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Javad Jamshidi
Fasa University of Medical Sciences, October 2015
Eukaryotic Cell Organellesand Organization
A eukaryotic cells, membrane-enclosed compartments
Providing increased membrane area to host biochemical reactions
Form enclosed compartments that are separate from the cytosol
Vary in abundance from cell type to cell type.
Occupy nearly half the volume of a cell
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Constitutes a little more than half the total volume of the cell
The site of protein synthesis and degradation
Performs most of the cell’s intermediary metabolism
Transport metabolites from their site of production to where they are used
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Contains the DNA and is the site of transcription of the DNA into messenger RNA
Inner membrane that defines the nucleus itself, outer membrane that is continuous with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum
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The nuclear lamina, located on the nuclear side of the inner nuclear membrane, gives shape and stability to the nuclear envelope
Composed of intermediate filaments , also regulates important cellular events
Nuclear pore complexes (NPC) not only define the site of transport across the nuclear membranes but act as gatekeepers,
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Place for transcription of rRNAs and ribosome assembly
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The largest internal membrane system, about half the total area of membrane in a eukaryotic cell
The ER also produces most of the lipid for the rest of the cell and functions as a store for Ca2+ ions.
Sends many of its proteins and lipids to the Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulumsynthesis of fatty acids and phospholipids, no ribosome
Rough endoplasmic reticulumsynthesis of membrane proteins and proteins that will be secreted out of a cell
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Consists of organized stacks of disclike compartments called Golgi cisternae
Receives lipids and proteins from the ER and dispatches them to various destinations
Modify proteins with sulfate, carbohydrate, lipid, and somehow address them
Process of the secretory pathway,
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Generate most of the cell ATP
Aerobic respiration, produce 15 times more ATP
can occupy as much as 25 percent of the volume of the cytoplasm
The number of mitochondria depends upon the metabolic requirements of that cell
contain it’s own genomes
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About 50 different degradative enzymes that can hydrolyze proteins, DNA, RNA, polysaccharides, and lipids
defunct intracellular organelles
Recycle materials
Low ph=5 , proton pomp , kind of protection
More than 30 different human genetic diseases, which are called lysosomal storage diseases
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A vesicular compartment involved in the sorting and transport to lysosomes of material taken up by endocytosis.
Provide an environment for material to be sorted before it reaches the degradative lysosome
Comprise three different compartments: early endosomes, late endosomes, and recycling endosomes
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Are small vesicular compartments that contain enzymes used in various oxidation reactions
Catalysis of proteins and lipids can make H2O2
They contain catalase
Are involved in the: Catabolism of very long chain fatty acids Branched chain fatty acidsD-amino acids, and polyamines, Biosynthesis of plasmalogens
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Primary site of biological protein synthesis
Read mRNA and attach amino acids
Contain 2 parts
Small ribosomal subunit which reads the RNAlarge subunit which joins amino acids
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Prokaryotic 70s
Eukaryotic 80s
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50s
30s16s RNA
23s + 5S RNAs31 Proteins
21 Proteins
60s
40s18s RNA
28s + 5.8s + 5s RNAs46 Proteins
33 Proteins