Jeff Arnold

USDA-ARS

Temple, Texas

Current State of SWAT and Future Developments

New Code Developments

Great Lakes Applications

CEAP 8-digit

CEAP 12-digit

WLEB NHD+

Three Tier Approach with

Web Interface

Soil and Water Assessment Tool

2013 Soil and Water

Assessment Tool Model Developer’s Workshop

July 11-12, 2013

Paul Sabatier Université, Toulouse, France

Sabine and Jose

TOPICS:

(1) Landscape Processes (riparian, floodplain, overland routing and sediment)

(2) River/landscape Continuum AND In-Stream processes, Flood plains, riparian,

stream aquifers (spatial, flow sediments, nutrients and biology) + emergent

contaminants (antibiotics, hormones, metals, pesticides)).

(3) Plant Growth, competition, crop management

(4) New technology (web based/training, Super computers, GIS, sensitivity,

autocalibration, optimization, uncertainty analysis).

• Two papers (Arnold et al., 2010, Bosch et al., 2010) published on landscape routing (Riesel (TX) and Gibbs farm (GA)

• Landscape routing still under development

• Nadia Bonuma (Bonuma et al., 2013) included sediment transport capacity approach and used landscape routing (Brazil)

• Hendrik Rathjens, Martin Volk,

Jeff Arnold develop grid version

that include landscape routing

(Little River Basin (GA))

Recent Development

(1) Landscape processes

• Improved channel sediment routing (Balaji and

Peter Allen)

• More realistic bed and bank erosion, bed and wash

load, and improved flood plain deposition

• Improved BOD and dissolved oxygen (still using the

modified QUAL2E approach

• Biofilm module – Sabine and Jose

Recent Development

(2) Channel processes

• C-FARM (Kemanian et al., 2010) and CENTURY

(Zhang et al., 2013) included in SWAT for carbon

dynamics

• Improved soil phosphorus routines

• Improved and validated tile nitrate routines

• Bacteria – refined and validated, in-stream

component developed

Recent Development

(3) Nutrients, carbon and bacteria

• Plant growth – parameterized forest and energy

plants – Jim Kiniry is leading

• Plant competition (water, light, and nutrients)

• Modified plant growth algorithm for the tropics

(Michael Strauch and Martin Volk)

• Reworked management operation scheduling –

minor mgt file changes but more robust

• Real time soil moisture and plant status – Jaehak

Jeong

Recent Development

(4) Plant Growth

• Version control – Nancy uses on daily basis

1) Backup versions and notes

2) Filemerge

3) CoLab-access trunk and other versions

• Modular code – JRW Data and Process Libraries

Efficient platform for development

Provide spatial and temporal framework

Facilitate parallelization

Recent Development

(5) Version control and modular systems

Recent Development

Easier to develop and maintain

1. Input Data File Structure – One file for each data

type. Each spatial object points to data in file.

2. Spatial Object Modules – hru, swat-deg, export

coefficient, aquifer, subbasin, reach, reservoir,

recalls. Only data passed between modules is a

hydrograph data structure. Time and climate

modules are also passed between objects.

3. Spatial Connectivity – no more fig file. Each spatial

object points to receiving object(s), swat stores

dependencies, and determines order of objects

routing. Multiple hydrographs from each object.

Modular Restructuring of SWAT

• ArcSWAT and MapWindows continued development

• Web-based interfaces – HAWQS, eRAMS, BASHYT

• Web-based spatial BMP tools

• SWAT-CUP – calib,

and uncertainty analysis

• SWAT Check – use

“hard” and “soft” data for

calibration

Recent Development

(6) Tools (GIS, climate interpolation, crop

generator, autocalibration & uncertainty)

• Soluble phosphorus in tile – Kevin King has data

suggesting that 40% from tile – moving through

cracks.

• Soluble phosphorus from surface inlet risers – from

depressional storage.

• Plans for controlled drainage, 2 stage ditches and

other improvements

Recent Development

Developments Related to the Great Lakes

Environmental Response

Measuring the Environmental

Benefits of Conservation

The Conservation Effects

Assessment Project (CEAP)

Why CEAP?

OMB requests for outcome-based reporting

2002 Farm Bill significant increase in

conservation funding

call for better accountability

Assessment to guide design and implementation of conservation programs

$4B in Conservation Payments

USDA Decision Support Technology

Estimation of On-Site Effects

APEX

Non-Cultivated Lands - SWAT

Channel/Flood Plain

Processes - SWAT

Point Sources

APEX Cultivated

Fields

SWAT

12-digit vs. 8-digit Subwatershed Delineations for the UMRB

WLEB SWAT model Setup

HUC 12: 391 subwatersheds Area: 72 sqkm (range: 25 to 191)

NHD plus: 11335 subwatersheds Area: 2.61 sqkm (range: 0.001 to 80)

Data inputs and SWAT model setup – ArcSWAT 2012 interface used

• Rev 593 (latest)

– Watershed characterization – Predefined Subwatersheds and streams

» 30m DEM, 12 digit HUCs, NHD streams – HUC12 setup » 30m DEM, NHD plus watersheds, NHD plus streams - NHD plus setup

• Post processing to get predefined streams and subbasin in SWAT format

– Landuse landcover – 30m Landuse land cover

» crop rotations • 2010 and 2011 CDLs and MODIS

– Soils – STATSGO soils at 1: 250,000 scale

– Weather – Daily temperature and precipitation data from 1960 to 2010

– Tile drains – All agricultural area in flat areas were given tile drain

– Management – Fertilizer application rates : Derived from Agricultural Census Yield and

Fertilizer use data – Tillage: USGS -Conservation Technology Information Center (CTIC) Survey

Data » Conventional, Ridge, Reduced, Mulch, No-Till

– Planting and harvesting, Tillage implements etc.: RUSLE2 Management

Weather

DEM

Subbasins

Landuse

Soils

Streams

Converter Checker

RUSLE2 23,000 Templates

SWAT Format

Calibration Strategy – Calibrate for HUC12 setup and

transfer parameters to NHD plus setup

• Calibration Procedure – Calibrate at multiple locations

• To capture spatio-temporal hydrologic variability within watershed

– Compare with calibration at outlet

• Calibration Flow Chart

Sufi2; Yen auto tool

Sreamflow Water quality

St. Joseph Maumee outlet

Raisin

Sandusky

Auiguize St. Mary

NHD+ Calibration Issues

• Run time – not feasible to make hundreds

or thousands of calibration runs

• Parameters are non-linear and 12-digit

calibration parameters do not scale

• Addition of soluble phosphorus in

subsurface tile and surface inlet risers

• (Connectivity issues with NHD+)

Calibration/Validation

Potential Collaboration

1. Three Tier Approach to a Common Great Lakes

Decision Support System

2. Calibrated and Validated System

3. Web Interface for Scenario Analysis

Future

Three Tier Approach

SWAT

1. SWAT HRU – full water, sediment, nutrient balances

with all management capabilities

2. SWAT Lite – simplified balances and simplified

management

3. Export Coefficient / Delivery Ratio – pull from a pre-

built set of research data and model runs

4. All of these are now included in the modular version

of SWAT

Modular SWAT

Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, TX

HAWQS Hydrologic and Water Quality System

Project Sponsored by US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water

R. Srinivasan Texas AgriLife Research Texas A&M University

J. Arnold USDA-Agricultural Research Service Grassland, Soil and Water Research Lab

What is HAWQS? A national watershed and water quality

assessment system

Capable of supporting a wide variety of national-, regional-, and local-scale economic, policy and impact analyses:

Sediments Biological oxygen demand

Pathogens Dissolved oxygen

Nutrients Pesticides

EPA National Assessment

Specifically … HAWQS: Server/client modeling system that uses

web-based and desktop interfaces to access datasets for modeling

Uses the latest nationally available federal government database at three spatial resolutions (HUC8, HUC10, NHD+)

Uses the latest SWAT model

Uses NHD+ stream network

EPA National Assessment

User Inputs A GIS interactive map - users can

find watershed Information

Datasets

a.) NHDPlus

b.) HUC 8

c.) HUC 10

Options:

Starting and ending stream ids

Starting stream id only

Ending stream id only

Web Interface

Future Collaboration

3-Tier set up, calibrated for the Great Lakes – at 12-digit and NHD+ scales

SWAT at 12-digit – CEAP

Export Coefficient and SWAT-LITE at NHD+

Web interface for scenario analysis

HAWQS type interface

USDA CIG or EPA grant to support – logical extension of USDA and EPA programs

USDA and EPA Programs

Thank You

Recent SWAT Developments and Future Directions

7 8-digit HUCs

252 12-digit HUCs

6,739 NHD+ HUCs

20,000 HRU’s

Maumee River at Waterville, OH

R2 NS Median

Sim

Median

Obs Pbias

Daily 0.407818 0.361834 136.7 70.085 -11.1793

Monthly 0.743722 0.727435 187.1122 109.7366 -11.0142

Yearly 0.977738 0.781863 198.9934 186.2651 -11.182

RMSE RSR

Daily 204.0821 0.798743

Monthly 77.65704 0.519898

Yearly 20.19299 0.443084

Compare Range

DateMin 1/1/1990

DateMax 12/31/1999

Calibration/Validation

River Raisin near Monroe, IN

R2 NS Median

Sim

Median

Obs Pbias

Daily 0.2044 -0.55692 20.35 14.155 -19.3647

Monthly 0.676108 0.601832 27.42168 19.16681 -19.1411

Yearly 0.76187 -0.53726 26.50057 23.68159 -19.3588

RMSE RSR

Daily 34.92111 1.247596

Monthly 11.82946 0.628371

Yearly 5.526248 1.176238

Compare Range

DateMin 1/1/1990

DateMax 12/31/1999

Calibration/Validation

Preliminary Results • HUC 12 setup

– Overall Hydrology 1990 - 1999 time period Default (mm) default_tile (mm) Calib_tile (mm)

PRECIP 916.4 916.4 916.4

SNOW FALL 98.32 98.32 98.32

SNOW MELT 98.93 96.01 98.05

SUBLIMATION 0.78 4.21 1.95

SURFACE RUNOFF Q 198.48 47.84 78.05

LATERAL SOIL Q 1.59 3.51 9.27

TILE Q 0 257.01 145.18

GROUNDWATER (SHAL AQ) Q 78.6 118.39 41.37

GROUNDWATER (DEEP AQ) Q 0 0 0

REVAP (SHAL AQ 7.22 5.26 17.1

DEEP AQ RECHARGE 4.52 6.51 1.97

TOTAL AQ RECHARGE 90.34 130.3 44.79

TOTAL WATER YLD 278.75 426.77 274

PERCOLATION OUT OF SOIL 90.34 130.55 44.74

ET 629.7 474.3 638.1

PET 1002 995.6 1001.2

Surface runoff 71% 11% 28%

Tile flow 0% 60% 53%

ground water 28% 28% 15%

lateral 1% 1% 3%

Outlet calibration Regional calibration

NSE Values

• NSE values ranges from – infinity to 1 • Close to 1 means good fit between observed and predicted • NSE above 0.5 : very good model prediction