s portrait, etc.portrait, etc.

Effect: enlistments!Effect: enlistments!

Americans win andAmericans win and

turn the British away after 25 turn the British away after 25 hour bombardment.hour bombardment.

BR then defeated at Plattsburg, BR then defeated at Plattsburg, NY - retreat to Canada & war NY - retreat to Canada & war is effectively over.is effectively over.

BATTLE AT FT. McHENRYBATTLE AT FT. McHENRY (Baltimore) (Baltimore)

“STAR-SPANGLED BANNER”

Francis Scott Key

Jackson’s Florida CampaignsJackson’s Florida Campaigns

HARTFORD CONVENTIONHARTFORD CONVENTIONNE Federalists – Dec. 1814 / Jan. 1815NE Federalists – Dec. 1814 / Jan. 1815

To protest war & plan convention of states to revise To protest war & plan convention of states to revise ConstitutionConstitution

Primary concern – continuation of trade w/BRPrimary concern – continuation of trade w/BR

New England Radicals – seeking secession (minority)New England Radicals – seeking secession (minority)

Proposed Constitutional amendments:Proposed Constitutional amendments:– Repeal 3/5 compromiseRepeal 3/5 compromise– Require 2/3 vote of Congress for war & new statesRequire 2/3 vote of Congress for war & new states– Reduce Congress’ power to restrict tradeReduce Congress’ power to restrict trade– Limit P’s to 1 termLimit P’s to 1 term

Totally discredited by Treaty – why?Totally discredited by Treaty – why?

BATTLE OFBATTLE OFNEW ORLEANSNEW ORLEANS

Americans are led by Gen. Andrew JacksonRecruits militia, blacks, & pirates, etc.Jackson’s plan to defeat the British?

Sheltered behind earthen parapet & cotton bales.Picked off 2000 BR soldiers as they advance in open.

But the irony of this battle is …..?

TREATY OF GHENTTREATY OF GHENT

Just a Cease-Fire; an ArmisticeA return to the “status quo ante-bellum”Last treaty of peace between US & BRWhy does U.S. claim victory?

EFFECTS OF THE WAREFFECTS OF THE WARAmerica viewed as a major world powerAmerica viewed as a major world power

Validity of republican form of government is established Validity of republican form of government is established (America held off BR despite the internal frictions)(America held off BR despite the internal frictions)

Federalist Party is effectively destroyedFederalist Party is effectively destroyed

HUGE WAVE OF NATIONALISM!HUGE WAVE OF NATIONALISM!

Internal improvements (transportation)Internal improvements (transportation)

Indians are primary losers –esp. those opposing Indians are primary losers –esp. those opposing Jackson; US gains 23 million acres in AL & GAJackson; US gains 23 million acres in AL & GA

Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817

Convention of 1818Convention of 1818

Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 (Florida!)Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 (Florida!)