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Fish
Oil
Om
ega-
3 Fa
tty A
cids
in
Com
pani
on A
nim
al P
ract
ice
John
E. B
auer
, DVM
, PhD
, Dip
lom
ate
AC
VN
Prof
esso
r Em
eritu
s of
Med
icin
e an
d N
utrit
ion
Texa
s A
&M
Uni
vers
ity
Prof
esso
r Affi
liate
of C
linic
al S
cien
ces
Col
orad
o St
ate
Uni
vers
ity
1"
Fish Oil Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Companion Animal Practice
John E. Bauer, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVN Professor Emeritus of Medicine and Nutrition
Texas A&M University Professor Affiliate of Clinical Sciences
Colorado State University
• Background+– Types+of+fa2y+acids;+Nomenclature;+Sources++
• Metabolic+Health+Benefits++– Tissue+Balance+– Organ+FuncAon+– Puppy+Development+
• TherapeuAc+Use+and+Dosages+– Dogs+– Cats+
++
OmegaG3+in+Companion+Animals+Outline+
What are omega-3s?
OmegaG3s+are+polyunsaturated+fats++
++++they+contain+more+than+one+double+bond+Called+omegaG3…++
+because+the+first+double+bond++counAng+from+the+methyl+end+of+the+fa2y+acid+is+located+at+the+third+ +carbon+atom+
+++++++
A:Bn-C #+of+carbon+atoms+++++ "posiAon+of+first+double++
+ + + + +bond+from+methyl+end+
" "#+of+double+bonds+++"
" " " ""
Fatty Acid Omega Nomenclature
18:3nG3+
18:2nG6+
LA (18:2n6) AA (20:4n6) DHA
(22:6n3)
ALA(18:3n3) EPA (20:5n3)
Sources of Fatty Acids Omega-3 - natural sources (EPA and DHA) ! Oily cold-water fish
! herring, tuna, sardines, anchovies, salmon, and cod fish
! Algae synthesis (fish eat the algae)
! ALA (18:3n3; vege omega-3) is found primarily in flaxseed oils, certain vegetable oils, and some green leafy vegetables
" Not a reliable source of EPA & DHA for humans Pawlosky RJ, et al. AJCN 2003; Davis BC, et al. AJCN 2003.
" Not a predictable source of EPA &DHA for dogs Dunbar & Bauer, Lipids, 2010.
" May not convert to EPA & DHA in cats
Omega-6 ! LA (18:2n6) is found primarily in seeds, nuts, grains,and
legumes, present in our diet as vegetable oils (e.g. corn oil) and seed oils (e.g. sunflower oil), and animal fats
! GLA (18:3n6, gamma-linolenic) acid found in borage oil, evening primrose oil, black currant seed oil
LA (1
8:2n
6)
AA
(20:
4n6)
DH
A
(22:
6n3)
ALA
(18:
3n3)
EPA
(20:
5n3)
2"
Omega-3
What are the benefits to companion animals?
CogniAve+Visual+
InflammaAon+Cardiovascular+ InflammaAon+
Cardiovascular+
Source+of+Energy++Some+conversion+
to+EPA;+Low+conversion+to+DHA+
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""DHA+++++++++++++++++++++++EPA+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ALA+++++++++++++++++++++++++"
Visual"development""&"func5on"
Healthy"skin/haircoat"
Cogni5ve"func5on"
Trainability"
""Tissue"balance"An5AInflammatory""
Heart,"Kidney,"G.I."health"
++Benefits+of+DHA/EPA+OmegaG3++Fa2y+Acids+for+Dogs+(all+based+on+actual+dog+studies)+
Osteoarthri5s,"joint"health"
Hyper"TGemia"
Cancer"Therapy?"Cogni5on/Aging?"
Omega Balance for Inflammation
"""
OmegaG6+– LA+(Linoleic+
Acid)++– ARA+
(Arachidonic+Acid)++
OmegaG3+• ALA+(AlphaGLinolenic+Acid) ++
+++++++++++++++++++Inefficient+• EPA+(Eicosapentaenoic+Acid)+
• DHA+(Docosahexaenoic+Acid)+
ProG+inflammatory+
AnAGinflammatory+
Efficient+Diet+Sources++Needed+
Tissue+Balance+
Compe&&on(
– LA+(Linoleic+Acid)+
+– ARA+
(Arachidonic+Acid)++
OmegaG3+• ALA+(AlphaGLinolenic+Acid) ++
+++++++++++++++++++Inefficient+• EPA+(Eicosapentaenoic+Acid)+
• DHA+(Docosahexaenoic+Acid)+
Efficient+Diet+Sources++Needed+
Tissue+Balance+
3"
• Tissue+balance+and+Inflammatory+effects+reduced+in+normal+dogs+
• AnAGinflammatory+effects+– Skin,+Atopy,+DermaAAs+
• Itchy/red+skin+improvement++
– ArthriAs+GGG+• Pain+reducAon+in+arthriAs++• Improved+weight+bearing++
– Improved+Immune+FuncAon+
++Benefits+of+DHA/EPA+(LC+omegaG3)+++Fa2y+Acids+for+Dogs+
• Heart+health+– Improves+arrythmias+such+as+atrial+fibrillaAon+– Decreases+premature+contracAons++
• Kidney+health+– Reduces+blood+pressure,+a+cause+of+kidney+failure+– Reduces+inflamaAon++
• PotenAal+to+reduce+bowel+inflammaAon+
++Benefits+of+DHA/EPA+(LC+omegaG3)+++Fa2y+Acids+for+Dogs+
• CondiAonally+EssenAal+for+Puppies+– Supports+growth+and+development+(ALA+omegaG3+is+less+effecAve)++
– Dogs+fed+LC+omegaG3+before+whelping+and+during+lactaAon+
• Increases+Assue+concentraAon+• Respond+to+light+more+quickly+• Improves+visual+performance++• Improves+sensiAvity+to+dim+light+
• Improved+trainability+
++Benefits+of+DHA/EPA+in+Puppy+Development+
Puppy+Development+and+Learning+
ElectroreAnography+
ai
bi"
*+
a-wave, measure of photoreceptor function b-wave, response of retinal cells that are post-synaptic to photoreceptors a- and b-wave implicit times, time to response after stimulus ä - extent of neural cascade activation
ALSO:
* Threshold Intensity = intensity at which a-wave is first detected
Results+–+Puppy+ERGs+
DIET
Response strength (a-amp)
Response Time (ai)
Extent of neural cascade
activation (ä)
Dim light response
(It) µV ms
Lo n-3 36 eyes 31.6a 6.1b 1.8a 6.2b
Mod Fish
26 eyes 24.6a 5.6ab 1.6a 5.8ab
Hi Fish 20 eyes 49.5b 4.4a 2.5b 5.3a
Hi Flax 30 eyes 43.5b 5.0ab 1.9ab 5.9b
Heinemann, Bauer et al, J Nutr 135: 1960-1966 (2005)
ElectroreA
nograp
hy+
a i
b i!
*+ a-w
ave,
mea
sure
of p
hoto
rece
ptor
func
tion
b-w
ave,
resp
onse
of r
etin
al c
ells
that
are
pos
t-syn
aptic
to p
hoto
rece
ptor
s a-
and
b-w
ave
impl
icit
times
, tim
e to
resp
onse
afte
r stim
ulus
ä
- ext
ent o
f neu
ral c
asca
de a
ctiv
atio
n
ALS
O:
* Th
resh
old
Inte
nsity
= in
tens
ity a
t whi
ch a
-wav
e is
firs
t det
ecte
d
Results+–+Pup
py+ERG
s+
DIE
T
Res
pons
e st
reng
th
(a-a
mp)
Res
pons
e T
ime
(ai)
Ext
ent o
f neu
ral
casc
ade
activ
atio
n (ä
)
Dim
ligh
t re
spon
se
(It)
µV
ms
Lo
n-3
36 e
yes
31.6
a 6.
1b 1.
8a 6.
2b
Mod
Fi
sh
26 e
yes
24.6
a 5.
6ab
1.6a
5.8ab
Hi F
ish
20 e
yes
49.5
b 4.
4a 2.
5b 5.
3a
Hi F
lax
30 e
yes
43.5
b 5.
0ab
1.9ab
5.
9b
Hei
nem
ann,
Bau
er e
t al,
J N
utr
135:
196
0-19
66 (2
005)
4"
Summary:+Puppy+Vision+Development+
% D
M
• DHA diet during gestation/lactation and/or perinatal period
• Improves visual function • Increases retinal sensitivity in dim light
• Preformed marine DHA is more effective than vegetable ALA
• Puppies appear to convert ALA during suckling but not after weaning. So supplement important after weaning
• 0.2 % DM DHA needed using fish oil. Or 325mg EPA+DHA/Kg0.75 [6kg puppy receives ~4 ml of fish oil daily}
• Controls were healthy but DHA was not optimized: In this case 33 mg EPA+DHA/Kg0.75 was sufficient for a clinically healthy puppy
• Puppies provided DHA enriched diets had improved trainability (Zicker et al, data not shown)
TherapeuAc+Uses+of+Fish+Oil+
• Dosages+based+on+Metabolic+Body+Weight+using+a+mulAplicaAon+factor+(A)++
++
Dosage+(EPA+DHA)+=+A+(Wtkg)0.75+
Clinical disorder" Metabolic Body Weight Factor (A)"
Idiopathic hyperlipidemia" 120"Kidney disease" 140"Cardiovascular disorders" 115"Osteoarthritis" 310"Inflammatory or immunologic (atopy or IBD)"
125"
NRC recommended allowance"
30"
NRC safe upper limit" 370"
Dosages of EPA+DHA for Clinical Conditions of Dogs*
Disorder Dosage Example: 10 kg dog - amt of (EPA+DHA)
Idiopathic Hyperlipidemia 120mg/kg0.75 675 mg
Kidney Disease 140mg/kg0.75
may go higher? ~780 mg
Cardiovascular Disorders 115 mg/kg0.75 646 mg
Osteoarthritis 310 mg/kg0.75
may go higher? ~1750 mg
Inflamm/Immune (atopy, IBD) 125 mg/kg0.75 703 mg
NRC recommended allowance (Healthy Dog)
30 mg/kg0.75 ~170 mg
NRC safe upper limit (Healthy Dog)
370 mg/kg^0.75 ~2072 mg
*+Bauer,+JE.++(2011)++TherapeuAc+use+of+fish+oils….JAVMA+239:1441G1451+
Disorder Dosage Example: 10 kg dog - amt of (EPA+DHA)
Inflamm/Immune (atopy, IBD) 125 mg/kg0.75 703 mg
Fish Oil Product Amount
Product A (175 mg EPA+DHA/ml) 4.0 ml* 700 mg (EPA+DHA)
Product B (240 mg EPA+DHA/cap) 3 gel caps 720 mg (EPA+DHA)
NRC recommended allowance (Healthy Dog)
30 mg/kg0.75 ~170 mg
NRC safe upper limit (Healthy Dog)
370 mg/kg^0.75 ~2072 mg
* 1 level teaspoon = 5 ml; ~ 30 ml per ounce
125 (100.75) = 125 (5.62) = 703 mg
Dosages of EPA+DHA for Clinical Conditions of Dogs*
Temp-A.ppt 2/02/16 24
4600 mg/5ml = 920 mg/ml
920 mg/ml X 0.15 = 138 mg EPA/ml 920 mg/ml X 0.09 = 82 mg DHA/ml 220 mg (EPA+DHA)/ml
Product Label
Tem
p-A
.ppt
2/0
2/16
24
4600
mg/
5ml =
920
mg/
ml
920
mg/
ml
X 0.
15 =
138
mg
EPA
/ml
920
mg/
ml X
0.0
9 =
82
mg
DH
A/m
l
220
mg
(EPA
+DH
A)/m
l
Prod
uct L
abel
Con
diti
on+
Bod
y W
eigh
t+15
-22
lb+
(6.8
-11
kg)+
22-6
0 lb+
(11-
25 k
g)+
60-8
0 lb+
(25-
36 k
g)+
>80
lb+
(>36
kg)
+ +
+ +
+ +
Hea
lth
Mai
nten
ance
+¼
tsp
+(2
93 m
g)+
½ t
sp+
(58
5 m
g)+
¾ t
sp+
(878
mg)
+1
tsp+
(117
0 m
g)+
Car
diov
ascu
lar+
½ t
sp+
(585
mg)
+ ¾
tsp
+(8
78 m
g)+
1 ¼
tsp
+(1
463
mg)
+1 ½
tsp
+(1
755
mg)
+In
flam
mat
ory/
Skin
/Im
mun
e+½
tsp
+(5
85 m
g)+
1 ts
p+(1
170
mg)
+1
¼ t
sp+
(146
3 m
g)+
1 ½
tsp
+(1
755
mg)
+R
enal+
¾ t
sp+
(878
mg)
+1 ¼
tsp
+(1
463
mg)
+1 ½
tsp
+(1
755
mg)
+1 ¾
tsp
+(2
048
mg)
+O
steo
arth
riti
s+1 ¼
tsp
+(1
462
mg)
+1 ¾
tsp
+(2
048
mg)
+3 ¼
tsp
+(3
800
mg)
+3 ¾
tsp
+(4
388
mg)
+Id
iopa
thic
Hyp
erlip
emia+
½ t
sp+
(585
mg)
+1 ¼
tsp
+(1
462
mg)
+1 ¼
tsp
+(1
462
mg)
+1 ½
tsp
+(1
755
mg)
+ +
+ +
+ +
Safe
Upp
er L
imit+
1.3
tsp+
(152
1 m
g)+
1.9
tsp
+(2
223
mg)
+3.
5 ts
p+(4
095m
g)+
4.5
tsp+
(526
5 m
g)+
To!be!used
!only!un
der!v
eterinary!supe
rvision
.!!Do
sages!a
re!in!te
aspo
ons!b
ased
+on+a+minim
um+
labe
l+gua
ranteed+concen
traA
on+of+1
170+mg+EP
A+DH
A+pe
r+teaspoo
n,+1+te
aspo
on+is+~+5ml).+++
! Amou
nts!sho
wn!are!for!a
!dog!who
se!bod
y!weight!lies!w
ithin!each!weight!range!listed
.!!
Tab
le fo
rmat
is
cum
ber
som
e co
mpar
ed to the
met
abolic
equat
ion
5"
Why use Metabolic Body Weight? ! Linear dosing results in overdose > 25 kg
80 mg (EPA+DHA) X (Kg) Approx linear dose
310 mg (EPA+DHA) X (Kg)0.75 Osteoarthritis Dose
370 mg (EPA+DHA) X (Kg)0.75 Safe Upper Limit
Body wt (kg)
mg
(EPA
+DH
A)
0++++++9++++++18+++++27+++++36++++++45++++55+
Condition+ Body Weight+15-22 lb+
(6.8-11 kg)+22-60 lb+
(11-25 kg)+60-80 lb+
(25-36 kg)+>80 lb+
(>36 kg)+ + + + + +Health Maintenance+ ¼ tsp+
(293 mg)+½ tsp+
(585 mg)+¾ tsp+
(878 mg)+1 tsp+
(1170 mg)+Cardiovascular+ ½ tsp+
(585 mg)+ ¾ tsp+
(878 mg)+1 ¼ tsp+
(1463 mg)+1 ½ tsp+
(1755 mg)+Inflammatory/Skin/Immune+
½ tsp+(585 mg)+
1 tsp+(1170 mg)+
1 ¼ tsp+(1463 mg)+
1 ½ tsp+(1755 mg)+
Renal+ ¾ tsp+(878 mg)+
1 ¼ tsp+(1463 mg)+
1 ½ tsp+(1755 mg)+
1 ¾ tsp+(2048 mg)+
Osteoarthritis+ 1 ¼ tsp+(1462 mg)+
1 ¾ tsp+(2048 mg)+
3 ¼ tsp+(3800 mg)+
3 ¾ tsp+(4388 mg)+
Idiopathic Hyperlipemia+ ½ tsp+(585 mg)+
1 ¼ tsp+(1462 mg)+
1 ¼ tsp+(1462 mg)+
1 ½ tsp+(1755 mg)+
+ + + + +Safe Upper Limit+ 1.3 tsp+
(1521 mg)+1.9 tsp+
(2223 mg)+3.5 tsp+
(4095mg)+4.5 tsp+
(5265 mg)+To"be"used"only"under"veterinary"supervision.""Dosages"are"in"teaspoons"based+on+a+minimum+label+guaranteed+concentraAon+of+1170+mg+EPA+DHA+per+teaspoon,+1+teaspoon+is+~+5ml).+++"Amounts"shown"are"for"a"dog"whose"body"weight"lies"within"each"weight"range"listed.""
Table format is cumbersome compared to the metabolic equation
It is much simpler using Dosage(EPA+DHA) = A mg/kg0.75
Where A =
120 idiopathic Hyperlipidemia 140 Kidney Disease 115 Cardiovascular Disorders 310 Osteoarthritis 125 Inflammatory/Immune/Skin issues
• Cats+lack+enzyme+to+convert+vegeGomega+fa2y+acids+to+longer+chain+ones+
• LC+omegaG3+AND+omegaG6+both+needed+esp+omegaG3+for+neural/reAnal+structure+and+funcAon+
• Immune+health+• Tissue+omegaG6/omegaG3+balance+• Skin+health++
– Supplements+containing+LC+omegaG3+appear++to+improve+inflammatory+dermaAAs+
• Obese+cats+– LC+omegaG3+may+improve+insulin+and+blood+sugar+++++control+Reduces+blood+pressure,+a+cause+of+kidney+failure+– PotenAal+to+reduce+bowel+inflammaAon+
++Benefits+of+DHA/EPA+(LC+omegaG3)+++Fa2y+Acids+for+Cats+
…For Cats # Fish+oil+omegaG3s+especially+important…there+is+li2le+to+no+conversion+of+precursors+in+cats+
# Some+clinical+studies+published+but+other+fa2y+acids+in+open+trial+sepngs+also+present…less+conclusive.+
# Small+dog+dosages+are+likely+safe+for+dermaAAs+and+renal+disorders.+
# Be2er+controlled+clinical+studies+needed+
# AnAGinflammatory+benefit+must+be+weighed+against+possible+immunosuppressive+effects+esp+at+high+doses.++
# Use+cauAon+with+doses+>300+mg+(EPA+DHA)/cat/day+long+term+unAl+addiAonal+studies+are+published.+
# If+feeding+a+low+iodine+diet,+do+not+use+products+in+excess+of+1.5+µg+iodine/1000mg+of+fish+oil+daily+
Thank you for your attention
Questions?
Many thanks to Blackmores for Sponsoring this Presentation
John E. Bauer, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACVN
