Jasmine Tree

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    C H A P T E R V

    NATURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THOVALAI FLOWERS WITH

    SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE COST STRUCTURES AND

    ECONOMICS OF CULTIVATION

    The flowers of Thovalai as it is well known are known for their

    rare fragrance and unique qualities. Their botanical, ecological, natural and

    religious significance have been highly commended by the religious and

    literary thinkers and writers of early Sangam periods in the history of Tamil

    literature. They have in fact won the hearts of million of people all over the

    world. In this chapter an attempt is made to provide a clear account of the

    different kinds of flowers produced in Thovalai. The investigator starts with

    Jasmine (Pitchi) because it has been the most out standing kind of flower

    produced in Thovalai.

    5.1 Jasmine (Pitchi)

    The Jasmine is available in two varieties they are popularly

    known as Pitchi and Malligai. The botanical name for Pitchi is Jasminum

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    grandiflorum. It is one of the oldest fragrant ornamental flower crops

    cultivated in open field. This plant could be seen in full bloom from June to

    September every year. These months are the period of bumper harvest of

    Pitchi for the floriculturists.

    The investigator could see in his course of study of Thovalai that

    Pitchi could be grown on a wide range of soils. However the well drained

    sandy loams and red loams with a soil pH range between 6.5 7.5 are ideal

    for its cultivation. It is a sun loving crop and prefers warm humid climate for

    its successful growth. The ideal time for planting is the period of three

    months from June to August. The propagation of Jasmine (Pitchi) is by shoot

    cuttings in mist chamber.

    The cultivation of Jasmine (Pitchi) plant involves a number of

    important agricultural operations. To start with farmers should prepare their

    land suitably for planting purposes. The farmers usually plough their land

    three times and bring to fine tilth. Then dig pits of 30 cm cube with the

    spacing of 1.5 m x 1.5 m. After the pits are ready transplant rooted cuttings in

    the centre of pits and fill them with 25 kg of FYM along with equal quality of

    top soil. Having done final preparatory work, farmers resort to careful

    applications of earth worm manure and groundnut cake and EM are used as

    manure and D.A.P Potash are used as fertilizer.

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    The plants are carefully pruned every year in the month of

    December. They are sprayed with Bordaux manure and 0.2 per cent

    monocrotophos to control rust and stem borer.

    Harvesting of flowers usually is done early in the morning

    before the peep of the sunlight. A glance through the following table would

    give the reader of the thesis an idea about the magnitude of the cost involved

    in cultivating Jasmine (Pitchi) in one hectare of land and the average quantity

    of Jasmine (Pitchi) and their annual yield of flowers.

    The Jasmine (Pitchi) gardens could be divided into three

    categories: they are large gardens of the area of above one hectare, medium

    gardens of the area of 0.5 to 1 hectare and small gardens which cover below

    0.5 hectare of land.

    The cost components and the average yield levels are very

    interesting to study as could be seen from the following table.

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    TABLE No. 5.1

    COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF JASMINE (PITCHI)

    (In Rupees)

    Sl.

    No.Cost Component

    Size of the Garden

    Large Medium Small

    1. Preparatory Cultivation 6155

    (3.64

    6120

    (3.64)

    6100

    (3.64)

    2. Channel formation, digging and

    filling

    5935

    (3.51)

    5790

    (3.45)

    5630

    (3.36)

    3. Plant and Planting Cost 8060

    (4.76)

    7925

    (4.72)

    7850

    (4.69)4. Manures and Fertilizers 16569

    (9.79)

    16430

    (9.78)

    16375

    (9.78)

    5. Weeding 4220

    (2.49)

    4100

    (2.44)

    4025

    (2.40)

    6. Irrigation 24769

    (14.64)

    24325

    (14.48)

    24250

    (14.49)

    7. Plant Protection 1689

    (1.00)

    1650

    (0.88)

    1590

    (0.98)

    8. Harvesting 101809

    (60.17)

    101700

    (60.61)

    101525

    (60.66)Total 169206

    (100)

    168040

    (100)

    167345

    (100)

    NOTE : Figures in parenthesis are percentages to the total.

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

    TABLE No. 5.2

    ANNUAL YIELDS OF JASMINE (PITCHI) ESTIMATED IN

    MONTHLY WISE IN QUANTITY

    (In Kg)Size of

    the

    Garden

    Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

    Large 420 350 330 290 275 390 385 410 435 420 440 430 4575

    Medium 410 390 315 290 270 390 380 425 455 440 435 440 4640

    Small 390 375 290 280 260 340 360 390 410 405 413 390 4303

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    As it is evident from the above tables the large farmers incur a

    total cost of Rs.169206/- to cultivate one hectare of land with Jasmine plants.

    Among all the different costs estimated the harvesting cost irrigation costs and

    the manuring costs appear to be very prominent while harvesting forms 60.17

    per cent of the total cost. But the irrigation and manuring costs forms only

    14.64 per cent and 9.79 per cent respectively.

    The medium size farmers incur a relatively lower scales of

    expenditure. As it is clear from the above table it works out at Rs.168040.

    Here too, the harvesting costs, irrigation costs and the manuring cost,

    constitute a prominent share of the total costs. Expressed in terms of

    percentages, harvesting forms 60.61 per cent the total costs while irrigation

    and manuring form 14.48 per cent and 9.78 per cent respectively. In the case

    of the small farmers, the costs incurred are a bitter lower while compared to

    the large and medium farmers. Interestingly enough it is found to be

    Rs.167345 per hectare. A component wise division of the total costs shows

    that the harvesting costs above from 60.66 per cent while the irrigation and

    manuring cost from around 14.49 per cent and 9.78 per cent respectively.

    5.2 Jasmine (Malligai)

    Jasmine, Jasminum auriculatum and Jasminum Sambac of the

    flower is one of the most important flower in the domestic flower industry,

    belongs to the family oleaceae in more than 10,000 hectare in Tamil Nadu.

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    The investigator could see in the course of his study in Thovalai that flowers

    could be cultivated a wide range of flowers. It fetches value not only in India,

    but also in foreign markets. It earns million of dollars as exchange to our

    country. Its fragrance, aromatic scent is liked by all the people especially the

    Tamil women who would love to wear them on their hair. Its colour is pure

    white and attractive. The Jasmine flowers are also offered to Gods. It is used

    for making wreathes, bouquets and garlands. It is impossible to think of

    marriages without the presence of jasmine garlands and wreathes. As it has

    long lasting fragrance its scents are used in cosmetics. These flowers are also

    used in some industries for the production of perfumes, soaps and Agarpathis.

    There are more than 200 varieties of Jasmine, Parijadam, Pavalamalligai,

    olivamaram also belong to Jasmine variety of flowers, the super quality

    varieties are Coimbatore, Mullai, Parimullai, Iruvachi and Ramanathapuram

    Gundu Malligai. Jasmine flowers in abundance during Tamil months Thai,

    Masi, Pankuni, Chithirai and less during Ani, Aadi, Avani and rainy season

    when price will be high.

    It is a semi creeper and bears fragrant flowers throughout the

    year but from June to September it produces more flowers. It can be grown on

    a wide range of soils. Well-drained sandy loams and red loams with a soil PH

    range 6.5-7.5 are ideal for its cultivation. It is a sun loving crop and prefers

    warm humid climate for its successful growth. The ideal time of planting is

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    from June to August. Propagation of Jasmine is by shoot cuttings in mist

    chamber. The field is ploughed 3 to 4 times and brings it to a fine tilth. Dig

    pits of 30 cm cube with the spacing of 1.5m x 1.5m after the pits are ready fill

    them with 20 kg FYM along with equal quantity of top soil. Transplant

    rooted cuttings in the centre of pits and irrigate. Earth warm manure and

    groundnut cake and E.M are used as manure and D.A.P, Pottash are used as

    fertilizers. Irrigation is given at weekly intervals. Pruning should be done

    during December to get high yield and to keep the bushes to manageable size.

    The plant is likely to suffer from pest damages during the growth period by

    the bud worms, bud flies and root grubs. The knowledge of pest identification

    and its management needs special attention in order to have a best quality in

    the market. Harvesting should be done during morning hours (5 to 8 am). It

    should be immediately transported to market.

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    TABLE No. 5.3

    COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF JASMINE (MALLIGAI)

    (In Rupees)

    Sl.

    No.Cost Component

    Size of the Garden

    Large Medium Small

    1. Preparatory Cultivation 6425

    (4.14)

    6250

    (4.05)

    6144

    (3.12)

    2. Channel formation, digging and

    filling

    5050

    (3.28)

    5010

    (3.25)

    4925

    (3.21)

    3. Plant and Planting Cost 7850

    (5.06)

    7550

    (4.89)

    7460

    (4.85)4. Manures and Fertilizers 16725

    (10.78)

    16650

    (10.78)

    16536

    (10.76)

    5. Weeding 4025

    (2.59)

    3975

    (2.57)

    3916

    (2.54)

    6. Irrigation 18725

    (12.07)

    18716

    (12.12)

    18650

    (12.94)

    7. Plant Protection 1750

    (1.13)

    1725

    (1.11)

    1721

    (1.22)

    8. Harvesting 94525

    (60.95)

    94475

    (61.23)

    94257

    (61.36)Total 155075

    (100)

    154351

    (100)

    153609

    (100)

    NOTE : Figures in parenthesis are percentages to the total.

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

    TABLE No. 5.4

    ANNUAL YIELDS OF JASMINE (MALLIGAI) ESTIMATED IN

    MONTHLY WISE IN QUANTITY

    (In Kg)Size of

    the

    Garden

    Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

    Large 350 490 710 825 950 690 510 450 280 250 300 415 6220

    Medium 345 490 700 815 915 685 490 445 260 245 290 410 6090

    Small 350 475 690 805 915 685 480 347 270 215 290 405 5927

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

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    As it is evident from the above table that the large scale farmers

    incur a total cost of Rs.155075 to cultivate one hectare of land with Jasmine

    (Malligai) plants. Among all the different costs estimated the harvesting cost,

    irrigation and the manuring and fertilizing cost appear to be very prominent.

    The harvesting cost form 60.95 per cent of the total cost. But the irrigation

    and manuring and fertilizing cost form 12.07 per cent and 10.78 per cent

    respectively.

    The medium size farmers incur a relatively lower scales of

    expenditure. As it is clear from the above table it works out Rs.154351. Here

    the harvesting costs, irrigation cost and the manuring cost constitute in terms

    of percentage, harvesting forms 61.23 of the total cost while irrigation and

    manuring and fertilizing cost form 12.12 and 10.78 respectively. In the case

    of the small farmers, the costs incurred are a little lower while compared to

    large and medium farmers. Interestingly enough it is found to be Rs.153609

    per hectare. A component wise division of the total cost shows that the

    harvesting cost form 61.36 per cent while the irrigation and manuring and

    fertilizing cost form around 12.94 per cent and 10.76 per cent respectively.

    5.3 Rose

    Rose is one of the most beautiful flowers which is produced in plenty

    in Thovalai. It is produced in places all over the country. People young and

    old hold it so dear to their heads that unlike other kinds of flower is known as

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    for its immense medicinal value and for its overwhelming uses for the

    production of the most sought after perfumes. In Thovalai it is used mostly

    for the production of garlands, and bouquets. Its use as a decoration material

    is on the rise in recent years. No wonder it is widely known as the queen of

    flowers. Rose is a typical cut flower is grown mainly in the temperate zone.

    In Sanskrit literature it is referred to Taruni Pushpa Atimanjula and

    Semantika. The Moguls were known to be ardent admirers of the flower, and

    the Empress Nur Jehan is credited with the discovery of attar of roses.

    Floriculturists usually bring it under five heads. They are Hybrid Teas,

    Floribundas, Polyanthes, Miniatures and Climbers and Ramblers. However,

    according to Botanists there exist 250 distinct species of Roses. At

    Horticultural Research station, of Yercaud of Tamil Nadu about 435 rose

    collections have been collected and maintained. This includes three hundred

    and sixty three hybrid tea roses, fifty seven floribunda roses, twelve climbing

    roses and three miniature roses.1

    The flowers are bright crimson-red large, full, well formed

    flowers with reflexing petals. Very free flowering and vigorous, with long

    stems, one of the best reds for cut flowers but having little fragrance. It is

    desirable to allow one or two of the outer petals to begin to unfurl before

    cutting.

    1 Murugesan, S., Happiness A Promising Rose Variety, Kisan World, Vol.17, No.2, February

    1990, p.39.

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    Old favorite varieties of roses are produced and sold as loose

    flowers. These are used for offerings at places of worship, for the extraction

    of essential oil and also used in garlands.

    The present day garden roses have been derived from crossing

    of different wild rose species of Europe and china. Rose plants can come up

    well anywhere in Thovalai. However, well drained sandy loam or loam is

    quite suitable. As it is well known Rose plants should be planted in a

    protected area with open space free from shade and roots of trees. The

    propagation of the plant is usually done by cutting layering and budding. The

    best season for planting roses is just before the rainy season. When the

    whether is too hot, the plants may be shaded for 8 to 10 days.

    Preparation of any garden for Rose cultivation is a very

    burdensome while farmers usually dig out small pits of specified dimensions

    at least one week in advance and allowed to weather. They should be filled

    with well-rotted FYM at the bottom and good garden soil at the top. After the

    plants establish and begin to grow well, manure may be applied into the soil

    and the surface mulched with decomposed cattle manure. For Edward and red

    roses FYM 20 kg per plant per year may be given in two doses once in

    October soon after pruning and second dose during July or August. Pruning is

    done during the second fort night of planting. All the weak, diseased criss

    crossing and unproductive shoots are to be removed. Proper plant protection

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    is must for rose plants to get quality flower. Normally irrigation can be given

    once in 2 days till the plants establish. Thereafter once in a week is sufficient

    depends upon the type of the soil.

    Rose flowers are collected early in the morning. They are

    frisked away to the nearby markets for immediate sale. In places devoid of

    refrigeration facilities, rose flowers withered and become totally useless in a

    few hours after their collection from plants.

    TABLE No. 5.5

    COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF ROSE

    (In Rupees)

    Sl.

    No.Cost Component

    Size of the Garden

    Large Medium Small

    1. Preparatory Cultivation 3400

    (4.64)

    3225

    (4.44)

    2810

    (3.94)2. Channel formation, digging and

    filling

    5390

    (7.35)

    5250

    (7.23)

    5095

    (7.14)

    3. Plant and Planting Cost 2750

    (3.75)

    2690

    (3.71)

    2594

    (3.64)

    4. Manures and Fertilizers 16125

    (21.99)

    16000

    (22.04)

    15800

    (22.17)

    5. Weeding 2750

    (3.75)

    2675

    (3.69)

    2519

    (3.53)

    6. Irrigation 26650

    (36.34)

    26600

    (36.64)

    26463

    (37.12)7. Plant Protection 1515

    (2.07)

    1460

    (2.01)

    1420

    (1.99)

    8. Harvesting 14750

    (20.11)

    14690

    (20.24)

    14579

    (20.47)

    Total 73330

    (100)

    72590

    (100)

    71280

    (100)

    NOTE : Figures in parenthesis are percentages to the total.

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

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    TABLE No. 5.6

    ANNUAL YIELDS OF ROSE ESTIMATED IN MONTHLY WISE IN

    QUANTITY

    (In Packets)Size of

    theGarden

    Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

    Large 760 550 615 430 450 725 820 740 790 850 870 765 8365

    Medium 753 547 615 425 445 725 810 730 790 840 865 745 8290

    Small 750 545 615 420 435 715 800 725 790 835 790 735 8155

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

    As it is evident from the above table the large scale farmers

    incur a total cost of Rs.73330 to cultivate one hectare of land with Rose plants.

    Among all the different costs estimated the harvesting cost, irrigation and the

    manuring and fertilizing cost appear to be very prominent. The irrigation cost

    form 36.64 of the total cost. But the manuring and fertilizing cost and

    harvesting cost form 21.99 and 20.11 respectively.

    The medium size farmers incur a relatively lower scales of

    expenditure. As it is clear from the above table it works out at Rs.72590.

    Here the irrigation cost and manuring and fertilizing cost constitute in terms of

    percentage, irrigation forms 36.64 and manuring and fertilizing cost forms

    22.04 respectively.

    In the case of small farmers the costs incurred are a little lower

    while compared to the large and medium size farmers, it is Rs.71280 per

    hectare. Among all the different costs estimated the irrigation cost form 37.12

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    per cent while the manuring and fertilizing cost and harvesting costs from

    around 22.17 and 20.47 respectively.

    5.4 Marigold (Krenthi)

    Marigold (Tagetes erecta.L) is the most easily grown annual

    flower crop with high commercial value. It has wide adaptability to different

    soil and climatic conditions. Its characteristic of free flowering, short duration

    to produce marketable flowers, wide spectrum of attractive colours, shape size

    attracts the attention of flower growers in India. Marigolds are cultivated

    commercially for use as cut flowers particularly for making garlands. In

    popularity as cut flower marigold probably rank next only to jasmine in India.

    Some time the whole plant is used for decoration. Marigold is grown both in

    the north and southern states of India. The important states of India grown

    marigold are karnataka, TamilNadu, Andra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab,

    Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, West Bengal and the Union Territory of Delhi.

    Cultivation of Marigold is not very expensive. It is suited to all

    kinds of soil. For small and marginal farmers it is an affordable flower crop.

    Marigold requires mild climate for luxuriant growth. In very high temperature

    plants cease to grow and flower production is affected and at the same time it

    is sensitive to frost. Marigold can be grown throughout the year in south

    India. The best time for transplanting the seedlings is July and even upto

    August. Marigold is propagated by seeds. About 250 grams of seeds are

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    sufficient for planting one hectare of land. Ploughing the land for 3 to 4 times

    and removing the weeds is necessary as preparatory cultivation. Twenty tons

    of farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers like Nitrogen, Urea, Prosperous,

    super phosphate and potash are used as manures and fertilizers.

    Irrigation can be given once in 4-6 days depending upon the soil

    moisture and weather condition. Weed the field 2-3 times at monthly intervals

    to keep the field weed free. Marigold plants do not require frequent spraying

    of pesticides. They would be ready for harvest in about 2 to 2 months after

    transplanting. The plants continues to bear flowers for another 2 to 2

    months from the date of first harvest. Plucking of flowers should be done in

    the cool hours of either in morning or evening.

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    TABLE No. 5.7

    COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF MARIGOLD

    (In Rupees)

    Sl.

    No.Cost Component

    Size of the Garden

    Large Medium Small

    1. Preparatory Cultivation 2225

    (4.53)

    2150

    (4.43)

    2036

    (4.30)

    2. Channel formation, digging and

    filling

    2050

    (4.17)

    2000

    (4.12)

    1875

    (3.97)

    3. Plant and Planting Cost 2250

    (4.58)

    2175

    (4.48)

    2010

    (4.25)4. Manures and Fertilizers 9570

    (19.49)

    9525

    (19.62)

    9156

    (19.38)

    5. Weeding 3950

    (8.05)

    3875

    (7.98)

    3809

    (8.06)

    6. Irrigation 11525

    (23.47)

    11450

    (23.58)

    11273

    (23.86)

    7. Plant Protection 2050

    (4.18)

    1975

    (4.07)

    1819

    (3.85)

    8. Harvesting 15475

    (31.53)

    15400

    (31.72)

    15277

    (32.33)Total 49095

    (100)

    48550

    (100)

    47255

    (100)

    NOTE : Figures in parenthesis are percentages to the total.

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

    TABLE No. 5.8

    ANNUAL YIELDS OF MARIGOLD ESTIMATED IN MONTHLY

    WISE IN QUANTITY

    (In Kg)Size of

    the

    Garden

    Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

    Large 318 294 275 360 341 361 370 323 334 380 398 378 4132

    Medium 312 282 265 353 330 360 370 321 330 375 390 368 4056

    Small 290 285 265 350 325 370 365 315 325 365 385 370 4010

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

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    As it is evident from the above table, the large scale farmers

    incur a total cost of Rs.49095 to cultivate one hectare of land with Marigold

    plants. Among all the different cost estimated the harvesting cost form 31.53

    per cent of the total cost. But the irrigation and manuring and fertilizing cost

    form 23.47 per cent and 19.49 per cent respectively.

    The medium size farmers incur a relatively lower scales of

    expenditure. As it is clear from the above table it work out Rs.48550. Here

    the harvesting costs irrigation cost and manuring and fertilizing cost constitute

    in terms of percentage, harvesting forms 31.72 per cent of the total cost while

    irrigation and manuring and fertilizing cost form 23.58 per cent and 19.62 per

    cent respectively.

    In the case of the small farmers the costs incurred are a little

    lower while compared to the large and medium farmers. The total cost of

    cultivation per hectare is Rs.47255. A component wise division of the total

    cost harvesting cost form 32.33 per cent while the irrigation and manuring and

    fertilizing cost form around 23.86 and 19.38 respectively.

    5.5 Bachelors Button (Vadamalli)

    Bachelors Button is popularly known as Vadamalli. It is so

    named because it does not lose its freshness for 7 to 8 days. This is a

    traditionally cultivated loose flower. It is used for garland making, offering to

    God. It is cultivated throughout the year. Bachelors Button can be cultivated

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    in a wide range of soils with good water holding capacity. An ideal soil for

    Bachelors Button cultivation is fertile sandy loam. Bachelors Button requires

    mild climate for luxuriant growth. In very high temperature plants cease to

    grow and flower production is affected and at the same time it is sensitive to

    frost. As it has been pointed out earlier Bachelors Button can be grown

    throughout the year in south India. The best time for transplanting the

    seedlings is July and even upto August. It is propagated by seeds. About 250

    grams of seeds are sufficient for planting one hectare of land.

    Ploughing the land for 3 to 4 times and removing the weeds is

    necessary as preparatory cultivation. Twenty tons of farm yard manure and

    chemical fertilizers like Nitrogen, Urea, Phosphorus, Sulphur Phosphate and

    Potash are used as manures and fertilizers. Depending on the soil conditions it

    is irrigated once in 4 to 6 days or 2 or 3 times in a month. Bachelors Button

    are rarely attacked by diseases. They will be ready for harvest in about 2 to 2

    months after trans planting. The plants continue to bear flowers for another

    2 to 2 months from the date of first harvest. Plucking of flowers should be

    done in the cool hours of either morning or evening.

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    TABLE No. 5.9

    COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF

    BACHELORS BUTTON (VADAMALLI)

    (In Rupees)

    Sl.

    No.Cost Component

    Size of the Garden

    Large Medium Small

    1. Preparatory Cultivation 2625

    (5.42)

    2550

    (5.31)

    2466

    (5.18)

    2. Channel formation, digging and

    filling

    2975

    (6.14)

    2950

    (6.14)

    2805

    (5.90)

    3. Plant and Planting Cost 1300(2.68)

    1269(2.64)

    1250(2.63)

    4. Manures and Fertilizers 8800

    (18.15)

    8750

    (18.20)

    8679

    (18.24)

    5. Weeding 4130

    (8.52)

    4050

    (8.42)

    4009

    (8.42)

    6. Irrigation 10825

    (22.33)

    10800

    (22.46)

    10763

    (22.62)

    7. Plant Protection 1470

    (3.03)

    1410

    (2.93)

    1380

    (2.90)

    8. Harvesting 16350(33.73)

    16300(33.90)

    16238(34.11)

    Total 48475

    (100)

    48079

    (100)

    47590

    (100)

    NOTE : Figures in parenthesis are percentages to the total.

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

    TABLE No. 5.10

    ANNUAL YIELDS OF BACHELORS BUTTON (VADAMALLI)

    ESTIMATED IN MONTHLY WISE IN QUANTITY

    (In Kg)Size of

    the

    Garden

    Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

    Large 375 358 360 370 390 401 403 480 505 510 443 410 5005

    Medium 362 350 354 366 389 402 406 470 499 502 424 396 4920

    Small 340 343 350 363 388 390 383 405 430 490 402 395 4679

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

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    As it is evident from the above table, the large scale farmers

    incur a total cost of Rs.48475 to cultivate one hectare of with Bachelors

    Button plants. Among all the different costs estimated the harvesting cost

    appear to be very prominent. The harvesting cost form 33.73 per cent of the

    total cost. But the irrigation and manuring and fertilizing cost form 22.33 per

    cent and 18.15 per cent respectively.

    The medium size farmers incur a relatively lower scales of

    expenditure. As it is clear from the above table it work out Rs.48079. Here

    the harvesting cost, irrigation cost and manuring and fertilizing cost constitute

    in terms of percentage, harvesting forms 33.90 per cent of the total cost while

    irrigation and manuring and fertilizing cost form 22.46 per cent and 18.20 per

    cent respectively and the other costs form below 10 per cent only.

    In the case of small scale farmers the costs incurred are

    relatively little lower scales of expenditure while compared to the large and

    medium farmers. As it is clear from the above table it works out Rs.47590.

    Here the harvesting cost, irrigation cost, manuring and fertilizing cost

    constitute in terms of percentage, harvesting form 34.11 of the total cost while

    irrigation and manuring and fertilizing cost form 22.62 per cent and 18.24 per

    cent respectively.

    5.6 Marikolunthu (Merjoram)

    The Botanical name for Marikolunthu is Merjoram. It is an

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    evergreen scented shrub. It is used for making garlands offering to God. It is

    cultivated throughout the year. Marikolunthu is one of the garden plant in

    Thovalai which does not involves very heavy initial investment. Reportedly it

    is suitable for small and marginal farmers. It can be cultivated in a wide range

    of soils with water holding capacity, well drained and near to neutral in

    reaction (PH 6.5 7.0) is most desirable An ideal soil for Merjoram

    Marikolunthu cultivation is fertile sandy loam. Marikolunthu requires mild

    climate for luxuriant growth. During the seasons cultivation of this crops is

    very difficult.

    Marikolunthu is propagated by seeds. About 250 grams of seeds

    are sufficient for planting one hectare of land. Farmer who opt Marikolunthu

    ploughing their land 3 to 4 times and keep it free from weeds. Then they

    apply twenty tons of farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers like Nitrogen,

    Urea, Prosperous, super phosphate and potash are used as manures and

    fertilizers. Irrigation of the crop is done once in 4-6 days depending upon the

    soil moisture and weather condition. Weed the field 2-3 times at monthly

    intervals to keep the field weed free. Marikolunthu are rarely attacked by

    diseases under normal circumstances. It will be ready for harvest in about 2 to

    2 months after trans planting. The plants continues to bear flowers for

    another 2 to 2 months from the date of first harvest. Plucking of flowers

    should be done in the cool hours of either in morning or evening.

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    TABLE No. 5.11

    COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF MERJORAM

    (MARIKOLUNTHU)

    (In Rupees)

    Sl.

    No.Cost Component

    Size of the Garden

    Large Medium Small

    1. Preparatory Cultivation 2700

    (7.73)

    2625

    (7.65)

    2532

    (7.46)

    2. Channel formation, digging and

    filling

    1925

    (5.52)

    1850

    (5.39)

    1745

    (5.14)

    3. Plant and Planting Cost 2880(8.25)

    2868(8.38)

    2850(8.39)

    4. Manures and Fertilizers 6220

    (17.81)

    6160

    (17.96)

    6130

    (18.05)

    5. Weeding 4225

    (12.10)

    4110

    (11.98)

    4100

    (12.07)

    6. Irrigation 7520

    (21.53)

    7460

    (21.75)

    7439

    (21.91)

    7. Plant Protection 1225

    (3.51)

    1145

    (3.34)

    1122

    (3.30)

    8. Harvesting 8225(23.55)

    8075(23.55)

    8042(23.68)

    Total 34920

    (100)

    34293

    (100)

    33960

    (100)

    NOTE : Figures in parenthesis are percentages to the total.

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

    TABLE No. 5.12

    ANNUAL YIELDS OF MERJORAM (MARIKOLUNTHU)

    ESTIMATED IN MONTHLY WISE IN QUANTITY

    (In Kg)Size of

    the

    Garden

    Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

    Large 455 420 315 350 385 301 350 322 336 385 525 560 4704

    Medium 350 315 280 329 280 266 315 350 266 420 364 336 3871

    Small 490 455 280 385 420 315 420 364 350 420 560 420 4879

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

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    As it is evident from the above table the large scale farmers

    incur a total cost of Rs.34920 to cultivate one hectare of land with Merjoram

    plants. Among all the different costs estimated the harvesting cost, irrigation

    cost, manuring and fertilizing cost, weeding cost appear to be very prominent.

    The harvesting cost form 23.55 per cent of the total cost. But the irrigation,

    manuring and fertilizing and weeding cost form 21.53 per cent, 17.81 per cent

    and 12.10 per cent respectively.

    The medium size farmers incur a relatively lower scale of

    expenditure. As it is clear from the above table it works out Rs.34293. Here

    the harvesting cost irrigation cost, manuring and fertilizing cost and weeding

    cost constitute in terms of percentage, harvesting forms 23.55 of the total cost

    while irrigation, manuring and fertilizing cost and weeding cost form 21.75

    per cent, 17.96 and 11.98 per cent respectively.

    In the case of the small farmers the costs incurred are a little

    lower while compared to large and medium farmers. As it is clear from the

    above table it is worked out Rs.33960. A component wise division of the total

    costs, harvesting cost form 23.68 per cent while the irrigation cost, manuring

    and fertilizing cost form around 21.91, 18.05 and 12.07 respectively.

    5.7 Nerium (Arali)

    Nerium, Nerium indicum mill is also called as oleander.

    Oleander is an ever green shrub usually referred to as glory of the garden. The

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    cane like stem bears two or three thick leaves. The oleander makes a large

    graceful spreading bush, which grows up to a maximum height of 4 meters.

    The flowers are sweet scented and which, rose or red in colour in clusters or

    terminal cymes. The bell shaped flowers are usually 2.5 to 3.0cm in diameter

    with a slight spiral twist.

    Double Varieties also exist and are quite handsome. It is also

    grown as a screen or a ledge and even as a border for lawn. In north India the

    plant come into full bloom during April-June and keep flowering all through

    the year. It is used for different types of garland making and also used the

    loose flowers in Temples for their worship. It can be grown on a wide range

    of soils. Well drained sandy loams and red loams with a soil PH range 6.5-7.5

    are ideal for its cultivation. It is a sun loving crop and prefers warm humid

    climate for its successful growth. The ideal time of planting is from August to

    October. The field is ploughed 3 to 4 times and bring it to a fine tilth. Dig

    pits of 30 cm cube with the spacing of 1.5m x 1.5m after the pits are ready fill

    them with 20 kg FYM along with equal quantity of top soil. Stem cutting in

    the centre of pits in cross position and irrigate. Best time of planting is

    between August to October. Farm yard manure are used as manure.

    Irrigation is given at weekly intervals. Pruning should be done

    during December to get high yield and to keep the bushes to manageable size.

    Spraying the crop with Bordaure mixture and 0.2 per cent mono crotophos to

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    control rust and stem borer. Harvesting should be done during morning

    hours (5 to 8 am). It should be immediately transported to market.

    TABLE No. 5.13

    COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF NERIUM (ARALI)

    (In Rupees)

    Sl.

    No.Cost Component

    Size of the Garden

    Large Medium Small

    1. Preparatory Cultivation 3225

    (2.84)

    3150

    (2.79)

    3021

    (2.69)2. Channel formation, digging and

    filling

    4825

    (4.24)

    4700

    (4.16)

    4590

    (4.08)

    3. Plant and Planting Cost 3220

    (2.83)

    3125

    (2.76)

    3084

    (2.74)

    4. Manures and Fertilizers 15750

    (13.85)

    15715

    (13.90)

    15620

    (13.90)

    5. Weeding 2175

    (1.91)

    2150

    (1.90)

    2086

    (1.86)

    6. Irrigation 21425

    (18.84)

    21307

    (18.85)

    21225

    (18.89)7. Plant Protection 1325

    (1.17)

    1250

    (1.11)

    1238

    (1.11)

    8. Harvesting 61750

    (54.32)

    61650

    (54.53)

    61499

    (54.73)

    Total 113695

    (100)

    113047

    (100)

    112363

    (100)

    NOTE : Figures in parenthesis are percentages to the total.

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

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    TABLE No. 5.14

    ANNUAL YIELDS OF NERIUM (ARALI) ESTIMATED IN

    MONTHLY WISE IN QUANTITY

    (In Kg)Size of

    theGarden

    Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

    Large 425 475 575 515 490 450 495 555 490 375 350 385 5580

    Medium 415 450 590 540 510 475 515 505 485 390 400 380 5655

    Small 350 390 490 525 480 475 510 500 490 390 380 375 5355

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

    As it is evident from the above table the large scale farmers

    incur a total cost of Rs.113695 to cultivate one hectare of land with Nerium

    plants. Among all the different costs estimated the harvesting cost, irrigation

    and manuring and fertilizing cost appear to be very prominent. The harvesting

    cost form 54.32 per cent of the total cost. But the irrigation and manuring and

    fertilizing cost form 18.84 per cent and 13.85 per cent respectively.

    The medium size farmers incur a relatively lower scale of

    expenditure. As it is clear from the above table it works out Rs.113047. Here

    the harvesting cost irrigation cost and manuring and fertilizing cost constitute

    in terms of percentage, harvesting forms 54.53 of the total cost while irrigation

    and manuring and fertilizing cost form 18.85 and 13.90 respectively.

    In the case of the small farmers, the costs incurred are a little

    lower while compared to large and medium farmers. As it is clear from the

    above table it works out Rs.112363. A component wise division of the total

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    costs, harvesting cost form 54.73 per cent while the irrigation and manuring

    and fertilizing cost form around 18.89 and 13.90 respectively.

    5.8 Crossandra (Kanakambaram)

    Crossandra (Crossandra infundibuliformis) family

    Acanthaceae) is suitable to cultivate irrigated and a period without irrigate

    area also. The plants come up very well in loamy and red loamy soils having

    drainage facility suitable for entire Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry state. The

    best season is June to December. The land has to be ploughed twice or thrice

    to obtain a fine tilth care should be taken to keep the field from weeds and

    stubbles. Sheep manure and ground nut cake are used as manure and fertilizer

    urea, DAP, MOP are applied for production.

    Irrigation is given once in a week depending upon the soil and

    weather condition. Propagation is by rooted cuttings. Weeding and hoeing

    are required fort nightly. Pests and disease problems if noticed controlled by

    proper plant protection measures. Flowering starts after three months onwards

    and continue to yield for three years the flowers should be collected during

    early morning and sent immediately to market. Summer provides higher yield

    compared to winter and rainy seasons.

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    TABLE No. 5.15

    COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF

    CROSSANDRA (KANAKAMBARAM)

    (In Rupees)

    Sl.

    No.Cost Component

    Size of the Garden

    Large Medium Small

    1. Preparatory Cultivation 2000

    (4.14)

    1950

    (4.08)

    1891

    (3.99)

    2. Channel formation, digging and

    filling

    2025

    (4.19)

    1940

    (4.06)

    1870

    (3.94)

    3. Plant and Planting Cost 10225(21.16)

    10175(21.29)

    10125(21.35)

    4. Manures and Fertilizers 13925

    (28.82)

    13850

    (28.99)

    13838

    (29.17)

    5. Weeding 4025

    (8.33)

    3910

    (8.18)

    3888

    (8.19)

    6. Irrigation 4173

    (8.64)

    4100

    (8.58)

    4075

    (8.59)

    7. Plant Protection 1440

    (2.98)

    1417

    (2.97)

    1400

    (2.95)

    8. Harvesting 10510(21.74)

    10440(21.85)

    10346(21.82)

    Total 48323

    (100)

    47782

    (100)

    47433

    (100)

    NOTE : Figures in parenthesis are percentages to the total.

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

    TABLE No. 5.16

    ANNUAL YIELDS OF CROSSANDRA (KANAKAMBARAM)

    ESTIMATED IN MONTHLY WISE IN QUANTITY

    (In Kg)Size of

    the

    Garden

    Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

    Large 250 230 270 280 270 186 160 140 110 120 130 160 2306

    Medium 180 210 260 264 270 210 170 172 182 164 190 184 2456

    Small 126 180 180 170 180 128 180 174 180 170 180 140 1988

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

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    As it is evident from the above table the large scale farmers

    incur a total cost of Rs.48323 to cultivate one hectare of land with Crossandra

    plants. Among all the different costs estimated, the manuring and fertilizing

    cost, harvesting cost and plant and planting cost appear to be very prominent.

    The manuring and fertilizing cost form 28.82 per cent of the total cost. But

    the harvesting cost and plant and planting cost form 21.74 per cent and 21.16

    per cent respectively.

    The medium size farmers incur a relatively lower scale of

    expenditure. As it is clear from the above table it works out Rs.47782. Here

    the manures and fertilizing and harvesting cost and plant and planting cost

    constitute in terms of percentage, manuring and fertilizing cost forms 28.99 of

    the total cost while harvesting cost and plant and planting cost form 21.85 per

    cent and 21.29 per cent respectively.

    In the case of the small farmers the costs incurred are a little

    lower while compared to large and medium farmers. As it is clear from the

    above table it works out Rs.47433. A component wise division of the total

    costs manuring and fertilizing cost form 29.17 and harvesting cost and plant

    and planting cost form 21.82 and 21.35 respectively.

    5.9 Tube Rose (Champanki)

    Tube rose (Polianthes tuberose. L) is a fine bulbous

    commercially important ornamental crop. It occupies a very selective and

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    special position among the ornamental plants for its beauty, elegance and

    sweet pleasant fragrance. The flowers are tabular, single or double and highly

    fragrant which remains fresh for a pretty long time and stand long distance

    transportation. It is also important for aromatic industry. It was originated

    from Mexico. The flowers are used for artistic garlands floral ornaments,

    bouquet and button holes. Plants bloom all through the year through

    successive planting. Flower bunches appear on the tip of the stem. Blossoms

    are snow white and extremely showy in large racemes about 90 to 120cm in

    height. Tube rose is strongly scented and used in high grade perfumery as a

    some of Tube rose oil. Concrete and absolute extracted from its flowers are

    priced quite high. It has been recognised as export oriented agro-industry in

    Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

    Loam soil is most suitable but tube rose can be cultivated in

    various soil type having 6.5 to 7.5 pH, good drainage, aeration and humus.

    Tube rose grows well in sunny situation for its luxuriant growth, tube rose

    requires high humidity and temperature around 300C. Tube rose is mainly

    propagated by means of bulbs. Bulbs of at least two centimeter diameter

    should be selected for planting. It can be planted during April to June

    sequential planting may be practiced to obtain flowers almost throughout the

    year. Land preparation is very important for the cultivation of tube rose. The

    land has to be ploughed twice or thrice to obtain a fine tilth. Well rotten farm

    yard manure 25 ton per hectare should be in corporated at the time of last

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    ploughing. Care should be taken to keep the field free from weeds, stubbles,

    debris and the like. The crop needs 6 to 7 weeding.

    Tube rose is highly responsive for fertilizer application. High

    dose of N and P markedly promotes leaf and bulb formation and flower yield

    in tube rose. Soil moisture is an important factor affecting growth and

    flowering in tube rose are stem ret, Botrytis spots and blight and Bunchy top.

    Proper plant protection is needed for high quality of flowers and better yield.

    Early morning is the best harvesting time to get high quality flowers. The

    flower should be immediately transported to the market.

    TABLE No. 5.17

    COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF TUBE ROSE(In Rs.)

    Sl.

    No.Cost Component

    Size of the Garden

    Large Medium Small

    1. Preparatory Cultivation 7875(6.17)

    7850(6.18)

    7825(6.18)

    2. Channel formation, digging and

    filling

    42500

    (33.30)

    42425

    (33.38)

    42305

    (33.39)

    3. Plant and Planting Cost 20425

    (16.03)

    20405

    (16.06)

    20400

    (16.10)

    4. Manures and Fertilizers 11225

    (8.79)

    11175

    (8.79)

    11155

    (8.81)

    5. Weeding 22530

    (17.65)

    22410

    (17.63)

    22317

    (17.62)

    6. Irrigation 8804(6.89) 8725(6.87) 8700(6.87)

    7. Plant Protection 1515

    (1.18)

    1375

    (1.08)

    1304

    (1.03)

    8. Harvesting 12750

    (9.99)

    12725

    (10.01)

    12682

    (10.00)

    Total 127624

    (100)

    127090

    (100)

    126688

    (100)

    NOTE : Figures in parenthesis are percentages to the total.

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

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    TABLE No. 5.18

    ANNUAL YIELDS OF TUBE ROSE ESTIMATED IN MONTHLY

    WISE IN QUANTITY

    (In Kg)Size of

    theGarden

    Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

    Large 680 100 80 120 160 270 480 520 690 780 980 1010 5870

    Medium 640 110 90 110 180 250 420 500 700 680 918 940 5538

    Small 600 90 80 70 150 180 340 480 700 656 900 920 5166

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

    As it is evident from the above table the large scale farmers

    incur a total cost of Rs.127624 to cultivate one hectare of land with Tube Rose

    flower crop. Among all the different costs estimated the channel formation,

    digging and filling cost, weeding cost and plant and planting cost appear to be

    very prominent. The channel formation, digging and filling cost form 33.30

    per cent of the total cost. But the weeding cost and plant and planting cost

    form 17.65 per cent and 16.03 per cent respectively.

    The medium size farmers incur a relatively lower scale of

    expenditure. As it is clear from the above table it works out Rs.127090. Here

    the channel formation digging and planting cost constitute in terms of

    percentage, channel formation, digging and filling forms 33.38 per cent of the

    total cost while weeding cost and plant and planting cost form 17.63 per cent

    and 16.06 per cent respectively.

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    In the case of the small farmers the costs incurred are little lower

    while compared to large and medium farmers. As it is clear from the above

    table it works out Rs.126688. A component wise division of the total costs

    channel formation digging and filling cost form 33.39 per cent while the

    weeding cost and plant and planting cost form 17.62 and 16.10 respectively.

    5.10 Cocks Comb (Kozhikondai)

    Kozhikondai, botanically Celosia cristata belongs to the family

    of Amareathaceae and is one of the better drought tolerant short duration

    flower crop. Only local variety is cultivated in Thovalai. The demand for this

    flower is better and this crop is suited for all seasons, and also less risky in

    pest and diseases control. A well drained deep soil ranging from red loamy to

    clay loam soil with pH range of 6.0 to 8.0 is best for the growth and

    production of flower. The optimum temperature for the normal growth and

    flowering would be 25oC to 35

    oC heavy rains, fog and dew during flowering

    will affect the quality of the flowers.

    The best season for planting this crop is late may to mid June.

    However this crop can be cultivated in all season. Cocks comb is propagated

    by seeds. About 1.5 kg of seed is required to raise seedlings to plant a hectare

    of land. Seeds germinate within 5 days and are ready for transplanting in 20

    to 25 days. The field is ploughed 4 to 5 times to get fine tilth and 12.5

    tonnes of farm yard manure is applied at the last ploughing, 20 25 days old

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    seedlings are transplanted into the main field at a spacing of 45 x 30 cm. In

    addition to manuring nitrogen, phosphorus and potash are used as fertilizers.

    The first irrigation is given at the time of transplanting In the

    third day, life irrigation is given and subsequent irrigation are followed once

    in a week or 10 days depending upon the soil moisture characteristics. On the

    30th

    day after transplanting a weeding is given. Top pinching is done to

    produce more branches and terminal flower buds. The other intercultural

    operations like weeding and hoeing are done, upon the necessity. The initial

    stage of the crop may be affected by the sucking pest and mites. To control

    these pests the systemic insecticide like monocrotophos or methyl demeton

    can be used at the rate of 2 ml / lt of water. Flowering starts after 50 60

    days. The flowers are inflorescence nature in, the flower bunches are

    collected in morning or evening hours. Harvest is done once in 15 days

    interval and four harvests are normally practiced.

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    TABLE No. 5.19

    COSTS INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF COCKS COMB

    (KOZHIKONDAI)

    (In Rs.)

    Sl.

    No.Cost Component

    Size of the Garden

    Large Medium Small

    1. Preparatory Cultivation 1920

    (6.57)

    1890

    (6.56)

    1785

    (6.32)

    2. Channel formation, digging and

    filling

    2550

    (8.73)

    2475

    (8.59)

    2400

    (8.5)

    3. Plant and Planting Cost 1810

    (6.21)

    1780

    (6.18)

    1654

    (5.86)

    4. Manures and Fertilizers 14150

    (48.43)

    14000

    (48.57)

    14042

    (49.73)

    5. Weeding 2725

    (9.33)

    2690

    (9.33)

    2670

    (9.46)

    6. Irrigation 3150

    (10.78)

    3138

    (10.89)

    3060

    (10.84)

    7. Plant Protection 500

    (1.71)

    475

    (1.65)

    441

    (1.56)

    8. Harvesting 2410

    (8.24)

    2375

    (8.23)

    2184

    (7.73)

    Total 29215

    (100)

    28823

    (100)

    28236

    (100)

    NOTE : Figures in parenthesis are percentages to the total.

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

    TABLE No. 5.20

    ANNUAL YIELDS OF COCKS COMB (KOZHIKONDAI)

    ESTIMATED IN MONTHLY WISE IN QUANTITY(In Kg)

    Size of

    the

    Garden

    Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

    Large 510 390 340 170 180 210 307 330 345 390 490 505 4167

    Medium 450 380 320 190 185 220 250 315 325 390 485 515 4025

    Small 490 380 328 195 180 210 190 280 275 280 490 510 3808

    SOURCE: Survey figures.

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    As it is evident from the above table large scale farmers incur a

    total cost of Rs.29215 to cultivate one hectare of land with Cocks Comb

    flower crop. Among all the different costs estimated manuring and fertilizing

    cost, irrigation and weeding cost appear to be very prominent. The manuring

    and fertilizing cost form 48.43 per cent of the total cost. But the irrigation and

    weeding cost form 10.78 per cent and 9.33 per cent respectively.

    The medium size farmers incur a relatively lower scale of

    expenditure. As it is clear from the above table it works out Rs.28823. Here

    the manuring and fertilizing cost, irrigation and weeding cost constitute in

    terms of percentage, manuring and fertilizing cost forms 48.57 of the total cost

    while irrigation and weeding cost form 10.89 and 9.33 respectively.

    In the case of the small farmers the costs incurred are little lower

    while compared to large and medium farmers. As it is clear from the above

    table it works out Rs.28236. A component wise division of the total cost,

    manuring and fertilizing form 49.73 per cent while the irrigation and plant and

    planting cost form around 10.84 per cent and 9.46 per cent respectively.

    5.11 Cost Structure Analysis

    The average level of the different costs for all the ten selected

    crops are presented in the below table.

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    TABLENo.

    5.2

    1

    AVER

    AGELEVELOFDIFFER

    ENTCOSTSOFFLOWER

    CROPS

    Sl.No

    .

    Nameofthe

    FlowerCrop

    MeanValue

    of

    Preparatory

    Cultivation

    (Rs)

    MeanValue

    ofChannel

    formation

    Diggingand

    Filling

    (Rs)

    MeanValue

    ofPlantand

    Planting

    Cost

    (Rs)

    MeanValue

    ofManures

    and

    Fertilizers

    (Rs)

    MeanValue

    ofWeeding

    (Rs)

    MeanValue

    ofIrrigation

    (Rs)

    MeanValue

    ofPlant

    Protection

    (Rs)

    MeanV

    alueof

    Harvesting

    (R

    s)

    1.

    Jasmine(Pitchi)

    6125.00

    5785.00

    7945.00

    16458.00

    4115.00

    24

    448.00

    1643.00

    101678.00

    2.

    Jasmine

    (Malligai)

    6273.00

    4995.00

    7620.00

    16637.00

    3972.00

    18

    697.00

    1732.00

    9441

    9.00

    3.

    Rose

    3145.00

    5245.00

    2678.00

    15975.00

    2648.00

    26

    571.00

    1465.00

    1467

    3.00

    4.

    Marigold

    (Krenthi)

    2137.00

    1975.00

    2145.00

    9417.00

    3878.00

    11

    416.00

    1948.00

    1538

    4.00

    5.

    BachelorsButton

    (Vadamalli)

    2547.00

    2910.00

    1273.00

    8743.00

    4063.00

    10

    796.00

    1420.00

    1629

    6.00

    6.

    Merjoram

    (Marikolunthu)

    2619.00

    1840.00

    2866.00

    6170.00

    4145.00

    7473.00

    1164.00

    8114.00

    7.

    Nerium(Arali)

    3132.00

    4705.00

    3143.00

    15695.00

    2137.00

    21

    319.00

    1271.00

    6163

    3.00

    8.

    Crossandra

    (Kanakambaram)

    1947.00

    1945.00

    10175.00

    13871.00

    3941.00

    4116.00

    1419.00

    1043

    2.00

    9.

    TubeRose

    (Champanki)

    7850.00

    42410.00

    20410.00

    11185.00

    22419.00

    8743.00

    1398.00

    1271

    9.00

    10.

    CocksComb

    (Kozhikondai)

    1865.00

    2475.00

    1748.00

    14019.00

    2695.00

    3116.00

    472.00

    2323.00

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    It reveals that preparatory cultivation costs includes ploughing

    costs and leveling cost, the per hectare preparatory cultivation cost is highest

    for Tube rose and minimum for Kozhikondai. The channel formation, digging

    and filling cost is extraordinarily high for Tube rose and low for Merjoram.

    Plant and planting cost includes the cost in getting the plants and their planting

    in the field. The average cost per hectare is highest for Tube rose and lowest

    for Bachelors Button.

    Manuring with farmyard manure, sheep and poultry manure are

    done at the initial stage and fertilizing is done at the flowering stage. The

    details presented above reveal that this cost is highest for Jasmine (Malligai)

    and lowest is for Merjoram. The weeding cost includes till the end period, the

    cost is highest for Tube rose and the least for Nerium.

    Irrigation is continuously carried except in rainy seasons, the

    cost is highest for Rose and minimum for Kozhikondai. This might be due to

    the high sensibility of rose towards water and the Kozhikondai being tolerant

    does not require frequent irrigation. Plant protection is carried out for all the

    crops till the end. The details of the cost are presented in the above table

    reveal that the cost is maximum for Jasmine (Malligai) though it is least for

    Kozhikondai, rarely plant protection is used in Kozhikondai.

    Harvesting is the major operation in the flower cultivation.

    Once the plant starts yielding plucking has to be done daily in the early

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    morning till it stops flowering and hence it is the maximum human labour

    oriented operation. The details presented reveal that the expenditure is

    maximum for Jasmine (Pitchi). This might be due to the smallness of the

    flower size. The minimum is for Kozhikondai which is easiest in plucking

    and the operation need not be daily.

    5.12 Economics of Flower Crops

    The economics of flower crops in Thovalai has been studied

    with special care by making meaningful comparison between the total cost

    involved in crop cultivation and per hectare net-return for every flower crop.

    This ambitious study has been summarized in the following tables.

    TABLE No. 5.22

    ECONOMICS OF JASMINE (PITCHI) CULTIVATION

    Large Scale (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 6155

    Channel formation, digging and filling 5935

    Plant and Planting Cost 8060

    Manures and fertilizers 16569

    Weeding 4220

    Irrigation 24769Plant Protection 1689

    Harvesting 101809

    Total Expenditure 169206

    Return 4575 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 75/- 343125

    Profit 173919

    Profit per Kg 38

    Return per rupee of investment 2.03

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    TABLE No. 5.23

    ECONOMICS OF JASMINE (PITCHI) CULTIVATION

    Medium Scale (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 6120

    Channel formation, digging and filling 5790

    Plant and Planting Cost 7925

    Manures and fertilizers 16430

    Weeding 4100

    Irrigation 24325

    Plant Protection 1650

    Harvesting 101700

    Total Expenditure 168040

    Return 4640 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 75/- 348000

    Profit 179960

    Profit per Kg 38.78

    Return per rupee of investment 2.07

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    TABLE No. 5.24

    ECONOMICS OF JASMINE (PITCHI) CULTIVATION

    Small Scale farmer (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 6100

    Channel formation, digging and filling 5630

    Plant and Planting Cost 7850

    Manures and fertilizers 16375

    Weeding 4025

    Irrigation 24250

    Plant Protection 1590

    Harvesting 101525

    Total Expenditure 167345

    Return 4303 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 75/- 322725

    Profit 155380

    Profit per Kg 36.10

    Return per rupee of investment 1.93

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    TABLE No. 5.25

    ECONOMICS OF JASMINE (MALLIGAI) CULTIVATION

    Large Scale (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 6425

    Channel formation, digging and filling 5050

    Plant and Planting Cost 7850

    Manures and fertilizers 16725

    Weeding 4025

    Irrigation 18725

    Plant Protection 1750

    Harvesting 94525

    Total Expenditure 155075

    Return 6220 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 60/- 373200

    Profit 218125

    Profit per Kg 35

    Return per rupee of investment 2.41

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    TABLE No. 5.26

    ECONOMICS OF JASMINE (MALLIGAI) CULTIVATION

    Medium Scale farmer (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 6250

    Channel formation, digging and filling 5010

    Plant and Planting Cost 7550

    Manures and fertilizers 16650

    Weeding 3975

    Irrigation 18716

    Plant Protection 1725

    Harvesting 94475

    Total Expenditure 154351

    Return 6090 Kg flower (1 ha) x Rs. 60/- 365400

    Profit 211049

    Profit per Kg 34.65

    Return per rupee of investment 2.38

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    TABLE No. 5.27

    ECONOMICS OF JASMINE (MALLIGAI) CULTIVATION

    Small Scale farmer (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 6144

    Channel formation, digging and filling 4925

    Plant and Planting Cost 7460

    Manures and fertilizers 16536

    Weeding 3916

    Irrigation 18650

    Plant Protection 1721

    Harvesting 94257

    Total Expenditure 153609

    Return 5927 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 60/- 355620

    Profit 202011

    Profit per Kg 34

    Return per rupee of investment 2.32

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    TABLE No. 5.28

    ECONOMICS OF ROSE CULTIVATION

    Large Scale (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 3400

    Channel formation, digging and filling 5390

    Plant and Planting Cost 2750

    Manures and fertilizers 16125

    Weeding 2750

    Irrigation 26650

    Plant Protection 1515

    Harvesting 14750

    Total Expenditure 73330

    Return 8365 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 20/- 167300

    Profit 93970

    Profit per Kg 11.20

    Return per rupee of investment 2.28

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    TABLE No. 5.29

    ECONOMICS OF ROSE CULTIVATION

    Medium Scale Farmers (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 3225

    Channel formation, digging and filling 5250

    Plant and Planting Cost 2690

    Manures and fertilizers 16000

    Weeding 2675

    Irrigation 26600

    Plant Protection 1460

    Harvesting 14690

    Total Expenditure 72590

    Return 8290 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 20/- 165800

    Profit 93210

    Profit per Kg 11.24

    Return per rupee of investment 2.28

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    TABLE No. 5.30

    ECONOMICS OF ROSE CULTIVATION

    Small Scale Farmers (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 2810

    Channel formation, digging and filling 5095

    Plant and Planting Cost 2594

    Manures and fertilizers 15800

    Weeding 2519

    Irrigation 26463

    Plant Protection 1420

    Harvesting 14579

    Total Expenditure 71280

    Return 8155 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 20/- 163100

    Profit 91820

    Profit per Kg 11.26

    Return per rupee of investment 2.29

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    TABLE No. 5.31

    ECONOMICS OF BACHELORS BUTTON (VADAMALLI)

    CULTIVATION

    Large Scale (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 2625

    Channel formation, digging and filling 2975

    Plant and Planting Cost 1300

    Manures and fertilizers 8800

    Weeding 4130

    Irrigation 10825

    Plant Protection 1470

    Harvesting 16350

    Total Expenditure 48475

    Return 5005 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 25/- 125125

    Profit 76650

    Profit per Kg 15.31

    Return per rupee of investment 2.58

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    TABLE No. 5.32

    ECONOMICS OF BACHELORS BUTTON (VADAMALLI)

    CULTIVATION

    Medium Scale Farmer (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 2550

    Channel formation, digging and filling 2950

    Plant and Planting Cost 1269

    Manures and fertilizers 8750

    Weeding 4050

    Irrigation 10800

    Plant Protection 1410

    Harvesting 16300

    Total Expenditure 48079

    Return 4920 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 25/- 123000

    Profit 74921

    Profit per Kg 15.23

    Return per rupee of investment 2.56

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    TABLE No. 5.33

    ECONOMICS OF BACHELORS BUTTON (VADAMALLI)

    CULTIVATION

    Small Scale Farmers (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 2466

    Channel formation, digging and filling 2805

    Plant and Planting Cost 1250

    Manures and fertilizers 8679

    Weeding 4009

    Irrigation 10763

    Plant Protection 1380

    Harvesting 16238

    Total Expenditure 47590

    Return 4679 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 25/- 116975

    Profit 69385

    Profit per Kg 14.83

    Return per rupee of investment 2.46

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    TABLE No. 5.34

    ECONOMICS OF MARIGOLD FLOWER CULTIVATION

    Large Scale (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 2225

    Channel formation, digging and filling 2050

    Plant and Planting Cost 2250

    Manures and fertilizers 9570

    Weeding 3950

    Irrigation 11525

    Plant Protection 2050

    Harvesting 15475

    Total Expenditure 49095

    Return 4132 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 30/- 123960

    Profit 74865

    Profit per Kg 18.12

    Return per rupee of investment 2.52

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    TABLE No. 5.35

    ECONOMICS OF MARIGOLD FLOWER CULTIVATION

    Medium Scale Farmer (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 2150

    Channel formation, digging and filling 2000

    Plant and Planting Cost 2175

    Manures and fertilizers 9525

    Weeding 3875

    Irrigation 11450

    Plant Protection 1975

    Harvesting 15400

    Total Expenditure 48550

    Return 4056 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 30/- 121680

    Profit 73130

    Profit per Kg 18.03

    Return per rupee of investment 2.51

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    TABLE No. 5.36

    ECONOMICS OF MARIGOLD FLOWER CULTIVATION

    Small Scale Farmers (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 2036

    Channel formation, digging and filling 1875

    Plant and Planting Cost 2010

    Manures and fertilizers 9156

    Weeding 3809

    Irrigation 11273

    Plant Protection 1819

    Harvesting 15277

    Total Expenditure 47255

    Return 4010 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 30/- 120300

    Profit 73045

    Profit per Kg 18.22

    Return per rupee of investment 2.55

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    TABLE No. 5.37

    ECONOMICS OF NERIUM FLOWER CULTIVATION

    Large Scale (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 3225

    Channel formation, digging and filling 4825

    Plant and Planting Cost 3220

    Manures and fertilizers 15750

    Weeding 2175

    Irrigation 21425

    Plant Protection 1325

    Harvesting 61750

    Total Expenditure 113695

    Return 5580 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 50/- 279000

    Profit 165305

    Profit per Kg 29.62

    Return per rupee of investment 2.45

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    TABLE No. 5.38

    ECONOMICS OF NERIUM FLOWER CULTIVATION

    Medium Scale Farmers (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 3150

    Channel formation, digging and filling 4700

    Plant and Planting Cost 3125

    Manures and fertilizers 15715

    Weeding 2150

    Irrigation 21307

    Plant Protection 1250

    Harvesting 61650

    Total Expenditure 113047

    Return 5655 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 50/- 282750

    Profit 169703

    Profit per Kg 30

    Return per rupee of investment 2.50

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    TABLE No. 5.39

    ECONOMICS OF NERIUM FLOWER CULTIVATION

    Small Scale Farmers (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 3021

    Channel formation, digging and filling 4570

    Plant and Planting Cost 3084

    Manures and fertilizers 15620

    Weeding 2086

    Irrigation 21225

    Plant Protection 1238

    Harvesting 61499

    Total Expenditure 112363

    Return 5355 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 50/- 267750

    Profit 155387

    Profit per Kg 29

    Return per rupee of investment 2.38

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    TABLE No. 5.40

    ECONOMICS OF CROSSANDRA FLOWER CULTIVATION

    Large Scale (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 2000

    Channel formation, digging and filling 2025

    Plant and Planting Cost 10225

    Manures and fertilizers 13925

    Weeding 4025

    Irrigation 4173

    Plant Protection 1440

    Harvesting 10510

    Total Expenditure 48323

    Return 2306 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 50/- 115300

    Profit 66977

    Profit per Kg 29.04

    Return per rupee of investment 2.39

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    TABLE No. 5.41

    ECONOMICS OF CROSSANDRA FLOWER CULTIVATION

    Medium Scale Farmers (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 1950

    Channel formation, digging and filling 1940

    Plant and Planting Cost 10175

    Manures and fertilizers 13850

    Weeding 3910

    Irrigation 4100

    Plant Protection 1417

    Harvesting 10440

    Total Expenditure 47782

    Return 2456 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 50/- 122800

    Profit 75018

    Profit per Kg 30.54

    Return per rupee of investment 2.57

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    TABLE No. 5.42

    ECONOMICS OF CROSSANDRA FLOWER CULTIVATION

    Small Scale Farmers (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 1891

    Channel formation, digging and filling 1870

    Plant and Planting Cost 10125

    Manures and fertilizers 13838

    Weeding 3888

    Irrigation 4075

    Plant Protection 1400

    Harvesting 10346

    Total Expenditure 47433

    Return 1988 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 50/- 99400

    Profit 51967

    Profit per Kg 26.14

    Return per rupee of investment 2.10

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    TABLE No. 5.43

    ECONOMICS OF TUBE ROSE FLOWER CULTIVATION

    Large Scale (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 7875

    Channel formation, digging and filling 42500

    Plant and Planting Cost 20425

    Manures and fertilizers 11225

    Weeding 22530

    Irrigation 8804

    Plant Protection 1515

    Harvesting 12750

    Total Expenditure 127624

    Return 5870 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 50/- 293500

    Profit 165876

    Profit per Kg 28.26

    Return per rupee of investment 2.30

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    TABLE No. 5.44

    ECONOMICS OF TUBE ROSE FLOWER CULTIVATION

    Medium Scale Farmers (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 7850

    Channel formation, digging and filling 42425

    Plant and Planting Cost 20405

    Manures and fertilizers 11175

    Weeding 22410

    Irrigation 8725

    Plant Protection 1375

    Harvesting 12725

    Total Expenditure 127090

    Return 5538 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 50/- 276900

    Profit 149810

    Profit per Kg 27.05

    Return per rupee of investment 2.18

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    TABLE No. 5.45

    ECONOMICS OF TUBE ROSE FLOWER CULTIVATION

    Small Scale Farmers (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 7825

    Channel formation, digging and filling 42305

    Plant and Planting Cost 20400

    Manures and fertilizers 11155

    Weeding 22317

    Irrigation 8700

    Plant Protection 1304

    Harvesting 12682

    Total Expenditure 126688

    Return 5166 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 50/- 258300

    Profit 131612

    Profit per Kg 25.48

    Return per rupee of investment 2.04

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    TABLE No. 5. 46

    ECONOMICS OF MERJORAM (MARIKOLUNDU) FLOWER

    CULTIVATION

    Large Scale (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 2700

    Channel formation, digging and filling 1925

    Plant and Planting Cost 2880

    Manures and fertilizers 6220

    Weeding 4225

    Irrigation 7520

    Plant Protection 1225

    Harvesting 8225

    Total Expenditure 34920

    Return 4704 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 20/- 94080

    Profit 59160

    Profit per Kg 12.58

    Return per rupee of investment 2.69

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    TABLE No. 5.47

    ECONOMICS OF MERJORAM (MARIKOLUNTHU) CULTIVATION

    Medium Scale Farmers (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 2625

    Channel formation, digging and filling 1850

    Plant and Planting Cost 2868

    Manures and fertilizers 6160

    Weeding 4110

    Irrigation 7460

    Plant Protection 1145

    Harvesting 8075

    Total Expenditure 34293

    Return 3871 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 20/- 77420

    Profit 43127

    Profit per Kg 11.14

    Return per rupee of investment 2.26

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    TABLE No. 5.48

    ECONOMICS OF MERJORAM (MARIKOLUNTHU) CULTIVATION

    Small Scale Farmers (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 2532

    Channel formation, digging and filling 1745

    Plant and Planting Cost 2850

    Manures and fertilizers 6130

    Weeding 4100

    Irrigation 7439

    Plant Protection 1122

    Harvesting 8042

    Total Expenditure 33960

    Return 4879 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 20/- 97580

    Profit 63620

    Profit per Kg 13.04

    Return per rupee of investment 2.87

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    TABLE No. 5.49

    ECONOMICS OF COCKS COMB (KOZHIKONDAI) FLOWER

    CULTIVATION

    Large Scale (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 1920

    Channel formation, digging and filling 2550

    Plant and Planting Cost 1810

    Manures and fertilizers 14150

    Weeding 2725

    Irrigation 3150

    Plant Protection 500

    Harvesting 2410

    Total Expenditure 29215

    Return 4167 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 15/- 62505

    Profit 33290

    Profit per Kg 7.99

    Return per rupee of investment 2.14

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    TABLE No. 5.50

    ECONOMICS OF COCKS COMB (KOZHIKONDAI) FLOWER

    CULTIVATION

    Medium Scale Farmers (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 1890

    Channel formation, digging and filling 2475

    Plant and Planting Cost 1780

    Manures and fertilizers 14000

    Weeding 2690

    Irrigation 3138

    Plant Protection 475

    Harvesting 2375

    Total Expenditure 28823

    Return 4025 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 15/- 60375

    Profit 31552

    Profit per Kg 7.84

    Return per rupee of investment 2.09

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    TABLE No. 5.51

    ECONOMICS OF COCKS COMB (KOZHIKONDAI) FLOWER

    CULTIVATION

    Small Scale Farmers (Cost of Cultivation for one hectare)

    Particulars of Work Amount (Rs)

    Preparatory Cultivation 1785

    Channel formation, digging and filling 2400

    Plant and Planting Cost 1654

    Manures and fertilizers 14042

    Weeding 2670

    Irrigation 3060

    Plant Protection 441

    Harvesting 2184

    Total Expenditure 28236

    Return 3808 Kg flower 1 ha x Rs. 15/- 57120

    Profit 28884

    Profit per Kg 7.59

    Return per rupee of investment 2.02

    Glance through the above table shows that the size of the cost

    and profits enjoyed by the farmers producing the different kinds of flowers,

    however to arrive the meaningful conclusions of the profitability of the ten

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    different flower crops the investigator feels that the following table will be

    immense use.

    TABLE No. 5.52

    AVERAGE RETURN ON INVESTMENT OF FLOWER CROPS

    Sl.

    No.Name of Flower Crops

    Return per rupee of investment Mean

    returnLarge Medium Small

    1. Jasmine (Pitchie) 2.03 2.07 1.93 2.01

    2. Jasmine (Malligai) 2.41 2.38 2.32 2.37

    3. Rose 2.28 2.28 2.29 2.28

    4. Bachelors Button 2.58 2.56 2.46 2.53

    5. Marigold 2.52 2.51 2.55 2.53

    6. Nerium 2.45 2.50 2.38 2.44

    7. Crossandra 2.39 2.57 2.10 2.35

    8. Tube rose 2.30 2.18 2.04 2.17

    9. Merjoram 2.69 2.26 2.87 2.61

    10. Cocks Comb 2.14 2.09 2.02 2.08

    The mean return on every rupee invested on ten different kinds

    of flower production under consideration in Thovalai shows how every

    producer irrespective in size is able to enjoy a supernormal profit. The

    profitability of flower production is coming next to much touted profitability

    of the I.T Industry.