JAY BREEZY.!. In the 1930s, many Americans moved to communities outside of cities

JAY BREEZY.!

Chapter 30: North America and South America

Section 1: The United States After World War 2

In the 1930s, many Americans moved to communities outside of cities

A: Prosperity After World War 2

New CommunitiesThe nations first planned community was

Levittown.Levittown was located in a suburb or a

community at the edge of a city.Many people began to move out of New York

City.


Changing LifestylesAs people moved farther from their jobs in

the cities, they needed to commute, or travel back and forth home from work.

Many people brought cars as well as houses.Most middle aged women stayed at home and

watched after their children, however many others worked at jobs outside their homes.


Cold War fears caused conflicts at home and abroad.

B:Conflicts at Home and Abroad

Senator McCarthyIn 1950, U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin

accused some government workers of being Communist supporters.

For a time, government officials were afraid to criticize McCarthy, because they might also be suspected.

The people who were accused had a TV interview with McCarthy and viewers noticed that McCarthy had no real evidence.

The term McCarthyism refers to the practice of publicly accusing people of political disloyalty without real evidence.

B: Conflicts at Home and Abroad

The Korean ConflictNorth Korea, which was under a Communist

government, invaded democratic South Korea in 1950.

President Truman sent U.S. troops to south Korea’s defense.

Negotiations to end the conflict dragged on for two years before an agreement was signed in 1953.


Crises in CubaLocated 90 miles off the Florida coast, Cuba

seemed like a big threat to Americans.The U.S. Central intelligence Agency (cia)

trained about 1,500 Cuban exiles who attempted an invasion at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba.

The invasion failed, and the exiles were captured. The United States had been unsuccessful against a much smaller country.


Many groups fought for equal rights before the law.

C: The Struggle for Justice

A Battle for Equal EducationIn 1986 the U.S. Supreme Court had established

a separate but equal doctrine, or policy that became widely practiced in the South.

African Americans could not enter some stores and restaurants, drink from certain water fountains, or go to schools with white people.

Writing about her experiences in the 1950’s Diane Nash, an African American student supporter of basic civil rights.


Civil Rights Protest In 1955, a woman named Rosa Parks refused to give up her

seat on a bus for a white man, as required by law in Montgomery, Alabama, where buses were segregated.

She was removed from the bus and arrested.On the day of her trial, the African American community took

a stand against segregation by refusing to ride the Montgomery buses.

In 1963, protesters in Birmingham, Alabama demonstrated for the rights of African Americans to use public places. When he arrived he was jailed for his role after he was freed he organized a march on Washington D.C. in August 1963.

In 1968 King was asked to lead a protest in Tennessee. A few days before the protest he was assassinated.


Other Groups Seek Equal RightsMany jobs were closed to women.Often, they were paid less than men for doing

the same jobs.Women demonstrated and marched in protest

, and as a result more women were elected to political positions.

C: The struggle for justice

Wars, scandals, and terrorism greatly affected the United States in the last part of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century.

D: Wars, Scandals, and Terrorism

A Nation divided Over warThe domino theory led four U.S. Presidents

Dwight Eisenhower, John Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, and Richard Nixon to send U.S. aid and troops to south Vietnam.

The goal was to help South Vietnam fight against a Communist North Vietnamese takeover.

As the war became more and more unpopular, it became clear that the United States could not continue its involvement. An agreement to stop the fighting was signed in 1973.


A Time of Scandals Scandal broke in 1972, when five men were

caught breaking into the Watergate building in Washington D.C.

The reason for the break in was to steal records from the opposing political party.

President Richard Nixon was accused of covering up the break-in.

He resigned in 1974 to avoid being impeached.


Troubles in a New CenturyThe nation’s dreams of peace were shattered on

September 11, 2001 when terrorists flew jets into New York City’s World Trade Center and Pentagon, near Washington, D.C. Several thousand people died as a result of those crashes and another crash in Pennsylvania.

The prime suspect behind the attacks was Osama bin Laden the leader of a worldwide group of terrorists called Al Qaeda.

In early 2003, Great Britain and the United States formed a coalition military force to fight a war in Iraq.


Jay breezy.!


Section 2: Canada and the United States in a New Era

Canada and the United States share both a border and common goals.

A: Long-Standing Good Neighbors

Population Movements Between CountriesThroughout history, four major waves of immigration to

Canada from the United States have occurred.The first wave took place at the time of the American

Revolution in the 1700’s when people loyal to Great Britain fled the colonies.

A second large-scale movement happened in the 1800’s when enslaved Africans escaped from the southern region of the United States for freedom in Canada.

The third wave happened in the early 1900’s The fourth movement occurred during the Vietnam war.


Fighting TerrorismCanada was among the first to join the United

Nations in 1945 and actively support UN programs.After the terrorist attacks on the World Trade

Center and the Pentagon in 2001, Canada and the United States agreed to cooperate even more on matters of security and information about possible threats.

The Smart Border Declaration, signed in December 2001, provided for U.S. National Guard troops to be stationed along the U.S./Canada border.


The people of Canada have achieved greater self-rule in recent decades

B: Freedom for Canada

Canadians have pushed for greater freedom by working with government of Britain.

In 1982, Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain signed the Constitution Act.

If Canada wanted to make a change in its constitution approval from the British Parliament was required.

B: British Control Decreases

In 1999, the Nanavut Territory was created from the Northwest Territories of Canada.

The land in the new territory is thought to be rich in metal ores and soil.

The Nanavut Territory has 26 major communities, all of them separated by great distances.

B: A New Territory

Quebec is heavily influenced by its French connections, which date back to 1608.

That year the explorer Samuel de Champlain started the first permanent French settlement in Quebec.

Quebec has attempted to secede, or break away, from Canada and form a new nation.

B: Quebec Province

Canada and the United States are strong trade partners but face some economic challenges.

C: Trade Partners and Economic Challenges

In 2001 Canada exported to foreign countries goods and services worth nearly $275 billion and imported almost $240 billion worth of goods.

Canada and the United States are each other’s strongest trade partners.

In 2001, for example, 86 percent of Canada’s exports went to the United States, and 74 percent of Canada’s imported goods came from the United States.

C: Canadian—U.S. Trade

In 1988, Canada and the United States made a free-trade agreement that eliminated most tariffs on imports and exports between those to countries.

Mexico joined the agreement in 1992, which was then named the North American Free Trade Agreement.

Citizens in all three countries are divided on the benefits of this agreement.

C: North American Free Trade Agreement

In 1996, the United States passed an act that limited trade with Cuba.

These sanctions prevent Cuban goods and services from being bought or sold in the United States.

Most countries disagree with the U.S. trade sanctions on cuba.

C: The Helms-Burton Act

A second area of disagreement between Canada and the United States has been over fishing, especially of salmon, in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Canadian fishers charge that the United States is overfishing the waters.

Overfishing reduces the number of salmon that return to Canada to reproduce.

C: Fishing and other Environmental Concerns

Section 3: Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean islands

Jay breezy.!

Chapter 30: North America and South

America

Mexico and the United States formed a new alliance in the 1990s.

A: Mexico and the United States

• NAFTA– A New Trade AgreementThe North American Free Trade Agreement

Signed by the three nations’ leaders in 1992, NAFTA went into effect on January 1, 1994.

The treaty was not the first time the nations had cooperated, but the treaty made the cooperation formal and long lasting.

Vicente Fox was elected president of Mexico for a six-year term in 2000.

A. Mexico and the United States

• Mexican Workers Many Mexicans who had been living in the

United States went to work at factories.Today, as in the past Mexican workers are paid

much less than American workers.As a result, many Mexicans are willing to work

in the United States for better wagers.


Factories and the Mexican Economya second legal use of Mexico's workforce

occurs in factories in factories built along the U.S.-Mexican border. Since World war 2, Mexico has worked to

strengthen its economy. The 1970s were particularly strong for

Mexico's oil industry.


Concerns Over Illegal drugsMexico is a major pipeline for illegal drugs

coming from South American countries, such as Columbia, and entering the United States.

Both marijuana and heroin are grown commercially in Mexico.

Efforts to reduce Mexico’s role in the drug trade and drug use in the United States continue on both sides of the border.


Central American nations moved toward democracy.

B. Central America Moves Toward Democracy

Nicaragua and GuatemalaFrom 1937 to 1979, Nicaragua was ruled by

the Somoza family.The United States supported the Contras

against the Sandinistas during a deadly civil war in Nicaragua.

Guatemala wanted a stable government. In 1954 rebels with the support of the U.S. government overthrew the Communist supported government in Guatemala.

B. Central America Moves Toward Democracy

El Salvador and PanamaU.S. President Ronald Regan focused

attention on the nation of El Salvador during the early 1980’s.

The United States has had an interest in Panama since the building of the Panama Canal.

In 1989 U.S. troops invaded Panama to overthrow the President of the country, Manuel Noriega

B. Central America moves Toward Democracy

The Caribbean islands made strides toward freedom

C. The Caribbean Islands

Young NationsBetween 1962 and 1983, nine island nations

became independent.Many island economies depend on tourism.In 1983 U.S. troops went to Grenada to put

down a Communist-led overthrow attempt.


Economic ChallengesIn 1973, the Caribbean Community and

Common Market (CARICOM) was formed.Members seek cooperation in areas of

education, health, science, and economics.They hope to expand the areas economy,

which has historically been based on crops such as sugar cane and bananas.


Jay breezy.!


Section 4: South America

The countries of South America have experienced political and economic turmoil.

A. Climate of Unrest

ArgentinaIn 1946, General Juan Peron was elected

president.Peron was elected president again on his

return to Argentina in 1973, but died ten months later in 1974.

In 1983, after democratic elections, democracy returned. Argentina's economic problems continued to grow.


ChileIn 1970, the Socialist Salvador Allende

Gossens was elected president.Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle followed Aylwin as

Chile’s president in 1994.Chile Continued it economic growth

throughout the 1990’s


Economics of some nations in South America have demonstrated progress.

B. Economic and Political Struggles

BrazilBrazil is the largest country in South America.More than half of South America’s people live

in Brazil.Eighty percent of Brazilians live within 200

miles of the Atlantic OceanThe 1960s and 1970s were very prosperous

times for Brazil, although many people who moved to the cities looking for work were poor.


ColombiaAlthough Colombia has often been close to

civil war, it remains economically successful.Drug trafficking is run in Colombia by

organizations called drug cartels.Colombia produces more than 90 percent of

the worlds supply of emeralds.


PeruIn 1994, Peru had one of the highest

economic growth rates in the world.Although the largest gold mine in South

America is in Peru, copper and zinc are the exports that earn the most money.

In the 1960’s Peru was the worlds largest fishing nation.


The Roman Catholic Church influences society in South America.

C. Latin Americans and Religion

The Pope VisitsNever before had a pope come to South

America Crowds swarmed to see Pope Paul VI when he visited South America in 1968.

From 1979 until 1999, Pope John Paul II made 13 trips to Mexico and central South America.

He visited nearly every predominately Roman Catholic nation.

C. Latin Americans and religion

Liberation TheologyThe church in Latin America is known for

liberation theology.Liberation means to set something free.

C. Latin Americans and religion

Documents

JAY BREEZY.!. In the 1930s, many Americans moved to communities outside of cities