JB Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN

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JB Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 0717-3458 001 !y "ni#er$i%a% &at'lica %e (al)ara*$o -- &hile

BIOTECHNOLOGY ISSUES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Biotechnology, bioethics and the poor

Minakshi BhardwajIn$titute of Biological Science$

"ni#er$ity of +$u,u!a+$u,u!a Science &ity 305-857 Ja)an

+el: 81 .8 53 4//4/5a2: 81 .8 53 //14

E-ail:!ina,$hihotailco

&on#ention on Biological 6i#er$ity %e$cri!e$ !iotechnology a$ any technological a))lication thatu$e$ !iological $y$te$ li#ing organi$$ or %eri#ati#e$ thereof to a,e or o%ify )ro%uct$ or)roce$$e$ for $)ecific u$e "NE9 1.. +here i$ a ;i%e array of !iotechnologie$ an% it$%ifferent techniu%iciou$ u)roar !ecau$e of theirre)lacea!le )otentiality of the techniu$t not liite% to agriculture an% foo% !ut goe$ !eyon% the anial$ an% huan$

?lthough ;e can $ay that huan$ ha#e !een altering the genetic a,e u) of )lant$ an% anial$for centurie$ through $electi#e !ree%ing in )lant$ an% anial$ to o!tain %e$ire% characteri$tic$an% )articular trait$ of %e$ire% $)ecie$ =ith the i)ro#eent in the !a$ic un%er$tan%ing of the!iological a,e u) an% )roce$$e$ of gro;th an% %e#elo)ent a$ ;ell a$ increa$e inun%er$tan%ing of the genetic a,e u) ;ith other olecular an% cellular )roce$$e$ ;e are no; inthe )o$ition to a))ly thi$ ,no;le%ge in a ore con$i%era!le anner in )lant an% anial$ foragriculture an% foo% an% e%icine )ur)o$e$

Biotechnology i$ a ulti%ien$ional i$$ue an% it ha$ $ocial econoical ethical an% legali)lication$@ along ;ith it$ %i$crete i)lication$ for the en#ironent an% all the !iological$y$te$ ?lthough !iotechnology ha$ largely !een regar%e% a$ a legacy of the %e#elo)e% ;orl%an% the current %e!ate on the future of !iotechnology ha$ al$o inclu%e% it$ !enefit$ an% ri$,$ for%e#elo)ing countrie$ Aany )ro)o$ition$ ha#e !een a%e on it$ a%#antage$ an% %i$a%#antage$

for the )oor in the ;orl% Soetie$ %e!ate$ ha#e not !een )oi$e% an% not in#ol#e% )artici)ationfro thir% ;orl%

Aorality an% ethic$ $eantically ean roughly the $ae although they are not Aorality%e$cri!e$ the acce)te% nor$ that go#ern !eha#ior to;ar%$ other$ Ethic$ in#ol#e$ rational%eci$ion-a,ing !alancing ri$,$ an% !enefit$ +here are 4 !a$ic )rinci)le$ of !ioethic$!eneficence autonoy %o no har an% >u$tice Aacer 1..8 Ethical )rinci)le$ e$$entiallyean the $ae for all regar%le$$ ;hether one i$ rich or )oor o;e#er they are generally)rioritiCe% accor%ing to circu$tance$ for !eneficence an% >u$tice to all
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#8http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#6http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#6http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#8http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#6mailto:[email protected]


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Ba$ically the ain


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the t;o ;hen it coe$ to international le#el Glo!aliCation ha$ it$ a%#antage$ an% %i$a%#antage$Increa$e in ar,et co)etition an% lac, of re$ource$ to %e#elo) !etter infra$tructure foragriculture ha$ >eo)ar%iCe% the future of $all-$cale farer$ in )oor countrie$ ?lthough ;e canargue that inforation on technology ha$ !ecoe relati#ely ore ea$ily acce$$i!le ;ithglo!aliCation

=ith regar% to con$uer$ choice an% other genetically o%ifie% foo% relate% i$$ue$ li,e la!elingany $ur#ey$ $ho; that )u!lic ha$ negati#e feeling$ again$t GA foo% e$)ecially in Euro)e an%Ja)an &hoice of foo% ;hether GA or non-GA hol%$ $all eaning for the )oor ;ho nee% foo%to $ur#i#e +here are %e#elo)ent$ for )ro%ucing genetically o%ifie% foo% carrying #accine$ orenhance% nutritional content that coul% !e $ource of )re#enting nutrient K%eficient %i$ea$e$ +hi$ight !e u$eful in the countrie$ ;here large )o)ulation$ $uffer fro alnutrition

Health and medicine

+he conce)t of health an% e%icine i$ largely relate% to foo% an% the en#ironent ungeralnutrition re$ult$ in $ic,ne$$ an% %eath Ethical i$$ue$ in !iotechnology a))lication$ in e%ical$ector !ecae ore #ocal after the $eect =ill !iotechnology !e a!le to )ro#i%e goo% health to

all $ic, )eo)leF +here are fear$ that it ight ;i%en the )oor an% rich %i#i%e In the %e#elo)ing;orl% $uch a re#olutioniCe% olecular e%icine !a$e% e2)en$i#e health care ay not !e the fir$tchoice for !etter treatent ;here illion$ of )eo)le %o not e#en ha#e acce$$ to !a$ic e%icaltreatent 9o#erty an% fierce )atent )rotection a,e$ %rug$ unaffor%a!le )oor )eo)le in the;orl% ?$ any %i$ea$e-cau$ing icroorgani$$ are !ecoing anti!iotic re$i$tant the )eo)lenee% ne; e%icine$ ? )arallel i$$ue i$ that in any %e#elo)ing countrie$ tra%itional e%icine i$u$e% for treatent of any %i$ea$e$ &ountrie$ li,e &hina an% In%ia ha#e %e#elo)e% ?yur#e%aan% ?cu)uncture an% it i$ a !ig $ource of incoe a$ ;ell a$ cultural )ractice = ro thata$)ect !iotechnology ay affect their incoe generation $ource Aany %e#elo)ing countrie$ al$oa,e chea)er generic %rug$ an% ha#e a !ig ar,et in )oor countrie$ in ?frica =hen ;orl% tra%eregulation$ coe into force fro the year 00/ the $u))ly of tho$e generic %rug$ ;oul% %ry u)In June 001 "N announce% a Glo!al ealth un% of L 10 !illion to fight ?I6S +B an% alaria inthe )oor countrie$ !ut it coul% generate only one tenth of it$ target !ecau$e of %ifference$ in the

)rioritie$ !et;een Euro)e an% "nite$ State$ Aac,enCie 001

+he arguent$ are not eant to %e)reciate )atent$ 9atent$ encourage $cientific $)irit$ an%retain enthu$ia$ of $ta,ehol%er$ to e2)lore ne; thing$ +he challenge i$ ho; ;e can !alancethe nee%$ of the )oor ;ith $ati$fying the %ean%$ of %rug anufacturer$ Doughly it ta,e$a))ro2iately L 500 illion to )ro%uce a %rug ;ith %eca%e$ of inten$i#e re$earch or $cienti$t$;ho $)en% tie oney energy an% intelligence )atent$ are a re;ar% for their in#ention Butthere are liit$ to autonoy an% $cientific free%o Scienti$t$ al$o ha#e $ocial %uty a!o#e their)er$onal autonoy to )ro#i%e !e$t fro their e2)erti$e ;ithout %oing har in any for Bhar%;a>1...

It i$ agree% that it ;ill !e e2treely %ifficult an% in $oe ca$e$ i)o$$i!le to )ro#i%e !e$ttreatent to all in nee% !ut a rational an% !alance% a))roach i$ nee%e% $o that the )eo)le in the

%e#elo)ing ;orl% ha#e their $hare of !enefit$ fro the$e a%#anceent$ +he )rinci)al of >u$tice i$not liite% to the )ro#i$ion of goo% health-care $y$te$ al$o it coul% !e relate% to !iocentricthin,ing ;hen anial$ are u$e% for e2)erient$ ;hich i$ another cau$e of concern in anycountrie$ &ritici$ ha$ !een rai$e% again$t ultinational %rug cor)oration$ u$ing )oor %i$ea$e)re#alent countrie$ a$ te$ting groun%$ or for )lace!o control trial$ e$)ecially in ?frican continent;here it i$ not only chea)er to %o trial$ al$o $ince the e)i%eic i$ at #ery alaring $tage there$ult$ for the trial$ are ea$y to o!tain Ethically ;e $houl% )ro#i%e foo% an% e%icine to tho$e;ho nee% the +he conce)t can !e argue% fro utilitarian ethic$ ;hich $ay$ a2iu goo% fora2iu )eo)le or !a$e% on theory of Ju$tice !y Da;l$ that argue$ for goo%ne$$ !a$e% on thelea$t that coul% !e !enefite%
http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#10http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#7http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#1http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#1http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#10http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#7http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#1http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#1


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Need for proper Information management

Inforation anageent i$ a!ility to acce$$ inforation an% at the $ae tie !eing a!le to%i$$einate inforation Inforation anageent i$ an i)ortant i$$ue in the light of ra)i%eergence of inforation tool$ It i$ )art of ca)acity !uil%ing an% e)o;erent of the nation$Still there i$ a #ery #i$i!le %i#i%e on the i$$ue of inforation anageent !et;een the rich

countrie$ an% the )oor countrie$ +he central i$$ue in inforation anageent i$ the ,no;le%gega) an% inforation )ro!le =orl% Ban, De)ort 1..8 +he relation$hi) !et;een ,no;le%gega) an% inforation )ro!le i$ a t;in i$$ue an% cannot !e a%%re$$e% $e)arately It i$ unli,ely toentirely eliinate uneu$t a%o)t the technology@ !ut the )araount i$$ue i$ lac, of!a$ic re$ource$ to get acce$$ to technology for inforation &o)uter$ an% Internet i$ nota#aila!le in the reote #illage$ E#en if it i$ a#aila!le illiteracy i$ an o!$tacle to )eo)le to fully

e2)loit the a%#antage$ of %igital technology +he local )eo)le in the rural #illage$ lac, the ca)acityto un%er$tan% an% ca)ture the ,no;le%ge in the %igital for Internet connecti#ity alone ;ill not$ol#e the i$$ue of inforation )ro!le ;here in the o$t %e#elo)ent )rogra$ the ain $ourceof inforation i$ through training an% %irect con$ultation ;ith e2)erti$e

Inforation %i$$eination i$ e


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technical e2)erti$e at the gra$$-root But the$e )rogra$ ha#e $oetie$ !een alienate% frothe ;ay$ or o))ortunitie$ of their return$ for i)lying enhance% technologie$ for i)ro#ing)ro%uction$ ?ccor%ing to ?Su$taina!le %e#elo)ent $houl% focu$ on $u$taina!le li#elihoo%$)eo)le$ )artici)ation an% ain$treaing of gen%er@ an% )o)ulation i$$ue$ Su$taina!le rural%e#elo)ent $houl% ;or, for agrarian tran$foration an% in$titutional refor@ re$earche2ten$ion e%ucation an% counication@ natural re$ource onitoring an% anageent ?Su$taina!le 6e#elo)ent 6e)artent ? $u$taina!le rural %e#elo)ent ;ill occur only ;henthere i$ a clear un%er$tan%a!le fruitful interaction i$ there !et;een %onor$ an% the reci)ient$=hen %ean% an% $u))ly i$ !alance% an% re$ource$ are not e2)loite% !ut harne$$e% +here i$)artici)ation an% interaction at gra$$-root le#el

Conclusions

Ethical i$$ue$ of !iotechnology are not liite% to the i$$ue$ %i$cu$$e% in thi$ )a)er =e nee% toe2aine our o;n >u%gent !efore ;e a))ly ethical )rinci)le$ in any a$)ect of life o; to!alance our o;n intere$t$ ;ith the intere$t$ of the $ociety in ;hich ;e li#e an% $hare the fruit$ ofthe ,no;le%ge an% e2)erti$eF Bioethic$ gi#e$ #alue to e#erything either intrin$ic or e2trin$ic=hen ;e a))ly !ioethical )rinci)le$ to !iotechnology the greate$t challenge for huan,in% i$ toaccre%it #alue of foo% #alue of huan health an% ;ell !eing #alue of one$elf an% counity

o$t i)ortantly #alue of nature an% natural re$ource$

References

Bhar%;a> A 1... Ethical i$$ue$ of uan Genoe 9ro>ect &onference on Glo!al Etho$"nite% Nation$ "ni#er$ity +o,yo Ja)an ?#aila!le fro:

htt):#ula!ia$unue%uGlo!alEtho$)a)er$ina,$hihtl [ Links]

Bro;n AA 000 Bringing Inforation ?ffluence to the 6e#elo)ing =orl% ?%%re$$ to +he

State of the =orl% oru Ne; Hor, 7 Se)te!er 000 [ Links]

? ?#aila!le fro: ;;;faoorg [Links]

? 1../ Doe 6eclaration on =orl% oo% Security ?#aila!le fro:

;;;faoorg [ Links]

? Su$taina!le 6e#elo)ent 6e)artent ?#aila!le fro: ;;;faoorg [ Links]

Aacer 6 1..8 Bioethic$ i$ o#e of ife Eu!io$ Ethic$ In$titute Ja)an [ Links]

Aac,enCie 6 001 9rotection Dac,et Ne; Scienti$t 1 July 001 [Links]

"NE9 1.. &on#ention on Biological 6i#er$ity [Links]

"nite% Nation$ 1.48 "ni#er$al 6eclaration of uan Dight$ [Links]

= ?#aila!le fro: ;;;;hoorg [Links]

=orl% Ban, De)ort 1..8 no;le%ge for 6e#elo)ent Gene#a 1..8 ?#aila!le fro:

;;;;hoorg [ Links]
http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#5http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#5http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#5http://vulab.ias.unu.edu/GlobalEthos/papers/minakshi.htmlhttp://www.fao.org/http://www.fao.org/http://www.fao.org/http://www.who.org/http://www.who.org/http://www.who.org/http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#5http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#5http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582001000300004&script=sci_arttext#5http://vulab.ias.unu.edu/GlobalEthos/papers/minakshi.htmlhttp://www.fao.org/http://www.fao.org/http://www.fao.org/http://www.who.org/http://www.who.org/


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http://www.eubios.info/NBB/NBBGEP.htm (jurnal EB!

Advancement of plant breeding techniques: scientific, social and global impact

" #iroshi #ara$a% &o'teur"es"'ien'es%Professor Emeritus% )ni*ersit+ of ,sukuba#ome: -"" 0inami"1o+ama% 0inato"ku% ,ok+o 23% 1P1N

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics4 (554!% "6.

Abstract

E$" ,his is an abri$7e$ summar+ of a plenar+ le'ture 7i*en in ul+ 554 in ,sukuba% atthe 6th 8nternational +mposium on the Biosafet+ 9esults of iel$ ,ests of Geneti'all+0o$ifie$ Plants an$ 0i'roor7anisms% on the re'ent $e*elopments in plant bree$in7te'hni;ues an$ the impa't on ;uantitati*e an$ ;ualitati*e impro*ement of foo$pro$u'tion% an$ also some relate$ problems that we are now fa'in7 an$ we are etrans7eni' plants that ha*e 'omplie$ with the 01 Gui$elines in apan. ,he - plantlines of *irus resistant"tomatoes% "petunia% "ri'e% "melon% ripenin7 $ela+e$"tomatoes an$
http://www.eubios.info/NBB/NBBGEP.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/NBB/NBBGEP.htm


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herbi'i$e tolerant"'anola an$ "so+bean are now release$ in apan. ,he 0inistr+ of #ealthan$ ?elfare notifie$ the 7ui$elines in'lu$in7 the foo$ safet+ assessment of 'rop plants$eri*e$ throu7h biote'hnolo7+ in ebruar+ 554. 01 notifie$ the 7ui$elines of thesafet+ assessments for animal fee$ an$ fee$ a$$iti*e $eri*e$ throu7h biote'hnolo7+ in1pril 554. 3 trans7eni' 'rops in'lu$in7 herbi'i$e tolerant 'anola an$ so+bean% an$

inse't resistant potato an$ 'orn are now bein7 un$er re*iew in the 0inistries.

Introduction

,o$a+% man+ people will share a 'ommon i$ea that $eepenin7 basi' resear'h an$promotin7 pra'ti'al appli'ation of biote'hnolo7+ are essential to maintain an$ e*en toenhan'e a7ri'ultural pro$u'tion% to 'onser*e natural resour'es an$ to impro*een*ironmental ;ualit+ for the present an$ future life of the people on the earth. ,his i$eahas% in fa't% been materiali@e$ in *arious areas of plant s'ien'e% parti'ularl+ in plantbree$in7. ?e 'an now 'ount $o@ens of new *arieties worl$wi$e that ha*e outstan$in7uni;ue 'hara'teristi's intro$u'e$ b+ re'ombinant &N1 te'hni;ues.

,hese a'hie*ements re;uire us to 'onsi$er 7eneti'all+ mo$ifie$ plants within the 'onte


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interest in plant bree$in7 are ;uantitati*el+ inherite$. Better un$erstan$in7 on the 7eneti'base of multi7eni' traits usin7 &N1 markers is *aluable in establishin7 a proper bree$in7strate7+ an$ mi7ht permit the mole'ular $isse'tion of these traits.

,he abilit+ of plant 'ells to re7enerate a whole plant is 'alle$ totipoten'+. Plant bree$in7

b+ usin7 tissue an$ 'ell 'ulture is base$ on this uni;ue 'hara'teristi's of plant 'ells. ,hee-2 plantspe'ies sin'e the first report in 546. )p to now% re7istere$ *arieties of ri'e% toba''o%Dhinese 'abba7e an$ other 'rops ha*e been pro$u'e$ b+ these metho$s% in apan.

or bree$in7% a lar7e number of $ouble$ haploi$ plants is ne'essar+. 0ore effi'ientmetho$s shoul$ be $e*elope$. 1n$ro7eni' embr+o7enesis has been reporte$ in se*eral'rops. 8t seems to be less mutable than 'allus"forme$ 'ulture. #aploi$ plants $o not ha*ean+ alleles. ,hen% the anal+sis of 7enes b+ mole'ular 7eneti' metho$s in haploi$ ise


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,o 'larif+ the 'hara'teristi's of 7enes 'ontrollin7 phenot+pi'al traits an$ to impro*eplants b+ 'han7in7 the 7eneti' information% i$entifi'ation an$ isolation of 7enes'orrespon$in7 to trait are re;uire$. 0ap"base$ 'lonin7 is one of the metho$s to performthis 7oal. 8n 'ase of ri'e% pre'ise ta77in7 of tar7et trait is promise$ usin7 man+ &N1markers pro$u'e$ b+ 7enome anal+sis. urther% &N1 fra7ment 'arr+in7 a 7ene of tar7et

trait is i$entifie$ utili@in7 a ri'e ph+si'al map pro$u'e$ b+ 7enome anal+sis. Narrowin7 atar7et 7enomi' re7ion b+ in'reasin7 a se7re7ation population si@e an$ b+ $own"si@in7 a'an$i$ate &N1 fra7ment% we e


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&i*erse 7eneti' resour'es of 'rop spe'ies in*ol*e the 7enes nee$e$ for future 'ropimpro*ement. Germplasm 'olle'tions pro*i$e foo$% fee$ an$ fiber se'urit+ for mankin$an$ materials to answer fun$amental ;uestions of biolo7+. ,hese $a+s pressin7limitations on assemblin7 an$ utili@in7 7eneti' resour'es in'lu$e the rapi$ $e'rease in$i*ersit+ worl$wi$e. ,he ur7en'+ to prote't 7lobal 7eneti' resour'es is 7reater than e*er

before.

in'e 55% 'ollaborati*e e


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shoul$ be $esi7ne$ in su'h a wa+ that te'hni'al pro*isions 'oul$ be re*ise$ perio$i'all+an$ the results of the te'hni'al $e*elopment 'oul$ be in'orporate$ into the frameworkwithout $ela+. ?e think it is important to establish an internationall+ harmoni@e$framework for the safe han$lin7 of r&N1 or7anisms within a few +ears.

resent State of agricultural use of transgenic plants in !apan

8n apan o*erall $e*elopment% in'lu$in7 han$lin7 an$ 'ulture of r&N1 or7anisms arepla'e$ un$er se*en 7ui$elines. f the fi*e 'o*erin7 post "laborator+ fiel$s% one b+ the0inistr+ of 17ri'ulture% orestr+ an$ isheries (01! 'o*ers all 'ate7ories ofor7anisms% in'lu$in7 plants% animals an$ mi'roor7anisms% an$ 7eneral release of those.,he purpose of these Gui$elines is to establish basi' re;uirements 'on'ernin7 theappropriate appli'ation of re'ombinant or7anisms in a7ro"in$ustries so as to assure thesafe use of re'ombinant or7anisms an$ to a'hie*e soun$ o*erall $e*elopment. ,he 01Gui$elines were re"issue$ in 55- 'on'ernin7 the han$lin7 of re'ombinant plants$e*elope$ in forei7n 'ountries.

8n the 'ase of plants% safet+ is assesse$ in four steps% two steps are 'on$u'te$ in 7reenhouses for resear'h% other two in fiel$s for pra'ti'al use. o far% ei7ht+"four appli'ationsin'lu$in7 fort+"two trans7eni' plants ha*e 'omplie$ with the 01 Gui$elines b+ the0inister. ,he fifteen plant lines of *irus resistant"tomatoes% "petunia% "ri'e% "melon%ripenin7 $ela+e$"tomatoes an$ herbi'i$e tolerant"'anola an$ "so+bean are now release$in apan.

,he 0inistr+ of #ealth an$ ?elfare notifie$ the 7ui$elines in'lu$in7 the foo$ safet+assessment of 'rop plants $eri*e$ throu7h biote'hnolo7+ in ebruar+ 554. urthermore%01 also notifie$ the 7ui$elines of the safet+ assessments for animal fee$ an$ fee$

a$$iti*e $eri*e$ throu7h biote'hnolo7+ in 1pril 554. e*en trans7eni' 'rops in'lu$in7herbi'i$e tolerant" 'anola an$ "so+bean %an$ inse't resistant potato" an$ 'orn" are nowbein7 un$er re*iew in the 0inistries.

ublic acceptance

n the other han$% some of the 7eneral publi' are not familiar with r&N1 te'hnolo7+%an$ some seem to feel un'omfortable with biote'hnolo7+. 8n or$er to promotea7ri'ultural biote'hnolo7+% it is essential to 7i*e pre'ise information about biote'hnolo7+%espe'iall+ r&N1 te'hnolo7+% to 7eneral publi' so that the+ 'an 'omfortabl+ a''eptbiote'hnolo7+ an$ the pro$u'ts.

Go*ernments an$ $e*elopers shoul$ 'onstantl+ promote a'ti*ities to buil$ an$ fosterper'eption an$ 'omprehension of 7eneral publi' about r&N1 te'hnolo7+ an$ its safet+ tointro$u'e the pro$u'ts without 'onsumers mis7i*in7s. Le'tures an$ pra'ti'al e


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ur $esire is to $e*elop this te'hnolo7+ e*en further so that it will be more useful in thewelfare of people all o*er the worl$ as we tr+ to li*e in harmon+ with nature. ,herefore%all s'ientists 'on'erne$% espe'iall+ oursel*es 7athere$ here to$a+% shoul$ 'ontinue theresear'h work in or$er to se'ure more stable suppl+ of foo$s% better en*ironment an$ne'essar+ ener7+ for the worl$.

"eeds of biotechnology in developing countries

,here are *arious 'onstraints on a7ri'ultural pro$u'tion: heat% $rou7ht% salinit+% pests%$iseases% et'. ,hese bioti' an$ abioti' 'onstraints result in the instabilit+ of 'rop +iel$%whi'h often lea$s to star*ation an$ malnutrition of a lar7e number of people in$e*elopin7 'ountries. 8n a$$ition% the rapi$l+ 7rowin7 population a''elerates the$eterioration of natural resour'es% espe'iall+ in mar7inal lan$s. ?e are now fa'e$ withthe nee$ to in'rease the sustainabilit+ of a7ri'ultural pro$u'tion% while the la'k ofmaterials an$ infrastru'ture ne'essar+ for a7ri'ultural pro$u'tion in most of the$e*elopin7 'ountries makes it $iffi'ult to in'rease an$ stabili@e their a7ri'ultural

pro$u'ti*it+. ,herefore% the role of plant bree$in7 or 7eneti' impro*ement of 'rop spe'iesfor hi7h a$aptabilit+ will be'ome in'reasin7l+ important in the a7ri'ulture of the$e*elopin7 'ountries.

apanese ri'e bree$ers ha*e re'entl+ $e*elope$ a new uplan$ ri'e *ariet+ with $rou7httoleran'e whi'h was sele'te$ from a 'ross between D=(lo'al in$i'a *ariet+ intro$u'e$from 8998! an$ Norin"mo'hi 6 (apanese uplan$ *ariet+!. ,he former *ariet+ is hi7hl+tolerant to $rou7ht $ue to the $eep root s+stem% a trait whi'h has been su''essfull+in'orporate$ into the new *ariet+. #owe*er% the $etermination of the root $epth ofpro7enies was 'onsi$erabl+ laborious. Biolo7i'al pro'e$ures su'h as a mole'ular markerassiste$ s'reenin7 metho$ ma+ 7reatl+ fa'ilitate plant bree$in7 for $rou7ht toleran'e.

0oreo*er% re'ent pro7ress in biote'hnolo7+ is rapi$l+ in'reasin7 the possibilit+ ofmo$if+in7 'rops 7eneti'all+ to make them hi7hl+ tolerant to *arious kin$s of a$*erse'on$itions. )sin7 biote'hnolo7+ alon7 with 7eneti' resour'es% it will be'ome possible inthe near future to 'arr+ out bree$in7 at the mole'ular le*el for man+ important 'rops forthe in$u'tion of stress toleran'e. ,hese new 'rops shoul$ 'ontribute to the in'rease an$stabili@ation of a7ri'ultural pro$u'tion with lower labor an$ finan'ial input in $e*elopin7'ountries.

1lthou7h biote'hnolo7+ fa'ilities ha*e been re'entl+ establishe$ in man+ $e*elopin7'ountries% their s'ientifi' an$ te'hni'al 'apabilit+ remains still limite$ 'ompare$ to that ofin$ustriali@e$ 'ountries. La'k of fun$in7 an$ human resour'es results in the appli'ationof limite$ aspe'ts of biote'hnolo7+ in most of these 'ountries% where 7eneti' en7ineerin7is too 'ostl+. 8t is har$l+ possible to 'arr+ out mole'ular bree$in7 in the $e*elopin7'ountries for the time bein7% althou7h the farmers in these 'ountries nee$ the benefits ofmo$ern hi7h te'hnolo7+.

,he pri*ate se'tor now pla+s an important role in resear'h% $e*elopment an$ use ofbiote'hnolo7+ in in$ustriali@e$ 'ountries an$ the+ in*est more in those areas where the+


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e


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,here will be two wa+s to further enhan'e effe'ti*e use of out'ome of biote'hnolo7+%espe'iall+ biosafet+ fiel$ tests. ne is to impro*e publi' un$erstan$in7. in'e publi'attitu$es are shape$ more b+ histor+% 'ulture% an$ so'iolo7i'al fa'tors than the+ are b+s'ientifi' 'onsi$erations% spe'ial efforts to impro*e publi' a''eptan'e nee$ to bestren7thene$ b+ all se'tors in*ol*e$.

1nother is to promote international harmoni@ation. ,his shoul$ aim to re$u'e $upli'ation%'ontribute to safe appli'ation of biote'hnolo7+% promote international e


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Like an+ new or e


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>! hori@ontal mo*ement of 7enes into other plant spe'ies% $ue to latent infe'tion with aba'terial *e'tor %

! es'ape an$ proliferation of trans7eni' plants in to the wil$ %

6! h+bri$i@ation with an$ trans7ene intro$u'tion into nati*e wil$ spe'ies (E*enhuis et al.%55A Hapteijns% 55A 9e7al%556!.

No e*i$en'e e5 'hlorosulfuron"resistant see$lin7s out of 44-22(2.22=I!. ne of these see$lin7s was foun$ 4m $istant from the test plot% all others werewithin 6.-m of the test plot. No trans7eni' pro7en+ were $ete'te$ in the ni7htsha$e plot.,hus% there is no e*i$en'e of wi$esprea$ $ispersal of trans7eni' potato 7ermplasm% an$ abor$er row of 4m is suffi'ient to reasonabl+ ensure 'ontainment. ,he h+bri$i@ation oftransforme$ plant spe'ies with wil$ flora an$ abilit+ of the 'rop to run wil$ is one wa+for 7ene mo*ement also. iel$"tests with safe 'rops 'an be use$ to assess the effe'ts ofintro$u'in7 transforme$ plants in a7ri'ultural e'os+stem. ,hese aspe'ts ha*e beenin*esti7ate$ b+ Hapteijns (55! with use of four unmo$ifie$ a7ri'ultural 'rops (potato%beet% oilsee$ rape an$ mai@e!. ,he to


17/152

'onstru't. ,rans7eni' pro$u'ts that naturall+ o''ur in other or7anisms ha*e been'onsume$ without $etriment for +ears an$ therefore are un$oubte$l+ safe. ,his will alsobe true of the trans7eni' potatoes that are bein7 en7ineere$ either to o*er"e


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sure about the safet+ of usin7 trans7eni' spe'ies. ,hen we shoul$ 'reate an ethi'al basisfor use% whi'h will help us to 'ommuni'ate with the publi'.

1n e


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0epham% ,.B.% 55. 1pproa'hes to the ethi'al e*aluation of animal biote'hnolo7ies.Anim. Prod. -3: -"-5.

9e7al% P. . 556. 'ientifi' prin'iples for e'olo7i'all+ base$ risk asessment of trans7eni'or7anisms.!ol. Ecol : -".

)mbe'k% P..% et al. 55. &e7ree of pollen $ispersal b+ inse'ts from a fiel$ test of7eneti'all+ en7ineere$ 'otton.Journal of Economic Entomology =6 (4!: 56"5-2.

Go ba'k toEJAIB eptember 554Go ba'k toEJAIB,he Eubios Ethi's 8nstituteis on the worl$ wi$e web of 8nternet:http://eubios.info/in$e


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http://www.eubios.info/BP.htm

Bioethics for the People by thePeople

&arr+l 9. . 0a'er% Ph.&.?ith some frien$s% an$ some of the people.

Eubios Ethi's 8nstitute552

%opyright)**+, arryl R- !- .acer- All commercial rights reserved- 'his publication may

be reproduced for limited educational or academic use, ho$ever please enquire

$ith the author-

%ontents

*"i*: Prefa'e

I- /niversal &ioethics

">: . )ni*ersal bioethi's: herita7e an$ hope

Biolo7i'al herita7e >o'ial herita7e 6piritual herita7e 4

#opes an$ fears for uni*ersal bioethi's 5+nthesis

>">5: >. 1 framework for uni*ersal bioethi's1utonom+ >

usti'e 4Lo*e: to $o 7oo$ while a*oi$in7 harm 4tewar$ship: the *alue of bein7 ali*e =

Ethi'al limits of animal use >6,he ;ualit+ of life >=

Balan'in7 >52"=:. ustainable li*in7 an$ te'hnolo7+

ustainable li*in7 2Lifest+le Dhan7e >

Bioethi'al maturit+ 69eferen'es 3
http://www.eubios.info/BFP.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/index.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/DARRYL.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPP.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP1.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP2.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP3.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/index.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/DARRYL.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPP.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP1.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP2.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP3.htm


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II- International bioethics

5"62: 8nternational Bioethi's" &arr+l 0a'er

6"6-:,ren$s in bioethi's in the )nite$ tates" 0i'hael . Kesle+

64"-2:,he Dlinton #ealth Dare 9eform: 1n o*er*iew an$ 'riti;ue" &aniel ?ikler

-"-4: Geneti' information in the health 'are reform era" Paul 9. Billin7s

-3"4>: Ethi'al prin'iples in publi' health 'are in 'an$ana*ia: 9elati*ism an$ the 'ulturalfoun$ations of health 'are ethi's" Hnut Erik ,rano+

4>"43:Neshama an$ 8no'hi as bases for 8sraeli"apanese bioethi'al 'ommuni'ation "rank . Lea*itt

4="3: Bioethi's within the Doun'il of Europe: ,he prote'tion of 7eneti' information"Dhristian B+k

36"5: 'ientifi' ethi's: 9esponse to workshops on s'ien'e an$ ethi's in New Jealan$"&arr+l 0a'er% #owar$ Be@ar% &.Gareth ones% 1lan Hirton% F Barbara Ni'holas

5>"53: Bioethi'al $imensions of un$er$e*elopment" ija+ Haushik

*01)2+: Global bioethics and common hope1 !ayapaul Azariah

5=: . E'olo7+ an$ 9eli7ion: pirtualit+ mo$e " 1 ke+stone in e'obalan'e

26: >. Eastern en*ironmental ethi's an$ 'on'eptual resour'e transfer>: . Biophilosoph+ of the biosphere an$ the &arwinian para$i7m

III- International &ioethics Survey

>-"=: 8nternational Bioethi's ur*e+ " ?orl$ iew " &arr+l 0a'er

5"6-: Bioethi'al reasonin7 inNew Jealan$% 1ustralia" &arr+l 0a'er

64"-2: Bioethi'al reasonin7 inapan " Kuko Hato F &arr+l 0a'er

-"-4: Bioethi'al reasonin7 in 9ussia " ija+ Haushik F &arr+l 0a'er

-3"42: Bioethi'al reasonin7 in 8n$ia " a+apaul 1@ariah% #il$a 1@ariah F &arr+l 0a'er

4"46: Bioethi'al reasonin7 in ,hailan$ " Peerasak rini*es% Prasert Dhatwa'hirawon7%0iho ,su@uki F &arr+l 0a'er
http://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPIB.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPMY.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPMY.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPMY.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPDW.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPDW.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPPB.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPKT.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPKT.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPFL.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPCB.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPCB.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPSE.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPVK.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPJA.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPJA.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP4.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP5.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP5.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP5.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP6.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP6.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP7.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP8.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP9.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPIB.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPMY.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPDW.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPPB.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPKT.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPKT.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPFL.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPCB.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPSE.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPVK.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPJA.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP4.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP5.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP6.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP7.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP8.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP9.htm


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4-"45: Bioethi'al reasonin7 of stu$ents in in7apore an$ #on7 Hon7 " &arr+l 0a'er%Dhin Dhoon n7% 0aureen Boost F ,it 0en7 Lim

32"3: Bioethi'al reasonin7 of me$i'al stu$ents in the Philippines " &arr+l 0a'er F1n7eles ,an 1lora

36"34:Bioethi's sur*e+s an$ the ;uantifi'ation of ethi's " rank Lea*ittA response:&arr+l 0a'er

33"=-: Bioethi's in #i7h 'hools in New Jealan$% 1ustralia F apan " &arr+l 0a'er%Kukiko 1sa$a% hiro 1ki+ama F 0iho ,su@uki

I3- International &ioethics Survey ata 'ables

=4"=3: 8n$e< to $ata tables an$ ;uestion numbers

=3">2-:tatisti'al 9esults &ata ,ables "2

>24">-: tatisti'al 9esults &ata ,ables ">3

>4">6: 9easonin7 an$ e65">--: 8nternational Bioethi's #i7h 'hool E$u'ation ur*e+ uestionnaire

,he followin7 se'tions are not on line:

>-4">-: Nature " in wor$s an$ pi'tures>4"65: Nature " in pi'tures

-2"62-: Life " in wor$s an$ pi'tures624"6>-: Life " in pi'tures

6>4"6->: ,ea'hers *iews of what bioethi's is

Cataloging-in-Publication data

Macer, Darryl R.J. (Darryl Raymund Johnson), 19!-

"ioethics #or the Peo$le by the Peo$le % Darryl R.J. Macer.

Christchurch, &.'. ubios thics *nstitute, 199+.1 .

*ncludes bibliogra$hical re#erences and indees.

*"& /-9/009-/2-

1. 3enetic engineering--4ustralia--5ong 6ong--*ndia--*srael--Ja$an--

&e7 'ealand--8he Phili$$ines--Russia--inga$ore--8hailand--Public

o$inion. !. "iotechnology--4ustralia--5ong 6ong--*ndia--*srael--
http://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP10.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP11.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP12.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP12.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP13.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPTLIST.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPDATA1.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPDATA1.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPDATA2.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPOC.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/bfp/BFPIBS.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPIBES.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP10.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP11.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP12.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFP13.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPTLIST.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPDATA1.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPDATA2.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPOC.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/bfp/BFPIBS.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/BFP/BFPIBES.htm


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Ja$an--&e7 'ealand--8he Phili$$ines--Russia--inga$ore--

8hailand--Public o$inion. . 3enetic engineering--4ustralia--5ong

6ong--*ndia--*srael--Ja$an--&e7 'ealand--8he Phili$$ines--Russia--

inga$ore--8hailand--Moral and ethical as$ects. +. "iotechnology--

4ustralia--5ong 6ong--*ndia--*srael--Ja$an--&e7 'ealand--8he

Phili$$ines--Russia--inga$ore--8hailand--Moral and ethical as$ects.2. "ioethics--4ustralia--5ong 6ong--*ndia--*srael--Ja$an--&e7

'ealand--8he Phili$$ines--Russia--inga$ore--8hailand--Public

o$inion. . Public o$inion--4ustralia--5ong 6ong--*ndia--*srael--

Ja$an--&e7 'ealand--8he Phili$$ines--Russia--inga$ore--8hailand.

. Medical genetics--Moral and ethical as$ects. 0. nironmental

ethics. *. ubios thics *nstitute. **. 8itle.

/.+0/92! (1+.92+)

4ey 5ords: &ioethics, &iotechnology, 6nvironmental ethics, 6ugenics, Genetic

%ounseling, Genetic 6ngineering, Genetic Screening, Gene 'herapy, #umanGenetic isease, .edical 6thics, .edical Genetics 7iagnosis, 'reatment and

revention8, "ature, atenting of 9ife, ublic erceptions of Genetic isease, ublic

erceptions of Genetic %ounseling, Reproductive 'echnology-

urther copies can be obtained by ordering from the 6ubios 6thics Institute,

rof- arryl .acer,

Regional Advisor on Social and #uman Sciences in Asia and the acific,

R/S#SA, /"6S%; &ang(o(,

*2< Su(hum$it Road,

ra(anong, &ang(o(

'hailand )st 'entur+ with renewe$ hope for a new phase of international
http://www.eubios.info/order.htmmailto:[email protected]://www.eubios.info/BOOKS.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/index.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/order.htmmailto:[email protected]://www.eubios.info/BOOKS.htmhttp://www.eubios.info/index.htm


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relations followin7 the 'ollapse of the o*iet superpower an$ the $emise of Dol$ ?armentalit+ that persiste$ for nearl+ half a 'entur+% the realit+ of the $ail+ wars an$'onfli'ts $ont allow us to for7et that the worl$ is ma$e up of 7roups whi'h 'laim to be$ifferent. ,he 'laim to be $ifferent from another 7roup% often ma$e b+ lea$ers of aparti'ular so'ial 7roup or 7an7% whi'h un$erlies man+ 'onfli'ts% $oes not mean that su'h

7roups are a'tuall+ $ifferent.

,his raises a fun$amental ;uestion whi'h is the main reason behin$ the assembl+ ofpapers an$ sur*e+ $ata in this book. ,he ;uestion is a sensiti*e one% $o people in $ifferent'ountries share the same thinkin7% an$ reasonin7M 8f the+ $o% then we 'oul$ 'all thisuni*ersalism% an$ it makes the possibilit+ of uni*ersal ethi's real. 8f the+ $o not% thenwhat we must aim for is 'ross"'ultural un$erstan$in7% perhaps with some $e7ree ofuni*ersalism. 1t the be7innin7 8 shoul$ make it ;uite plain that the use of sur*e+s is onl+one part of the o*erall approa'h we 'an use to look at 'ultures% an$ that this book isinten$e$ as a 'ontribution to answerin7 this ;uestion% it $oes not 'laim to ha*e the wholepi'ture. #owe*er% the $ata presente$ here are a 'hallen7e to all of us to in'orporate or

e!% howe*er% the 'on'ept of bioethi's is mu'h ol$er% as we 'an see in the ethi'sformulate$ an$ $ebate$ in literature% art% musi' an$ the 7eneral 'ultural an$ reli7ioustra$itions of our an'estors.

Life is $i*erse an$ 'omple< an$ so are the issues that the manipulation of life an$ natureraises. ,o resol*e these issues% an$ $e*elop prin'iples% we must in*ol*e anthropolo7+%so'iolo7+% biolo7+% reli7ion% ps+'holo7+% philosoph+% an$ e'onomi'sA we must 'ombinethe s'ientifi' ri7our of biolo7i'al $ata% with the *alues of reli7ion an$ philosoph+ to$e*elop a worl$"*iew. Bioethi's is therefore 'hallen7e$ to be a multi"si$e$ an$thou7htful approa'h to $e'ision"makin7 so that it ma+ be rele*ant to all aspe'ts of humanlife. ?ithout 'ombinin7 both of these spheres of thou7ht% natural s'ien'e an$ *alues% we'an ne*er su''ee$ to e*en approa'h a uni*ersal ethi's. #owe*er% bioethi's is not just ana'a$emi' en$ea*our or an applie$ part of philosophi'al ethi's% it is roote$ in the $ail+ lifean$ attitu$es of all people% hen'e the title of this book%Bioethics for the People by thePeople.


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,he term bioethi's shoul$ mean the stu$+ of life ethi's% but it has often been *iewe$ onl+as a part. ,he 'on'ern with me$i'al ethi's has meant that while man+ people% or'ommittees% are 'alle$ Cbioethi'sC 'ommittees% the+ onl+ 'onsi$er me$i'al ethi's.Likewise% e'olo7i'al an$ en*ironmental ethi's must in'lu$e human"human intera'tions%as these intera'tions are one of the $ominant e'olo7i'al intera'tions in the worl$. Both

e


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People ha*e min$s whi'h sear'h for knowle$7e% an$ we 'an un$erstan$ more an$ moreof the worl$. 1 primiti*e pi'ture of Go$ is to use CGo$C to e


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1ustralopithe'us. 8t is su77este$ b+ fossil e*i$en'e that a spe'ies

#omo ere'tuse*ol*e$ in 1fri'a% an$ some left 1fri'a mi7ratin7 to Europe an$ 1sia. ,he fossil e*i$en'esu77ests that the+ mi7rate$ about million +ears a7o. ,hese were earl+ humans. 8t is then

su77este$ that another mi7ration of a more mo$ern human from 1fri'a o''urre$ about>22%222 +ears a7o whi'h $ispla'e$ all the ol$ spe'ies of humans% 'onsistent with themito'hon$rial &N1 stu$ies. ,here is $isa7reement about the fossil e*i$en'e% an$ 'han7esin skull bones% an$ it is $iffi'ult to re'onstru't fra7ments. #owe*er% the biolo7i'al $atatells us that all human bein7s ha*e the same basi' set of 7enes% the *ariation foun$ in an+one population 'o*ers almost all of the total *ariation% an$ that humans share a 'ommon1fri'an an'estor. 1ll peoples suffer from 7eneti' $iseases an$ *ariation. ,he 7eneti'fa'tors of human bein7s are bein7 s'ientifi'all+ $etermine$% an$ we must await theresults of the human 7enome $i*ersit+ proje't% an$ the i$entifi'ation of the fun'tion ofhuman 7enes to 7et more $etaile$ answers.

Dhan7es in &N1 se;uen'es ha*e also been use$ to tra'e the wa+ that $ifferent or7anismse*ol*e% 'alle$ ph+lo7eneti' trees. ?e 'an 'ompare the &N1 of spe'ies ali*e to$a+% an$in*esti7ate tren$s in the se;uen'e 'han7e% an$ we 'an also look at &N1 from pastor7anisms whi'h is a more $ire't measure of the 'han7e o*er time. ,he mo*ie urassi'Park% base$ on the no*el (2!% was base$ on some s'ientifi' a''ounts of e


28/152

aroun$ 2I of people ha*e the 7ene (1poE6! whi'h is a risk fa'tor for 1l@heimers$isease. ?e are also all 'arriers of potentiall+ fatal 7enes that 'oul$ kill an+ future'hil$ren if we ha*e the ba$ lu'k to marr+ someone with one of these 'orrespon$in77enes% an$ the ba$ lu'k that these two fatal 7enes join to7ether in our offsprin7.ortunatel+ man+ of these 7enes are re'essi*e% meanin7 that the+ will not 'ause $isease if

the other 'op+ of the 7ene that we ha*e is normal.

Social heritage

#uman bein7s are or7anise$ into so'ieties% an$ our so'ial 7roups in'lu$e our spouse%'hil$ren% relati*es% nei7hbours% reli7ious 7roup% 'ommunit+% workpla'e% *illa7e% 'it+%nation% an$ international partners. ,he so'ial ori7ins 'an be stu$ie$ b+ so'iolo7+ an$histor+% an$ the+ woul$ imme$iatel+ tell us that most so'ieties we think of to$a+ as'ountries are mo$ern artifi'ial 'reations of histori'al an$ present politi'al power s+stems.

Perhaps the best e!. ?e see lan7ua7es an$ 'ommuni'ation inother animals also% but it is un'lear what relationship the+ ha*e to s+mbolism an$thinkin7. ome stu$ies on lan7ua7e ori7in su77est that lan7ua7e ma+ ha*e onl+ be7an inthe last 62%222 +ears. ,his is the same time that we see en7ra*in7s or s'ulpturesappearin7. ,hat woul$ be 42%222 +ears after the appearan'e of mo$ern human spe'ies.


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,he anatomi'al stru'tures of the *o'al tra't an$ lar+n< also su77est that other lan$animals 'annot talk% neither 'oul$ premo$ern #omo spe'ies (!. #owe*er% in$i*i$ual'ommuni'ation s+stems are foun$ in other so'ial mammals an$ bir$s% an$ the+ are use$to $is'riminate between in$i*i$uals. ome other beha*ioural s+stems ma+ also be share$with other animals% as will be $is'usse$ more in the followin7 'hapter when lookin7 at

the ori7in of lo*e% altruism an$ selfishness% an$ animals.

?e nee$ to look at the worl$ an$ oursel*es. 8n man+ 'ountries it is apparent when +ouwalk in the street% or rea$ the newspaper% that the 'ountr+ is mi


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that in apan. ?ithin 1sia there are also man+ Dhristians an$ 0uslims% an$ most of theworl$s reli7ions.

&espite the s'ientifi' worl$ *iew that is pre*alent amon7 a'a$emi's% most other peoplefin$ reli7ions to be a mu'h more important sour'e of 7ui$an'e in life than s'ien'e. 8n

;uestions of ethi's% this is true of most people. 1n+ theor+ of bioethi's that will beapplie$ to peoples of the worl$ must be a''eptable to the 'ommon tren$s of majorreli7ious thou7ht. 1t a first look man+ people ha*e su77este$ that the reli7ious$ifferen'es are too 7reat an$ ha*e looke$ towar$s a new t+pe of foun$ation for bioethi'sbase$ on humanism (6!. #owe*er% we shoul$ look a7ain at whether the $ifferen'esbetween reli7ions are a'tuall+ so important when it 'omes to bioethi'al thinkin7% an$ wema+ fin$ that it is more important to look at the in$i*i$ual le*el between people.

,his 'omparison is one purpose of the 8nternational Bioethi's ur*e+ reporte$ here. ,he'ountries 'hosen in the sur*e+ were 'hosen for two reasons% one bein7 as representati*esof the worl$% an$ the other in terms of 'on*enien'e of a''ess. )nfortunatel+ there is no

1fri'an or outh 1meri'an% nor 8slami' 'ountr+ amon7 the 'ountries 'hosen. 8t is hope$that future stu$ies will look at these ;uestions in these an$ other 'ountries also% as a testof the i$eas $is'usse$ here. ,he 'ountries 'hosen in'lu$e 8n$ia% a 'ountr+ of mi


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$o'tors written about =2 B.D. in the l$ ,estament Bibli'al book% E''lesiasti'us =: "-. 8t $es'ribes a ph+si'ian who 'ons'ientiousl+ pra'tises his profession an$ is an a7entof Go$. ,his attitu$e is foun$ in u$aism% Dhristianit+ an$ 8slam. 1 prin'iple ethi'al 'o$eis the 'o$ifi'ation formerl+ as'ribe$ to 0oses 0aimoni$es (-">26!. )nlike the#ippo'rati' ath% but in 'ommon with some 'o$es% su'h as the an'ient Dhinese 'o$e%

there is the i$ea of helpin7 the poor an$ nee$+. 1 ke+ feature of ewish Law is theo*erri$in7 *alue an$ san'tit+ of human life% reje'tin7 an+ #ippo'rati'% Dhristian or0o$ern 'ompromises (4!. ,he $ut+ to preser*e life is the $ominant obli7ation% an$ thisis refle'te$ in their me$i'al ethi's% howe*er preser*ation of fetal life was not refle'te$ inthe sur*e+ results from 8srael.

,he Dhristians role mo$el is Dhrist% not #ippo'rates. ,here are fi*e basi' prin'iples ofDatholi' me$i'al ethi's% those of stewar$ship of the bo$+% in*iolabilit+ of human life% theprin'iple of totalit+% of se


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also in'lu$es the i$ea of $o no harm as one 7ui$in7 prin'iple. 8n$ian me$i'al ethi's to$a+in'lu$es #in$u an$ ?estern influen'es% plus man+ folk tra$itions an$ other reli7ious7roups. 8n$ia in'lu$es followers of man+ reli7ions% an$ the lon7 tra$ition of li*in7to7ether% an$ the en*ironmental aspe'ts% as $es'ribe$ in full b+ 1@ariah in his papers inthis book.

0o$ern se'ular philosoph+ is $ifferent from that of either #ippo'rates or reli7ious ethi's%an$ within the last $e'a$e has le$ to the emer7en'e of the 'on'ept of patient ri7hts (>!.,his 'ame to7ether with 7eneral 'i*il ri7hts% whi'h be'ame $ominant after the 542s%also in*ol*in7 en*ironmental 'on'erns. ,he 1meri'an #ospital 1sso'iation 53>formulate$ a CPatients Bill of 9i7htsC in 53>% an$ within se*eral +ears this was a$opte$into law b+ ).. Go*ernment a7en'ies. ,he Parliamentar+ 1ssembl+ of the Doun'il ofEurope a$opte$ a re'ommen$ation Cn the 9i7hts of the i'k an$ &+in7C whi'h alsostates that the patient has the ri7ht to refuse me$i'al treatment in 534. ,he responsibilit+for bioethi'al $e'isions in the ?est has shifte$ to the in$i*i$ual publi' $urin7 the last few$e'a$es% thou7h this has 7one to the e


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apanese ethi's is a mi3!. Bu$$hism in'lu$es the i$ea thatme$i'al knowle$7e alone is insuffi'ient for me$i'al treatment% a 'arin7 relationship mustalso be present. 1lthou7h the 'on'ept of karma (like fate! is re'o7nise$% similar to otherreli7ious tra$itions% human effort is also a means to len7then human life. ,he san'tit+ oflife 'on'ept is e


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,he e


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norms that people follow. ?ars ma+ be fou7ht o*er reli7ious $ifferen'es% but often the+are base$ on po*ert+. 8n an e*er more 'row$e$ worl$ we 'an e


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,he pi'ture that is painte$ in this book is inten$e$ to be realisti' optimism% an$ thepra'ti'al 'on'lusion of su'h uni*ersal ethi's must be in the s+nthesis of all the tra$itions%i$eals% an$ aspe'ts of biolo7i'al% so'ial an$ spiritual herita7e that we ha*e. ,he CweCin'lu$es not onl+ peoples of the worl$% but all of life% howe*er% ethi's relates to how were7ulate human beha*iour an$ so this book is written in those terms. 1n intro$u'tion to

what this s+nthesis mi7ht look like is in the followin7 'hapter.

Please sen$ 'omments to Email asianbioethi'sO+ahoo.'o.n@ F7t.

,o part > of )ni*ersal Bioethi's,o part of )ni*ersal Bioethi's% an$ the referen'es,o 'ontents list,o book list,o Eubios Ethi's 8nstitute home pa7e

pp- )212* in"ioethics #or the Peo$le by the Peo$le,arryl R- !- .acer,

h--, 6ubios 6thics Institute)**+-

%opyright )**+,arryl R- !- .acer- All commercial rights reserved- 'his publication may

be reproduced for limited educational or academic use, ho$ever please enquire

$ith 6ubios 6thics Institute-

2- A frame$or( for universal bioethics

?e nee$ to both e


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ortunatel+ stan$ar$s of e$u'ation are in'reasin7% but this is no 7uarantee that the ri7ht$e'isions will be ma$e. People nee$ to be tau7ht more on how to make $e'isions% an$ thee$u'ation s+stem shoul$ a''ommo$ate this nee$ of mo$ern life. ome results ofe$u'ation sur*e+s are also presente$ in this book from the 8nternational #i7h 'hoolBioethi's E$u'ation ur*e+. Let us then look at some basi' i$eals of bioethi's.

Autonomy

8t is eas+ to see that people are $ifferent% if we look at our fa'es% si@es an$ the 'lothes thatwe wear. ,his is also true of the personal 'hoi'es that we make. ?e ma+ $e'i$e to pla+so''er% rea$ a book% or wat'h tele*ision. ?e ma+ be put un$er some pressure b+ thepeople aroun$ us to en7a7e oursel*es in a parti'ular a'ti*it+% or to beha*e in a 'ertainwa+% but ultimatel+ it is our 'hoi'e. ,here is a $ut+ to let people make their own 'hoi'es.,his is also e


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national health 'are s+stem allowin7 all a''ess to free me$i'al treatment. ,he problem ismore relate$ to justi'e.

8t is a''epte$ that humans possess uni;ue moral wills% whi'h is the basis for autonom+. 8nthis se'tion $is'ussin7 autonom+% we shoul$ ask whether all people ha*e this an$ whether

animals also ha*e some 'apa'it+ for free moral ju$7ementM 8f the+ are in'apable ofe


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status. ,he bo$+% soul an$ spirit of the human in$i*i$ual are not separate$ but are inte7ralin a Dhristian *iew. Before an in$i*i$ual be'omes a self"aware person the+ ma+ possess asoul. ,he timin7 of the be7innin7 of the human in$i*i$ual a'tuall+ 'oin'i$es with thetime of ensoulment% whi'h 8 ha*e $is'usse$ elsewhere. 8t is 7enerall+ belie*e$ there isno interme$iate in the animal kin7$om% if the soul is from Go$ then it is not ne'essar+ to

en*isa7e interme$iates% but the threshol$ 'an be 'rosse$ in a sin7le step% between animalinstin't an$ human refle'tion. ,he timin7 of ensoulment in humans $oes *ar+ between$ifferent reli7ions% an$ within people of the same reli7ion. 8n a tra$ition where thepresen'e of a soul is the sour'e of autonom+ an$ prote'tin7 human life% the 'hara'ters ofpersonhoo$ are less important in assi7nin7 autonom+.

6volution and autonomy

8n or$er to un$erstan$ how human bein7s beha*e an$ how we shoul$ beha*e we nee$ tolook at our biolo7i'al% so'ial an$ spiritual ori7ins% as we $i$ briefl+ in the last 'hapter.

?ithin a +ear or two% an$ 'ertainl+ within this $e'a$e we will obtain the 7ene se;uen'esof all of the human 7enes that are in*ol*e$ in our life% in'lu$in7 up to 3-I whi'h ma+ bein*ol*e$ in $eterminin7 our beha*iour. ,his will 'han7e the wa+ we think% an$ will help$e*elop bioethi's. Beha*iour is influen'e$ b+ both 7enes an$ en*ironment% an$ theresults of this 8nternational Bioethi's ur*e+ su77est that there is at least as mu'h$i*ersit+ in in$i*i$uals in an+ one 'ulture as a'ross the worl$. ,his is 'onsistent with astron7 7eneti' $eterminism of beha*iour% whi'h is another 'hallen7e of these results. 8fea'h 'ulture ha$ there own ran7e of $i*ersit+ we woul$ e


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there are man+ that we 'annot. ,he 'on'ept of e*olution means we see humans as li*in7'reatures $eri*e$ from other li*in7 forms.

?hat is more ps+'holo7i'all+ $iffi'ult to a''ept% is when so'iobiolo7ists be7in to tra'ethe ori7ins of our ethi'al beha*iour. #owe*er% we 'an see beha*ioural patterns in all

animals% an$ in'reasin7l+ sophisti'ate$ ones in so"'alle$ hi7her animals. ,he ori7ins ofour selfishness an$ altruisti' (7i*in7! beha*iour are fun$amental to how we beha*e.E


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,here are $an7ers to makin7 autonom+ $epen$ent upon re*eale$ 'hara'ters of beha*iour%or an a't"'entre$ $efinition% be'ause not all in$i*i$uals are able to show a'ts or e*en ha*ethe potential for future a'ts. ,his will be $is'usse$ further later. 8n 'on'lusion we mustbroa$en our hori@ons to look at the autonom+ of all or7anisms. ,he reason we must $o sois be'ause of justi'e% whi'h is the subje't of the ne


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humans an$ other li*in7 'reatures% was $is'usse$ abo*e. ?e nee$ to also e


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meet fre;uentl+% an$ b+ helpin7 ea'h other the+ help themsel*es lea*e more offsprin7(6!.

?e 'an ask whether males or females ha*e 7eneti'all+ pro7ramme$ roles in the raisin7 ofoffsprin7. 1nimal stu$ies% an$ human e


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pressure. ?hile we ma+ not $o an+ $ire't harm with an appli'ation in ;uestion% it 'oul$result in pro7ressi*e lowerin7 of stan$ar$s towar$s the ill"$efine$ line be+on$ whi'h itwoul$ be $oin7 harm. ,he inabilit+ to $raw a line is no measure of the nonimportan'e ofan issue " rather some of the bi77est fun$amental ;uestions in bioethi's an$ life are ofthis nature.

Ste$ardship: the value of being alive

1n e


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'omes into bein7% or how mu'h of the pro'ess we un$erstan$. E*en if we un$erstan$ thereason for a bloomin7 flower we ma+ still *alue its beaut+. ,his *alue is $istin't from the*alue 7i*en to a bein7 be'ause it has a soul% but there are similarities as mentione$ abo*ewith re7ar$ to autonom+.

Earl+ human 'ultures worshippe$ the m+ster+ of life in *arious wa+s. ,he earliest 'ulti'fi7ures from palaeolithi' a7es are mother fi7ures. 0other Earth was worshippe$ un$erman+ names in 1meri'a% 8n$ia an$ Europe. 0other Earth is worshippe$ in some rituals%she is set a7ainst the ather of #ea*en. ,he s+mbol lea$s to a more $ualisti' *iew of theworl$. ,he 'reation narrati*es in the l$ ,estament are polemi's a7ainst the Danaanitematriar'hi'al 'ults. ,he pre"1r+an% 8n$ian ains saw the )ni*erse as a 'olossal humanbein7% the or7anism of the ?orl$ 0other was populate$ b+ li*in7 thin7s without number.,here are numerous other s+mbols that ha*e been use$ for the worl$% like the feast% or the$an'e% the theatre% as musi' or as pla+. ,hese i$eas unite the thin7s of the worl$ to7ether(5!. 8n a similar spirit% re'entl+ the Gaia h+pothesis has been a$*an'e$% that the earth asa whole is ali*e (62!.

8n a u$eo"Dhristian *iew% nature is 'reate$ b+ Go$% nature itself is not $i*ine but is thehan$iwork of the Lor$. ,herefore humanit+ $oes not fa'e a worl$ full of ambi7uous an$'apri'ious 7o$s who are ali*e in the obje'ts of the natural worl$. Nature is not terrif+in7%as it is to those primiti*e 'ultures that *iew e*er+ a't as 7o$s response to their a'tions.,he Bible $oes not $is'uss the metho$ of 'reation% but merel+ sa+s that Go$ 'reate$ theworl$ b+ #is ?or$ (6!. ,he Bibli'al *iew of the relation of man an$ nature is that the+are both 'ontinuall+ $epen$ent on Go$. #umans ha*e been tol$ to sub$ue% 'ulti*ate an$take 'are of the earth% to multipl+ an$ to ha*e $ominion o*er the 'reate$ or$er (Genesis:>=% >:-!. 1 Dhristians *o'ation is to 'ontinue the C7oo$C work of 'reati*it+ (6>!. ,hisis a hu7e responsibilit+% an$ $eman$s mu'h positi*e a'tion for those that a''ept this

para$i7m. ,he worl$ was ma$e 7oo$% but humans 'hose e*il. 1 *er+ 'ommon alternati*eworl$ *iew is that humans are inno'ent% but trappe$ in an e*il worl$. ?e see this *iew insome 1sian tra$itions that look on the *isible uni*erse as illusor+ or insi7nifi'ant or e*il.0atter is seen as relati*el+ ba$% 7oo$ness is onl+ attribute$ to the spirit% an$ the reli7ioustask is to trans'en$ the worl$.

,here ha*e been some who ar7ue for a re*eren'e for all life% su'h as 1lbert 'hweit@er(6!. ,his approa'h makes no $istin'tion between hi7her an$ lower life forms% sa+in7 thatwe 'an not ju$7e other lifeforms in relation to oursel*es. 8t $oes make the point that it is*er+ $iffi'ult for us to un$erstan$ or ju$7e the importan'e of other li*in7 or7anisms inthe natural or$er. ,he onl+ reason for harmin7 life he sees is ne'essit+. #owe*er% what isCne'essar+C 'an *ar+ wi$el+ between 'ultures. ,his is 'onsistent with the use of i$eals inbioethi's% as useful prin'iples for $e'ision makin7.

,he i$ea of a *ital ener7+ of life is still foun$ in man+ peoples thinkin7. E*en if the+un$erstan$ the biolo7i'al re$u'tionism of 7eneti's the+ ma+ still belie*e that there is aspe'ial Cener7+C or Cessen'eC asso'iate$ with bein7 ali*e. ?hether or not we $o% we ma+still want to prote't life. n the otherhan$% we ma+ attempt to $estro+ $iseases% be'ausethe+ $estro+ the li*es that we *alue. B+ more resear'h into the wa+ people look at nature%


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preser*ation of biolo7i'al $i*ersit+% the most famous of whi'h is the stor+ of Noah% whi'his share$ b+ the u$eo"Dhristian"8slami' tra$itions. Noah preser*e$ all the $omesti' an$wil$ animals from en*ironmental 'atastrophe% a 'atastrophe that it sa+s was 'ause$ b+ thea'tions of humans.

,he balan'e of nature% the wa+ $ifferent spe'ies at $ifferent le*els of the foo$ web e!. 0o$ern biolo7ists 7enerall+ think of spe'ies as repro$u'ti*e 'ommunities orpopulations. ,here is no uni*ersal or absolute rule that all spe'ies are $is'retel+ boun$e$in an+ 7enerall+ 'onsistent manner. ne spe'ies ma+ e


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in$i*i$uals for human utilit+ is har$er to answer. ,he new strains shoul$ not be thou7htof as spe'ial% manma$e% forms of life% 'onsi$erin7 the wi$e 7eneti' *ariation naturall+o''urrin7. 8n fa't to think that we are the CmakersC is Cpreten$in7 to be Go$C% orarro7an'e.

?e 'an at best% or worst% 7enerall+ onl+ mo$if+ e


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oo$ 'on'erns are basi' to humans% an$ nee$ to be 'onsi$ere$ in bioethi's. 17ri'ulturehas been more than the suppl+ of foo$% it has been 're$ite$ with the birth of C'i*ilisationCan$ 'ultures% when humans 'han7e$ from hunter 7atherers to plantin7 'rops an$ ha*in7$omesti' animals. ,he foo$ suppl+ is suffi'ient now% if $istribute$ properl+% howe*er% we'annot trust people to 7i*e foo$ to the hun7r+. 8mpro*ements are still ne'essar+%

espe'iall+ 7i*en the in'reasin7 areas of the worl$ whi'h ha*e salt+ 7roun$ an$unpre$i'table rainfall.

ome of a7ri'ultural issues are transnational% for e22 mile limits within whi'h the+ 'laim prior ri7htsto e


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use of 7enes ma+ be seen as no*el% we ha*e ha$ a *er+ lon7 histor+ of 7eneti'manipulation usin7 'on*entional te'hni;ues of plant an$ animal bree$in7% but onl+re'entl+ $o we un$erstan$ the $etails of wh+ the+ worke$. ?e shoul$ 'onsi$er ourknowle$7e when implementin7 an+ new *ariet+ of or7anism% howe*er it was ma$e.

or some there is a feelin7 that we shoul$ not e


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tremen$ous power of our te'hnolo7ies to shape the worl$. 1s a rea'tion a7ainst this somepeople atta'k what the+ see as the 'ause% s'ien'e an$ te'hnolo7+% an$ its effe't uponpeoples philosoph+A howe*er% the real 'ause is the a7e ol$ problem of human selfishness%whi'h has be'ome embe$$e$ in the short term e'onomi' $esires of man+ businesses an$7o*ernments.

,he 7reatest publi' 'on'ern is o*er the mi


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mo$e of pra+er an$ psalm% a *oluntar+ a't of praise. ,he killin7 of an+ breathin7 bein7s%e


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" elf"awareness" uture Plannin7" alue of bein7 ali*eM

E


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awareness su'h as hi7her apes% an$ probabl+ other animals su'h as $olphins. ?e $o nee$to 'onsi$er the fin$in7s of animal stu$ies on the le*el of self"awareness that some ma+possess. ur bioethi's must ha*e a basis from all $ata% in'lu$in7 reasonin7% philosoph+an$ biolo7i'al knowle$7e.

,he 'reation of *er+ $isease$ animals as mo$els of human $isease% for e!. ,here area7ri'ultural reasons to make faster 7rowin7 animals% or usin7 animals to make pro$u'ts(Cbiorea'torsC!% as mentione$ abo*e. ,o make a 'hi'ken la+ an e77 full of interferon% aprotein that 'an treat some 'an'er% is no*el% but not be+on$ the $ail+ use of animals.Ethi'all+% if su'h proteins 'an be ma$e in so+abeans for similar 'ost it is better% an$ if theinterferon 'an be $eli*ere$ to the bo$+ b+ eatin7 onl+ beans " that woul$ be a 7reata$*an'e. 9esear'h to make e$ible *a''ines in *e7etables or bananas% is un$erwa+% whi'hmost people woul$ a''ept if it 'an pro*i$e 'heap% just an$ safe me$i'al 'are to more

people in the worl$.

1 response to the ethi'al obje'tion that it is wron7 to 'ause pain 'oul$ be to makeanimals that $ont feel pain to use for e


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;uestion of the *alue of life " a real bioethi's $ilemma. Geneti' en7ineerin7 'hallen7esour thinkin7 about the use of nature (!. .'>. ,he ;uestion of the *alue of life an$ nature'an be in*esti7ate$ b+ open ;uestions% as has been $one an$ reporte$ in this book.#owe*er% the issue of what is natural will 'han7e with time. Geneti' en7ineerin7 'an alsore$u'e the number of animals use$ in to


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'an we ju$7eM 0an+ reli7ions woul$ ar7ue there are no CworthlessC li*es. 8n Dhristianit+this is be'ause in Go$s e+es ea'h human person is pre'ious an$ the propert+ of Go$. 8nBu$$hism ea'h life has its own CkarmaC. #owe*er% most tra$itions support limits tointer*entions to sa*e life.

,his ;uestion is also relate$ to justi'e. ,he allo'ation of so'iet+s resour'es has to'onsi$er e;uit+ rather than so'ial merit% so'ial pro$u'ti*it+% ;ualit+ of life% or abilit+ topa+. Donsi$erin7 justi'e we ma+ 'onsi$er ;ualit+ of life as one fa'tor in $istributin7limite$ resour'es% an$ in fa't if we $ont% we are i7norin7 other peoples li*es. ?e $o notnee$ to maintain life at all 'osts% as this ma+ not be in the patients best interests or inGo$s will. ne of the earl+ statements on the $istin'tion between e


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?hile there shoul$ be no limit to our lo*e% an$ we shoul$ not limit opportunities to showlo*e% we shoul$ not take our han$s awa+ from a situation an$ sa+ this is in Cout of m+han$sC% puttin7 our hea$ in the san$ like an stri'h. ?e shoul$ not knowin7l+ makemisfortune for the sake of ha*in7 a 'han'e to lo*e. Both options% to a't or not to a't% areethi'al $e'isions.

&alancing

,hese i$eals all nee$ to be balan'e$% an$ 8 woul$ 'laim that man+ people alrea$+ attemptto balan'e them. ,he balan'e *aries more within an+ 'ulture than between an+ two% an$the 8nternational Bioethi's ur*e+ 'ombine$ with obser*ations of poli'+ an$ beha*iourin $ifferent 'ountries allows us to look at how these prin'iples an$ i$eals are balan'e$.1n e


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pp- ?


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like the man+ short"li*e$ publi' 'on'erns of the last few $e'a$es% the fo'us on e'olo7i'alsur*i*al will pass. 8n or$er to assure the permanent attitu$e 'han7e that is ne'essar+ for alastin7 earth% we must ask how people *iew life.

Dhan7in7 the wa+ human bein7s beha*e towar$s ea'h other is a supernatural task% that

'an be ai$e$ b+ all of us 'han7in7 our attitu$es. ?e must ensure that effi'ient an$sustainable a7ri'ulture is en'oura7e$% but re'o7nise it is onl+ part of a broa$er solution.ustainable a7ri'ulture 'oul$ be $efine$ as the appropriate use of 'rop an$ li*esto'ks+stems an$ a7ri'ultural inputs supportin7 those a'ti*ities whi'h maintain e'onomi' an$so'ial *iabilit+ while preser*in7 the hi7h pro$u'ti*it+ an$ ;ualit+ of the lan$. ,e'hnolo7+$oes 'han7e the wa+ we li*e. ?e nee$ to impro*e a7ri'ultural effi'ien'+ to su''ee$%howe*er 'urrent resear'h interests in biote'hnolo7+ are not ne'essaril+ the best wa+ topro*i$e sustainable a7ri'ulture. Lar7e 'orporations are $e*elopin7 new te'hni;ues thatma+ re;uire 'onstant appli'ation. 1n e


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time those trees 7row it will be a 'lear a$*anta7e (4!. ,rans7eni' plants of the nitro7en"fi


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majorit+ of foreste$ lan$% it was su77este$ in Britain that the whole 'olon+ be a nationalpark

,here are two phases in the lifest+le transition to sustainable li*in7. ne is the $ramati''han7e in lifest+le% an$ a'tion% to 'lean up the pollution alrea$+ ma$e an$ to a*oi$

makin7 more of it. 8n an+ e*ent there will be a 'han7e$ worl$% but imme$iate a'tion willre$u'e the $ifferen'e between the worl$ we ha*e to$a+ (or in the re'ent past beforewi$esprea$ pollution! an$ the possible future sustainable worl$. ,he ne


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7oo$s% an$ 'reation of pollution. 8n fa't% man+ people will a$mit that the most enjo+ablemoments in their li*es are times like bein7 with their famil+% bein7 on the bea'h or in aforest% or pla+in7 sportA a'ti*ities whi'h are often 'ompatible with *er+ low le*els of'onsumption. Ket at the same time% $ri*en b+ peer pressure% an$ a$*ertisin7 i$ealsimpose$ b+ the me$ia% people pur'hase e emissions% as a result of'han7e in lifest+les be'ause of e'onomi' pressure. ,he in'rease$ 'ost of transport willaffe't lifest+le in all in$ustrialise$ 'ountries% but espe'iall+ in those that use the leasteffi'ient ener7+ 'on*ersion.

Generall+% the real ;ualit+ of life will not be $e'rease$ b+ $e'rease$ ener7+ an$ resour'e'onsumption. ,here shoul$ not be mu'h $ebate on whether parti'ular pursuits% su'h as$ri*in7 lar7e hi7h spee$ 'ars% reall+ impro*es life% rather the+ ma+ impose 7reat 'osts onso'iet+ both in ener7+ use% in potential me$i'al 'osts% an$ in en*ironmental $ama7e. 8t is

s+mboli' that in the pi'tures of life in the sur*e+s% a pi'ture from ,hailan$ ha$ someoneri$in7 a bi'+'le in the 'ountr+si$e% whereas in 1ustralia or in7apore% for e


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,he main obje'tion to this approa'h 'omes from the 7roup who 'laim that the pursuit ofin$i*i$ual free$om is the most important ethi'al prin'iple. 8f people 'annot pursue theirfree$om to 'onsume as mu'h as the+ wish% the+ 'all it a *iolation of in$i*i$ual libert+.#owe*er% we also re'o7nise limitations on in$i*i$ual libert+ when a'ti*it+ pre*entsothers from pursuin7 the same amount of libert+. ,he a'tions of man+ people li*in7 in

in$ustrialise$ 'ountries to$a+ is resultin7 in en*ironmental $estru'tion whi'h will pre*entothers in the future from pursuin7 their libert+. Permittin7 humans to pursue theirunlimite$ selfish $ri*es is not 'onsistent with the 7oal of rea'hin7 a lastin7 earth. ,he fewper'ent of humanit+ that 'reate the most waste% an$ pursue the most wasteful lifest+lesmust not be allowe$ to sa'rifi'e the whole planet.

1bo*e all% the $estru'tion of the en*ironment% $isre7ar$ for other people% i7nores lo*e.Lo*e has more 'laims to be the prin'iple ethi'al i$eal than $esire 'omin7 from autonom+.Bioethi's $oes in*ol*e all of life% if we $o not lo*e all of life we 'annot lo*e other people.?e nee$ to seek wa+s to balan'e nee$ an$ $esire% an$ just $istribution of the free$om thate*er+one is allowe$. ?e shoul$ not onl+ aim to 7i*e the 7reatest 7oo$ for the most% nor

the 7reatest free$om for the most% but the 7reatest lo*e for all.

&ioethical maturity

8n or$er to ha*e a sustainable future% we nee$ to promote bioethi'al maturit+% as 8 ha*esai$ elsewhere (43!. ?e 'oul$ 'all the bioethi'al maturit+ of a so'iet+ the abilit+ tobalan'e the benefits an$ risks of appli'ations of biolo7i'al or me$i'al te'hnolo7+. 8t isalso refle'te$ in the e


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issue. airness in the $istribution of foo$ an$ materials woul$ $e'rease the nee$s of thepoor% an e'onomi' an$ politi'al issue. ?e shoul$ work towar$s life philosophiesemphasi@in7 the share$ earth that we li*e in.

*er the me$ium term the in$ustrialise$ 'ountries 'an swit'h to alternati*e ener7+

sour'es% an$ more effi'ient ener7+ use% 'ombine$ with more si7nifi'ant lifest+le 'han7e.,his woul$ be ai$e$ b+ the earl+ intro$u'tion of personal en*ironmental ;uotas to ensurepeople are 'ons'ious of the en*ironmental 'osts of $ifferent pro$u'ts an$ beha*iour. ,heuse of new te'hnolo7+ will ai$ us in rea'hin7 a lastin7 earth. 0ore effi'ient a7ri'ulturewill re$u'e the lan$ an$ ener7+ that is re;uire$ for a7ri'ulture% an$ the pollution arisin7from a7ri'ulture% a s'ientifi' issue. Dhan7in7 the wa+ human bein7s beha*e towar$s ea'hother is a supernatural task% that 'an be ai$e$ b+ all of us 'han7in7 our attitu$es. ?e mustensure that sustainable li*in7 is en'oura7e$% but re'o7nise that it is onl+ part of a broa$ersolution. ustainable li*in7 in*ol*es not just effi'ient a7ri'ulture% but also minimisin7 ourener7+ use an$ pollution. 8t in*ol*es 'han7in7 publi' poli'+. 8t in*ol*es 'han7in7 the wa+people think. 8n $e*elopin7 'ountries the population 7rowth rates must be $e'rease$% an$

e'onomi' pressures that lea$ to the $estru'tion of the en*ironment must be eliminate$.

8n the me$ium"lon7 term the whole worl$ 'an be usin7 a lar7e proportion of renewableener7+ sour'es% su'h as biomass an$ solar ener7+% 'ombine$ with effi'ient a7ri'ultureusin7 new *arieties of 'rops. 8n the lon7 term (-2"22 +ears!% the worl$ 'oul$ be li*in7 ina stabilisin7 earth% with a stabilisin7 population. 8mpro*ements in lifest+le 'an be ma$ethrou7h the in'rease in ener7+ effi'ien'+ brou7ht about b+ te'hnolo7+% an$ b+ thea''eptan'e of more natural thin7s that 'onsume less ener7+% as the pleasures of life. Letus hope that urbanisation $oes not mean that people lose the enjo+ment from bein7 ableto be in the presen'e of un$isturbe$ nature un$er a blue sk+.

?e also nee$ to 'han7e the philosoph+ of s'ien'e to a'hie*e su'h 'han7e. ran'is Ba'onma$e knowle$7e out to be of 7reat human an$ so'ial *alue. )n$er Ba'onian philosoph+%the lon7term aim of in;uir+ is to 'ontribute to human pro7ress% but the imme$iate aim ofin;uir+ is to pro$u'e obje'ti*e knowle$7e% to7ether with e


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but as a s'ientist their task is to 'on'ern themsel*es e. Potter%.9.Bioethics Bridge to the )uture (En7lewoo$ Dliffs: Prenti'e"#all% 53!.. 0a'er% &.9.. #haping Genes: Ethics *a+ and #cience of &sing Genetic Technologyin !edicine and Agriculture (Dhrist'hur'h: Eubios Ethi's 8nstitute 552!.


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6. Elle7ar$% 1.$ar+in and the General ,eader. The ,eception of $ar+in-s Theory ofE'olution in the British Periodical Press /012/34()ni*ersit+ of Dhi'a7o Press 552!.-. 9ussell% D.1. C,he 'onfli't metaphor an$ its so'ial ori7insC% #cience and 5hristianBelief (5=5!% ">4.4. Gibbons% 1. C0ito'hon$rial E*e: ?oun$e$% but not $ea$ +etC% #cience>-3 (55>!%

=3"-.3. ?ilson% Nature 5=3A L. i7ilant et al.% #cience>- (55!% -2A ?a$$le% &.0.Nature 4= (556!% 6->"6.=. Nishimi% 9.K. pp.>="> inIntractable 6eurological $isorders (uman Genome,esearch and #ociety: Proceedings of the Third International Bioethics #eminar in

)ukuie$s.% N. ujiki F &.9.. 0a'er (Eubios Ethi's 8nstitute% 556!.5. ?oo$% B.Cri7in an$ e*olution of the 7enus #omoC%6ature-- (55>!% 3="52A,attersall% 8. CE*olution 'omes to lifeC% #cientific American(1u7ust 55>!% 4>"5.2. Dri'hton% 0.Jurassic Park.(New Kork: Ballantine Books% 552!.. +kes% B. CLess 'ause for 7ra*e 'on'ernC%6ature44 (55!% -.>. Da*alli"for@a% L.L. CGenes% peoples an$ lan7ua7esC% #cientific American(No*ember

55!% 3>"=A 1lso% #cientific American(1pril 55!% 32"5.. Lieberman% P. &ni7uely (uman: The E'olution of #peech Thought and #elflessBeha'iour (#ar*ar$ )ni*ersit+ Press 55!A 1lso Nature - (55!% 6"-.6. En7elhar$t% #.,. r.%Bioethics and #ecular (umanisum: The #earch for a 5ommon!orality(Lon$on: D0 Press 55!.-. Lea*itt% .. pp.>6">3 inIntractable 6eurological $isorders (uman Genome,esearch and #ociety: Proceedings of the Third International Bioethics #eminar in)ukuie$s.% N. ujiki F &.9.. 0a'er (Eubios Ethi's 8nstitute% 556!.4. akobo*its% 8mmanuel.Je+ish !edical Ethics>n$ e$ition (New Kork: Blo'hPublishers 53-!.3. 9amse+% P.The Patient as Person(New #a*en: Kale )ni*ersit+ Press 532!.=. Nanji% 1.1. C0e$i'al ethi's an$ the 8slami' tra$ition%CJ. !edicine 8 Philosophy(5==!% >-3">3-.5. Le*e+% 0. C0e$i'al $eontolo7+ in nineth"'entur+ 8slam%C pp. >5"6- in*egacies inEthics and !edicinee$. D.9. Burns (New Kork: 'ien'e #istor+ Publi'ations 533!.>2. Et@ion+% 0. B. The Physician-s 5reed: An Anthology of !edical Prayers "aths and5odes of Ethics 9ritten and ,ecited by !edical Practitioners Through the Ages(prin7fiel$% 8ll.: Dharles D. ,homas 53!.>. eat'h% 9.0.A Theory of !edical Ethics(New Kork: Basi' Books 5=!.>>. )ns'hul$% P.).!edical Ethics in Imperial 5hina (Berkele+: )ni*ersit+ of DalifoniaPress 535!.>. iu% 9.J. C0e$i'ine" the art of humaneness: on ethi's of tra$itional Dhineseme$i'ine%CJ. !edicine 8 Philosophy (5==!% >33"22.>6. 0a'er% &. C,he far east of biolo7i'al ethi'sC%6ature-5 (55>!% 332.>-. 0a'er% &. C?hat 'an bioethi's offer to apanese 'ultureMC%6ichibunken 6e+sletter- (55!% "4A 0a'er% &. CBioethi's ma+ transform publi' poli'+ in apanC% Politics 8*ife #ciences (556!% "6.>4. 0a'er% &.9..Attitudes to Genetic Engineering: Japanese and International5omparisons(Dhrist'hur'h: Eubios Ethi's 8nstitute 55>!.>3. 9atanakul% P. BioEthi's. 1n 8ntro$u'tion to the Ethi's of 0e$i'ine an$ Life 'ien'es%


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(Ban7kok: 0ahi$ol )ni*ersit+% 5=4!A 9atanakul% pp.55">2> inIntractable6eurological $isorders (uman Genome ,esearch and #ociety: Proceedings of the Third

International Bioethics #eminar in )ukuie$s.% N. ujiki F &.9.. 0a'er (Eubios Ethi's8nstitute% 556!.>=. ones% &.G. CBrain birth an$ personal i$entit+%CJ. !edical Ethics- (5=5!% 3"3=.

>5. C,he Great 1pe Proje'tC% P.. Bo< >==% 1Be'kett treet% 0elbourne% i'toria222% 1ustralia.2. 9a'hels% .5reated from Animals(. let'her% oseph. #ituation Ethics: The 6e+ !orality(Lon$on: D0 Press% 544!.. &awkins% 9.The #elfish Gene.(!% >-2"% >24"3.-. haw% E. F &arlin7% .#trategies of Being )emale: Animal Patterns (uman 5hoices(#ar*ester Press 5=-!.4. Dlutton"Bro'k% ,.#. ,he E*olution of Parental Dare (Prin'eton )ni*ersit+ Press

55!A6ature-> (55>!% =.3. Go$fra+% #.D.. Ci7nallin7 of nee$ b+ offsprin7 to their parentsC%6ature-> (55!%>="2.=. 0orioka% 0. C,he 'on'ept of 8no'hi: 1 philosophi'al perspe'ti*e on the stu$+ oflifeC%6ichibunken Japan ,e'ie+> (55!% ="-.5. &erri'k% D.The $elicate 5reation(Lon$on: ,om ta'e+ 53>!.62. Lo*elo'k% .E. Gaia 2 A 6e+ *ook at *ife on Earth (2"A6e+ #cientist(> eb 55!% >A Bir$%D.6e+ #cientist(3 1u7 55!% 6"5.6-. u@uki% &. F Hnu$tson% P. Genethics: The 5lash Bet+een the 6e+ Genetics and(uman alues(Boston: #ar*ar$ )ni*ersit+ Press 5=5!.64. Ga+lin% ?. C,he rankenstein a'tor%C6e+ England J. !edicine>53 (533!% 44-"444A 9ollins% B. (5=4! C,he rankenstein ,hin7%C in Genetic Engineering of Animals. AnAgricultural Perspecti'ee$s.% ?.. E*ans F 1. #ollaen$er (New Kork: Plenum Press5=4!.63. Genesis=:3% 5:6%2AE;odus>:-A$euteronomy>:>% >-:6A6umbers>>:>APro'erbs>:2APsalms4:3% 26:2"% 6-:5%-"4% 63:5A ob =:>4">3%6AJonah6:A!atthe+4:>-% 2:>5.6=. E:>A$euteronomy-:6% :-A6umbers>2:=.65. 9e7an% ,. The 5ase )or Animal ,ights(Lon$on: 9outle$7e F He7an Paul 5=!.-2. in7er% P.Animal *iberation(Lon$on: onathan Dape 534!.-. in7er% P. C,he si7nifi'an'e of animal sufferin7%CBrain 8 Beha'ioural #cience(552!->. Porter% &.G. Ethi'al s'ores for animal e!% 2">.


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-. 0a'er% &. C)n'ertainties about CpainlessC animals%CBioethics (5=5!% >>4">-A0a'er% &. et al. CNew frontiersC%(astings 5enter ,eport> (an 55!% >".-6. &onnelle+% . Cpe'ulati*e Philosoph+% the trouble$ mi$$le% an$ the ethi's of animale!% -"=A 0a'er% &.9.. CPer'eptionof risks an$ benefits of in *itro fertili@ation% 7eneti' en7ineerin7 an$ biote'hnolo7+C%#ocial #cience and !edicine= (55!% >".4=. 0ano+ledge to 9isdom(


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pp- ?*1+< in"ioethics #or the Peo$le by the Peo$le,arryl R- !- .acer,

h--, 6ubios 6thics Institute)**+-

%opyright )**+,6ubios 6thics Institute-All commercial rights reserved- 'his publication

may be reproduced for limited educational or academic use, ho$ever please

enquire $ith 6ubios 6thics Institute-

International bioethics

&arr+l 9. . 0a'er.8nstitute of Biolo7i'al 'ien'es% )ni*ersit+ of ,sukuba% 8baraki 2-% 1P1N

,he se'on$ se'tion of this book in'lu$es a *ariet+ of papers from 'ollea7ues an$ frien$swhi'h $es'ribe bioethi'al $ilemmas in $ifferent 'ountries. ,he first fi*e papers 'omefrom papers presente$ in apan at the 1nnual 0eetin7 of the apan 1sso'iation inNo*ember 55% when the parti'ipants 'ame to the ,sukuba Bioethi's (EL8! 9oun$tablean$ the ,hir$ 8nternational Bioethi's eminar in ukui. ,he paper 8 presente$ at theBioethi's meetin7 was mo$ifie$ from material presente$ elsewhere in this book% an$relates to the 8nternational Bioethi's ur*e+ $ata whi'h is presente$ in the followin7se'tion of the book.

,he ,sukuba Bioethi's 9oun$table% >"= No*ember% 55% was a meetin7 hoste$ b+m+self% the Eubios Ethi's 8nstitute% with support from resear'h fun$s of Prof. #iroshi#ara$a of the )ni*ersit+ of ,sukuba. 1mon7 the parti'ipants were: &r Paul Billin7s()1!% &r ija+ Haushik (9ussia!% &r. rank Lea*itt (8srael!% &r 0asahiro 0orioka

(apan!% &r 9o


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,he first three papers in this se'tion are from )1 (Kesle+% ?ikler% Billin7s!A followe$ b+papers from Norwa+ (,rano+!A 8srael (Lea*itt!A Europe (B+k! an$ a $e*elopin7 'ountriesperspe'ti*e (Haushik!. 8n this se'tion there is also paper from u$7e Dhristian B+k(ran'e!% a former a$*isor on bioethi's to the Doun'il of Europe% who was unable to'ome to apan at that time for health reasons. ollowin7 these mainl+ me$i'al ethi's

papers% there is a paper intro$u'in7 some of the basi' issues in*ol*e$ in s'ientifi' issues%base$ on workshops in New Jealan$. ollowin7 this are three papers b+ Prof. a+apaul1@ariah from 8n$ia on en*ironmental ethi's. ,hese papers are parti'ularl+ interestin7 forthe subje't of uni*ersal an$ 'ross"'ultural ethi's% an$ return to the theme of 7lobalbioethi's% whi'h must be base$ on the 'ommon hope of all.

,hese a''ounts of bioethi's an$ me$i'al 'are in $ifferent 'ountries of the worl$% the)nite$ tates% ran'e% 8n$ia% 8srael an$ Norwa+% make us look at similarities an$$ifferen'es. &o in$i*i$ual people an$ families in ea'h 'ountr+ make $e'isions$ifferentl+M 8f people are the same then the same stan$ar$s of bioethi's 'an be applie$ "uni*ersal bioethi's. ?e nee$ to buil$ a bioethi's whi'h in'lu$es the *iews of all peoples

of the worl$. ?e nee$ to a$$ 1sian an$ 1fri'an perspe'ti*es to the $ebate. ?e mustremember that the $ebate about man+ issues has a lon7 histor+% an$ often happene$ in$ifferent pla'es. ?hate*er% our approa'h we shoul$ $esire un$erstan$in7 of lo'al'ultures% an$ want to re'o7nise the 'ontribution of $ifferent peoples to bioethi's. 8n fa'twe 'annot reall+ $e*elop a 'omplete bioethi's without in'lu$in7 this 'ontribution. 8n thewor$s of ol$ prophet% CListen% those of +ou that ha*e ears to hearC. ,his is 'ross"'ulturalinternational bioethi's.

ukui tatement on 8nternational Bioethi's

. Bioethi's shoul$ be *iewe$ as an inter$is'iplinar+ fiel$% not limite$ to an+ a'a$emi'spe'ialit+% an$ in'lu$in7 $ebate amon7 all people% i.e. not onl+ a'a$emi's.

>. 8nternational 'ross"'ultural bioethi's shoul$ be $e*elope$% in'lu$in7 stu$ies an$$is'ussions% whi'h respe't in$i*i$ual 'ultures as lon7 as the+ $o not 'onfli't withfun$amental human ri7hts% as outline$ in the )nite$ Nations &e'laration of #uman9i7hts.

. ,he metho$olo7+ of bioethi's shoul$ aim for 'ross"'ultural un$erstan$in7. u'hun$erstan$in7 is ne'essar+ to $e*elop international 'ross"'ultural bioethi's.

6. #armonisation of some international laws% 7ui$elines an$ poli'ies to restri't bioethi'alCtourismC (e.7. resour'e"able persons bu+in7 or7ans from the poorA bu+in7 the pro$u'tsof 7eneti' te'hnolo7+ for enhan'ement purposesA or usin7 onl+ the poor for me$i'ale


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the $e7ree of uni*ersalit+ that is possible% an$ shoul$ be use$ to 'omplement otherresear'h approa'hes in bioethi's.

4. ,he life an$ me$i'al s'ien'es% espe'iall+ human 7enome resear'h an$ the appli'ationof 7eneti' s'reenin7 an$ 7ene therap+% present some important e$u'ational% ethi'al% le7al

an$ so'ial issues whi'h nee$ to be 'onsi$ere$ at lo'al% national an$ international le*els.

3. omati' 'ell 7ene therap+ for treatment of $isease is a useful me$i'al therap+ an$shoul$ be use$ when nee$e$ an$ 'hosen b+ patients. #owe*er% 7erm"line 7ene therap+shoul$ not pro'ee$ until it is both te'hni'all+ safe% an$ a trul+ international publi''onsensus has been sou7ht. ,o a'hie*e su'h a 'onsensus first re;uires e$u'ation whi'hwill take se*eral $e'a$es in most parts of the worl$.

=. 8n or$er to a'hie*e the abo*e 7oals 7reater effort is re;uire$ to e$u'ate all members ofso'iet+ about the s'ientifi' an$ 'lini'al ba'k7roun$% an$ the ethi'al prin'iples an$ so'ialan$ le7al problems in*ol*e$% in the life an$ me$i'al s'ien'es. ,his will enable the a'ti*e

'ollaboration of all in$i*i$ual members of so'iet+% man+ a'a$emi' $is'iplines% an$ theinternational 'ommunit+.

,he free $upli'ation an$ 'ir'ulation of this statement is en'oura7e$. ,o stimulateinternational $is'ussion% 'omments on this statement will be publishe$ in theEubiosJournal of Asian and International Bioethics % sen$ them to &r. &arr+l 0a'er% E$itor%P.. Bo< >-% ,sukuba 'ien'e Dit+% 8baraki 2-% 1P1N.

Please sen$ 'omments to Email asianbioethi'sO+ahoo.'o.n@ F7t.

,o ne


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'bbreiations or ournals*ubios *t"i!s +nstitute "ome pae

$iosaety +normation networ% and 'disory ,eri!eop"er//binas.unido.or.at/

,' 3 permits at 5"ttp//www.ap"is.usda.o/bbep/bp/5"e *t"i!s and eliberate 7elease o 3s - ade 3att"ias ,pranerEJAIB11 (,ept. 2001) 144-146.

7e-8reation o #ature as an 'ppropriate 3eans or $iose!urity - $abyJosep" and 3. ,elanayaam EJAIB11 (#o. 2001) 191-.

8ommer!ial +ntrodu!tion o ranseni!s in deelopin !ountries - ,omepoints to ponder - ,. ,es"adri :. :at"iraan ,. +na!imut"u and ,.Janart"anan EJAIB12 (3ar!" 2002) ;-9.

EJAIB1< (200


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!"anes were made at t"e start o 1994 &cience26< (1994) 2


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"e !osts o orein inadin spe!ies is ery "i" a!!ordin to a re!ent' study in t"e , Ne% &cientist(2< !t 199aws in t"e "ori?ontal approa!" tobiote!"noloy ris%5 &cience262 (199


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3ore dis!ussion on t"e uture o t"e remainin sto!%s o smallpo& irusare inJAMA 2;0 (199


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enet. 242 49-04. 'bout 0.01S to 0.1S o t"e 31< ed !ould beound in t"e blood stream.

8omments on ene >ow are in &cience26< (1994) 11;-=. ' reiew oplant on!oenes is F. audin et al. 5$a!terial enes modiyin

"ormonal balan!es in plants5 Plant Physiol" Biochem"


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ranada !t 24-; 199


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trial are in J.,. 8ory et al. 5Cield trial o a eneti!ally improedba!uloirus inse!ti!ide5 Nature


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3s in t"e UKsin!e 'pril 1994 appeared in GenEthics Ne%s2(1994) 12 (!onta!t A.. $o& 6


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"e prospe!ts or a lobal biosaety areement will "ae to wait untilt"e end o 199 ollowin t"e Bi"di+ersity C"n+enti"nmeetinde!ision in e!ember Nature


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plants t"at e&press a pesti!ide used in plants beore w"i!" someopponents are atta!%in Ne% &cientist(26 #o 1994) ;.

"e ne&t p"ase o resear!" into 3s inoles lare s!ale releasesand t"ese s"ould still be monitorred &cience266 (1994) 14;2-ow in sun>ower is'rias .3. 7iesenber L.@. 5ene >ow between !ultiated and wildsun>owers5 (heor" Appl" Genetics=9 6-60. 'n asse&uallyreprodu!in fs" w"i!" possesses t"e natural ability to re!eie lare

amounts o #' is reported in #ature


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was introdu!ed t"e number o permits issued "as allen wit" mostbein notif!ations o low ris% 3s.

' reiew o 1 in>uential pie!es o biote!"noloy law in t"e ,' is inGEN(1 Jan 199) 16-;. "ere are !"an!es o dereulation o

biote!"noloy wit" a 7epubli!an !onress Biotechnolo#y12 (1994)1


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plannin two feld trials o modifed potatoes under t"e lealpro!edures in eMe!t sin!e 1/1/9. ' !omment on t"e impa!t oreulations on uniersities is &cience26; (199) 124;.

wo !ompanies "ae as%ed t"e U%DA'A@+, to dereulate modifed

!orn one rom 8iba-eiy w"i!" is inse!t-resistant and t"e ot"er rom'ro*o 8ompany w"i!" is tolerant to t"e "erbi!ide luosinate. "epubli! "as until t"e last wee% o 'pril to submit !omments. "einormation rom t"e ,' 'A@+, is on Eorld Eide Eeb. n t"e ,reulation o biote!"noloy &cience26; (199) 94. ' !omment ont"e approal o a potato in!ludin a $a!illus t"uriniensis inse!ti!idalprotein ene is (he Ram,s )orn 124 (3ar!" 199) -6.

' eneral !omment on t"e in!reasin number o eneti!ally modifed!rops is &cientifc American(3ar!" 199) a& oer < years is !ommended inBiotechnolo#y1< (199)


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' world-wide reiew o feld trials o eneti!ally modifed plants isBiotechnolo#y1< (199) 44-=. 8anada "as approed t"e 'r*o!anola plant w"i!" is tolerant to t"e "erbi!ide 5Liberty5 GEN(1 3ay199) 26-; EBN201 (199) 2. "e approal is or 40000 "e!taresand t"e seeds will %eep or domesti! !rus"in not or e&port.

"e ,'Ps 'ri!ultural $iote!"noloy 7esear!" 'disory 8ommittee"as prepared oluntary perorman!e standards entitled 5Aerorman!e,tandards or ,aety 8ondu!tin 7esear!" wit" eneti!ally 3odifedCis" and ,"ellfs"5. Curt"er details o t"e ,' 3 uidelines andfeld trial release data are on line on t"e world wide web"ttp//www.ap"is.usda.o/bbep/bp/ ,in!e 19=; t"e 'A@+, o ,'"as approed or a!%nowleded 190 feld trials at 61


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"e *uropean 8ommission "as announ!ed plans to !"ane 3 !ropprote!tion laws by adoption o dire!tie 90/220 and 94/1 on feldreleases o 3s. "e new law plans in!lude bans

Documents

JB Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN