JCM/BOCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2012 Final Report ...gec.jp/gec/en/Activities/fs_newmex/2012/2012_jcmbocmfs05_eShimi… · rollout phase, the project will also help prevent large-scale

＜1＞

JCM/BOCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2012 Final Report

Prevention of Peat Degradation through Groundwater Management, and

Rice Husk-based Power Generation

(Implemented by Shimizu Corporation)

FS Partners Indonesia: Ministry of Public Works, Jambi Provincial Government, Government of Regency of East Tanjung Jabung, University of Jambi, Sriwijaya University

Japan: Geosphere Environmental Technology Corporation, Polytech Add, Inc., University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science, Deltares

Location of Project/Activity East Tanjung Jabung district of Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia

Category of Project/Activity Land Use Management Description of Project/Activity Project site:

Approximately 10,000 ha of irrigated land in the East Tanjung Jabung district of Jambi, Sumatra

Project content: - To restore water levels in peat soil by building new water

gates and improving management of existing ones to inhibit aerobic decomposition of peat and reduce CO2 emissions

- To raise rice yields by raising water levels, thereby contributing to sustainable development with major benefits for the host region

- To contribute to further improvements in rural living standards through biomass power generation using rice husks

Eligibility Criteria Eligibility criteria are set for peatland rewetting and for rice husk power generation.

Reference Scenario and Project/Activity Boundary

“Business as usual” (BaU) is adopted as the reference scenario on the basis that non-conservation of peatland will continue if the project is not implemented. The project boundary is the hydrologically and administratively defined delta formed between the Batang Hari and the Berbak Rivers.

Calculation Method Options No calculation options are considered for the peatland rewetting methodology. Regarding rice husk power generation, calculation options were prepared according to whether or not briquette makers’ power consumption is measurable (depending on whether electricity meters are installed).

Default Values Set in Methodology

Peatland rewetting methodology: The default values are the emission factors for CO2 during peat decomposition, N2O

2012 BOCM Feasibility Study Final Report (Report Digest)

＜2＞

generated during rice cultivation, and CH4 generated when water level rises.

Rice husk power generation: The default values are the fuel efficiency, diesel calorie coefficient, and diesel emission coefficient of trucks used for transportation. In all cases, the values determined by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia are used, with the values determined by the IPCC being used where such values are unavailable.

Monitoring Method Peatland rewetting: Reference water levels and project water levels are calculated by hydrological modeling. Both are measured to correct and verify the hydrologic model.

Rice husk power generation: Electric power sold is measured by electricity meters.

GHG Emissions and Its Reduction

(1) Reduction potential at site The reduction potential of the 10,000 ha site assuming an annual average rise in groundwater levels of 0.3 m is approximately 170,000 t-CO2/year.

(2) Reduction potential in Indonesia as a whole Estimating the area of irrigated peatland located in tidal areas in the host country to be approximately 280,000 ha, the reduction potential is 28 x 170,000 t-CO2/y = approx. 4,700,000 t-CO2/y

Method of Verification Peatland rewetting: Third-party verification is performed by an Indonesian consultant based on monitoring reports compiled using water level data obtained from a pilot plot. Rice husk power generation: Electric power output is determined on the basis of the amount of rice husks obtained from the pilot plot to produce the monitoring reports for third-party verification.

Environmental Impacts Raising water levels to -40 cm or less will allow peat fires at the site to be prevented. Fires presently occur in up to 14,000 locations across Sumatra each year, and it may be possible to reduce this number to around one quarter. By estimating water levels using satellite data (on topography, precipitation, etc.) and issuing early fire advisories during the dry season during the rollout phase, the project will also help prevent large-scale peat fires.

Financial Plan The project is estimated to incur an initial cost of ¥990 million (spent on restoration of water gates, development of canals, installation of gasification and power generation facilities, etc.) and annual running costs of ¥110 million. Financing is likely to require not only private finance premised on revenue from sale of credits, but also funding from sources including direct injection of public funds by the Japanese government and injection of funds by the Indonesian government covered by lending received by it. The cost of the latter should be countable as GHG mitigation by NAMA by the Indonesian government.


＜3＞

Promotion of Japanese Technology

The Japanese technologies that might be used in the project include monitoring technologies and biomass (rice husk) power generation technologies. Japan’s experience also gives it an advantage in monitoring system technologies (including hydrological modeling and satellite data) and rice husk gasification power plants.

Sustainable Development in Host Country

Sustained water-level management on existing farmland not previously subject to such management is highly likely to produce increased rice yields per unit of land area, thereby contributing to increased food production and improvements in rural living standards. Supplying electricity to non-electrified regions by means of rice husk power generation should raise rural living standards and at the same time increase soil fertility and raise productivity through use of burned rice husk ash as a soil stabilizer.


＜4＞

FS Title: Feasibility Study of the Bilateral Offset Credit Mechanism “Prevention of Peat Degradation through Groundwater Management, and

Rice Husk-based Power Generation” FS Entity: Shimizu Corporation 1. FS Implementation Scheme

The survey was conducted by Shimizu Corporation with the assistance of the following organizations.

- Ministry of Public Works: Counterpart, site survey assistance, data provision - Jambi Provincial Government: Site survey assistance, data provision - Government of Regency of East Tanjung Jabung: Site survey assistance, data provision - University of Jambi: General assistance with site survey, water level/meteorological/peat

surveys - Sriwijaya University: Testing and monitoring of rice cultivation at pilot site - Geosphere Environmental Technology Corporation: Calculation of water level distribution

based on hydrological modeling - Asano Taiseikiso Engineering Co., Ltd.: Hydrological and meteorological measurements - Deltares: Proposal of peat decomposition coefficients and forecasting of peat conditions based

on peat layer model - Polytech Add, Inc.: Assistance with development of MRV methodologies, assistance with

preparation of monitoring reports, etc. - CDM Indonesia: Assistance with identification of issues in course of verification work - University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science: Fire prevention through estimation of

groundwater levels (environmental integrity) 2. Overview of Project/Activity

(1) Description of Project/Activity Contents:

The purpose of the project is to restore groundwater levels, inhibit aerobic decomposition of peat that has been dried as a result of artificial drainage, and reduce CO2 emissions in Jambi, Sumatra, by improving water-level management by such means as improving existing water gates and developing canals. As the resulting increase in groundwater levels is expected to result in increased rice production, a further objective of the project is to introduce biomass power generation to make use of the resulting increased availability of rice husks to further mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and supply electricity to non-electrified regions (see figure below). The project counterparts will be the Ministry of Public Works and the Jambi Provincial Government, the project site is anticipated to cover an area of approximately 10,000 ha in the East Tanjung Jabung district of Jambi, Sumatra, and the emission reduction is estimated to


＜5＞

amount to 170,000 t-CO2/year. An anti-pollution benefit will be improved air quality resulting from a reduction in the quantity of rice husks currently emitted as waste and curbing of peat fires.

泥炭分解によるCO2排出

水位低下による乾燥泥炭人工水路

バイオマス発電

籾殻水位回復によるCO2排出削減と稲作増産

水門水位回復

Fig. 2.1 Project activity in overview

Fig. 2.2 Project site (farmland in East Tanjung Jabung district of Jambi, Sumatra)

(2) Situations of Host Country:

The Indonesian government is developing domestic arrangements in accordance with the NAMA action policy that it presented to the United Nations. Peat is a major emission source, accounting for 37% of total emissions in Indonesia in 2005, and peatland heads the list of sectors targeted for action. The main elements of host country policy concerning the peat sector and climate change are summarized below.

CO2 emissions from peatland came to approximately 800 million tons in 2005, equivalent to 38% of total emissions. If no action is taken, this figure is forecast by the National Council for Climate Change (DNPI) to rise to approximately 1 billion tons in 2030.

Ash

Estimation of CO2 emissions from peat decomposition

Rice husks

Water gate

Canal Peat dried by decline of water level

Reduction in CO2 emissions and increase in rice production resulting from raising of water level

Restoration of water

level

Biomass power

generation


＜6＞

The National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) has formulated a national action plan based on a sector-by-sector roadmap to achieve the national reduction target by 2020, and is responsible for coordinating the relevant authorities.

70 programs are to be implemented. These are prioritized on the basis of the following principles and criteria, which also provide indices for planning, development, monitoring, and assessment of implementation of mitigative action by related sectors, provincial governments, and other economic entities.

Forests and peatlands will remain Indonesia’s largest emission sources, and Indonesia aims to reduce these sectors’ emissions by 670 million tons (26% of which will be achieved by domestic NAMAs) and 370 million tons (15% of which will be achieved by supported NAMAs) respectively by 2020.

(3) Complementarity of the CDM:

For the following reasons, this project/activity is considered better suited to implementation under the BOCM than the CDM.

No certified CDM methodology exists. Approximately 70% of tropical peatland carbon is to be found in Indonesia. Due to the

urgency of reducing emissions from this source, the BOCM is considered more suitable as it allows procedures and technological countermeasures (including methodologies) to be determined between the countries involved.

3. Study Contents (1) Issues to be Addressed in FS:

Confirmation of consistency with policy at the BOCM project level Ascertainment of reference level and pilot testing of peatland management to assess GHG

reduction potential Measurements: Ascertainment of positional relationships of monitoring points Peat, hydrology, and precipitation measurements: Measurements of peat settlement,

flow direction/rate, groundwater level, and precipitation at the site to ascertain reference levels; measurement of water levels on a pilot plot and investigation of a method of quantifying the emission reduction when the project is implemented

Method of assessment of CO2 reduction: Survey of the latest findings concerning the relationship between groundwater levels and CO2 emissions in order to quantify the emission reduction: CO2 emissions based on peat settlement

Remote sensing: Estimation of groundwater levels using satellite data Assessment of potential for increased rice production: Ascertainment of present state of

farming on the site and assessment of the potential for increasing rice yields by restoring water levels


＜7＞

Survey of potential for biomass power generation: Survey of potential power output generated using rice husks produced by increased rice production, sources of demand, and technological aspects

Assessment of contribution to sustainable development: Study of elements necessary to raise living standards among local rural communities.

Survey of reference scenario Survey of monitoring methods and plans Survey of MRV methods

(2) Study Contents:

The results of the present survey are outlined below alongside the summarized findings of related surveys conducted in FY 2010 and FY 2011.

Results up to last fiscal year Results of FY 2012 study Project plan ・ Baseline assessment of survey site

・ Assessment of reduction potential ・ Detailed survey of water gate facilities

and preparation of estimate ・ Feasibility study of rice husk power

generation ・ MOU signed with Ministry of Public

Works

・ Pilot plot created to obtain dry season data, water gates and canals developed, and water-level management and planting of rice seedlings performed

・ Quantification of emission reduction and practical MRV methodologies developed from measurements taken on pilot plot

・ Development of consensus with stakeholders in readiness for project

Monitoring ・ Measurement of reference values (water level, settlement) (October 2011 - March 2012)

・ Analysis of changes in water level by hydrological modeling of fields on peatland

・ Topographical survey performed ・ Assessment of volume of rice husks

generated and feasibility of power generation

・ Measurement of water level and settlement during water-level management on pilot plot

・ Measurement of reference values (water level, settlement)

・ Assessment of volume of rice husks generated by increased rice production at pilot site

MRV ・ Development of method of evaluation of reduction in emissions based on water level and settlement

・ Development of basic structure of MRV method combining measurements, satellite data, and hydrological model

・ Draft methodology

・ Optimization of MRV method: The necessary spatiotemporal frequency and accuracy of water level measurement following the MRV method on the left were considered, and streamlined emission reduction quantification tools generally applicable to peatland rewetting projects were developed (spreadsheet developed).

・ The above method was applied to the pilot plot, reported in the form of a spreadsheet, and the process verified by a third party.

In order to measure reference values and pilot water-level management during the dry season before the FY 2012 study, a tertiary canal and water gate were developed on 12 ha of rice-growing land and water-level management and rice cultivation were commenced (March-June 2012).


＜8＞

[FY 2012 study]

Field survey: See Field Survey Report. Confirmation of consistency with policy at JCM/BOCM project level

There does not appear at present to be any concrete discussion at the level of the Indonesian government regarding how to go about categorizing reductions at the level of projects such as those pursued under voluntary action plans to reduce emissions registered with the UNFCCC (NAMA) and JCM/BOCM projects (according to interviews with officials).

The Ministry of Public Works’ lowland development plans give priority to raising the rice productivity of existing areas of development, which coincides with the basic objectives mapped out in this feasibility study.

Ascertainment of reference levels and pilot testing of peatland management to assess GHG reduction potential Measurement: A level survey was made of the positional relationships of some monitoring

points. Hydrological survey: Flow directions and flow rates at the project site were measured and a

hydrological survey was made of the area around the pilot plot in the dry season. Peat, hydrology, and precipitation measurements: Measurements of flow directions and rates,

groundwater levels, and precipitation at the site were made at the reference level and on the pilot plot.

Method of assessment of CO2 emissions: In order to quantify the emission reduction, a survey was made of the latest findings concerning the relationship between groundwater levels and CO2 emissions.

Remote sensing: Data on topography, precipitation, and vegetation were prepared using SRTM30. Groundwater levels were estimated based on a drying index using satellite data (performed by Professor Takeuchi of the University of Tokyo).

Assessment of potential for increased rice production: The current state of farming on the project site was surveyed, and the groundwater level was raised and rice cultivated during the dry season on 12 ha of land on a pilot site (see photo). This confirmed that 2 t/ha can be produced during the dry season. Soil and water quality analyses were also performed.

Survey of potential for biomass power generation: The increase in rice crop yield in the dry season was quantified based on the results of rice cultivation on the test plot.

Assessment of contribution to sustainable development: A study was made of the elements necessary to raise local rural living standards by increasing yields through dry-season rice cultivation. The state of development of infrastructure (such as local electricity distribution facilities) was surveyed.


＜9＞

Photo 3.1 Rice being grown on the pilot plot (on right side of tertiary canal)

Survey of reference scenario: Described in next chapter. Survey of monitoring methods and plans: Described in next chapter. Survey of MRV methods: Described in next chapter. 4. Results of JCM/BOCM FS (1) GHG Emission Reduction Effects by the Implementation of Project/Activity:

The project/activity will reduce GHG emissions by the following methods. Methodologies were prepared for each following the suggestions of the Interim Report Review Committee. 1) Rewetting of tropical peatland: CO2 emissions will be reduced by raising groundwater levels on

peatland to inhibit aerobic decomposition. 2) Rice husk power generation: CO2 emissions will be reduced by substituting rice husk power

generation for grid power derived from fossil fuels. The reference scenario for the project is “business as usual,” which equates to the conditions that would pertain if restoration of water levels and rice husk power generation did not occur (see 4(6) for details). [Methodology for rewetting of tropical peatland] There is no CDM methodology for assessing the reduction of GHG emissions through rewetting of tropical peatland. The United Nations is revising the 2006 IPCC Guidelines on quantification of GHG emissions from rewetting of tropical peatland, and guidelines incorporating the latest research findings are to be published in 2013. The methodologies developed for this study draw on a first draft of these IPCC Guidelines. Regarding the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS), on the other hand, a methodology to reduce GHG emissions by rewetting tropical peatland was published in November 2011, and a second assessment is now underway following receipt of public comments


＜10＞

(http://v-c-s.org/rewetting_drained_tropical_peatlands_southeast_Asia). The MRV method described in this report was examined during the same period as this, and is similar to it in that it applies hydrological modeling using satellite and site data to calculate emissions from water levels. However, the VCS methodology is not applicable to peatland used for agriculture, and its hydrologic model is less versatile in that it is limited to SIMGRO. The figure below shows the steps by which emissions are calculated using the methodologies developed for the present study. [Methodology for rice husk power generation] The rice husk power generation methodology was developed drawing on the low-output biomass power generation methodology approved as a CDM methodology (AMS I.D. Grid connected renewable electricity generation ver. 17). The only data required by this methodology for new projects is net electric power output and the grid emission factor. The present methodology similarly determines emissions on the power generation side from net electric power output and the grid emission factor. Electric power output is obtained from electricity meters or electric power companies’ receipts, while values certified by the Indonesian government are used for the grid emission factor. To allow this methodology to be used for the present project, a rice husk power generator will be installed in the vicinity of threshing places in the project area. This generator will be powered by rice husk briquettes made at local threshing places, and the electric power generated will be sold to the existing grid. Briquette makers will be installed in threshing places in the project area to process threshed rice husks into briquettes for use as solid fuel. The owners of each threshing place will then transport these briquettes to the rice husk power generator at the site to provide them with the fuel for rice husk power generation. The field survey found that rice husks threshed at threshing places are currently not used as fuel or fertilizer, and that they are instead used as bedding for livestock or abandoned. Roads at the site were found to be in extremely poor condition, with most transport being by means of bicycle, scooter, or boat via drainage channels. Trucks are consequently rarely used as a means of transportation. As road repairs are likely to allow truck transportation in the future, however, it was conservatively assumed for the project that briquettes would be transport from threshing places to the rice husk power generator by truck (see project scheme in figure below).


＜11＞

現地計測水理モデリング

事業実施前（�ファ��スケース）

事業実施後（プ�ジェクトケース）

既存の計測値・資料収集

（地形、地質、被覆、水利用他）

水理モデル構築

（集中型・分布型モデル）

プロジェクトバウンダリの設定

現況再現計算

計測値.vs.計算値

GHG 排出量算定(Ex-Ante)

OK

水面安定化の事後評価

新規の現地計測

（雨量、気温、地形、地質、土地利用・被覆、

水利用、水位、水質、水路流量他）

リファレンス水位の確定

GHG 排出量算定(Ex-Post)

計測値.vs.計算値

NG 水位

水位観測の継続

（水位他）

NG

衛星データの収集

（雨量、気温、地形、土地利用・被覆他）

OK

水位

Fig. 4.1 Steps in calculation of GHG emissions for tropical peatland rewetting methodology

(correlations between local measurements, satellite data, and hydrologic model)

Hydrologic model Field measurements B

efor

e pr

ojec

t (re

fere

nce

case

) A

fter p

roje

ct (p

roje

ct c

ase)

Determination of project boundary

Compilation of satellite data (precipitation, temperature, topology, land

use, covering, etc.)

Continuation of water level monitoring

(water level, etc.)

Calculations to reproduce present situation

Development of hydrologic model

(box/dispersed models)

Compilation of existing measurements and data

(topography, geological features, covering, water use, etc.)

New field measurements

(precipitation, temperature, topography, geological features, land use, covering,

water use, water level, water quality, canal flow rate, etc.)

Water level

Ex-post assessment of water surface stabilization

Calculation of GHG emissions (ex ante)

Determination of reference water level

Calculation of GHG emissions (ex post)

Measured values vs. calculated values

Measured values vs. calculated values

Water level


＜12＞

発電所

脱穀所

籾殻ブリ

ケット

ブリケッ

ト製造機

電力グリッド売

電買

電

籾殻ブリ

ケット

籾殻ブリ

ケット

Fig. 4.2 Scheme of rice husk power generation methodology

(2) Eligibility Criteria for MRV Methodology Application:

[Methodology for rewetting of tropical peatland]

The present methodology can be used for projects that meet all of the following requirements: This project controls groundwater level for rewetting of peatlands by technical methods

(installation of gates in canals and so forth) in tropical peatlands where manmade drainage was implemented prior to January 1, 2014.

The project site is tropical peatlands located at altitude lower than 100 m in the Republic of Indonesia, where thickness of peat should be more than 0.5 m in average.

The project area includes singular or multiple complete watersheds. It is clear that the project area has no hydrological relation to peatlands located outside of the project boundary, or if a relationship does exist it exerts no adverse impact on the environment or local citizens.

It can be demonstrated that the peatlands inside the project area are influenced by drainage (for example, there is data indicating groundwater level lowering and/or peat subsidence).

The project implementation shall not cause additional nature destruction.

Tropical peatland located at low altitude in Indonesia is used for palm and dry-field farming, etc. Drainage channels are therefore being developed and drying is progressing. Land use is additionally extremely changeable, as landowners and leaseholders plant whatever crops happen to be the most profitable at the time. Rewetting of tropical peatland hinders plantation farming, however, and so is not presently performed and there are no plans to do so in the future either. If the eligibility criteria are met, therefore, the project will be automatically eligible. [Methodology for rice husk power generation]

The present methodology can be applied to projects that meet all of the following requirements:

This project is a Greenfield project. In other words, the generation from rice husks was not in the project boundary, and it will not be introduced in the future (reference scenario).

Project boundary

Electricity grid

Power plant

Briquette maker

Threshing place

Pow

er so

ld

Pow

er b

ough

t

Rice husk briquettes




＜13＞

The biomass boiler that introduced by the project is specialized for rice husks with gasification efficiency more than 50%.

The rice husks used for power generation are not used as fuel or fertilizer. (3) Calculation Method Options:


No calculation options are considered for the peatland rewetting methodology. The default emission factor used to calculate CO2 emissions from peat decomposition is determined after determining precedence as described below. [Methodology for rice husk power generation]

Regarding rice husk power generation, calculation options were prepared corresponding to whether or not briquette makers’ power consumption can be measured (depending on whether or not electricity meters are installed) (see the figure below).

Fig. 4.3 Calculation options for rice husk power generation methodology

(4) Necessary Data for Calculation: [Methodology for rewetting of tropical peatland]

Necessary data Monitored (M) /

project-specific value set (S) / default value used (D)

State of development Remarks

Plot area (m2) M Being mapped Determined when project is registered and updated annually to incorporate changes

Reference groundwater level (m)

S Set using hydrologic model

Calculated by hydrological modeling when project starts and verified using actual measurements Calculated each year based on weather conditions

Project groundwater level (m)

M Set using hydrologic model based on field measurements

Calculated each year by hydrological modeling and verified using actual

Can you measure the electricity consumption of the briquette maker?

Target Calculation method

Calculation method 1

Calculation method 2

Yes

No


＜14＞

measurements CO2 emissions factor from peat decomposition EFPEAT-CO2

D Value to be determined by Indonesian government or IPCC, etc. will be used

－

N2O emission factor for rice cultivation EFPEAT-N2O

D Value to be determined by Indonesian government or IPCC will be used

－

Emission factor for rise in groundwater level and rice cultivation EFPEAT-CH4

D Value to be determined by Indonesian government or the IPCC will be used

－

[Methodology for rice husk power generation]

Necessary data Monitoring (M) /

project-specific value set (S) / default value used (D)

State of development Remarks

Distance from threshing place i to rice husk power generator (km)

S Declared at time of application

－

Truck fuel economy (t-km/l)

D Value determined by Indonesian government or IPCC, etc. will be used

－

Diesel calorie coefficient (TJ/Gg)


－

Diesel emission factor (t-CO2/TJ)


－

Briquette-making efficiency of threshing places (MWh/t-y)

S Manufacturer’s value declared at time of application

－

CO2 emission factor for grid power generation (t-CO2/MWh)

M Value determined by Indonesian government used

－

Net sale of power generated from rice husks (MWh/y)

M Installation of electricity meters

－

Total briquettes from threshing place i (t/y)

M Declared at time of application

－

Electricity consumption by briquette maker at threshing place i (MWh/y)

M (OP1 only) Installation of electricity meters

Cumulative value up to time of application

Production efficiency of briquette maker at threshing place 1 (MWh/t-y)

S (OP2 only) Manufacturer’s value declared at time of application

－

(5) Default Value(s) Set in MRV Methodology


In our methodology, the emission factors used to calculate CO2 from peat decomposition, N2O from rice cultivation, and CH4 from the increase in water levels are the default values. These default values were surveyed as follows.


＜15＞

1) Default value of CO2 emission factor Our methodology requires that the peat decomposition emission factor be known in order to be able to calculate CO2 emissions from peat decomposition based on the relationship with water level. The plan for the present project is to use the value determined by the Indonesian government based on, among other things, IPCC Guidelines 2013 (the revised edition of the 2006 Guidelines). If the Indonesian government does not determine a value, the default value will be determined based on the latest edition of the IPCC Guidelines or the latest peer-reviewed papers on tropical peat decomposition. For reference: Below we summarize the findings concerning peat decomposition emission factors contained in peer-reviewed papers on tropical peat decomposition. Hitherto, papers have been published on the relationship between water levels and emissions due to peat decomposition, most of which have also included verification by gas flux measurement (Stephens and Speir, 1969; Wosten et al., 1997; Hooijer et al., 2006, 2010; Couwenberg et al., 2010). These relations have additionally been corroborated by Hooijer et al. (2012) and Jauhiainen et al. (2012) on peatland in Sumatra by means of both measurement of settlement and gas flux measurement. The results of measurements of Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) values obtained by tower measurement in the peatlands of central Kalimantan have also been published by Hirano et al. (2012). The relationships between water level and CO2 emissions arrived at from these measurements are shown in the figure below. Despite these findings having been obtained under a variety of conditions, CO2 emissions stay within a comparatively narrow range of approximately 20 t/ha/y, which indicates that knowledge of the relationship between water level and CO2 emissions from tropical peatland has reached a sufficient level for use in assessment of project feasibility. As no emission factor has yet been determined by the Indonesian government and no alternative is provided in the IPCC Guidelines 2006, the monitoring reports described in the present feasibility study set the value at EFPEAT-CO2 = 69 t-CO2/ha/y/m. This is the most conservative value envisaged, and was arrived at based on the relationship described by Hooijer et al. (2012) and corroborated by both measurement of settlement and gas flux measurement on a deforested peat plantation in Sumatra.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-1-0.75-0.5-0.250

Water table depth (m)

CO

2 em

issi

on (t

/ha/

y)

Wosten and Ritzema, 2001; all peatlandHooijer et al, 2006 / 2010; deforestedCouwenberg et al 2010; all peatlandHoojer et al., 2012; Acacia plantationsJauhiainen et al., 2012; Acacia plantationsHirano et al., 2012; NEE Degraded & Burnt

Fig. 4.4 Relationship between water level and peat CO2 emissions according to past studies


＜16＞

2) N2O emission factor for rice cultivation and CH4 emission factor for rise in water level

In each case, the values determined by the Indonesian government are used, with values determined by the IPCC being used where such values are unavailable. For reference: The first order draft of the IPCC Guidelines 2013 suggests an emission factor for rice cultivation of 0.4 kgN/ha/y, which works out to a CO2 equivalent of 0.4 t-CO2/ha/y. Similarly, it proposes a CH4 emission factor for peatland where the groundwater level is below ground and not more than 0.1 m from the surface of 0.108 t-C/ha/y (=2.7 t-CH4/ha/y), which works out to a CO2 equivalent of 3.6 t-CO2/ha/y.

[Methodology for rice husk power generation]

In the present methodology, default values are used for the following items. In each case, the values determined by the Indonesian government are used, with values determined by the IPCC being used where such values are unavailable. For the grid emission factor, we use the Indonesian government’s latest official value checked by the utilities.

・ Truck fuel economy (t-km/l) ・ Diesel calorie coefficient (TJ/Gg) ・ Diesel emission factor (t-CO2/TJ)

(6) Setting of Reference Scenario and Project/Activity Boundary

Setting of reference scenario

[Methodology for rewetting of tropical peatland] Although Indonesia recognizes the importance of low-altitude tropical peatland and has incorporated it into its national emission mitigation targets (see full report), drainage channels are still being developed and peatland dried out to create plantations for palm and dry-field farming. With land continuing to be used in this manner, it is inconceivable that water levels will be systemically managed. It is therefore assumed that, as at present, groundwater levels would not be restored. [Methodology for rice husk power generation] The field survey found that rice husks are not currently used as fuel or fertilizer after threshing at threshing places. Instead, they are almost entirely piled out in the open and burned, or else used in small quantities for livestock bedding. For the reference scenario, therefore, it is reasonable to assume that such usage would continue. Setting of project boundary



＜17＞

1) Geographical boundary The geographical boundary of the project contains one or more independent drainage basins, each being hydrologically independent of the peatlands of other basins. The basins shall be determined based on their topographical features and identified using electronic topographical data, etc.

2) GHGs covered: The GHG carbon pools and GHGs covered are as shown in the tables below.

Carbon Pool Included? Justification/Explanation Aboveground tree biomass No It is conservative to omit. Aboveground non-tree biomass No It is conservative to omit. Underground (roots, etc.) biomass No It is conservative to omit. Litter No It is conservative to omit. Dead trees No It is conservative to omit. Soil Yes Main pool addressed by project activities. Wood products No It is conservative to omit.

Source GHG Included? Reason/Explanation

Reference scenario

Peat decomposition

CO2 Yes Main source and gas to be addressed by the project activities.

N2O No N2O emissions are conservatively not accounted for in the reference scenario by this methodology

Anaerobic decomposition

CH4 No

Considered negligible in drained peatlands. CH4 emissions can be generated in drainage channels, but these are conservatively not accounted for in the reference scenario by this methodology.

After project implementation

Peat decomposition

CO2 Yes Main source and gas to be addressed by the project activities.

Rice production N2O Yes

When rice production exceeds national policy target (as for 2004-2014 as for 3 ton/ha, 2015-2019 in 4 ton/ha, after 2,020 5-6 ton/ha), N2O emission shall be evaluated.

Anaerobic decomposition in peatland used as paddy field

CH4 Yes

When rice production exceeds national policy target (as for 2004-2014 as for 3 ton/ha, 2015-2019 in 4 ton/ha, after 2,020 5-6 ton/ha), CH4 emission shall be evaluated.

[Methodology for rice husk power generation] The geographical boundary of the project consists of an area including a rice husk power generator and threshing places where rice husks are gathered (see Figure 4.(1)). The following tables indicate the targeted GHGs.

Emission source GHG GAS

Target Reason/Explanation

Reference scenario

Emissions in line with power generation at existing power plants

CO2 Yes CO2 is emitted as a result of power generation using fossil fuels.

Emissions in line with disposal of

CO2 No CO2 is emitted when husks are combusted, however, this is not counted because it is a GHG derived from biomass.


＜18＞

husks CH4 No

Methane gas is emitted when husks are discarded, however, this is not counted because it is a GHG derived from biomass.

After project implementation

Biomass power generation equipment

CO2 No GHGs derived from biomass are not counted. Diesel may be used for combustion start that is negligible.

Husks transportation

CO2 Yes The increase in CO2 caused by project activities is very small, but included conservatively.

Briquette maker CO2 Yes CO2 caused by project activities is valuated.

(7) Monitoring methods:


Parameter Description Measurement Method A Area of plot Map

PWT Mean annual water level when the project is implemented

Calculated using a hydraulic model* using satellite climate data (precipitation, air-temperature) and confirmed with groundwater levels (RMSE<10cm) measured at specified points.

DP Mean annual peat depth Peat depth of each plot shall be measured before project implementation. During project activity, peat depth shall be measured before each Monitoring Report, and DP can be determined assuming its change rate to be constant.

* The hydraulic model should have been calibrated using measured groundwater levels before project implementation with RMSE (route mean square error) less than 10cm.

The parameters described below will be monitored in accordance with the calculation method options specified in 4.(3).

[Methodology for rice husk power generation methodology] Calculation method 1: The case that the project participant can measure the electricity consumption of the briquette maker.

Parameter Description Measurement Method ELNET Net amount of sold power generated from husks Measured values of the electric meter

and contents of itemized statements of power sale

GEF Electric power emission factor Available from the Government of Indonesia.

Qi The total transport weight of the briquette from threshing place i

Recorded at the threshing place.

ELbriq, i, y The electricity consumption of the briquette maker at the threshing place i

Measured values of the electric meter

Calculation method 2: The case that the project participant can’t measure the electricity consumption of the briquette maker.

Parameter Description Measurement Method ELNET Net amount of sold power generated from husks Measured values of the electric meter

and contents of itemized statements of power sale

GEF Electric power emission factor Available from the Government of


＜19＞

Indonesia. Qi The total transport volume of the briquette from

threshing place i Record at the threshing place.

BMelect, i, y Electricity efficiency of the briquette maker at the threshing place i

Acquire from the maker.

Grounds for considering monitoring methods to be employable in host country [Methodology for rewetting of tropical peatland] Those of the above monitoring items that pertain to water level are being measured at the site, and the monitoring methods are considered employable by the host country if appropriate temporal and spatial measuring frequencies are set. Monitoring techniques including calibrating and maintenance of water level recorders, map data processing, and hydrological modeling, on the other hand, require know-how, and technology transfers will be needed. [Methodology for rice husk power generation] All monitoring can be performed using published values or by means of simple measurements and applications, and is quite performable by the host country. Those of the above monitoring items that pertain to net electric power sold from the rice husk power generator can be monitoring by installing electricity meters and using power sale receipts, etc. Regarding grid emission factors, values are published by the Indonesian government on its website based on values released by electric power companies. The volume of briquettes arriving from threshing places can be determined by recording the amounts received by the power generator. Regarding the fuel efficiency of the trucks used for transportation, values published by truck manufacturers (or their association) or in biannual reports produced by the Indonesian government or similar sources will be used. Electricity consumption by briquette makers at threshing places can be easily monitored if electricity meters are installed. If meters are not installed, calculations can be performed by obtaining the manufacturer’s value for briquette-making efficiency.

Envisaged monitoring plan in outline (including monitoring arrangements) Monitoring will be performed by the project implementer with the assistance of local stakeholders. Values published by Indonesia and other sources will be obtained annually. The owner of the rice husk power generator will be required to report the volumes of briquettes received from each threshing place, briquette electric power consumption, and other such data when supplied with briquettes. (8) Quantification of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Their Reduction: [Methodology for rewetting of tropical peatland] The reduction in CO2 emissions from peat decomposition will be quantified by establishing separate reference and project water levels and calculating emissions to determine the reduction from the difference between the two. Project emissions will be included taking into accounting emissions of N2O from rice cultivation and CH4 from rice cultivation on peatland. The formulas used for calculation are shown in the attached.


＜20＞

Emission reduction potential of project site and host country as a whole The conditions for the calculations are as follows: approximately 100 plots, each measuring 100 ha and surrounded by canals, on the site, and a rise in the annual average water level on each plot from GL-0.6 m to GL-0.3 m. The emission factor for emissions of CO2 from peat decomposition is assumed to be EFPEAT-CO2 = 69 t-CO2/ha/y/m, as described in 4(5). Emissions of N2O and CH4 arising from the rise in water level and increased rice cultivation are conservatively considered to be the maximums (using the emission factor given in the first order draft of the IPCC 2013 Guidelines referred to in 4(5)). Based on the above, the reduction potential of the 10,000 ha project site when the groundwater level is raised 0.3 m is calculated to be 167,000 t-CO2/year. The emission reduction potential of the host country as a whole if the project/activity is expanded may be similarly estimated as follows. As tidal zone farmland in Indonesia covers an area of 835,000 ha even if only existing reclaimed land is counted, raising the productivity of this land will enable Indonesia to produce most of the rice that it presently imports (approximately 4 million tons). Much of this farmland is located in the same areas as peatland. Conservatively assuming that one third is peatland, therefore, developed low-lying land located on peatland in Indonesia covers an area of approximately 280,000 ha. The reduction per 10,000 ha is therefore 167,000 t-CO2/y x 28 = 4,680,000 t-CO2/y. The CO2 reduction potential is thus approximately 4.7 million tons per year.

[Methodology for rice husk power generation] The CO2 emission reduction resulting from rice husk power generation is equivalent to the amount of electric power derived from fossil fuels replaced by rice husk power generation, and the formula used to calculate this reduction is shown in the attached. Based on the results of test dry-season rice cultivation conducted on the pilot plot, there is estimated to exist the potential to increase rice yield per 1 ha from 2 t/ha at present to about 6 t/ha. In this case, the total yield following the increase of production works out to be 10,000 ha x 6 t/ha = 60,000 tons (of rice). As rice husks account for around 25% of the weight of rice, the potential amount of rice husks available for use as fuel for rice husk power generation is 60,000 tons (rice) x 25% = 15,000 tons (of rice husks). Reference emissions equal the net electric power output of the rice husk power generator, which is assumed here to be equal to total output. Rice husk power generator capacity is assumed to be 625 kW, and net electric power sold to be 3,500 MWh/year. Assuming the emission coefficient of the grid selling electricity to be 0.743 t-CO2/MWh, emissions work out to be approximately 2,600 t-CO2/year at 3,500 MWh*0.743 t-CO2/MWh. Project emissions equal the sum of emissions from transportation of rice husks and emissions from consumption of electricity by briquette makers. Assuming that 15,000 tons of briquettes are transported per year, the distance from threshing places to the power generator is around 2 km, the transportation fuel efficiency of trucks is 20 t-km/liter, the density of diesel used as truck fuel is 0.86 kg/liter, the combustion efficiency of diesel is 43.0 TJ/Gg, and the emission factor of diesel is 74.1 t-CO2/TJ, then emissions are calculated to be around 3 t-CO2/year at (15,000 t*2 km) / 20*0.86*43*10-6*74.1. Similarly assuming that 15,000 tons of briquettes are made per year and


＜21＞

production efficiency is 0.0001 MWh/ton/y if Japanese-made machines are used, then emissions amount to around 1 t-CO2/year at 15,000 tons*0.0001*0.743. The emission reduction potential of the host country as a whole if the project/activity is expanded may be similarly estimated as follows. The reduction per 10,000 ha is 2,600 t-CO2/y x 28 = 73,000 t-CO2/y. The CO2 reduction potential is therefore approximately 70,000 tons per year.

[Leakage emissions] Below we describe possible leakages from the project and the results of surveys to date of such leakages. 1) Movement of local stakeholders beyond the site: As there are no instances of the migrant farmers

from Java who are the rural residents of the site (Berbak Delta) engaging in farming elsewhere and only some cases of farmers returning to Java due to declining rice yields, there is not expected to occur any leakage from the project given that one of its goals is to raise rice production.

2) Possibility of procurement of biomass from beyond the project boundary: The amount of rice husks used for biomass power generation is set at 56% of the amount produced following the rise in rice production, and it is envisaged that power will be generated on a scale that does not require procurement of biomass from beyond the project boundary.

3) Possibility of increased transportation of husks to threshing places: Although it is possible that the quantity of rice husks transported to threshing places may increase, it will be transported mostly by means that do not use fossil fuels (bicycle and boat) or, if fossil fuels are used, simply by scooter. Indonesia is additionally pursing improvements in rice production as a matter of national policy (the target increases in rice production under national policy are 3 t/ha between 2004-14, 4 t/ha between 2015-19, and 5-6 t/ha from 2020), and so any such increase is considered to be covered by the BAU scenario.

(9) Verification of GHG Emission Reductions: Although feasibility studies do not require actual verification, results were verified for the present study by means of a trial conducted on a pilot plot of land. [Survey of relevant agencies in Indonesia] CDM experts at Indonesia’s Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) introduced four agencies interested in the Joint Crediting Mechanism/Bilateral Offset Credit Mechanism (JCM/BOCM) and providing verification services for them, and interviews were conducted with them in order to determine the feasibility of verification. While none of the four was found to have any experience acting as third-party verifiers, one of them, CDM Indonesia, was selected to perform verification work due to its CDM-related expertise and the abilities of its staff and other relevant personnel.

[Verification work performed] The principal work that CDM Indonesia was requested to perform was as follows. Scope of work: Plot A (12 ha) where pilot is being conducted Methodology used: Peatland Rewetting Ver. 2 (using measured values for both reference water level


＜22＞

and project water level), Rice Husk Power Generation Ver. 1 Guidelines: Monitoring Manual for the Bilateral Offset Credit Mechanism

Demonstration/Feasibility Study Programme (Draft), Verification Manual for the Bilateral Offset Credit Mechanism Demonstration/Feasibility Study Programme (Draft)

Items monitored: Peatland rewetting: Reference water level measurements obtained outside of Plot A, measured values of water level obtained when managing water levels in Plot A Rice Husk Power Generation: None, as power generation was not implemented.

Monitoring report: Peatland rewetting: The above water level measurements were recorded and calculated emission reductions using the record were reported. As power was not generated using rice husks, the monitoring report verified envisaged output.

Verification tasks: Monitoring report verification (not including verification of PDD or default values) Onsite assessment Preparation of verification report Preparation of report of opinion on methodologies

Results: This was the first time that CDM Indonesia had been involved in verification work of this kind, and time was required to explain the role and details of the methodologies, the matters to be verified, and other details. Improvements in both understanding and level of verification were observed, and a verification report was submitted. Regarding peatland rewetting, water level measurements obtained on the pilot plot were entered in the monitoring report, and the emission reduction calculated from them was verified and an onsite assessment performed. As verification was performed concurrently with development of the methodologies, Methodology Ver. 2 was adopted using the measured water levels for both the reference and project water levels. The results of rice husk power generation, on the other hand, were verified based on projected briquette production and electric power output. Regarding the assessment of the frequency and reliability of measurements, it was commented that more reliable logger measuring be used due to the possibility that measurements by farmers might be subject to human error. (10) Ensuring Environmental Integrity: Studies indicate that peat fires should be reduced if groundwater levels can be kept within -40 cm of ground level (e.g., Osaki, 2011). The project/activity aims to restore groundwater levels through water management, and keeping groundwater levels on peatland within at least -40 cm of the surface by means of appropriate water-level management should enable peat fires to be curbed. As action at the project/activity site will not be pursued all at once, however, fire prevention over a wide area of peatland will present a serious challenge. One effective means of doing so is by calculating the groundwater level from the drying coefficient using satellite data and then, if the level falls below -40 cm during the dry season, contacting the local fire service in order to have it take


＜23＞

preventive steps (performed with the assistance of Associate Professor Takeuchi of the University of Tokyo’s Institute of Industrial Science). (11) Comments from Local Stakeholders: Comments obtained from the principal stakeholders for the present study are summarized below. Ministry of Public Works: Counterpart for implementation of the project. Mr. Hassan, Director

of the Directorate of Water Resources Management, believes that the project/activity will contribute to local rural communities and is interested in joint and wider rollout. A memorandum of understanding on assistance with the present feasibility study was entered, and discussions concerning future development are ongoing.

Provincial government: Meetings were held with officials of the Department of Water Resources, Department of Agriculture, Department of Regional Planning, and other relevant agencies, and the project/activity’s consistency with government action policy, budgets, etc. was examined. University staff were involved in meetings with these officials to develop a network of contacts among government, industry, and academia.

Rural inhabitants: Arrangements for cooperation in dry-season rice cultivation at the pilot site were developed and discussions are ongoing concerning, among other things, how water management needs to be organized in order to ensure its continuation. Farmers’ representatives from other regions observed the results produced on the pilot plot and also attended stakeholders’ meetings. This has generated extremely high hopes regarding the project/activity and its potential to enable dry-season rice cultivation by means of water management.

Stakeholders’ meetings were held in June, September, and November, as shown in the photographs below, and these opportunities were used to raise awareness and understanding of the project/activity and obtain feedback on it.

June stakeholders’ meeting (held to bring stakeholders together at the site in June due to the advanced state of dry-season rice growing on the pilot plot, and attended by approximately 80

government officials, university staff, farmers, and other stakeholders)


＜24＞

September stakeholders’ meeting (involving relevant departments of the Jambi Provincial Government, farmers’ representatives, University of Jambi, Sriwijaya University, and other stakeholders)

November stakeholders’ meeting (attended by government officials including the governor of the Regency of East Tanjung Jabung, farmers’ representatives, University of Jambi, Sriwijaya University, and other stakeholders)

(12) Structure to Implement Project/Activity: The Indonesian central government’s Ministry of Public Works (PU) is the government agency responsible for development of the site and subsequent lowland development. It is charged with policymaking and supervising provincial departments of public works, and water gate and canal management plans for water-level management are to be pursued jointly with the PU. Execution of the project in the region concerned, on the other hand, will require coordination with the provincial and regency governments’ departments of public works and agriculture, which will act as the Japanese implementing entities’ counterparts. It is envisaged that consultations will be held between the Indonesian and Japanese governments, with instruction and supervision then being provided by the central government on this basis. Project implementation, particularly, requires public-private partnership scheme development under JCM. Possible project scheme can be as follows.

Indonesian GovernmentIncl. NCCC

Min of Public Works (PU)

Local Government – Sumatera VI– Jambi province– Tanjun Jabun Timur

Japanese GovernmentConsultation

Japanese Project Consortium

Joint Implementation

Supervision SupportCooperation


＜25＞

Indonesian GovernmentIncl. NCCC

Min of Public Works (PU)

Local Government – Sumatera VI– Jambi province– Tanjun Jabun Timur

Japanese GovernmentConsultation

Japanese Project Consortium

Joint Implementation

Supervision SupportCooperation

(13) Financial Plan to Implement Project/Activity: Implementation of the project at the site (approximately 10,000 ha) is estimated to incur an initial cost of ¥990 million (for water gate repair, canal development, and gasification and power generation facilities, etc.) and annual running costs of ¥110 million (canal development and maintenance, water gate management, monitoring instruments and analysis, power generation facility operation and maintenance, etc.). Financing will require not only private finance premised on revenue from the sale of credits, but also the direct injection of public funds by the Japanese government, and the injection of funds by the Indonesian government covered by lending received by it. The cost of the latter will be countable as GHG mitigation by NAMA by the Indonesian government. (14) How to Promote the Introduction of Japanese Technologies: The Japanese technologies that might be used in the project include measuring/monitoring technologies and rice husk power generation technologies. Regarding measuring and monitoring technologies, Japanese technologies in areas such as hydrological modeling and remote sensing offer advantages. As the MRV methodologies that were developed utilize these advantages, it should be possible to encourage their adoption. Japan is also advantageously placed compared with other developed countries when it comes to energy conversion technologies that make use of the properties of rice husks, and the inclusion of conditions such as the use of high-efficiency boilers among the eligibility criteria should make it possible to promote adoption of Japanese technologies. (15) Prospects and Challenges Onward: Given the huge scale of CO2 emissions from peatland (around 1.0 billion tons per year), bilateral and multilateral frameworks must be urgently adopted to tackle them, and doing so requires that the value of emission reduction credits be determined. System design (including consistency with JCM/BOCM and NAMA) and the provision of finance by Japan are also essential to implementation of the present project.


＜26＞

5. Contribution to Sustainable Development in Host Country Ensuring stable food supplies is a top priority for the Republic of Indonesia (Presidential Order No. 132/2001), and the Indonesian Ministry of Public Works has made the irrigation of low-lying coastal land and its conversion to farmland over the next several decades an object of state planning. If this results in the construction of large-scale conventional canals, however, it could lead to extremely heavy GHG emissions from peatland, and may also cause serious air pollution due to peat fires. However, Indonesia is also committed to reducing CO2 emissions as part of its national action plan to address climate change (see 4.(6) above), and it is probable that similar projects will be pursued between Indonesia and Japan by developing technologies and methodologies and providing budgetary backing under the JCI/BOCM to lower CO2 emissions from peat decomposition as well as raising the productivity of existing reclaimed farmland. High-level officials in the Ministry of Public Works are highly interested in plans for the project/activity and the results of water-level management and dry-season rice cultivation on the Jambi pilot plot. They are consulting about the potential for wider rollout of the project in Indonesia, and have indicated their intent to incorporate it into future policy. 6. Component Technologies of Peatland Rewetting Methodology The peatland rewetting methodology shown in Figure 4.1 comprises calculation and verification of water level by means of hydrological modeling and field measurement. Various studies were made of the component technologies constituting this methodology, including handling of variation in the field measurements of precipitation and water level and methods of determining parameters such as the permeability coefficient used for the hydrologic model. For reasons of space, the digest report gives the results of reproductions of water level on the pilot plot obtained using a box model and a three-dimensional model. It was found that, due to the minor variation in topography in the case of this 10,000 ha site, average water level could be reproduced using a box model as shown in Figure 6.2. The difference from the average water level observed at the site was kept within 10 cm, indicating that the calculations produced methodologically sufficiently precise result. At the same time, a three-dimensional model was required to investigate, among other things, the effects of water gate operation on the pilot plot. As can be seen from Figure 6.3, the reference water level (surrounding area) and water level during the pilot were comparatively well reproduced on the 100 ha area of land incorporating the pilot plot (Plot A comprising 12 ha in the center).


＜27＞

Figure Arrangement of monitoring points (overall view)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

-1.0

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Prec

ipita

tion

(mm

/d)

GW

L (G

L-m

)

Rainfall(mm/d)

Box Model

Obs. (Average)

Figure Comparison of reproduced and observed values of changes in water level using box model

RMSE=10cm

＜28＞

Figure Comparison of results of regular water-level observations and results of calculation of Plot A model

0

50

100

150

200

2500.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

2012/5/1 2012/5/31 2012/7/1 2012/8/1 2012/9/1 2012/10/2 2012/11/1

Precipitation(mm

/day)Wat

er L

evel

(EL

:m)

Precipitation Observation ケースA-1 ケースA-2

0

50

100

150

200

2500.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

2012/5/1 2012/5/31 2012/7/1 2012/8/1 2012/9/1 2012/10/2 2012/11/1

Precipitation(mm

/day)Wat

er L

evel

(EL

:m)


0

50

100

150

200

2500.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

2012/5/1 2012/5/31 2012/7/1 2012/8/1 2012/9/1 2012/10/2 2012/11/1

Precipitation(mm

/day)Wat

er L

evel

(EL

:m)


0

50

100

150

200

2500.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

2012/5/1 2012/5/31 2012/7/1 2012/8/1 2012/9/1 2012/10/2 2012/11/1

Precipitation(mm

/day)Wat

er L

evel

(EL

:m)


0

50

100

150

200

2500.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

2012/5/1 2012/5/31 2012/7/1 2012/8/1 2012/9/1 2012/10/2 2012/11/1

Precipitation(mm

/day)Wat

er L

evel

(EL

:m)


0

50

100

150

200

2500.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

2012/5/1 2012/5/31 2012/7/1 2012/8/1 2012/9/1 2012/10/2 2012/11/1

Precipitation(mm

/day)Wat

er L

evel

(EL

:m)


AP-2

WA1

AP-9

AR-1

WA5 AR-4

0

50

100

150

200

2500.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

2012/5/1 2012/5/31 2012/7/1 2012/8/1 2012/9/1 2012/10/2 2012/11/1

Precipitation(mm

/day)Wat

er L

evel

(EL

:m)


0

50

100

150

200

2500.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

2012/5/1 2012/5/31 2012/7/1 2012/8/1 2012/9/1 2012/10/2 2012/11/1

Precipitation(mm

/day)Wat

er L

evel

(EL

:m)


WA7 AP-7

＜29＞

Documents

JCM/BOCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2012 Final Report ...gec.jp/gec/en/Activities/fs_newmex/2012/2012_jcmbocmfs05_eShimi… · rollout phase, the project will also help prevent large-scale