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Editorial Board

Editor - in – Chief

Dr. Steph O. Jhanathin, USA.

E-mail: [email protected]

Executive-Editors

Dr. Sarwoko MangkoedihardjoProfessor, Professional Engineer of Indonesian Society of Sanitary and Environmental Engineers, Indonesia.

Dr. Mounir M. Salem-BekhetAssociate Professor of Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, King Saud University, KSA.

Dr. Shahram GilaniniaAssociate Professor, Department of Industrial Management Azad University – Rasht, Iran.

Prof. Dr. Valdenir José BelineloDepartment of Health Sciences and Postgraduate Program in Tropical Agriculture, Federal University of Espirito Santo

(UFES, São Mateus, ES, Brazil.

Dr. Hala Ahmed Hafez KandilProfessor Assistant, National Research Centre, Plant Nutrition Department. Dokki, Giza, Cairo, Egypt.

Prof. Dr. Aziza Sharaby Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

Noorbakhsh HootiAssistant Professor in Dramatic Literature, Razi University, Faculty of Arts, English Department, Kermanshah, Iran.

Prof. Dr. Sanaa T. El-SayedEx Head of Biochemistry Department, Professor of Biochemistry, Genetic Engineering &Biotechnology Division,

National Research Centre, Egypt

Dr. Vahid Majazi DalfardDepartment of Industrial Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran

Associate editors

Leila FalahatiDepartment of Resource Management and Consumer Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia.

Dr. YUBAO CUIAssociate Professor, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yancheng Health Vocational & Technical College, Jiangsu

Province, P. R. China

Ebrahim GolavarGuilan University of Applied Sciences &Islamic Azad University, Young Researchers' Club, Bandar Anzali Branch, Iran.

Dr. Jinu JohnAssociate Professor (Biotechnology), Jinu Bhavan, Chepra (P. O), Kottarakara, Kollam (Dist.), Kerala – 691520; India.

Seyyed Mousa Hosseini

Head of Young Researchers Club, Islamic Azad University (Sama Organization), Mazandaranand, Gilan province, Iran.

Dr. Mohdammed IsrailPost Doctoral Fellow, University Sains Malaysia, Pulau Penang, Malaysia.

Dr. S. RavichandranAssistant Professor, Department of Physics, Sathyabama University, India

Dr. Seyed Hossein Hosseini NazhadDepartment of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Iran.

Dr. Mohd Lazim Bin AbdullahAssociate Professor, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia, Malaysia.

Dr. Hedayat HosseinzadehDepartment of Economics, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.

Dr. Sukumar Senthil KumarSchool of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia.

Dr. Hossein. MoosaeiDepartment of Mathematics, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran.

JBASR Editorial Board

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Seifedine KadryAmerican University of the Middle East, Kuwait.

Dr. Datta Asaram DhaleAssistant Professor, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Ghogrey Science College, Dhule - Maharashtra State, India.

Pouya Derakhshan-BarjoeiElectrical Engineering Department of Islamic Azad University, Naein Branch, Iran.

Regional-Editors

Dr. Ayhan KapusuzogluDepartment of Business Administration, Hacettepe University, Turkey.

Dr. Mostafa EslamiDepartment of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.

Dr. Charalambos TsekerisDepartment of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece.

Dr. Ezzat Molouk KenawyEconomic Department, Faculty of Commerce, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Egypt.

Dr. Seshadri Sekhar. TirumalaPrincipal, Chirala Engineering College , India.

Sayed Roholla Mousavi,Departmentof Agriculture, Payame Noor Universtiy, Tehran, Iran.

Dr. Tarek Y. El-HaririAssociated Professor, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Exploration Department, Egypt.

Mahdi SalehiAssistant Professor of Accounting, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.

Dr Mamode Khan NaushadDepartment of Economics and Statistics, Faculty of social studies and humanities, University of Mauritius, Mauritius.

Dhahri Amel Research professor, Research Unit: Materials, Energy and Renewable Energies (MEER)-Science Faculty of Gafsa, Tunisia.

Dr. Muhammad Waqas AnwarCOMSATS Institute of Information Technology,University Road, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan.

Dr. Ali NazariDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran.

Prof. Dr. Abdul-Kareem J.Al-BermanyAdvance Polymer Laboratory, Physics Department/College of Science/Babylon University, Iraq.

Dr. Bensafi Abd-El-HamidAssistant Professor, Dept. of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Abou Bekr Belkaid University of Tlemcen, Algeria.

Dr. Vikas Anand SaharanAssistant Professor & Head, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Seth

GL Bihani SD College of Technical Education, India.

Dr. Syed Zulfiqar Ali ShahChairman Higher Studies and Research, Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University Pakistan.

Mahdi Zowghi

Department of Industrial Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Dr. Mohammad Reza IravaniAssistant Professor, Department: Social work, Azad University of Khomeinishahr, Islamic Azad University,

Khomeinishahr branch, Khomeinishahr, Esfahan, Iran.

Dr. Ibtisam abd el ghany hammadAssociate Professor of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt.

Dr. Nader zaliAssistant Professor, Art & Architecture Faculty, Urban Planning Department, University Of Guilan, Rasht-Iran.

Saima Anis MustafaAssistant Professor in COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, University Road, Abbottabad, Pakistan

Dr. Nagasamy VenkateshAssistant Professor, Dept. of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Tamil Nadu, India.

Behrooz Shahmoradi Faculty member of economic department, science and research branch, Kurdistan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran.

Mirza HasanuzzamanDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Dr. Mohammad AkhshabiDepartment of Industrial Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, Iran.

Dr.K.V.L.N.ACHARYULUFaculty of Science, Department of Mathematics, Bapatla Engineering college, Bapatla, India.

Maryam AhmadianPost Doctoral Fellow, Department of Social and Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra ,

UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Dr. Mohammad Abul HossainAssociate Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

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Copyright Â© 2010

J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., Vol(No)ppp-ppp, 2012

©2012, TextRoad Publication

ISSN: 2090-4304

Journal of Basic and Applied

Scientific Research

www.textroad.com

*Corresponding Author : Bachtiar Fauzy, Doctoral Candidate in Architecture of Parahyangan Catholic University,

Bandung, Indonesia. Email : [email protected]

The Resilience of Javanese Meaning in the Architectural Acculturation

of Javanese with Chinese Ethnic Houses in the Kampong of Sumber Girang

and Babagan in Lasem

Bachtiar Fauzy1*, Antariksa Sudikno

2, Purnama Salura

3

1 Doctoral Candidate in Architecture of Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, Indonesia

2 Lectuter in the Department of Architecture of Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia

3 Lecturer in the Department of Architecture of Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

This research study aims to put forth all the correlations of influence affecting the architecture of Javanese

ethnic houses and their Chinese counterparts in the kampongs of Sumber Girang and Babagan in Lasem.

The methods employed in this study consist of recording and re-describing all of the available case studies so

that these can be subjected to further analysis based on the anatomy of their respective architectural designs.

Subsequently the concepts underlying the typical architecture are examined by way of a physical analysis of the

architecture derived from the case studies. From these case studies a concept may be explored that underlies

each physical element in the two case studies.

The outcome of research indicates that the architecture of Javanese ethnic houses proved to be resilient to the

influence of the architecture of Chinese ethnic houses, as the former still applies the meaning of human

activities in the formation of its architecture.

Key words: architectural meaning, functional activity, form

INTRODUCTION

The Northern coastal region of Central and East Java constitutes an area that displays a wealth of

different styles of architectural acculturation [1]. This comes as no surprise, for in its developmental process this

coastal region has always been one where new arrivals consisting of Indians, Chinese, Arabs and Dutchmen

gathered. The island of Java has been known as being open-minded to new arrivals who considered Java to be a

rich resource for making a living [2,3,4].

The process of acculturation taking shape along this particular coast has rarely been subjected to

research. But as a matter of fact, the variety of the architecture to be found there can be explored to reveal what

factors have caused the resilience and ultimate survival of the architecture typical of the Javanese community

[5]. This is the reason why it is important to conduct research into this architecture’s specific character as

encountered along the Northern coastal region of Central and East Java.

The Chinese traders and immigrants arrived in Central Java around the early 14th

century. Afterwards,

they settled in the region of Lasem. In its developmental process, the architecture of these ethnic Chinese

dwellings greatly contributed to the architectural style of the dwellers in the vicinity. Surely it is this very

mixture of styles and technology that shaped the architectural character of the Javanese ethnic houses in this

coastal area around the kampongs of Sumber Girang in Lasem [6,7]. It is known that the Chinese ethnic

architecture brought to these shores by the Chinese newcomers can be classified as technologically superior to

the local one. Thus, the Chinese ethnic architecture had a considerable impact on the Javanese architecture in the

vicinity [8,9]. This research study explores to what extent the Javanese ethnic architecture in this particular

region has managed to hold out in the acculturation process with Chinese ethnic architecture.

Based on the arguments stated above, this research study aims to reveal the entire potential of mutual

influence between the Chinese ethnic residential architecture and its Javanese counterpart in the kampongs of

Babagan and Sumber Girang in Lasem. The study will examine both physical and non-physical aspects

affecting the two architectural styles mentioned in detail.

It may prove useful in the following ways: first of all, it may reveal the mutual influence between

Chinese and Javanese ethnic architecture; secondly, it may shed light on the factors that strengthen the resilience

of Javanese ethnic architecture to the cultural impact of the foreign settlers; thirdly, it may describe the various

principles as well as the specific character of the architecture typical of the Northern coastal region of central

Fauzy-Sudikno-Salura, 2012

and East Java; fourthly, the outcome of this research study may be used as input for a survival strategy to enable

the typical architecture of this region to remain intact.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Case study

According to the historical records available, the Chinese arrivals entered Central Java and the town of

Lasem in particular in the early 14th

century, and the place where they anchored and settled can be identified as

the kampong of Babagan in Lasem [10]. Up to the present, the artifacts of Chinese architecture have been

preserved and remained intact, relatively speaking. The same goes for the Javanese Quarter that took shape

autonomously around the neighborhood, namely the kampong of Sumber Girang, whose architectural condition

has remained relatively intact.

Research Stages

The first stage of this study consists of recording the data to be encountered in two houses situated in the

Chinese ethnic kampong and its Javanese counterpart. These two houses were selected on purpose based on the

criteria representative of the types of houses mentioned in the two case studies.

The physical recording of features was made based on the philosophy that the relationship between

buildings and the land (soil), buildings and the sky, and the link between these two [11]. The second stage

comprises an investigation of the way these architectural elements have been employed. This is accomplished

by recording the daily activities of the occupants and by conducting interviews with them. The reference used

for drawing up a list of questions for these interviews consists of a study of the concepts that play a dominant

role in affecting each activity. [14, 15].

The third stage consists of keeping a record of all the coordinating ‘umbrella’ (wadah) elements (spatial

and construction elements) that happen to accommodate all of the activities sketched above. Only then can we

explore what concepts form the background to the creation of each spatial and constructive element in place. In

this manner it can be established whether the architectural space and elements are based on one or the other, or

indeed a merger of the two, as the case may be [16, 17].

This in-depth exploration yields an interpretation of the degree of resilience of Javanese ethnic

architecture as local architecture to the impact made by the Chinese ethnic architecture of the outsiders. In this

light, this research study is more qualitative in nature based on the theory of Function-Form-Meaning to be

followed by making a scientific interpretation of the empirical data available as well as the outcome of the

interviews conducted.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Meaning of Architectural Function in the Two Case Studies

The occupants of the houses described in the case studies of Javanese ethnic architecture were Muslims,

but as a matter of fact they still adhered to superstitious beliefs known as Kejawen, as manifested through their

customs and traditions. The ritual of holding ceremonial meals that forms the realization of the concept of

asking for permission while showing gratitude to the Ruler of Heaven and Earth has always been conducted.

These activities are frequently centered in the space (a room called gedongan/tengah omah) often left

empty, without any household furnishings (Illustration 2).

If Nature in its entirety can be expressed metaphorically as the palm of one’s hand (or alternatively, the

sole of one’s foot), then the main residential building can be considered as its center, so that the activities

placing the building in a palm always refer to the concept of balancing the arrangement or plan (tatanan). The

building is placed in the center of the palm or in an area that can be reached equitably from all direction (fingers,

wrist). Among the Chinese ethnic community, the building is always placed at the very center of the ‘palm’’,

too. This is in accordance with the concept of Feng Shui.

The activity of socializing among the occupants of Javanese ethnic houses and their community or the

activity of receiving guests is conducted in the part situated at the very front of the house. In the case study of

Javanese ethnic houses, the sections used for receiving guests have roofs that form a unity with the main

building, that is to say on the front terrace or porch called jogan/jogo satru. Although this roof is linked to the

one covering the main building, this space is left open, without any wall or door.

J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., Vol(No)ppp-ppp, year

Illustration 1. Block plan (a) and plan (b) of a typical Chinese ethnic house in the kampong of Babagan in Lasem.

Illustration 2. Front Elevation (a) and Section (b) of a typical Chinese ethnic house in the kampong of Babagan in Lasem

Illustration 3. Isometric (a) and Perspective (b) of a typical Chinese ethnic house in the kampong of Babagan in

This forms the realization of openness based on the concept of tepo-seliro, that is to say the principle of

putting oneself in another’s place. In the Javanese ethnic houses owned by the aristocracy, this jogo satru space

is constructed with a separate roof often referred to as pendhopo, a large open structure or attached open

veranda. The daily family activities carried out by the occupants generally take place behind the gedongan

areas, that is to say the space named pawon situated opposite the guest room or jogo satru mentioned earlier, so

that the placement of the former can be regarded as the counterpart of the latter.

The underlying concept of this particular lay-out is hierarchic. Parents rank above their children in this

strict hierarchy. The Javanese occupants of these ethnic houses observed in the case study consistently cling to

the concept known as kualat. For example, the area named senthong (small inner room traditionally used for

family ceremonies) situated in the same zone as the gedongan area may only be entered by the heads of the

family (father-mother). The space reserved for the children is placed in the gandok tengen and kiwo placed on

the left and right side of the kudang/pawon.

From the two case studies above the mutual influence between the functional meaning of the Javanese

ethnic residential architecture and its Chinese counterpart can be concluded to be relatively non-existent.

The Meaning of Architectural Form in the Two Case Studies

In the Javanese ethnic houses of the case study it us plain to see that the most dominant aspect of the

outer appearance is the saddle-shaped roof extended by the roof angle measuring approximately forty-five

degrees. Other roofs are only oblique in shape, whose roof angle measures twenty-five degrees with an extended

position or attached to the dominant lower part of the roof. These shapes are a symbolic expression of the

b

b

Teras


concept that the area beneath the roof forms a hierarchic space deemed superior to all other spaces in the

building. The outcome of this research study indicates that the area beneath the roof consists of the gedongan or

main central space of the mansion. This area is sanctified by its occupants because it is used exclusively for the

selamatan ritual mentioned earlier or for activities such as saying prayers or Koranic recitation.

In their place of origin in the countryside, the three-dimensional shape of the gedongan area found in

Javanese houses is based on the concept of tengah, that is to say taking a neutral stance, pointing upward. As a

consequence, the shape of the building will be centered with a pointed roof pointing upward like a shield

(perisai), to be extended with the expansion of a four-sided collar at the same angle as the slanted one of the

roof that is slightly more sloped.

The case study of the Javanese ethnic houses shows that the shape of the roof is not centered but rather

stretched along a length. As a result, the shape of the building becomes stretched or linear. Even so, in this

gedongan space, the four main pillars can still be found, which are generally employed to support the main

saddle-shaped roof. The area of the senthong mentioned earlier on the left and right side is also covered by the

same roof (Ill.3).

Illustration 4. Blockplan (a) and Plan (b) of Javanese ethnic houses in the Kampong of Sumber Girang in Lasem.

Illustration 5. Front Elevation (a) and Elevation (b) of Javanese ethnic houses situated in the Kampong of Sumber Girang in Lasem.

Illustration 6. Isometric (a) and Perspective (b) of Javanese ethnic houses situated in the Kampong of Sumber Girang in Lasem.

J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., Vol(No)ppp-ppp, year

On closer inspection, the roof’s shape is similar to that of the Chinese ethnic houses observed in the case

study. It may be assumed that their Javanese ethnic counterparts developed their roof shapes in imitation of the

Chinese ones. Having made this assumption, the construction of the roof support in the shape of beams or rafters

looks strikingly different.

An analysis of the concept behind the entire range of activities may sketch the meaning of form for the

occupants described in the case study. Even though the main shape of the roof in the case study of Javanese

houses follows or has been influenced by that found in the case study of the Javanese houses, the concept behind

the spatial formation is markedly different.

The Relationship between Mutual Architectural Influence in the Two Case Studies

Based on this research study, the spatial arrangement or lay-out in the Javanese ethnic houses of the case

study can be said to refer to relatively closely to the concept behind the spatial arrangement of their Javanese

country cousins, whereas the roof shape and ornaments refer more to Chinese ethnic architecture.

Thus it would be safe to state that the relationship of the mutual influence between the Javanese ethnic

houses and the impact of their Chinese counterparts can only be discerned in the outer shape of the buildings.

This impact derived from the outer shape of the Javanese ethnic houses observed in the case study cannot be

found in the construction system applied or in the character of the inner space or chambers.

With reference to the theory that the aspect of meaning is believed to consist of meaning connected to the

inner and outer layers, the former can be regarded as equivalent to the structure or function and all-

encompassing ‘umbrella’ (wadah), whereas the latter is seen as equivalent to architectural physical elements

such as floors, walls and roofs of the buildings in question.

Based on an analysis of the interpretation of the in-depth description made, it may be concluded that the

meaning of the inner layer (the functional structure and all-encompassing ‘umbrella’) of space in Javanese

ethnic houses has not all been affected by Chinese residential architecture. The impact that can be established

lies in the influence of the shape of outer elements and ornaments that can be categorized as the meaning of the

outer layer or mere surface.

CONCLUSION

The research result yields the following conclusions:

First of all, the architecture of Javanese ethnic houses observed in the case studies has received obvious

input from the craftsmanship of its Javanese counterparts. The architectural elements derived from the latter can

be found in the roof shape, details added to the side walls, the covered passageway console as well as the

decorative ornaments attached to the roof top;

Secondly, the Javanese ethnic houses observed still take as their starting-point the four central pillars that

form the main ones, even if their shape obviously refers to that of the Chinese ethnic houses observed. The

construction of the supporting roof beams consistently employs the Javanese construction system for its roofs.

The central space sheltered by the roof (gedongan) is still reserved for sanctified activities;

Thirdly, the architectural character of the Javanese ethnic houses observed can be said to have

accommodated the foreign styles very well. Even so, the foreign input that is often developed or merged in

nature can only be found in the non-structural scope ranging from the outer shape to the decorative ornaments;

Fourthly, the resilient power of Javanese ethnic architecture can be identified as the consistent reference

to Javanese concepts underlying all activities. The meaning of layers found in activities that are consistently

applied to this day consists of selamatan (holding ceremonial meals), that is to say the relationship between the

Javanese and the Almighty, tatanan (divine or cosmic plan), that is to say their relationship with cosmic affairs,

tepo-seliro, namely the relationship between the Javanese and their community and finally kualat, referring to

the relationship between the Javanese and their families or relatives.

REFERENCES

1. Fauzy, Bachtiar, 2012, Memahami Relasi Konsep Fungsi, Bentuk dan Makna Arsitektur Rumah Tinggal

Masya-rakat Kota Pesisir Utara di Kawasan Jawa Timur, Kasus Studi : Rumah Tinggal di Pecinan

Kampung Karangturi dan Kampung Jawa Sumber Girang, Lasem, Paper Seminar Nasional Petra: Surabaya

2. Vickers, Adrian, 2009, Peradaban Pesisir : Menuju Sejarah Budaya Asia Tenggara, Pustaka Larasan,

Udayana University Press: Denpasar

3. Jo Santoso, 2008, Arsitektur-Kota Jawa : kosmos, kultur & adikuasa, Centropolis: Jakarta

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6. Sen Tan Ta, 2010, Cheng Ho, Penyebar Islam dari China ke Nusantara, Jakarta: PT. Kompas Media

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15. Mulder, Niels, 1985. Pribadi dan Masyarakat Jawa, Jakarta: Sinar Harapan.

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Press.

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JBASR Editorial Board - PURNAMASALURA Editorial Board. ... Post Graduate Department of Botany, Ghogrey Science College, Dhule - Maharashtra State, India. ... Mehdi jafari Human Development