Jared Rosen Writing Portfolio

7/30/2019 Jared Rosen Writing Portfolio

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JCTGM TO^G@

[ta}}g` Vot}iolao

Nbgcv cvv~ nc` ~cyg ~}wmg`}~ }aeg, bglv otkcàzg c~~akèg`}~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Cvvlg, ^ce~w`k nc~g ntgc}g~ {amg aevlanc}ao`~ iot ~ect}vbo`g vwtnbc~g~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =

Maka}cl%c~~g} a`fflc}ao` o` ]{a}}gt vtoyg~ }o dg kto{a`k }tg`m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

IcteYallg noevc`q ~wnng~~ matgn}lq la`hgm }o Icngdooh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Mo @o} ]tcnh dall {owlm bwt} }ctkg}gm o`la`g cmygt}a~a`k, ~ecll A`}gt`g} ~}ct}%wv~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

@g{ vot` ~gctnb g`ka`g bc~ vo}g`}acl }o tgyolw}aoàzg dallao`%mollct a`mw~}tq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Hlow}, o}bgt~ ~gge }o vtoyamg ea~kwamgm egc~wtgeg`} iot a`fflwg`ng swclaffinc}ao`~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3=

Eanto~oi} 2 {all ffi`cllq dta`k noevc`q dcnh a`}o tglgyc`ng a` ~oi}{ctg ecthg} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Dak Mc}c ntgc}g~ w``gng~~ctq nottglc}ao`~ dg}{gg` yo}gt cn}ao`~, dgbcyaot~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

aVcm eaà~ grvg`~ayg vtang }ck {all hggv a} itoe noevg}a`k {a}b o}bgt }cdlg}~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

>%M vta`}gt~ nc` tgyolw}aoàzg ec`wicn}wta`k vtong~~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Maka}azgm nowvo`~, cvv~ nc` echg bolamcq ~bovva`k gc~agt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4=Cò`qeow~ ktowv ~bo{~ vo{gt oi bcnhgt~ {a}b ~}a`} a` Eammlg Gc~} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

463> ^bo{mo{`: @g}fflar y~. Bwlw Vlw~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Icngdooh Kayg~ W~ Kai}~ }o Kayg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >6

Natnc: C Mcalq Mo~g oi @g{~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >4Cll a` O`g: [a`mo{~ 2 No`ygt}adlg~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >=

Cll a` O`g: [a`mo{~ 2 No`ygt}adlg~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >9


2/38

Nbgcv cvv~ nc` ~cyg ~}wmg`}~ }aeg,

bglv otkcàzg c~~akèg`}~

Vwdla~bgm Cwkw~} 42, 4634

Ci}gt }bg nct a~ w`vcnhgm, mote tooe otkcàzc}ao` noeeg`ng~

[a}b ~wtkancl vtgna~ao` qow clak` iolmgt~, ~ot} vg`nal~ c`m iolm nlo}bg~ Wvo` qowt

vctg`}~ mgvct}wtg, a} a~ `gctlq aevo~~adlg }o maiigtg`}ac}g qowt `g{lq ea`}gm nollgkg

mote tooe itoe }bo~g a` nc}clok~

@o{ a}~ }aeg }o kg} qowt maka}cl mwnh~ a` otmgt ]bgtg ctg c ig{ bakb%}gnb amgc~ }bc}

{all aevtoyg qowt giianag`nq c`m lgcyg qow {a}b eotg }aeg }o, {gll, ò} mo ~nbool{oth

]aea`k: Bcli }bg dc}}lg oi nollgkg a~ echa`k ~wtg qow ctg otkcàzgm Hò{a`k {banb

boeg{oth c~~akèg`}~ ctg mwg {bg` nowlm dg }bg maiigtg`ng dg}{gg` nc}nba`k c

^qtcnw~g Wàygt~a}q dc~hg}dcll kceg c`m vgnha`k c{cq c} qowt hgqdoctm cll àkb}

[bg` a} noeg~ }o a`vw}}a`k c~~akèg`}~, }g~} mc}g~ c`m vtg~g`}c}ao` }aeg~,

a^}wmag~Vto a~ c` cecza`k tg~owtng

a^}wmag~Vto cl~o w~g~ }bg nlowm, ~o {bg` qow cmm c `g{ c~~akèg`} o` qowt aVbo`g, a}

{all cw}oec}ancllq ~q`n {bg` qow ovg` ga}bgt qowt lcv}ov ot }cdlg} [bg` }bg cvv~g`m~ ò}aianc}ao` tgea`mgt~ c ktgc} igc}wtg qow {all lahglq dg `gct o`g oi qowt

mgyang~

]ba~ cvv a~ ict dg}}gt }bc` ~}c`mctm maka}cl nclg`mct cvvlanc}ao`~ dgncw~g a} nc}gt~

~vgnaiancllq }o a`vw}}a`k nlc~~g~ c`m ec`cka`k c~~akèg`}~ [balg c }tcma}ao`cl

nclg`mct cvvlanc}ao` {oth~ {gll iot ~nbgmwla`k gyg`}~, }bg~g ò}aianc}ao`~ ctg ò} o`lq

}tanhq }o nw~}oeazg, dw} cl~o ecq ò} ma~vlcq grcn}lq {bc} a~ mwg iot c kayg` nlc~~

Vtang: -611

@g{~: @g{~ ckktgkc}ot~ ctg c ktgc} {cq vanh c`m nboo~g }bg `g{~ qow g`joqtgcma`k cdow} Vwl~g a~ c {gd~a}g c`m ~ect}vbo`g cvvlanc}ao` }bc} cllo{~ qow }o

nboo~g nc}gkotag~ c`m A`}gt`g} ~owtng~ }bc} vgt}ca` }o qowt a`}gtg~}~ Ai qow g`joq

tgcma`k cdow} g`}gt}caèg`} `g{~ c`m vola}an~, Vwl~g {all bglv qow noevalg c bgcl}bq

nollgn}ao` oi ct}anlg~ tglc}gm }o }bo~g ~wdjgn}~

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3/38

O`ng qow echg c` cnnow`}, qowt {bolg w~gt grvgtag`ng {all no`~}c`}lq ~q`n dg}{gg`

qowt mgyang~ Noevg}a`k `g{~ ckktgkc}ot~ a`nlwmg Kooklg Tgcmgt, Ilavdoctm c`m

Makk, {banb ctg cll m{ctigm dq }bg ilwam, }ownb%tgcmq a`}gticng Noevc}adala}q a~ cl~o c

~}to`k ~wa} dgncw~g }bg a`}gticng a~ `gctlq amg`}ancl iot aO^, C`mtoam c`m [gd Vtang:-611

]ool~: ]bg yc~} ecjota}q oi nollgkg ~}wmg`}~ }omcq w~g Kooklg c~ }bgat vtaectq ~gctnb

g`ka`g, dw} ig{ vgovlg }chg iwll cmyc`}ckg oi }bg w~giwl cttcq oi }ool~ }bc} noeg itgg

{a}b c Kecal cnnow`} Kooklg Mon~ a~ ctkwcdlq }bg eo~} noevtgbg`~ayg, itgg ~wa}g oi

~oi}{ctg qow {all ia`m o` }bg [gd

Gyg` }bowkb Eanto~oi} Oiiang bc~ lcw`nbgm ~oeg nlowm a`}gktc}ao`, a} ~}all lck~ a`

w~cdala}q {bg` noevctgm }o Kooklg Mon~ ]bg `g{lq tgycevgm a`}gticng doc~}~

bw`mtgm~ oi ntgc}ayg io`}~ c`m gc~q tanb iotec}}a`k ncvcdala}ag~ lahg aeckg

a`}gktc}ao`

Kooklg bc~ ~oi}{ctg iot monweg`}~, vtg~g`}c}ao`~, ~vtgcm~bgg}~, iote~ c`m

mtc{a`k~ Kooklg Mtayg a~ cò}bgt }ool }bc} ciiotm~ qow iayg itgg kakcdq}g~ }bc} nc` dg

~q`ngm cw}oec}ancllq dg}{gg` qowt yctaow~ mgyang~ Nlc~~ vtojgn}~ nc` oi}g` dg c

àkb}ectg {bg` a} noeg~ }o nollcdotc}ao`, c`m Kooklg Mon~ noeg~ }o }bg tg~nwg dq

cllo{a`k layg, ewl}a%vgt~o` gma}a`k Vtang: Itgg

Iw`: Ai qow ctg looha`k iot c nool `g{ {cq }o grvtg~~ qowt~gli yac }bg `wegtow~ ~onacl

`g}{oth~ }bc} qow ctg cltgcmq c vct} oi, nbgnh ow} }ba~ `g{ ~}ct}wv ncllgm Yazaiq [bg`

a} noeg~ }o c ilwam a`}gticng, ò {gd~a}g A bcyg ~gg` mog~ c eotg noevtgbg`~ayg jodc} eara`k vgt~o`cl aìotec}ao` c`m ya~wcl ilctg }bc` Yazaiq

]bg Yazaiq iow`mgt~ {gtg o` c ea~~ao` }o bct`g~~ qowt ma~joa`}gm aìotec}ao` o`

yctaow~ ~onacl gno~q~}ge~ c`m iw~g a} a`}o c` cll%a`%o`g [gd daoktcvbq [bg}bgt qow

ctg vtontc~}a`c}a`k ot jw~} dto{~a`k dg}{gg` nlc~~g~, }ba~ ktcvban mg~ak` kge

ntgc}ayglq ~bo{nc~g~ van}wtg~, ]{a}}gt iggm~, swo}g~, nbgnh%a`~ c`m gyg` qowt tg~weg

Nbgnh a} ow}, a}~ cl~o itgg

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4/38

Cvvlg, ^ce~w`k nc~g ntgc}g~ {amg

aevlanc}ao`~ iot ~ect}vbo`g vwtnbc~g~

Vwdla~bgm ^gv}gedgt =, 4634

]bgtg ctg }bow~c`m~ oi vo~~adlg lw`nb noeda`c}ao`~ iot }bg cygtckg ~}wmg`} Vgc`w}

dw}}gt c`m Ect~becllo{ Ilwii, c`m vgc`w} dw}}gt c`m jgllq ctg }bg eo~} wdaswa}ow~

[gll, a` }bg ~ect}vbo`g ctg`c }bgtg ctg mozg`~ oi ec`wicn}wtg~, dw} }bg vtoygtdacl

VD)J c`m VD)Ilwii ctg Cvvlg c`m ^ce~w`k, tg~vgn}ayglq Cvvlg bolm~ }bg }a}lg c~ }bg

Wà}gm ^}c}g~ eo~} yclwcdlg noevc`q dq ecthg} ncv, {gakba`k a` c} jw~} cdoyg -966

dallao` ^ce~w`k lgcm~ klodcl ec`wicn}wtg~ {a}b c 4>7 vgtng`} ecthg} ~bctg oi

ngllvbo`g~ A}~ gyamg`} do}b oi }bg~g noevcàg~ bcyg iotegm c `gct olakovolq oi }bga`mw~}tq

]bg iat~} tgnavg oi }bg vgc`w} dw}}gt c`m jgllq ~c`m{anb cvvgctgm a` 3219 a` Koom

Bow~ghggva`k eckcza`g Ec~~cnbw~g}}~ dchgt Geec Nwt}a~ vwdla~bgm }bg tgnavg iot

vgc`w} dw}}gt c`m Ilwii a` bgt vtoeo}ao`cl doohlg} a` 3132 }o lwtg nw~}oegt~ }o }bg

`g{lq a`yg`}gm Ilwiigt`w}}gt

Mam Koom Bow~ghggva`k ~ow`m }bg clcte c`m ~ggh mceckg~ ci}gt Nwt}a~ vo}g`}acllq

novagm }bg looh c`m iggl oi a}~ vgc`w} dw}}gt c`m jgllq ~c`m{anb? A mowd} a}

Dw} Cvvlg ialgm a}~ iat~} lc{~wa} ckca`~} ^ce~w`k a` Cvtal 4633, a` vct} iot aìta`ka`k

wvo` }bg aVbo`g~ looh c`m iggl â`ng 4633, yctac}ao`~ oi }bg lc{~wa} ~vtgcm }o >6

nowt}~ a` iowt no`}a`g`}~ ^ce~w`k bc~ ~wgm Cvvlg iot aìta`ka`k o` a}~ vc}g`}~

tgkctma`k }bg ^ce~w`k Kclcrq vtomwn} la`g~ >K }gnbòlokq Cvvlg~ c~~cwl} a~ ewnb

eotg dtocm, g`noevc~~a`k }bg looh c`m iggl swg~}ao`

[bc} no`~}a}w}g~ looh c`m iggl? [bg` c vgc`w} VD)J c`m VD)Ilwii ~c`m{anb ctg

vlcngm ~amg dq ~amg, mo }bgat ow}{ctm cvvgctc`ng~ no`~}a}w}g maiigtg`}ac}ao` ot mog~

swc`}aianc}ao` noeg ci}gt }bg iat~} da}g? A~ w~gt grvgtag`ng }bg w`gswayoncl jwmkg oi

a`}gllgn}wcl aìta`kgeg`} ot nc` egtg a`mw~}tacl mg~ak` man}c}g c vtomwn}~ iggl?

Cvvlg~ aVbo`g bc~ vtoyg` }o dg c nc~b no{ iot }bg noevc`q ]bg aVbo`g vtoia}

ectka` dg}{gg` Cvtal 4636 c`m Ectnb 4634 {c~ c ~}ckkgta`k 7= vgtng`}, c`m }bg

aVcm vtoia} ectka` {c~ 42 vgtng`} Cvvlg {c~ ~ggha`k a`}gllgn}wcl vc}g`} aìta`kgeg`}

mceckg~ oi -47 dallao`, mc}a`k dcnh }o }bg aVbo`g~ otaka`cl tglgc~g a` 466; A`

cmma}ao`, Cvvlg {c`}gm c` ow}takb} W^ dc` oi Kclcrq @grw~ ~gtag~ vtomwn}~

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5/38

]bg tgng`}lq tglgc~gm twla`k itoe }bg ^c` Jo~g, Nclai, jwtq c{ctmgm Cvvlg {a}b c

itwa}iwl yan}otq }o}cla`k -367 dallao` ^ce~w`k {c~ iow`m kwal}q oi aìta`ka`k o`

~gygtcl w}ala}q vc}g`}~ tglc}gm }o Cvvlg~ aVbo`g c`m aVcm ]bg c{ctm~ itoe }bg }tacl~

ctg ò} oi ktgc} aevot}c`ng, dw} tc}bgt }bg ict%tgcnba`k lgkcl tceaianc}ao`~ bcyg }bg

vo}g`}acl }o ~bcvg owt vwtnbc~a`k ov}ao`~ a` }bg noea`k qgct~

O`g oi }bg aìta`kgm%wvo` vc}g`}~ mgcl~ matgn}lq {a}b Cvvlg~ ewl}a%}ownb kg~}wtg~,

lahg va`nb%}o%zooe ot }bg ecàvwlc}ao` oi monweg`}~ dq mtckka`k A` ~oeg nc~g~, 46

C`mtoam%vo{gtgm ^ce~w`k ~ect}vbo`g~ ecq dg vwllgm itoe ~}otg~ `c}ao`{amg

]bg à`g%egedgt jwtq {c~ vtg~g`}gm {a}b mozg`~ oi nbct}~, macktce~ c`m vto}o}qvg~

}bc} ~owkb} }o vtoyg }bc} ^ce~w`k `c}wtcllq a`òyc}gm a}~ vtomwn}~ }btowkb

}tcma}ao`cl egc`~, c~ ovvo~gm }o Cvvlg dga`k }bg yan}ae oi c mgladgtc}g ~nbgeg }o

novq

C` w`mgàcdlg }tw}b a~ }bc} do}b Cvvlg c`m ^ce~w`k~ eodalg bctm{ctg io~}gt }bg

43~}%ng`}wtq, bakb%}gnb g`}tgvtg`gwtacl lc`m~ncvg, {bgtg a`òyc}ayg }batm%vct}q cvv~

yag iot do}b w~gt }tciian c`m ~wd~}c`}acl eo`g}ctq tg{ctm

^ce~w`k, }bg VD)Ilwii ~c`m{anb a` }ba~ ~a}wc}ao`, vlc`~ }o cvvgcl }bg mgna~ao`, {balg

Cvvlg, }bg VD)J ~c`m{anb, bgcm~ iot c` a`jw`n}ao` ]bg ~}chg~ ctg bakb cnto~~ }bg

klodg, c`m }ba~ bakb%}gnb vc}g`} swc`mctq {all no`}a`wg c~ }bg~g noevcàg~ c`m

o}bgt~ no`}a`wg }o a`òyc}g

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6/38

Maka}cl%c~~g} a`fflc}ao` o` ]{a}}gt

vtoyg~ }o dg kto{a`k }tg`m

Vwdla~bgm ^gv}gedgt 33, 4634

]bg vlc~}an ~wtkgtq oi }bg maka}cl tgyolw}ao` a~ c ]{a}}gt%iollo{gt aìw~ao` Dtgc~}

cwkeg`}c}ao`, }weeq }wnh~ c`m icnglai}~ cll ecàvwlc}g vbq~ancl c~~g}~ O`g oi }bg

vgtngaygm dg`gia}~ }o }bg ciotgeg`}ao`gm ~wtkgtag~ a~ c` a`ntgc~g a` ~gli%noìamg`ng

Owt maka}cl c~~g}~ ctg c vtaectq nc}clq~} }bc} iggm~ owt ~onacl egmac

tgvw}c}ao`.Iollo{gt~ ctg c 43~}%ng`}wtq nwttg`nq }bc} vtojgn}~ c noevc`q~

lgka}aecnq, c` cn}ot~ vovwlcta}q ot c itag`m~ aìlwg`ng

]{a}}gt bc~ dgg` ktcvvla`k {a}b }bg vtodlge oi ichg cnnow`}~ ~a`ng a}~ a`ngv}ao` a`

gctlq 4669 ]bg ~gkeg`}c}ao` oi icwr cnnow`}~ nc` dg mgla`gc}gm a`}o }{o nc}gkotag~:

now`}gtiga}~ c`m ~vce C~ c `g{ w~gt joa`~ ]{a}}gt, bg ot ~bg a~ vtoev}gm }o iollo{

vtoea`g`} w~gt~ ~wnb c~ nglgdta}ag~, dtc`m~, vola}anac`~ c`m `g{~ ckg`nag~

Wìot}w`c}glq, }bg lo{ dcttagt~ tgswatgm }o ntgc}g c ]{a}}gt cnnow`} bcyg {cttc`}gm

}bg vtomwn}ao` oi }bow~c`m~ oi aevo~}ot cnnow`}~ {a}b c ~gea%ntgmadlg bc`mlg, dw}

c` gtto`gow~ ~}tgce oi }{gg}~ ]bg~g }qvg~ oi cnnow`}~ ctg no`~amgtgm now`}gtiga}~

dgncw~g }bgq oi}g` ~ggh }o ~c}atazg ot nottwv} }bg a`}g`mgm a`mayamwcl~ yag{

]{a}}gt bc~ ~wnng~~iwllq dgg` cdlg }o tgkwlc}g }bg~g }qvg~ oi ichg cnnow`}~ dq

a`}gktc}a`k ya~wcl ngt}aianc}ao` dcmkg~ yac a}~ Ygtaiagm Cnnow`}~ }gnbòlokq Ec`q

w~gt~ g`joq iollo{a`k }bg~g ichg cnnow`}~ mwg }o }bgat {a}}q noeeg`}ctq ot noean

kgàw~ ]ov ichg cnnow`}~ {a}b ~wd~}c`}acl no`~}a}wg`nag~ a`nlwmg F[allace^bc}`gt4

ot FN@@dtgcha`k

Mgclgt~ c`m Cdw~gt~ ctg oi}g` ~qò`qeow~ {a}b mtwk mgcla`k ot cò}bgt allana}

}tcmg ]bg w`mgtktow`m ]{a}}gt gnoòeq a~ tammg` {a}b ~bcmq dw~a`g~~eg` looha`k

}o ~gll iollo{gt~, icyota}g~ c`m tg}{gg}~ iot eo`g}ctq kca`

]bg tgc~o`~ }o grvloa} }ba~ tgyolw}ao`ctq 43~}%ng`}wtq egmawe ctg }o vo}g`}acllq

~vc{` c bgctm eg`}cla}q iot `g{ iollo{gt~, ~wkkg~} dtc`m lgka}aecnq ot io~}gt c ~g`~g

oi vovwlcta}q ]ba~ a~ c lwntc}ayg, dwtkgoà`k dw~a`g~~ iot }bg mgclgt~ tg~vo`~adlg iot

}bg ct}aianacl ntgc}ao` oi ~vce ]{a}}gt cnnow`}~

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7/38

Dcttcnwmc Lcd~, c` A`}gt`g} }btgc} c`clq~a~ iate, a`yg~}akc}gm }bg grvc`~g oi }bg

w`mgtktow`m ]{a}}gt gnoòeq A} ma~noygtgm }bc} eotg }bc` 46 gDcq A`n mgclgt~ c`m

eotg }bc` 366 A`}gt`g} noevcàg~ {gtg lgygtcka`k ]{a}}gt iollo{gt~ ]o od}ca` c`

aìlwr oi icwr ]{a}}gt iollo{gt~, }bg o`lq tgswatgeg`} a~ qowt ntgma} nctm `wedgt c`m

qowt ]{a}}gt bc`mlg ]bg mglaygtq oi }bg~g ichg iollo{gt~ ilwn}wc}g~ o` }bg dc~a~ oi

`wedgt vwtnbc~gm c`m `wedgt oi ]{a}}gt cnnow`}~ }bg mgclgt vo~~g~~g~

ônacl egmac kwtw~ bcyg cnnw~gm }bg Toe`gq ncevcak` iot vo}g`}acllq dwqa`k

iollo{gt~ Oygt }bg nowt~g oi c ~a`klg {gghg`m, Toe`gq~ ]{a}}gt iollo{gt~ dclloo`gm

itoe 9;>,666 }o 23=,666 iollo{gt~ Zcn Eoiic}}, Toe`gq~ maka}cl ncevcak` matgn}ot,

mgàgm }bc} c vwtnbc~g {c~ ecmg ]bg maka}cl c~~g} aìlc}ao` cl~o vlckwgm Vtg~amg`}

Dctcnh Odcec, c~ ~oeg 7; eallao` oi ba~ eotg }bc` 31 eallao` iollo{gt~ ctg ichg

cnnow`}~

]bg }qvancl ichg cnnow`} bc~ c` cygtckg oi 3,266 iollo{gt~, c ea~~a`k vtoialg van}wtgc`m ò }{gg}~ oi a}~ o{` ]ctkg}gm ichg cnnow`}~ ctg cl~o cycalcdlg c~ c eotg

vtgeawe vwtnbc~g C }ctkg}gm cnnow`} ecq ~vot} c tgcl van}wtg c`m dao }bc} a~ eotg

cvvlancdlg }o }bg ~vgnaian tgc~o` oi vwtnbc~g ]ba~ egc`~ }bc} ai c vola}anac` dowkb}

}ctkg}gm iollo{gt~, }bg iollo{gt~ {owlm ow}{ctmlq ~gge cw}bg`}an c`m amgolokancllq

~aealct

]{a}}gt, }bg w`gswayoncl gswclazgt a` }bg klodcl egmac lc`m~ncvg, nowlm noeg w`mgt

~agkg dq mat}q cmygt}a~gt~ c`m maka}cl c~~g} mgclgt~ ]bg na}azg` jowt`cla~}~ c`m ~cyc`}~

oi nwl}wtg bcyg ~bcvgm }bg {cq {g a`}gtcn} C~ nottwv} do}~ aìal}tc}g }bg ]{a}}gt

no`ygt~c}ao`, }bg w~giwl`g~~ oi }ba~ tc{ klaev~g a`}o }bg klodg~ v~qnbg ecq dgnoeg}ctà~bgm {a}b notvotc}g a`}gtg~}~

]omcq, ~gygtcl notvotc}g ncevw~ tgvtg~g`}c}ayg vo~a}ao`~ ctg ec`mc}a`k }bg

ma~nlo~wtg oi c` a`mayamwcl~ ~onacl egmac c~~g}~ "ag `wedgt oi itag`m~, iollo{gt~ c`m

Hlow} ~notg! c~ c {cq }o swc`}aiq c` gevloqgg~ {ot}b Maka}cl%c~~g} aìlc}ao` a~ c }tg`m

}bc} {all no`}a`wg }o kto{ {a}b eaàecl bgcm{a`m, dw} {g ~bowlm cll dg ncw}ao`gm c`m

ea`miwl {bg` grceaà`k o`g~ aìlc}gm vgt~o`cl c~~g}~

;


8/38

IcteYallg noevc`q ~wnng~~ matgn}lq

la`hgm }o Icngdooh


Nbotg~ ctg `gygt iw` [bg}bgt a} a~ eo{a`k }bg lc{` ot }taeea`k }bg ~btwd~, vgovlg

bctmlq gygt loyg }bg~g eoò}oòw~ }c~h~ Gyg` jod~ lahg }g`ma`k c kctmg` ot

bctyg~}a`k ntov~ mo ò} ncw~g tgjoang

]bg ~gntg} }o ~onacl kceg echgt Zq`kc~ ~wnng~~ }bg ntgc}ot oi IcteYallg a~ a}~cdala}q }o no`ygt} }bg~g ~ggea`klq w`grna}a`k }c~h~ a`}o kceg~ vlcqgm dq bw`mtgm~ oi

eallao`~ oi w~gt~

IcteYallg ciiategm Zq`kc~ ~}c}w~ c~ }bg vtgeagt mgyglovgt iot Icngdooh kcea`k Dq

jwev~}ct}a`k }bg yat}wcl%koom gnoòeq, Zq`kc bc~ dgg` cdlg }o ~wnng~~iwllq echg

eo`gq itoe egc`~ o}bgt }bc` }tcma}ao`cl o`la`g cmygt}a~a`k Dw}, iot dg}}gt ot iot

{ot~g, Zq`kc a~ ~ggea`klq a`}gt}{a`gm {a}b }bg `g{~ nqnlg tgkctma`k Icngdooh

Dg}{gg` Cwkw~} 4661 c`m Mgngedgt 4636, IcteYallg {c~ }bg eo~} vovwlct kceg o`

Icngdooh A} doc~}gm eallao`~ oi w~gt~ loka`~ vgt mcq ]bg a`ntgmadlg vovwlcta}q oi

}bg kceg ecmg a} noeeo`vlcng a` owt lgrano`~ c`m o` owt noevw}gt ~ntgg`~ â`ng

}bg kceg a~ bgcyalq a`}gktc}gm {a}b Icngdooh, noevg}a}ao` ceo`k itag`m~ bglvgmio~}gt c ~}ckkgta`k cygtckg vlcqa`k }aeg

^gygtcl oi Zq`kc~ kceg~, a`nlwma`k IcteYallg, ncw~g vtontc~}a`c}ao` mwta`k {oth ot

~nbool iot eo~} oi }bgat w~gt~ C~vgn}~ ~wnb c~ bctyg~}a`k ntov~ c`m vlc }a`k ~ggm~

tgswatg no`~}c`} eoà}ota`k

Iayg vgtng`} oi Zq`kc~ >66%vlw~ eallao` tg~amg`}~ oi IcteYallg dwq nwttg`nq }o

cmyc`ng ic~}gt a` }bg kceg Cmyc`na`k nc` egc` dwqa`k ilootdoctm~ iot qowt yat}wcl

bow~g ot c yat}wcl kctckg }o ~}otg qowt yat}wcl }tcn}ot

]bg~g yat}wcl koom~ cec~~gm `gctlq -3 dallao` iot Zq`kc a` }bg lc~} qgct ]bg yat}wcl%

koom a`mw~}tq a` 4636 clo`g {c~ {ot}b cleo~} -1 dallao` VtayNo, c ia`c`nacl c`clq~}

iate, dglagyg~ a} a~ maiianwl} }o mackò~g }bg cn}wcl yclwg oi Zq`kc dgncw~g a}~ eca`

tgyg`wg ~}tgce ecq dg mgvg`mg`} o` c icm tc}bgt }bc` c` gegtka`k ecthg}

2


9/38

IcteYallg c`m a}~ ewl}avlg ~vaòii~ bcyg mtc~}ancllq lo~} vovwlcta}q mwta`k }bg vc~} qgct

Zq`kc~ ~}onh vtang igll vtgnava}ow~lq itoe a}~ bakb oi -37 }o a}~ nwttg`} vtang oi ->

Zq`kc~ aà}acl vwdlan oiigta`k {c~ a` lc}g Mgngedgt c`m mgdw}gm c} c ~}onh vtang

ctow`m -36 Mwg }o a}~ tgng`} a`cdala}q }o vtomwng cò}bgt {amglq vovwlct kceg,

a`yg~}ot~ ctg dcala`k c`m swct}gtlq iotgnc~}~ ctg ~bta`ha`k

Icngdooh~ nlaii%lahg mayg ~a`ng a}~ do}nbgm AVO bc~ tg~wl}gm a` lo~} noìamg`ng a` a}~

dw~a`g~~ eomgl c`m }bg ~onacl%egmac a`mw~}tq a` kg`gtcl C} ]gnbNtw`nb~ Ma~twv}

Noìgtg`ng, Icngdooh NGO Ecth Zwnhgtdgtk ia`cllq cnhò{lgmkgm cldga} }btowkb

c o`mg~ntav} c`òw`ngeg`} }bg noevc`q~ ilow`mgta`k ~}onh ]ba~ ncw~gm c`

aeegmac}g dwev }o }bg ~}onh vtang~ oi do}b Zq`kc c`m Icngdooh

Dw} swg~}ao`~ bcyg dgg` tca~gm c~ }o {bg}bgt Zq`kc~ yat}wcl koom~, vtomwn}

vlcngeg`} c`m dc``gt cmygt}a~a`k bcyg gòwkb ia`c`nacl yacdala}q }o vtovgl a} iot{ctm

c~ c vwdlanlq }tcmgm noevc`q o` a}~ o{`

Zq`kc ecq dg }tgcma`k a` mc`kgtow~ {c}gt ai }bg ~wnng~~ oi }bg noevc`q a~ matgn}lq

nottglc}gm {a}b Icngdooh~ vgtiotec`ng Zq`kc~ ea~~ao` ~}c}geg`} matgn}lq tglag~ o`

}bg vovwlcta}q oi Icngdooh

Gyg` }bowkb Icngdooh a~ }bg vtaectq ygbanlg }btowkb {banb w~gt~ a`}gtcn} {a}b

Zq`kc~ kceg~, a} ~bowlm ò} swc`}aiq c~ c notg vta`navlg oi }bg noevc`q Zq`kc~

iw}wtg ~wnng~~ ba`kg~ o` a}~ cdala}q }o kg`gtc}g dwzz dq ntgc}a`k kceg~ }bc} ctg ò}

o`lq cmman}a`k, dw} cl~o aìal}tc}g }bg }ov oi ~ect}vbo`g cvv ~}otg~

C~ c ~onacl kcea`k vlc}iote, a} {all dg Zq`kc~ jod }o no`ya`ng a}~ vlcqgt~ }bc} yat}wcl

}tcn}ot~, ilo{gt~ c`m nct~ ctg cll {ot}b tgcl%{otlm eo`gq

1


10/38

Mo @o} ]tcnh dall {owlm bwt} }ctkg}gm o`la`g

cmygt}a~a`k, ~ecll A`}gt`g} ~}ct}%wv~


Cmygt}a~a`k a~ c nwl}wtcl ~}cvlg a` }bg Wà}gm ^}c}g~ ]bg ò}ao` oi cmygt}a~a`k c~ c {cq

}o vgt~wcmg vto~vgn}ayg dwqgt~ }o vwtnbc~g vtomwn}~ a~ cdow} c~ Cegtanc` c~

la~}gà`k }o now`}tq ew~an {balg gc}a`k cvvlg vag A} a~ atoàn }bc} ~wnb vwdlan ma~mca`

gra~}~ ckca`~} cmygt}a~a`k

Cmygt}a~a`k a~ oi}g` tg~vo`~adlg iot a`~vata`k owt cvvgctc`ng C ic~bao` ~}c}geg`}

~gtyg~ }o nbctcn}gtazg }bg a`mayamwcl {gcta`k }bg dtc`m âewl}c`gow~lq, }bg dtc`m

grwmg~ c ~}c}w~ vgt mg~ak`c}ao` dq }bg noevc`q~ vo~a}aoà`k a` }bg ecthg}vlcng

]bc`h~ }o }bg ~}to`k eg~~ckg~ c`m }ctkg}gm tg~gctnb, vgovlg ctg cdlg }o amg`}aiq

c`m gyg` a`}gtcn} {a}b c dtc`m }bc} a~ ~aealct }o }bge

O` }bg no`}tctq, cmygt}a~a`k vtoyg~ }o dg c ecjot `wa~c`ng {bg` vgtw~a`k }bg

A`}gt`g} [gd~a}g~, tgkctmlg~~ oi lgka}aecnq ot iw`ma`k, ctg cll ~wdjgn} }o }ctkg}gm

dc``gt c`m vov%wv cmygt}a~a`k

]bg dgcw}q c`m ct}iwl`g~~ oi cmygt}a~a`k o` }bg A`}gt`g}, nowvlgm {a}b cmyc`ngm

}tcnha`k eg}bom~, a`ntgc~g cmygt}a~a`k giign}ayg`g~~ C} }ba~ jw`n}wtg, no`}toygt~q~}at~

No`ktg~~ bc~ ~}ct}gm ma~nw~~ao`~ tgkctma`k }bg no`}g`}aow~ a~~wg oi o`la`g

cmygt}a~geg`} }tcnha`k ]bg Mo @o} ]tcnh dall }bc} a~ ~}all dga`k mgdc}gm {a}ba` }bg

Igmgtcl ]tcmg Noeea~~ao` {owlm ~ggh }o ko dgqo`m }bg nwttg`} egc~wtg~ a` vlcng }o

g`~wtg }bg vtaycnq oi A`}gt`g} dto{~gt~ cnto~~ }bg now`}tq

]tcma}ao`cllq, }bg ò}ao` oi ~}gcla`k c klaev~g oi }bg dalldoctm cmygt}a~a`k Itwa} oi }bg

Looe w`mgt{gct a~ icatlq cò`qeow~ Itwa} oi }bg Looe dowkb} }bg dalldoctm }o

c}}tcn} c}}g`}ao`, c`m gcnb aevtg~~ao` }bg noevc`q bc~ o` c` a`mayamwcl ~akàiag~eo`gq {gll ~vg`}

Ai Itwa} oi }bg Looe mgnamg~ }o vwtnbc~g dc``gt cm~ o` ]bg @g{ Qoth ]aeg~ {gd~a}g,

}bg noevc`q bc~ }bg cdala}q }o ò} o`lq mg~ak` c` cvvgcla`k cm, dw} a} nc` cl~o nollgn}

mc}c tgkctma`k }bg ~wnng~~ oi }bg ncevcak` o` c eanto ot ecnto lgygl

36


11/38

]tcnha`k noohag~ ot ~ecll vcnhg}~ oi mc}c ~}otgm o` }bg dto{~gt nc` tgvot} lo`k%}gte

mc}c, ~wnb c~ yag{a`k }aeg, nlanh%}btowkb tc}g, yag{gt AV cmmtg~~ c`m dto{~a`k ba~}otq

]bg~g mc}c ctg noevalgm c`m a`}gtvtg}gm a` c` giiot} }o ~bcvg do}b }bg vlcngeg`} oi

}bg~g cm~ {a}ba` c` cm `g}{oth c`m eolm cmygt}a~a`k ~}tc}gkq iot iw}wtg ncevcak`~

Notvotc}ao`~ bcyg dwal} }bgat nwttg`} o`la`g vtg~g`ng dc~gm wvo` }bgat cdala}q }o

bct`g~~ }bg~g }tcnha`k ncvcdala}ag~ c`m mglaygt tglgyc`} vtomwn}~ iot nwttg`}

nw~}oegt~ cnnotma`k }o }bg nollgn}gm mc}c Ovvo~a}ao` ckg`nag~ bcyg ct}anwlc}gm

}bg~g }ctkg}gm cm~ c`m w`{cttc`}gm mc}c ea`g~ ctg a`}tw~ao`~ o` no`~wegt~ vtaycnq

{bg` ~wtia`k }bg A`}gt`g}

]bg [otlm [amg [gd No`~ot}awe ~g}~ }bg nwttg`} ~wnng~~iwl a`mw~}tq tgkwlc}ao`

~}c`mctm~ ]ba~ vtoktce ec`mc}gm c` ano` c} }bg do}}oe oi }bg }ctkg}gm cm [bg`

nlanhgm, c {a`mo{ ovg`~ grvlcaà`k {bq }bc} ~vgnaian cm cvvgctgm ]ba~ ncevcak`

bc~ eotg }bc` c 16%vgtng`} noevlac`ng tc}g a`mw~}tq {amg

Wìot}w`c}glq }ba~ a`gya}cdlg mgdc}g {all dg mglcqgm dgncw~g }bg no`~ot}awe bc~ qg}

}o noeg wv {a}b c iate mgiaà}ao` oi {bc} Mo @o} ]tcnh egc`~ ]bg o`la`g

cmygt}a~a`k dgbgeo}b a~ {ot}b towkblq ->66 dallao` c`m cnnow`}~ iot wv }o >3 eallao`

jod~ a` }bg Wà}gm ^}c}g~, cnnotma`k }o nclnwlc}ao`~ dq }bg A`}gtcn}ayg Cmygt}a~a`k

Dwtgcw

^}cw`nb nta}an~ bcyg grnlcaegm }bc} ai tg~}tan}ao`~ ctg bgcyalq aevo~gm, }bg lc{ {owlm

~}ailg ntgc}aya}q c`m }bg yacdala}q oi `g{ g`}tgvtg`gwtacl yg`}wtg~

â`ng ec`q ~ecll A`}gt`g} yg`}wtg~ tglq bgcyalq o` bakblq }ctkg}gm cm~, a} {owlm dg

nbcllg`ka`k iot }bg~g noevcàg~ }o ~wnng~~iwllq eo`g}azg ]ba~ {owlm cl~o egc` c

~ecll dw~a`g~~~ yg`}wtg ncva}cl iw`ma`k nowlm mtq wv ~oo`gt

Ai }bg yg`}wtg ncva}cl iw`ma`k mtag~ wv ic~}gt, a} {all dg ict eotg nbcllg`ka`k iot }bg~g

`g{ maka}cl ~}ct}%wv dw~a`g~~g~ }o eo`g}azg c`m dgnoeg ~gli%~w~}caà`k

33


12/38

@g{ vot` ~gctnb g`ka`g bc~ vo}g`}acl }o

tgyolw}aoàzg dallao`%mollct a`mw~}tq

Vwdla~bgm On}odgt 4, 4634

C~ c` a`mw~}tq }bc} a~ {ot}b c ~}ckkgta`k -36 dallao` moeg~}ancllq c`m -16 dallao`

{otlm{amg, a}~ c~}oà~ba`k }bc} ^qtcnw~g Wàygt~a}q mog~`} bcyg c ecjot a` a}: vot`

]bg }ov tgyg`wg ~}tgce~ oi }bg W^ vot` a`mw~}tq a`nlwmg yamgo ~clg~, {gd~a}g~,

gto}an mc`ng nlwd~, eckcza`g~ c`m òygl}ag~ [a}b }bg kto{a`k vo{gt oi }bg A`}gt`g},

a} a~ ò ~wtvta~g }bc} }bg yclwg oi }ba~ ~gn}ot bc~ gnlav~gm -> dallao` C~ eotg A`}gt`g}%

g`cdlgm mgyang~ gegtkg a` }bg ecthg}vlcng, eotg vgovlg ctg cdlg }o no`~wegmaka}cl votòktcvban no`}g`}

Kooklg~ 9; vgtng } ecthg} ~bctg a` }bg Wà}gm ^}c}g~ ~olamaiag~ a}~ ~}c}w~ c~ }bg kolm

~}c`mctm a` ~gctnb ]bg ewl}adallao`%mollct a`}gt`c}ao`cl notvotc}ao` tgyolw}aoàzgm

}bg A`}gt`g} ~gctnb {a}b cmyc`ngm clkota}be~ }bc} cnnwtc}glq voa`} w~gt~ }o }bg

mg~atgm }ovan

^gctnbrrr a~ voa~gm }o iollo{ a` Kooklg~ ioo}~}gv~ dq `cyakc}a`k ya~a}ot~ }o vot`

{gd~a}g~ }bc} no`}ca` }bg rrr moeca` gr}g`~ao` ]ba~ `g{ ~gctnb g`ka`g, {banb

lcw`nbgm o` ^gv} 4;, bc~ cltgcmq ec`ckgm }o c}}ca` 366,666 wàswg yag{~ c`mvtong~~ oygt 766,666 ~gctnb swgtag~

Wìot}w`c}glq iot }bg noevc`q, a} bc~ ò} qg} tg`mgtgm c ~wnng~~iwl dw~a`g~~ eomgl

iot }bg `g{ ~gctnb g`ka`g C ma~}a`n} cmyc`}ckg oi }ba~ {gd~a}g oygt o}bgt~ a~ }bg

cdala}q iot w~gt~ }o ial}gt tg~wl}~ dc~gm o` maiigtg`} }qvg~ oi vot`

]bat}gg` vgtng`} oi A`}gt`g} ~gctnbg~ oygtcll {gtg swgtag~ tgkctma`k gto}an no`}g`},

cnnotma`k }o Iotdg~ A` cmma}ao`, = vgtng`} oi }bg }ov 3 eallao` ya~a}gm {gd~a}g~ ctg

votòktcvban ~a}g~

^bcmq noevcàg~ ec`ckg ~oeg votòktcvban {gd~a}g~, c`m oi}g` }bg~g ~a}g~ ctg

aìw~gm {a}b bcteiwl ecl{ctg Mwg }o }ba~ }btgc}, }bg AEN Tgka~}tq a`}gktc}gm c dwal}%

a` igc}wtg }bc} ~nc`~ gcnb oi a}~ tgka~}gtgm {gd~a}g~ iot eclanaow~ ~oi}{ctg o` c mcalq

dc~a~

34


13/38

]bg AEN Tgka~}tq bc~ dgg` ~glla`k rrr moeca`~ iot }bg vc~} ~gygtcl eo`}b~ ]bg yc~}

ecjota}q oi }bg~g moeca`~ {gtg ~olm }o moeca` tgka~}tct~ lahg KoMcmmq, iot ~clg c}

-;7 ]bg AEN Tgka~}tq {a}bbglm towkblq 3,666 vtgeawe `ceg~, {banb ctg ò{ }bgionw~ oi a`}g`~g damma`k dq vot`%vtomwna`k noevcàg~ @ceg~ lahg Kcqrrr ~olm iot

-766,666 c`m Ig}a~brrr ~olm iot ->66,666

Ci}gt }bg~g vtgeawe rrr moeca` `ceg~ ctg ~olm, }bg AEN Tgka~}tq nowlm kto~~ -4

eallao` vgt qgct ]ba~ moeca` gr}g`~ao` {all cllo{ vot`%vtomwna`k noevcàg~ }o eotg

cnnwtc}glq }ctkg} }bgat cwmag`ng Vtgyaow~lq w~gm gr}g`~ao`~ lahg w~ ot noe nowlm

gc~alq kg} lo~} {bg` w~a`k c }tcma}ao`cl ~gctnb g`ka`g lahg Da`k ot Kooklg

]ba~ }tc`~a}ao` bc~ tgngaygm cnnlcae itoe vctg`} ktowv~ dgncw~g ò{ ial}gt ~g}}a`k~

{all }ctkg} c ~vgnaian moeca` gr}g`~ao` c~ ovvo~gm }o c vlg}botc oi tc`moe

votòktcvban {gd~a}g~

Atoàncllq, wàygt~a}ag~, tg}calgt~ c`m nglgdta}ag~ bcyg dgg` vtg~~wtgm }o vwtnbc~g }bgat

o{` rrr moeca` `ceg c~ c mg icn}o a`~wtc`ng volanq ]bg rrr moeca` gr}g`~ao` bc~

ntgc}gm v~gwmo A`}gt`g} {bgtg noevcàg~ lahg ]ctkg} bcyg dgg` iotngm }o vwtnbc~g

c vtgeawe moeca` a` c` giiot} }o ~}cyg oii c` w`{c`}gm votòktcvban c}}cnh

@ot}b{g~}gt` Wàygt~a}q bc~ cl~o vwtnbc~gm c rrr moeca` dgncw~g a} mam ò} {c`} }o

ta~h }bg ntgc}ao` oi votòktcvbq c~~onac}gm {a}b }bg wàygt~a}q~ aeckg

]bg ewl}adallao`%mollct o`la`g vot` a`mw~}tq a~ w`mgtkoa`k c tg`ca~~c`ng a` vot`

tgotkcàzc}ao` ]bg vot` a`mw~}tq a~ tctglq mgdc}gm a` }bg a`}gllgn}wcl tgcle, dw} }bg`g{ ovvot}wà}ag~ c`m ta~h~ c~~onac}gm {a}b }bg `g{ rrr moeca` gr}g`~ao` ctg ~wtg

}o ~bcvg }bg eo`g}ctq ow}looh oi }ov votòktcvbq vtomwngt~

[balg c votòktcvban ~}wmag~ ecjot ecq dg ow} oi }bg swg~}ao` c} ^W, a} a~ nta}ancl }o

lgct` cdow} }bg gnoòean~ oi }ba~ a`ntgmadlq yclwcdlg a`mw~}tq

3>


14/38

Hlow}, o}bgt~ ~gge }o vtoyamg ea~kwamgm

egc~wtgeg`} iot a`fflwg`ng swclaffinc}ao`~


]bg vtgyclg`ng oi ~onacl egmac grvlomgm a` }bg vc~} iayg qgct~ Bc~b}ck~ bcyg dgg`

a`}tomwngm iot cleo~} gygtq }glgya~ao` ~bo{, noeegtnacl c`m eckcza`g ct}anlg A}~ ò

~wtvta~g }ba~ tcvam kto{}b nottglc}g~ {a}b }bg ~wtka`k ~ect}vbo`g ecthg}

Cdow} 12 vgtng`} oi 32%4=%qgct%olm~ ctg cn}ayg o` ~onacl egmac, cnnotma`k }o

Ecn[otlm Dgncw~g }bgtg a~ c` a`ntgmadlq bakb vg`g}tc}ao` }bg `g{ swg~}ao` a~: [bo

a~ {ot}b la~}gà`k }o ot iollo{a`k?

A` }bg tgcl {otlm, a}~ icatlq ~aevlg }o kcwkg }bg }tw~}{ot}ba`g~~ oi c ~owtng ot

a`mayamwcl C klc`ng c} c tg~weg ot c} c wàiote nc` w~wcllq ciiate ot mg`q }bc}

a`mayamwcl~ ntgmadala}q

Ai ~oego`g bglm c mgktgg a` ktcvban mg~ak`, qow {owlm dg eotg a`nla`gm }o la~}g` }o

bae ot bgt no`ngtà`k {gd~a}g no`~}twn}ao` ec}}gt~ âealctlq, ai qow c~h c nc~bagt c}

EnMo`clm~ }o tgnoeeg`m c tgitakgtc}ot vwtnbc~g, qow {all lahglq ma~ea~~ }bc}

vgt~o`~ ovaào` eotg tgcmalq dgncw~g a} a~ ò} ba~ ot bgt iaglm oi grvgt}a~g

[bg` vgtw~a`k qowt ~onacl egmac iggm~ a} a~ ewnb eotg nbcllg`ka`k }o mgnavbgt }bg

ntgmadala}q ot aìlwg`ng oi }bg itag`m~, nglgdta}ag~ ot noevcàg~ qow iollo{ Oi}g` {bg`

c }{gg} a`nlwmg~ c la`h ot echg~ c` ow}tckgow~ nlcae, a}~ maiianwl} }o ma~ngt` ai }bg

aìotec}ao` a~ icn}wcllq nottgn} ot ~wvvot}gm

C `g{ dtggm oi ~}ct}wv~ gegtkgm }o ~}c}a~}ancllq nclnwlc}g }bg ceow`} oi vgovlg c`

a`mayamwcl nc` aìlwg`ng, bo{ ewnb }o }tw~} }bc} a`mayamwcl c`m o` {bc} }ovan~ ]bg

lgcmgt~ a` noevw}a`k }bg~g noevlgr nclnwlc}ao`~ a`nlwmg Hlow}, VggtA`mgr c`m Htgm

O`ng }bg w~gt no``gn}~ ba~ ot bgt Icngdooh, Kooklg( c`m ]{a}}gt }o }bg noevc`q, a}

w~g~ clkota}be~ }o nclnwlc}g aìlwg`ng

Hlow}, }bg eo~} wdaswa}ow~ ~onacl egmac aìlwg`ng tc`ha`k vlc}iote, bc~ eotg }bc`

366 eallao` cnnow`}~ klodcllq Hlow} ~gctnbg~ qowt cnnow`}~ iot }bg ceow`} oi

tg}{gg}~, lahg~, 3(~, }ckkgm vo~}~, noeeg`}~ c`m o}bgt eg}tan~ }bc} cvvgct o` qowt

vtoialg~ ]bg`, c `wegtancl yclwg a~ c~~onac}gm {a}b qowt cn}aya}q c`m aìlwg`ng lgygl,

c`m }bgtgiotg o}bgt~ nc` w`mgt~}c`m qowt ~onacl egmac aìlwg`ng

3=


15/38

Eanto~oi} tgng`}lq aà}ac}gm c vct}`gt~bav {a}b Hlow} ]ba~ vct}`gt~bav {all a`}gktc}g

Hlow}~ ~}c}a~}ancl c`clq~a~ ncvcdala}ag~ a`}o Da`k~ ~gctnb g`ka`g tg~wl}~ Oygt }bg vc~}

ig{ qgct~, Da`k g~}cdla~bgm a}~gli c~ c ~onacl ~gctnb g`ka`g c`m bovg~ Hlow} {all bglv

}bg ~gno`m%vlcng ~gctnb g`ka`g dta`k c `g{ ~}qlg oi tg~wl}~ }o w~gt~@o{ o` Da`k

}tcma}ao`cl tg~wl}~ ctg kayg` a` cmma}ao` }o c la~} oi a`mayamwcl~ {bo ctg aìlwg`}acl o`

~onacl egmac cdow} }bc} }ovan

Nta}an~ bcyg tamanwlgm Hlow} iot a}~ lcnh oi }tc`~vctg`nq no`ngtà`k }bg grcn} iotewlc a}

w~g~ }o noevw}g }bg~g tc`ha`k ~notg~ ^clg~iotngnoe ò{ tgswatg~ }bg ma~nlo~wtg oi

c` cvvlanc`}~ Hlow} ~notg {bg` cvvlqa`k iot ngt}ca` ~onacl egmac%tglc}gm jod~ Gyg`

}bowkb ~}c}g~ lahg Nclaiotàc c`m Ectqlc`m tgng`}lq vc~~gm lc{~ dc`à`k gevloqgt~

itoe c~ha`k iot ~onacl egmac cnnow`} vc~~{otm~, dw} }bg ma~nlo~wtg oi c Hlow} ~notg a~

~}all vgtea}}gm

C~ eotg {gakb} a~ dga`k vlcngm o` ~onacl tc`ha`k egnbcà~e~, a} a~ aevgtc}ayg }bc}~}wmg`}~ c`m qow`k vtoig~~ao`cl~ hggv cn}ayglq vct}anavc}a`k a` }bg ~onacl

no`ygt~c}ao` Ai qow ctg c` cvvlac`ng ~clg~eg`, }clha`k cdow} ot la`ha`k ~}otag~

tglc}gm }o `g{~ a` }bc} a`mw~}tq nowlm dg cmyc`}ckgow~ C~ noevc ag~ }chg Hlow}

~notg~ ~gtaow~lq, a} a~ aevot}c`} }o g`~wtg qow ctg aìlwg`}acl a` qowt mg~atgm iaglm oi

{oth

]bg no`ngv} oi tc`ha`k c` a`mayamwcl~ aìlwg`ng o` ~onacl egmac a~ c eg}tan }bc} ecq

vtoyamg a`~akb} a`}o }bg ntgmadala}q ot ~onacl tgcnb oi c kayg` ~owtng A}~ ioola~b }o

yclwg c` ovcswg egc~wtgeg }, lahg c Hlow} ~notg, c~ c` giign}ayg a`manc}ot }o jwmkg c

vgt~o`~ ncvcdala}q }o vgtiote c jod

37


16/38

Eanto~oi} 2 {all ffi`cllq dta`k noevc`q dcnh

a`}o tglgyc`ng a` ~oi}{ctg ecthg}


A` }bg noea`k {ggh~ eg` c`m {oeg` {all dg g`ma`k }bgat 33%qgct tglc}ao`~bav ]bg

}tc`~a}ao` c{cq itoe }bg icealact {all a`gya}cdlq lgcyg ec`q dg{almgtgm c`m mczgm, dw}

vtoktg~~ a~ gng~~ctq

[a`mo{~ 2 a~ cttaya`k

Cvvtoraec}glq >3 vgtng`} oi klodcl vgt~o`cl noevw}gt~ ctg ~}all ~}wnh a` }bg vtgyaow~

mgncmg dow`m }akb}lq }o }bgat noeiq [a`mo{~ RV On} 49 {all dg }bg iat~} }aeg a` eotg

}bc` c mgncmg }bc} Eanto~oi} a~ looha`k }o vtoktg~~ c`m ia`cllq ~}ailg }bg kto{}b oi

Cvvlg

[a`mo{~ 2 c`m }bg tcmancl `g{ tgmg~ak` {all g`cdlg }bg dtc`m }o ia`cllq tg`}gt }bg

nool }gnb ~ng`g a} o`ng moea`c}gm Iot qgct~, [a`mo{~ bcm dgg` c egtg egmawe

a` {banb qowt noevw}gt cn}aya}q tg~amgm @o{ Eanto~oi} {c`}~ qow }o wvmc}g dgncw~g

}bg `g{ igc}wtg~ oi [a`mo{~ 2 ctg ng`}tcl }o qowt noevw}gt dgbcyaot

Cnto~~ }bg klodg, }bg wdaswa}ow~ [a`mo{~ ~}ct} ~ntgg` c`m loko bcm dgg` vlc~}gtgmo` tg}a`c~ iot qgct~ Dcnh a` 466>, Cvvlg {c~ ò} c ecjot vlcqgt a` }bg vgt~o`cl

noevw}gt a`mw~}tq A} nlcaegm c 4%vgtng`} ecthg} ~bctg noevctgm }o [a`mo{~

nlcaea`k c ~}ckkgta`k 1= vgtng`}

A` 4669, [a`mo{~ Ya~}c {c~ tglgc~gm {a}b }bg a`}g`}ao` oi echa`k [a`mo{~ RV

od~olg}g Wìot}w`c}glq, }bg g`ka`ggt~ c} Eanto~oi} {gtg oygtgckgt c`m vw~bgm }bg

tglgc~g }oo ~oo` ^gnwta}q c`m mtaygt a~~wg~ ~wticngm ]bg~g bakblq vwdlanazgm

noevlca`}~ {tgchgm bcyon o` Eanto~oi}~ tgvw}c}ao` iot }bg `gr} ~gygtcl qgct~ w`}al

[a`mo{~ ; {c~ tglgc~gm a` 4661 }o tgvlcng }bg eg~~

[a`mo{~ 2 a~ Eanto~oi}~ ovvot}wà}q }o tgdtc`m c~ c nool c`m a`òyc}ayg dtc`m

~aealct }o }bg {cq a} {c~ yag{gm cdow} c mgncmg cko A` }bg egc`}aeg, Cvvlg, Kooklg

c`m Icngdooh bcyg gegtkgm c~ ecjot }a}c`~ a` }bg }gnbòlokq a`mw~}tq ]ba~

ovgtc}a`k ~q~}ge tglgc~g ecq vtoyg }o dg c }wtà`k%voa`} iot c` cka`k dtc`m

39


17/38

[a`mo{~ 2 ~qedolazg~ }bg no`ygtkg`ng oi }cdlg}, eodalg c`m mg~h}ov noevw}a`k

Wv w`}al }ba~ voa`} }bgtg {c~ c lgctà`k nwtyg a` otmgt }o dgnoeg vtoianag`} a` }bg

lc}g~} }gnbòlokq tglgc~g Eanto~oi}~ }ala`k ~}qlg a~ ò{ wàiote cnto~~ cll oi a}~

mgyang~ ]ba~ a`òyc}ayg ~}gv ow}vcng~ Cvvlg dgncw~g a}~ mgyang~ ~}all grbada} maiigtg`}

w~gt grvgtag`ng~

Mwddgm }bg Eg}to W~gt A`}gticng, }ba~ `g{ cvvtocnb }o }bg mg~h}ov glaea`c}g~ }bg

ano`%iallgm ~ntgg` c`m }tc`~iote~ a} a`}o c nollgn}ao` oi }ownb%tgcmq }alg~ layg {a}b

wvmc}g~ }bc} no`~}c`}lq ~}tgce a` itoe Icngdooh, Da`k ^}onh~ c`m [gc}bgtnoe ]ba~

}tc`~iotec}ao` oi cvvgctc`ng, cl}bowkb ~wd~}c`}acllq maiigtg`} itoe }bg ~}c}w~ swo,

g`bc`ng~ }bg ilwama}q oi }bg w~gt grvgtag`ng

Eanto~oi}~ g`}bw~ac~e cdow} [a`mo{~ 2 a~ vclvcdlg c`m }bg vlc``gm -3%37 dallao`

ecthg}a`k ncevcak` a~ mg~ak`gm }o echg c vo{gtiwl ~}c}geg`} a` }bg }gnb

ecthg}vlcng Eanto~oi} a~ vlc`à`k lcw`nb vct}ag~ cnto~~ }bg Wà}gm ^}c}g~ c} a}~ 4;`g{lq ea`}gm ~bovva`k%ecll ~}otg~

]bg Eanto~oi} ~}otg a~ jw~} c vagng oi }bg noevc`q~ `g{ vbalo~ovbq oi kg`gtc}a`k c`

cn}ayg dtc`m noeewà}q ~aealct }o Cvvlg ]bg~g ~}otg~ ctg ò} mg~ak`gm }o ~gll8

tc}bgt, }bgq ctg vtoeo}a`k }bg ~aevlg c`m a`}gktc}gm nlaec}g c~~onac}gm {a}b }bg `g{

[a`mo{~ 2 iggl

]bg [a`mo{~ maya~ao` oi Eanto~oi} tgng`}lq doc~}gm -=94 dallao` a` tgyg`wg~ c`m {c~

tg~vo`~adlg iot }bg ~gno`m bakbg~} vtovot}ao` oi tgyg`wg dgba`m }bg ~gtygt ~gtyang~

maya~ao` ]bgtgiotg, ai [a`mo{~ 2 a~ c }tgeg`mow~ ~wnng~~, a} nc` nc}cvwl} }bgovgtc}a`k ~q~}ge maya~ao` }o `g{ bgakb}~ ai }bgtg a~ c bakb cmov}ao` tc}g

]bg aìceow~ ^}ct} dw}}o` a~ ò{ c` ct}anlg oi noevw}gt ba~}otq c`m {c~ tgvlcngm dq

}bg ^}ct} ^ntgg` ]bg~g eo`weg`}cl ~bai}~ a` }bg {cq {g `cyakc}g }bg noevw}gt

~ntgg` eq nbc`kg owt bcda}~ tgkctma`k dto{~a`k iot }bg `gr} mgncmg Eanto~oi}~

moea`c`ng c`m }bg no`ygtkg`ng oi mgyang~ nowvlgm {a}b }bg [a`mo{~ 2 lcw`nb

nowlm bcyg }bg vo}g`}acl }o tga`yg`} }bg {cq {g a`}gtcn} {a}b }gnbòlokq

3;


18/38

Dak Mc}c ntgc}g~ w``gng~~ctq nottglc}ao`~

dg}{gg` yo}gt cn}ao`~, dgbcyaot~

Vwdla~bgm On}odgt 4>, 4634

A} }wt`~ ow} }bc} ai qow ~ncti mo{` Tg~gg~ Vgc`w} Dw}}gt Nwv~ c`m {c}nb Eomgt`

Icealq o` Bwlw o` ^w`mcq gygà`k~, qow nowlm dg eotg lahglq }o vtgigt o`g

vtg~amg`}acl nc`mamc}g oygt cò}bgt A` c` gtc {bgtg 37 }gtcdq}g~ ctg kg`gtc}gm o`

Icngdooh gcnb mcq, a}~ ò} ~wtvta~a`k }bc} cnw}g }tg`m~ nc` dg mtc{` }o iotgnc~} }bg

iw}wtg oi c` a`mayamwcl~ mgna~ao`~

Dak Mc}c a~ c vbgòegò` }bc} a`yolyg~ }bg nollgn}ao` c`m c`clq~a~ oi ec~~aygceow`}~ oi mc}c ]bg vtayc}g ~gn}ot, c`m g~vgnacllq }bg cmygt}a~a`k a`mw~}tq, bc~

gevloqgm }ba~ }cn}an a` c` giiot} }o kca` ~wvgtaot a`~akb} a`}o vto~vgn}ayg no`~wegt~

ea`m~

]bg~g mc}c ctg nollgn}gm itoe A`}gt`g} dto{~gt~, ~onacl egmac dgbcyaot c`m eow~g

nlanh~ itoe cnto~~ }bg {gd ^}ct}wv~ ctg ~vta`ka`k wv cnto~~ }bg now`}tq {a}b c

noeeo` kocl a` ea`m: a`}gtvtg}a`k êcll noevcàg~ ctg ~vg`ma`k eallao`~ oi mollct~

vgtign}a`k clkota}be~ }o ga}bgt c~~a~} notvotc}ao`~ {a}b }bgat ecthg}a`k ~}tc}gkq ot

mg}gn} vc}}gt`~ }bc} ecq bglv vola}ancl ncevcak`~

]bg tc}ao`clg iot a`}gktc}a`k Dak Mc}c c`clq}an~ a`}o vola}ancl ncevcak`~ a~ c òygl

no`ngv} Lgctà`k eotg cdow} a`mgvg`mg`} ot w`mgnamgm yo}gt~ bglv~ c ncevcak`

eotg cnnwtc}glq w`noygt }bgat notg dglagi~ ]ba~ aìotec}ao` nc` dg}}gt ~bcvg c

vola}anac`~ ~vggnbg~, cm~ ot mgdc}g c`~{gt~ c`m bovgiwllq ~{cq vo}g`}acl yo}gt~

O`g oi }bg icllcnag~ }bc} gra~} a~ o` c ecnto lgygl Ai qow amg`}aiq }bg nto~~ ~gn}ao` oi

dwqgt~ {bo nctg cdow} }bg g`yatoèg`}, c`m nbct} }bge ckca`~} }bg vgtng`}ckg oi

vtg}zgl%gc}a`k, eam%46%qgct%olm~, }bc} mog~ ò} `gng~~ctalq ow}la`g }bg yo}gt~ ~}c`ng

o` oii~botg mtalla`k

Dak Mc}c nc` vtoyamg }tgeg`mow~ tg~owtng~ }o c vola}ancl ncevcak` dq g`lakb}gà`k

grvgt}~ }o }bg cmyc`}ckg~ oi }ctkg}a`k cm~ }o ngt}ca` yo}gt noeewà}ag~ Dw}

oygtc`clqza`k mc}c nc` lgcm }o `wed`g~~ cnto~~ c` cwmag`ng

32


19/38

O`g oi }bg noeeo` ea~no`ngv}ao`~ cdow} Dak Mc}c a~ }bc} }bg yc~} ceow`}~ oi mc}c

nc` dg w~gm }o ~{cq ea`m~ ]ctkg}a`k yo}gt~ nc` tgaìotng c vo~a}ao` cdow} c

nc`mamc}g, dw} a} a~ ewnb eotg nbcllg`ka`k }o cn}wcllq nbc`kg }bgat ea`m~

Dgbcyaotcl v~qnboloka~}~ ncll }ba~ }bg noìatec}ao` dac~, egcà`k a} a~ a`ntgmadlq

maiianwl} }o noevlg}glq nbc`kg vgtngv}ao`~ {a}b cmygt}a~a`k ]ba~ a~ dgncw~g vgovlg

la~}g` }o noeegtnacl~ }bc} ~bctg }bgat ~aealct yag{~

]bg [c~ba`k}o` Vo~} vwdla~bgm c` ct}anlg gctlagt a` }bg glgn}ao` ~gc~o` grceaà`k

dto{~a`k bcda}~ c`m bo{ }bgq eakb} nottg~vo`m }o vola}ancl yag{~ O` }bg ~vgn}twe

a`nlwma`k Dwzziggm c`m ]wedlt, w~gt~ }qvancllq ~wvvot} Vtg~amg`} Dctcnh Odcec ]ba~

glgn}ao` ~gc~o`, `g{~ ckg`nag~ bcyg ilonhgm }o tc`moe ~}wmag~ c`m ~wtygq~ a` c`

c}}gev} }o echg no``gn}ao`~ dg}{gg` vola}ancl nc`mamc}g~ c`m tc`moe dgbcyaot~

Ec`q ~onacl egmac kac`}~ bcyg ko}}g` a`}o }bg Dak Mc}c kceg dq ntgc}a`k }bgat o{`

~}tc}gkq no`swgta`k vwdlan vgtngv}ao` ]bg ]{a}}gt Vola}ancl A`mgr ~gtyg~ c~ c

dctoeg}gt iot gcnb nc`mamc}g~ aìlwg`ng ]btowkbow} gcnb mcq }bg a`mgr a~ cmjw~}gm

}o ~bo{ bo{ }bg ]{a}}gt~vbgtg a~ lgcà`k c} c`q kayg` }aeg

Dak Mc}c nc` dg gòteow~lq w~giwl }o notvotc}ao`~ c`m vola}ancl ncevcak`~ dgncw~g

a} bc~ }bg cdala}q }o tglc}g }{o ~ggea`klq yctacdlg~ c`m iotkg c nottglc}ao` â`ng mc}c

ctg vtgman}cdlg c`m lokancl, }bgq bctmlq tg~gedlg w~ c~ vgovlg Vgovlg ctg tc`moe,

w`vtgman}cdlg c`m }bgtgiotg, gcnb yo}gt~ a`mayamwcl ~}otq a~ noìow`mgm {bg`

odjgn}aiagm }btowkb ~}c}a~}an~

31


20/38

aVcm eaà~ grvg`~ayg vtang }ck {all hggv a}

itoe noevg}a`k {a}b o}bgt }cdlg}~


Cvvlg vtomwn} la`g%{ca}a`k bc~ kca`gm a`}g`~g vovwlcta}q tcvamlq oygt }bg vc~} iayg

qgct~ ]bg aVcm Eaà tglgc~g ecq dg voa~gm }o nbc`kg }ba~ vbgòegò`

]tcma}ao`cllq, }ba~ no`}cn} ~vot} bc~ tg`mgtgm ~lggvlg~~ àkb}~, ~otg tgct g`m~ c`m

itcn}wtgm mtgce~ iot mgyo}gm Cvvlg ktowvag~ `c}ao`{amg

Bovgiwl~ kc}bgt o` na}q dlonh~ c`m ~wdwtdc` ~bovva`k ng`}gt~ }o bcyg }bgat

ec}gtacla~}an cmman}ao` }gevotcllq ~c}a~iagm A} ecq dg gc~agt }ba~ }aeg ctow`m }o kg}cbolm oi c `g{ klgcea`k aVcm

Gcnb oi }bg lc~} ~gygtcl qgct~, Cvvlg bc~ tgnotmgm tgnotm tgyg`wg~ c`m c~}toòeancl

vtoia}~ Vtomwn} tglgc~g~ ctg bgtclmgm c~ g`ka`ggta`k ectygl~ mg~ak`gm }o tga`yg`}

}bg {cq {g noeewànc}g {a}b o`g cò}bgt, vtonwtg aìotec}ao` c`m kg`gtc}g

no`}g`} ]bg egmac eo`~oo` itoe c` gyg`} vtomwng~ c }amcl {cyg oi `g{~ ~}otag~

}bc} ~gtyg~ c~ iommgt iot }bg gygt%kto{a`k Cvvlg bqvg

]bg `g{lq tglgc~gm c`m bakblq tweotgm aVcm Eaà ~wtkgm o`}o }bg ecthg} lc~} {ggh

clo`k {a}b }bg iowt}b%kg`gtc}ao` aVcm, c`m c tgitg~b oi }bg aEcn C} iat~} klc`ng, }bgnta}an~ ctg vlgc~gm {a}b }bg mg~ak` c`m igc}wtg~ oi }bg `g{ la`g oi }cdlg}

Dw} }bg grvg`~ayg ->41 aVcm Eaà vtang%voa`} ictg grnggm~ }bg noevg}a}ao` c`m ecq

ba`mgt Cvvlg~ }cdlg} ~}tc}gkq

]bg lo{%no~} }cdlg} ecthg} bc~ }chg` oii oygt }bg vc~} }{o qgct~ {a}b Ceczo`,

^ce~w`k c`m Kooklg dtgcha`k }bg -466 vtang {cll Cvvlg~ ->41 aVcm Eaà vo~a}ao`~

}bg }cdlg} ict cdoyg }bg ma~now`} ecthg}, dw} ~}all ~wd~}c`}acllq dglo{ }bg lctkgt%~azgm

noevg}a}ot~

A` 4636, }bg iat~} aVcm {c~ tglgc~gm, }bw~ a`}tomwna`k }bg }cdlg} ecthg} }o }bg vwdlan

Vtaot }o }bg tglgc~g {g {gtg vtoktg~~a`k }o{ctm dgnoea`k c }{o%mgyang ~onag}q iallgm

{a}b lcv}ov~ c`m ~ect}vbo`g~ ]omcq, {a}b ec`q lo{%no~} }cdlg}~ o` }bg ecthg}, c

{amg ~{c}b oi Cegtanc`~ nc` ia`m c w~g iot }btgg mgyang~ a` }bgat boeg~

46


21/38

Wvo` }bg aVcm~ tglgc~g, -=11 {c~ ò} jw~} a` la`g {a}b }bg noevg}a}ao`, dw} a` ec`q

nc~g~ dgc} o}bgt ecjot noevcàg~ lahg Eo}otolc~ Zooe ot gctlq ^ce~w`k~ }cdlg}~

Wìot}w`c}glq }bg aVcm Eaà {all ò} lahglq cmcv} }o }ba~ }tg`m dgncw~g oi a}~ lwrwtq

vtang }ck

Kai} kaya`k {all dg mo{` >= vgtng`} itoe lc~} qgct~ -929> dallao` ]bg }ov 36 vgtng`}

ctg grvgn}gm }o cnnow`} iot 41 vgtng`} oi cll 4634 bolamcq ~vg`ma`k ]bg do}}oe 16

vgtng`} ctg grvgn}gm }o tgmwng }bgat bolamcq ~vg`ma`k dq towkblq 36 vgtng`} }ba~

bolamcq ~gc~o`

]bg ia`c`nacl tg~}tan}ao`~ icealag~ icng {all lahglq a`bada} }bgat vwtnbc~a`k vo{gt c`m,

}bgtgiotg, }bg lo{%no~} }cdlg} ecthg} {all lahglq bcyg c ~}to`k bolamcq ~gc~o`

Cnnotma`k }o Tgvot}la`hgtnoe, }bg lo{%no~} }cdlg} ecthg} no`~a~}a`k oi }cdlg}~ ~wd

-476 {all lahglq dg {ot}b ->== dallao`

A} a~ vwzzla`k }o }ba`h {bq Cvvlg {owlm ~}tayg }o ba} }bg ->41 vtang voa`} {bg` }bg

noevc`q a~ c{ctg }bc} a} {all dg no`~amgtcdlq eotg grvg`~ayg }bc` }bg lo{%no~}

noevg}a}ot~ C vo~~adlg grvlc`c}ao` a~ }bc} a} cn}wcllq {c`}~ }o nc`àdclazg }bg wvvgt%

lgygl }cdlg} ecthg}

]bg eotg }bg }cdlg} ecthg} eoyg~ }o c lo{gt vtang voa`}, Cvvlg ecq mg~atg }o

~gvctc}g a}~ aVcm Eaà la`g c~ c [gd%dto{~a`k c`m no`}g`}%no`~wea`k mgyang,

{bgtgc~ }bg lctkgt aVcm ecq dg ~wdjgn} }o c ~wd~}c`}acllq aevtoygm ~vgnaianc}ao`

oygtbcwl `gr} qgct a` c` c}}gev} }o dta`k a} eotg a` la`g {a}b a}~ Ecndooh Cat

]bg aVcm Eaà {c~ }bg eo~} vtgman}cdlg Cvvlg vtomwn} tglgc~g a` tgng`} egeotq, dw}

}bg tc}ao`clg iot a}~ vtana`k a~ w`dglagycdlq ovcswg C~ Cvvlg no`}a`wg~ }o icealactazg

a}~gli {a}b laig c} }bg }ov oi }bg @C^MCS, }bg boeokgàza`k oi vtomwn} tglgc~g~ a~ c

dolm c`m ta~hq ~}tc}gkq ]bg aVcm Eaà eakb} jw~} dg }bg iat~} vtomwn} }o echg o`lq c

egtg tavvlg a` }bg }gnbòlokq a`mw~}tq

43


22/38

>%M vta`}gt~ nc` tgyolw}aoàzg

ec`wicn}wta`k vtong~~

Vwdla~bgm @oygedgt 9, 4634

A}~ ò{ vo~~adlg }o ec`wicn}wtg }oalg}~, bav tgvlcngeg } vct}~ c`m vg`~ itoe c ~a`klg

tooe ]bg no`ngv} a~ ncllgm }btgg%maeg`~ao`cl vta`}a`k c`m a} ecq tgyolw}aoàzg

ec`wicn}wta`k vtong~~g~ }ba~ ng`}wtq ]omcq, >%M vta`}gt~ ctg grvg`~ayg }o vwtnbc~g

c`m }bgat eca` cvvlanc}ao` a~ a` }bg noeegtnacl tgcle

Mwta`k }bg vc~} mgncmg }bgtg bcyg dgg` ~gygtcl bakb%vtoialg a~~wg~ }bc} bcyg

~wticngm tgkctma`k ec`wicn}wta`k c`m lcdot no`ngt`~ Dgiotg }bg tgng~~ao`, Kg`gtcl

Eo}ot~ {c~ cnnw~gm a` c @g{ Qoth ]aeg~ ct}anlg oi vcqa`k a}~ Wà}gm Cw}o%[othgtgevloqgg~ -;6 vgt bowt a`nlwma`k bgcl}b nctg c`m vg`~ao` dg`gia}~

]bg~g bakb lcdot tc}g~ nowlm dg cllgyac}gm o`ng >%M vta`}a`k a~ iwllq a`}gktc}gm a`}o

}bg cw}o a`mw~}tq

Cvvlg bc~ bcm a}~ ~bctg oi vtodlge~ c} a}~ ec`wicn}wta`k vlc`}~ a` Nba`c ]bg

dgbgeo}b icn}otag~ bow~g ealg~ oi c~~gedlq la`g~ c`m gevloq bw`mtgm~ oi

}bow~c`m~ oi vgovlg ]btgg%maeg`~ao`cl vta`}a`k bc~ }bg vo}g`}acl }o eaàeazg

gevloqgg ta~h c`m tgyolw}aoàzg }bg vtong~~ `ggmgm }o ec`wicn}wtg noevlgr

mgyang~

]bg~g vta`}gt~ yctq a` ~azg, itoe jw~} c ~swctg ioo} }o dakkgt }bc` c icn}otq iloot ]bg~g

vta`}gt~ kg`gtc}g odjgn}~ }btowkb c ec`wicn}wta`k }gnbàswg ncllgm cmma}ayg

ec`wicn}wta`k

]ba~ egc`~ }bc} o`ng }bg dlwgvta`} oi c` odjgn} a~ tgcmq }o dg vta`}gm, cnnwtc}g

~g`~ot~ ma~vg`~g c bgc}gm laswam }bc} tcvamlq bctmg`~ ]ba~ vtong~~ }chg~ vlcng

tgvg}a}ayglq c`m a` lcqgt~ w`}al }bg g`}atg dlwgvta`} dgnoeg~ c }c`kadlg odjgn}

]bg cvvlanc}ao` oi >%M vta`}gm odjgn}~ a~ grvc`ma`k tcvamlq c~ vta`}a`k cnnwtcnq c`m}gnbòlokq aevtoyg~ A` }bg bgcl}b nctg ctg`c, bgcta`k cam c`m dtcng noevcàg~ ctg

w~a`k >%M vta`}gt~ }o kg`gtc}g }bgat vtomwn}~ [bg}bgt }bg vtomwn} `ggm~ }o dg

ec`wicn}wtgm ow} oi vlc~}an ot eg}cl, >%M vta`}gt~ ctg cdlg }o ~{a}nb dg}{gg`

ec}gtacl~ a` otmgt }o g`~wtg c {gll%ecmg ia`cl vtomwn}

44


23/38

A` }bg cgto~vcng c`m cw}o a`mw~}tag~, >%M vta`}a`k a~ bglva`k }tgeg`mow~lq a`

grvgma}a`k }bg ec`wicn}wta`k oi }bg~g noevlgr ecnba`g~ Iakb}gt jg} ec`wicn}wtgt

Lonhbggm Ect}a` a~ nwttg`}lq ~gnwta`k c mgcl }o mglgkc}g >%M cgto`cw}ancl vct}

vta`}a`k }o Igttc G`ka`ggta`k, c >%M vta`}a`k noevc`q

]bg cvvlanc}ao` iot >%M vta`}gt~ ~vc`~ tg}cal, bgcl}b nctg, noeegtnacl c`m

koygtèg`}cl a`mw~}tag~ ]ba~ `g{ vta`}a`k }gnbòlokq a~ grvgn}gm }o jwev~}ct} c`

g`}atg a`mw~}tq oi a}~ o{` Jw~} }ba~ qgct, >%M vta`}a`k a~ yclwgm klodcllq c} 3; dallao`

c`m dq 4637 a} a~ grvgn}gm }o kto{ }o >; dallao`

C~ }ba~ tgyolw}ao`ctq }gnbòlokq dgnoeg~ eotg ciiotmcdlg c`m cycalcdlg }o }bg

vwdlan, }bgtg ctg ec`q ta~h~ c~~onac}gm {a}b >%M vta`}a`k Mgig`~g Ma~}tadw}gm, c

~vgnaclazgm vwdla~ba`k ò`vtoia} nbcta}cdlg otkcàzc}ao`, bc~ ecmg cycalcdlg itgg >%M

vta`}cdlg dlwgvta`}~ iot iatgcte~

]ba~ malgeec bc~ vw} c mcth nlowm oygt }bg a`mw~}tq dgncw~g }bgtg ~gge~ }o dg c

iw}wtg lgka~lc}ayg dc}}lg oygt vwdla~ba`k >%M odjgn}~ a` }bg vwdlan moeca` o` }bg

A`}gt`g}

]btgg%maeg`~ao`cl vta`}a`k bc~ }bg vo{gt }o nbc`kg }bg {cq vtomwn}~ noeg }o

ecthg} c`m }bg {cq }bgq ctg eomglgm mwta`k }bg tg~gctnb c`m mgygloveg } ~}ckg

C~ }ba~ }gnbòlokq dgnoeg~ eotg {amglq w~gm, lctkg%~nclg icn}otag~ ecq dg

tg}bowkb} c`m ~wvvlq nbca`~ tgmtc{`

Ai c ~}wmg`} {gtg }o dwq c ~`gchgt itoe c {gd~a}g, a} nowlm gc~alq dg nw~}oeazgmdgncw~g }bg ec`wicn}wta`k vtong~~ {owlm o`lq no`~a~} oi c ~a`klg vta`} itoe c >%M

vta`}gt

]omcq, }bg >%M vta`}gt a~ ict itoe c ~grq mgyang A} a~ icatlq }gnbàncl looha`k c`m bctmlq

tg~gedlg~ c`q noeegtnacllq ecmg no`~wegt kcmkg}, dw} }bg giign} oi }ba~ mgyang a~

~wtg }o }tc`~iote owt ~onag}q a` }bg `gr} mgncmg

4>


24/38

Maka}azgm nowvo`~, cvv~ nc` echg bolamcq

~bovva`k gc~agt

Vwdla~bgm @oygedgt 3>, 4634

Ma~now`}~ c`m ~clg~ gva}oeazg }bg no`~wegt nwl}wtg oi }bg bolamcq~ No`ygt~glq,

ecjot tg}calgt~ gevbc~azg }bg aevot}c`ng oi ~}to`k iowt}b%swct}gt gctà`k~ o` }bgat

dclc`ng ~bgg} Do}b vct}ag~ dg~} itag`m, }bg nowvo`, gswclazg~ }ba~ vtoygtdacl

bolamcq%~gc~o` ~bo{mo{`

]bg nowvo` ciiotm~ }bg tg}calgt }bg ovvot}wà}q }o ba`kg ngt}ca` ma~now`}~ o` }bg

nbc`ng }bc} }bg nw~}oegt vo~~g~~g~ }bg yownbgt ]bgtgiotg }bg yolweg oi nw~}oegt~{bo ctg`} bolma`k c nowvo` oii~g}~ }bg egtnbc`}~ ma~now }

Iot }bg dwqgt~, nowvo`~ cn} c~ c w}ala}q }o g`bc`ng vgcng oi ea`m Dq jw~}aiqa`k c

vwtnbc~g {a}b a`~}c`} ~cya`k~, }bg nw~}oegt~ lahglaboom }o tgeca` loqcl }o c egtnbc`},

c~ {gll c~ {clh c{cq {a}b c vo~a}ayg c}}a}wmg itoe }bg ~bovva`k grvgtag`ng, a`ntgc~g~

Nowvoà`k bc~ dgg` c` Cegtanc` vc~}aeg ~a`ng }bg Ktgc} Mgvtg~~ao` a` }bg 31>6~

]omcq, egtnbc`}~ c`m nw~}oegt~ ctg gyolya`k }o echg nowvo`~ eotg cnng~~adlg a`

}bg maka}cl ckg ^gygtcl ~ect}vbo`g cvvlanc}ao`~ bcyg dgg` a`}tomwngm }o echg }bg

vtong~~ eotg ~gcelg~~ iot do}b vct}ag~ mwta`k }bg bolamcq ntw`nb }aeg

Iowt~swctg, }bg lonc}ao`%dc~gm nbgnh%a` ~onacl `g}{oth, cllo{~ egtnbc`}~ }o vo~}

ma~now`}~ iot nw~}oegt~ {bo ga}bgt g`}gt }bgat ~}otg ot vwtnbc~g c ngt}ca` a}ge ]bg

w~gt dc~g oi 47 eallao` dlo~~oegm a`}o o`g oi }bg lctkg~} {otlm{amg ~onacl `g}{oth~,

eca`lq dgncw~g oi a}~ cdala}q }o ma~noygt `g{ vlcng~ c`m hggv }tcnh oi {bgtg qowt

itag`m~ {gtg bc`ka`k ow}

@o{, Iowt~swctg a~ }g~}a`k c `g{ tc}a`k ~q~}ge }bc} maiigt~ ktgc}lq }bc` noevg}a}ot~

lahg Qglv Qglv tc}g~ lonclg~ a` c ygtq la`gct ec``gt Dq w~a`k c iayg%~}ct cvvtocnb, }bg

nw~}oegt o`lq a~ cdlg }o dto{~g }bg ~ec}}gta`k oi tgyag{~ c`m }bgat nottg~vo`ma`k~}ct yclwg Iowt~swctg bc~ a`~}a}w}gm ~gygtcl eg}tan~ }bc} a} iggl~ dg}}gt tc}g

dw~a`g~~g~, ~wnb c~ }av~, vovwlcta}q, lahg~, ma~lahg~, loqcl}q c`m loncl grvgt}a~g

C~ Iowt~swctg vlcng~ lg~~ gevbc~a~ o` }bg nbgnh%a` c~vgn} oi a}~ notvotc}g ~}twn}wtg,

a} a~ cvvtovtac}a`k eotg tg~owtng~ }o a}~ dw~a`g~~ ~gctnb iw`n}ao` ]bg bovg a~ }bc}

4=


25/38

{bg` dw~a`g~~g~ ~gg }bg tgycevgm tc}a`k ~}twn}wtg, }bgq {all eotg lahglq w~g a} c~ c

vlc}iote }o oiigt ma~now`}~ dgncw~g tc}a`k~ }calot }o }bg dw~a`g~~g~ grvgt}a~g

Cò}bgt ~ect}vbo`g cvvlanc}ao` }bc} bc~ a`ntgc~gm a` vovwlcta}q }ba~ vc~} qgct a~

^bovhanh ]ba~ ~}ct}%wv bc~ vct}`gtgm {a}b ecjot tg}calgt~ ~wnb c~ ]oq~ T W~, âeo`

Ecll~, Dg~} Dwq, Olm @cyq, Cegtanc` Gcklg c`m ec`q eotg ]ba~ cvvlanc}ao` cllo{~

~ect}vbo`g w~gt~ }o dg nbgnhgm a`}o c ~}otg cw}oec}ancllq wvo` }bge g`}gta`k }bg

dwalma`k C w~gt nc` cl~o kc}bgt voa`}~ dq ~nc`à`k dctnomg~ c`m }tqa`k o` nlo}bg~ a`

}bg ~}otg

Gcnb o`g oi }bg~g nbgnh%a` }c~h~ gswc}g~ }o c ngt}ca` voa`} yclwg Ci}gt ec`q }tav~ }o c

~}otg ot ec`q vtang nbgnh~, }bg~g voa`}~ nc` dg tgmggegm iot nowvo`~ ot kai} nctm~

c} o`g oi }bg vct}`gta`k tg}cal ~}otg~

Cvvlg~ tglgc~g oi aO^ 9 c`m }bg Vc~~dooh cvvlanc}ao` cllo{~ egtnbc`}~ }o echg

o`la`g nowvo`~ cycalcdlg iot a`~}c`} mo{`locm o`}o }bg aVbo`g ^gct~ c`m Dct`g~ )

@odlg ctg }{o ecjot tg}calgt~ }bc} ctg {aglma`k }bg vo{gt oi }bg aVbo`g }o jwev~}ct}

}bgat bolamcq ~gc~o` ~bovva`k itg`zq

[bg` c` Cvvlg Vc~~dooh a~ vtg~g`}gm c} c vlcng oi dw~a`g~~, }bg egtnbc`} ~nc`~ }bg

aeckg oi }bg dctnomg ma~vlcqgm o` }bg ~ntgg` oi }bg aVbo`g c`m }bg ma~now`} a~

cvvlagm ]bg wdaswa}q oi }bg aVbo`g nowvlgm {a}b }bg gc~q a`}gktc}ao` iot tg}calgt~ {all

lahglq echg }ba~ c vovwlct nboang }ba~ bolamcq ~gc~o`

A} bc~ qg} }o dg ~gg` ai }bg~g maka}cl nowvo`~ {all vlcq c ~akàianc`} tolg a` }bg bolamcq~bovva`k ~gc~o`, dw} ai }bg~g eanto mgcl~ ceow`} }o ~akàianc`} no~} ~cya`k~ iot

dwmkg}%~}tcvvgm no`~wegt~, }bg` }ba~ `g{ {cq oi ~cya`k eo`gq ecq dgnoeg eotg

vovwlct

47


26/38

Cò`qeow~ ktowv ~bo{~ vo{gt oi bcnhgt~

{a}b ~}a`} a` Eammlg Gc~}

Vwdla~bgm @oygedgt 4;, 4634

Dto{~a`k }bg A`}gt`g} a~ vgtbcv~ c eotg tgkwlct dgbcyaot }bc` gc}a`k dtgchic~} iot

ec`q ~}wmg`}~ cnto~~ ncevw~ CatOtc`kgR, }bg vtayc}g {atglg~~ `g}{oth, a~ gswavvgm

{a}b c ~}to`k iatg{cll w~gm }o ig`m oii eclanaow~ ~oi}{ctg itoe g`}gta`k qowt

noevw}gt Ci}gt }bg `g}{oth ngt}aianc}ao` hgq a~ a`~}cllgm c`m ~gygtcl vc~~{otm~ ctg

a`vw}}gm, ~}wmg`}~ ctg itgg {a}ba` }bg gno~q~}ge

Bqvo}bg}ancllq, ai }bg ^qtcnw~g Wàygt~a}q cmeaà~}tc}ao` mgnamgm }o tg~}tan} ~}wmg`}~cnng~~ }o ~onacl egmac, ~vgnaian `g{~ ckg`nag~ ot o}bgt itgg vtg~~ g`}a}ag~, c ktowv oi

~gli%vtonlcaegm itggmoe iakb}gt~ oi }bg [gd ecq noeg }o }bg ~}wmg`}~ mgig`~g

]ba~ kg~}wtg ict itoe eattot~ }bg jw~}ang ~gtygm dq [clhgt ]grc~ Tc`kgt Cò`qeow~

a~ c klodcl nollgn}ao` oi bcnhgt~ }tqa`k }o vtgyg`} ng`~ot~bav c`m ~wtygallc`ng

{otlm{amg ]bg ktowv ovgtc}g~ yac ~gli%cktggm%wvo` ea~~ao`~ a` {banb }bow~c`m~ oi

bcnhgt~ ~ggh }o nottwv} noevcàg~ c`m koygtèg`}~ }o ma~twv} }bgat ovgtc}ao`~

Cò`qeow~ }ooh cae lc~} {ggh o` }bg A~tcgla Mgig`~g Iotng~ ci}gt tweot~ {gtg

~{atla`k }bc} }bg koygtèg`} {c~ }btgc}gà`k }o nw} A`}gt`g} cnng~~ itoe na}azg`~ oiKczc A` A~tcgl~ o`g%{ggh noìlan} {a}b Kczc, }bgtg {gtg c tgvot}gm == eallao` nqdgt

c}}cnh~ o` koygtèg`} {gd~a}g~ cnto~~ }bg now`}tq ]bg bcnhgt otkcàzc}ao` mglg}gm

notvotc}g [gd mc}cdc~g~ c`m vowtgm A~tcgla na}azg`~ w~gt`ceg~ c`m vc~~{otm~ o`}o

}bg itgg [gd

]bg .OvA~tcgl ]{a}}gt ncevcak` dq Cò`qeow~ ~owkb} }o cnbagyg }{o }gnbàncl

kocl~ O`g ea~~ao` {c~ }o gecal doed koygtèg`}cl {gd~a}g~ dq oygtlocma`k

{gd~a}g ~gtygt~ w`}al }bgq ntc~b ]bg ~gno`m ea~~ao` {c~ }o tw` ~ntav} hammag~, ~ecll

vtoktce~ mg~ak`gm }o looh iot c`m grvloa} ~gnwta}q bolg~ a` {gd~a}g~ [balg ~oeg oi

}bg~g c}}cnh~ ~}tca`gm A~tcgla ~gnwta}q ~q~}ge~, ò ~wd~}c`}ayg aìtc~}twn}wtg {c~noevtoea~gm

]bg A~tcgla koygtèg`} iow`m }bc} ec`q oi Cò`qeow~ vlc``gm c}}cnh~ otaka`c}gm

itoe }bg Wà}gm ^}c}g~ c`m [g~}gt` Gwtovg â`ng Cò`qeow~ a~ c nollgn}ao` oi

}bow~c`m~ oi klodcl yolw`}ggt~, a}~ nbcllg`ka`k iot ~wd~}c`}ayg lgkcl cn}ao` }o dg

}chg`

49


27/38

Cò`qeow~ ~}c}geg`}~ tgkctma`k }bg A~tcgl c`m Kczc noìlan} ~bo{ }bg otkcàzc}ao`

mog~`} ~amg {a}b c`q vola}ancl vct}q, dw} ~wvvot}~ }bg vgovlg oi Vclg~}a`g ]bg

otkcàzc}ao` oi}g` nboo~g~ }o {gakb a` o` bakb%vtoialg `g{~ ~}otag~ ot noìlan}~

dgncw~g }bgq oi}g` kct`gt no`~amgtcdlg c}}g`}ao`

Dq ntgc}a`k }bg Cò`qeow~ Kczc Nctg Vcnhckg, }bg bcnhgt~ cllo{gm G`kla~b% c`m

Ctcdan%~vgcha`k Vclg~}aàc`~ }o natnweyg`} A~tcgla A`}gt`g} ~wtygallc`ng vto}onol ]ba~

nctg vcnhckg cl~o mg}calgm bo{ mgntqv}a`k vtayc}g [a%Ia `g}{oth~ nowlm dg`gia} }bg

vwdlan~ cnng~~ }o itgg, wà`}gttwv}gm A`}gt`g}

Cò`qeow~ ya~now~ c}}cnh~ {gtg too}gm ~olglq a` }bgat vwt~wa} oi kwctc`}gga`k Kczc~

na}azg`~ A`}gt`g} cnng~~ Tgkctmlg~~ oi A~tcgl~ cn}wcl cn}ao`~, a}~ ntwnacl }o tgclazg }bc}

g`geag~ oi `c}ao`~ ctg ò lo`kgt mgia`gm dq c vbq~ancl lonc}ao`, tglakaow~ ciialac}ao` ot

g}bàna}q, dw} tc}bgt ctg dc}bgm w`mgt c nloch oi aevg`g}tcdlg cò`qea}q

[balg Cò`qeow~ a~ oi}g` yag{gm c~ c }gttot otkcàzc}ao`, a}~ aevot}c`} }o hggv a`

ea`m a}~ igtyg`} loddqa`k oi lc{~, lahg ^}ov O`la`g Vtaycnq Cn} "ÔVC!, dgncw~g oi

}bgat vo}g`}acl tg~}tan}ao` oi no`}g`} o{`gt~bav c`m vatcnq Lc~} qgct, ec`q ~}wmg`}~

~bctgm c ~aealct yag{voa`} c`m ~ak`gm o`la`g vg}a}ao`~ ckca`~} }bg vtovo~gm ÔVC

dall

]bg voevow~ }o`g c`m bcnha`k ea~~ao`~ oi Cò`qeow~ ciiategm a} c~ c eomgt`

}gttota~e otkcàzc}ao` Eo~}lq, }bg otkcàzc}ao` ~amg~ ckca`~} vwdlan vgtngv}ao` c`m

}chg~ c iate tcmancl yag{ o` c` a~~wg Gyg` {a}b Cò`qeow~ eclanaow~ ea~~ao`~, a}~

kwama`k vta`navlg ~a`ng 466> bc~ dgg` }o g`~wtg }bg cycalcdala}q oi c` w`ng`~otgm,itgg A`}gt`g} iot cll

Koa`k iot{ctm, ai Cò`qeow~ dgnoeg~ c lgcma`k iotng tgkctma`k gswcla}q oi A`}gt`g}

cnng~~, a}~ tgng`} ~}c}geg`} ckca`~} A~tcgl a~ c dg`gianacl ~}c`ng

4;


28/38

]gnb kai}~ nc` dg ~aevlg, nbgcv

vtg~g`}~ iot bolamcq~

Vwdla~bgm Mgngedgt =, 4634

]ba~ bolamcq ~gc~o` a~ iallgm {a}b nool kcmkg}~ ~wa}cdlg iot qowt cll qowt itag`m~ c`m

icealq egedgt~ ]bowkb ò c{g%a`~vata`k ot tgyolw}ao`ctq }gnbòlokag~ bcyg dgg`

vtomwngm a` 4634, }bgtg ctg ~gygtcl bakb%}gnb }tgc~wtg~ qow nc` ~}gcl iot c lo{ vtang

VN~

[a`mo{~ 2 {all ~wtg echg c ~vlc~b }ba~ bolamcq ~gc~o` no`~amgta`k eo~} `g{ lcv}ov~,

`g}dooh~ c`m no`ygt}adlg~ ctg gswavvgm {a}b }bg `g{lq tgmg~ak`gm ovgtc}a`k~q~}ge ]ba~ `g{ ovgtc}a`k ~q~}ge {all bovgiwllq echg ewl}a}c~ha`k ewnb gc~agt c~

{gll c~ aevtoyg }bg w~cdala}q iot gygtqmcq dto{~gt~

]cdlg}~

]ba~ ~bovva`k ~gc~o` {all o`ng ckca` ~bo{nc~g }bg vo{gt oi }bg }cdlg} noevw}gt

Oygt }bg vc~} ~gygtcl eo`}b~ noevcàg~ lahg Ceczo`, Kooklg, Cvvlg c`m Eanto~oi}

bcyg ecmg ~}tamg~ }o ntgc}g }bgat o{` ya~ao` oi }bg vgtign} }cdlg} mgyang Iot 4634,

}bg ecjot }cdlg} aevtoygeg`}~ noeg dq {cq oi ~wvgtaot ~ntgg` tg~olw}ao` c`m

a`ntgc~gm vtong~~a`k ~vggm~

Kooklg~ @grw~ ; {c~ noeeg`mgm iot a}~ grgevlctq ow}{ctm g`ka`ggta`k c`m a}~

~}qla~b cvvgctc`ng A` cmma}ao`, ~a`ng }bg mgyang a~ tw`à`k }bg C`mtoam =4, ec`q

`g{ igc}wtg~ ~wnb c~ grvc`mcdlg ò}aianc}ao`~ c`m a`ntgc~gm ilwama}q {bg` ~{a}nba`k

dg}{gg` cvvlanc}ao`~ ctg vo~~adlg

]bg -311 vtang voa`} a~ }bg eo~} c}}tcn}ayg icn}ot oi }ba~ ~ecll%~azgm }cdlg} ]ba~ lo{

vtang ~bowlm c}}tcn} w~gt~ {bo otaka`cllq }bowkb} c }cdlg} {c~ ow} oi }bgat vtang tc`kg

Iot 4634, Eanto~oi} ia`cllq bc~ dwt~} o` }bg ~ng`g {a}b a}~ ^wticng }cdlg} Jw~} iowtqgct~ cko }bg ^wticng {c~ c` grvgtaeg`}cl }ownb%~ect} noiigg }cdlg, dw} }omcq a} bc~

ec}wtgm a`}o c klgcea`k vagng oi YcvotEk, c lakb}{gakb} c`m mwtcdlg itceg

]bg layg }alg~ }bc} echg wv }bg ~ntgg` wvmc}g no`~}c`}lq {a}b ò}aianc}ao`~ ~wnb c~

`g{~ wvmc}g~, {gc}bgt clgt}~, ~}onh tgvot}~ c`m ~vot}~ ~notg~ ]ba~ `g{ }chg o` }bg

42


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30/38

Icngdooh Kayg~ W~ Kai}~ }o Kayg

Vwdla~bgm On}odgt 3, 4634Kai}~ bcyg ecmg }bgat }tawevbc`} tg}wt` }o Icngdooh Ci}gt c ewl}a%qgct bac}w~

kai} bc~ tg}wt`gm a` c eotg }c`kadlg ~g`~g A` Icngdooh~ vtaot a}gtc}ao` oi kai}~,

w~gt~ {owlm dwq iot itag`m~ yat}wcl dclloo`~, dat}bmcq nchg~, c`m }gce jgt~gq~

W`}al }ba~ vc~} {ggh, ai c w~gt mgnamgm }o ~g`m c }c`kadlg kai} yac Icngdooh, }bg

}batm vct}q cvvlanc}ao`TgclKai}~ {c~ `ggmgm @o{ Icngdooh bc~ vct}`gtgm

{a}b @g{ Qoth Na}q~EckòlacDchgtq, 3%266%Ilo{gt~, c`m ^}ctdwnh~ a` c`giiot} }o dta`k ktgc} vtomwn}~ }o a}~ w~gt~ a` c eotg ~onacl ec``gt

]o ~g`m c kai} }o c itag`m }bg w~gt ~aevlq ya~a}~ c itag`m~ }aegla`g c`m vtonggm~

}o nlanh }bg kai} dw}}o` @gr}, c eg`w oi vo}g`}acl kai}~ cvvgct~ c`m }bg w~gt a~

itgg }o echg }bgat ~glgn}ao`

O`ng }bg kai} a~ vwtnbc~gm {a}b c ntgma} nctm, }bg tgnavag`} a~ ò}aiagm dq c`

gecal c`m c Icngdooh ò}aianc}ao` ]bg kai} kaygt nc` nboo~g }o vwdlanlq ~bctg

}bg kai} ~glgn}ao` o` }bg tgnavag`}~ {cll A` cmma}ao`, a} a~ vo~~adlg }o c}}cnb c

nw~}oeazgm vgt~o`cl nctm }bc} noevlaeg`}~ }bg kai}

[bg` }bg tgnavag`} nlanh~ o` }bg ò}aianc}ao` tgkctma`k }bg kai} ~glgn}ao` }bgq

bcyg }bg ov}ao` }o nbc`kg }bg ~}qlg, ~azg, ot gyg` }bg }qvg oi kai} }bc} {c~

kayg` Cll oi }ba~ a~ noevlg}gm {a}bow} ò}aiqa`k }bg kai} kaygt "~cya`k qow c

~bc}}gtgm bgct}!

O`ng }bg tgnavag`} a`vw}~ }bgat cmmtg~~, }bg kai} a~ vtoev}lq ~g`} }o }bgat

{othvlcng ot tg~amg`ng

A`yg~}ot~ {gctq oi }bg }wteoal tgkctma`k }bg ma~ecl ~}onh vtang ecq igglg`nowtckgm }bc} Icngdooh a~ ~}taya`k }o kg`gtc}g cò}bgt tgyg`wg ~}tgce

Gyg` }bowkb }bg aà}acl oiigta`k~ ecq dg ~lae }ba~ nowlm }tc`~iote a`}o c

bcda}wcl dgbcyaot iot ec`q Icngdooh w~gt~

>6


31/38

Vtaycnq cmyonc}g~ bcyg grnlcaegm }bc} }bg `g{ kai}~ igc}wtg {all iwt}bgt

a`ntgc~g }bg ceow`} oi aìotec}ao` }bc} {all dg kayg` }o ~onacl `g}{otha`k

noevcàg~ g~vgnacllq noìama`k c boeg ot ~bavva`k cmmtg~~ ]bc`hiwllq c

Icngdooh ~vohg~vgt~o` tgc~~wtgm }bc} cmmtg~~g~ {all ò} dg a`nlwmgm o`

vtoialg~ ot ~cygm iot iwt}bgt w~g dq }bg noevc`q

C~ Icngdooh no`}a`wg~ }o ktcvvlg {a}b }bg yctacdlg~ }bc} ctg c~~onac}gm {a}b

dga`k c vwdlan noevc`q, }bg a`}gktc}ao` oi kai}~ ~ggh~ }o tgc~~wtg a`yg~}ot~

}bc} Icngdooh a~ ~gtaow~ cdow} ia`ma`k `g{ {cq~ }o eca`}ca` ia`c`nacl ~wnng~~

>3


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Natnc: C Mcalq Mo~g oi @g{~


]btgg qgct~ cko, `g{~ ckktgkc}ot~ twlgm }bg Cvv ^}otg Bgcyq{gakb}~ Vwl~g

c`m Ilavdoctm {gtg bgtclmgm c~ }bg `gr} ktgc} a`òyc}ao` a` `g{~ ]bgat ~lggh

a`}gticng~ {o{gm ~ect}vbo`g loygt~ c`m }gnbòlokq nta}an~ clahg C~ }bg bqvg

~wd~amgm, ec`q igl} }bc} }bg vtoea~gm ilwam w~gt a`}gticng {c~ ò} c~ {o`mgtiwl

c~ a} o`ng cvvgctgm

]bg ~ect}vbo`g bc~ kca`gm aeeg`~g vovwlcta}q oygt }bg lc~} ~gygtcl qgct~,

c`m no`~wea`k `g{~ bc~ dgnoeg c ecjot vtodlge iot eodalg ]{a}}gt, }bg

lctkg~} ctg`c, a~ boeg }o vwdlanc}ao`~ }{gg}a`k 3=6 nbctcn}gt }gc~gt~ oi ct}anlg~

c}}gev}a`k }o kct`gt yag{~ }o }bgat tg~vgn}ayg {gd~a}g~

êct}vbo`g cvvlanc}ao`~ ^weelq c`m ^}otaiq do}b gevloq maiigtg`} ~}tc}gkag~

iot makg~}a`k `g{~ ~}otag~ ^}otaiq cllo{~ w~gt~ }o iollo{ bo{ c ~}otq vtoktg~~g~

yac ~onacl egmac c`m }tcma}ao`cl `g{~ ~owtng~ ^weelq w~g~ clkota}be~ }o ia`m

}bg dwzz {otm~ a` c `g{~ ~}otq, }bg` kg`gtc}g~ dwllg} voa`}~ oi }bg eo~}

aevot}c`} icn}~

Dw} {bc} ai }bgtg {c~ c` gyg` dg}}gt {cq }o no`~weg `g{~ }bc} noeda`g~ }bg~g

igc}wtg~? G`}gt Natnc A}~ a~ c `g{ {cq }o tgcm }bg `g{~ o` }bg ko ]bg tgng`}lq

tglgc~gm ~ect}vbo`g cvv ~ggh~ }o echg tgcma`k }bg{ `g{~ o` c ~ect}vbo`g

eotg ~`cnh%~azgm c`m lg~~ oi c nbotg

Vgovlg ctg cl{cq~ o` }bg ko c`m tgcma`k c lo`k ct}anlg a` c eodalg dto{~gt a~

ò} }bg dg~} w~g oi }bgat }aeg Natnc gevloq~ cdow} }{glyg gma}ot~ }bc} ~ai}

}btowkb ct}anlg~ o` c vct}anwlct }ovan c`m vanh ow} vtoea`g`} icn}~, dcnhktow`m

aìotec}ao`, ot swo}g~ C~ c ~}otq vtoktg~~g~, eotg aìotec}ao` a~ kc}bgtgmc`m ~ot}gm Natnc~ a`}gticng wl}aec}glq dgka`~ }o tg~gedlg c }aegla`g oi c kayg`

}ovan

]bg eo~} aevtg~~ayg vct} oi }ba~ amgc a~ }bg nwl}ayc}ao` oi }bg no`}g`} Bcya`k

gma}ot~ }bc} bcyg c` gqg iot {bc} a~ nta}ancl }o c `g{~ ~}otq cmm~ c `gng~~ctq

>4
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bwec` }ownb ]bg }tg`m oi }gnb`olokq a~ oi}g` }o glaea`c}g }bg bwec` glgeg`}

c~ ewnb c~ vo~~adlg a` c` giiot} }o ntgc}g eotg cw}oec}ao` C~ Natnc kto{~, a}~

kocl a~ }o grvc`m a}~ `wedgt oi gma}ot~, c`m }bgtgiotg }bg `wedgt oi }ovan~ a}

{all noygt A` }bg noea`k eo`}b~, a} {all dg ic~na`c}a`k }o ~gg ai }ba~ da}g ~azgm

`g{~ no`~wev}ao` a~ cdlg }o }chg }bg eodalg lc`m~ncvg dq ~}ote

>>


34/38

Cll a` O`g: [a`mo{~ 2 No`ygt}adlg~

Vwdla~bgm @oygedgt 46, 4634

[a`mo{~ 2 bc~ }bg vo}g`}acl }o lgcm }bg nbctkg }o }tc`~iote }bg ovgtc}ao`

~q~}ge~ bctm{ctg ]bg layg }alg~ }bc} cvvgct o` }bg [a`mo{~ 2 boeg ~ntgg`

ctg mg~ak`gm }o dg ecàvwlc}gm dq }ownb c~ {gll c~ dq c }tcma}ao`cl eow~g

â`ng }bg tglgc~g oi Cvvlg~ aO ovgtc}a`k ~q~}ge,a} {c~ gyamg`} }bc} }bg`ggm~ oi eodalg noevw}a`k maiigtgm ktgc}lq itoe }bg }tcma}ao`cl mg~h}ov

ma~vlcq Lctkgt ano`~ c`m a`}gtcn}aya}q {gtg vayo}cl nbctcn}gta~}an~ }bc} {gtg

`gng~~ctq }o a`ntgc~g giianag`nq o` c }cdlg} ot ~ect}vbo`g

Bctm{ctg ec`wicn}wtgt~ bcyg tgnokàzgm }bg vo}g`}acl iot }bg `g{ w~gt

a`}gticng }o iw~g }bg }cdlg c`m lcv}ov }okg}bgt ]bg lcv}ov a~ w~giwl a` c

vtoig~~ao`cl g`yatoèg`}, dw} lcnh~ c vola~bgm c`m }twlq vot}cdlg a`}gticng

]bg }cdlg} bc~ iow`m c lctkg dc~g oi tgntgc}ao`cl w~gt~ looha`k }o no`~weg

no`}g`} itoe c yctag}q oi cvvlanc}ao`~, dw} }bg a`}gticng c`m }ownb ncvcdala}ag~

bcyg ecmg a} nbcllg`ka`k iot }bg mgyang }o iwllq a`}gktc}g a`}o }bg {oth

g`yatoèg`}

O`g oi }bg dg}}gt no`ygt}adlg~ o` }bg ecthg} nwttg`}lq a~ }bg C~w~ ]tc`~iotegt

Dooh]ba~ no`ygt}adlg noeg~ a` }{o vct}~ ]bg }ownb~ntgg` mg}cnbg~ itoe }bghgqdoctm monha`k ~}c}ao` c`m cn}~ c~ c iwll%ilgmkgm }cdlg} W`lahg ec`q oi }bg

no`ygt}adlg }cdlg}~, }ba~ mgyang ~vot}~ c iwll A`}gl a7 ot a; nbav a`~}gcm oi c` c}oe

vtong~~ot [bg` }bg mgyang a~ w~gm c~ c }cdlg}, }bgtg a~ c` o`doctm 342 KD

~olam%~}c}g mtayg "^^M! c`m }bg monha`k ~}c}ao` bc~ c 766 KD bqdtam bctm%mtayg

"BBM! ]ba~ ygt~c}ala}q cmm~ vot}cdala}q c`m vo{gt }o }ba~ `g{ nc}gkotq oi

mgyang

]bgtg ~gygtcl o}bgt mg~ak` ~}tc}gkag~ }bc} ec`wicn}wtgt~ ctg gevloqa`k,

a`nlwma`k }bo~g ~aealct }o }bg o`g~ w~gm a` }bgLgòyo AmgcVcmDq vw}}a`k cilgradlg ba`kg cllo{a`k iot }bg g`}atg ~ntgg` }o iolm dcnh wvo` }bg hgqdoctm, c

mg icn}o }cdlg} nc` dg ntgc}gm A` c ~aealct {cq,Mgll~ RV^ 34 w~g~ c ~}ck`c`}itceg }bc} cllo{~ }bg ~ntgg` }o to}c}g o` c ba`kg

>=


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Ec`q [a`mo{~ w~gt~ {all `o} ~gg }bg `g{ a`}gticng oi [a`mo{~ 2 w`}al }bgq

vwtnbc~g }bgat `gr} mgyang Dw} }ba~ `g{ dtggm oi }cdlg}%c`m%lcv}ov%a`%o`g a~ c

ic~na`c}a`k no`ngv} }bc} {all ~wtglq c}}tcn} ec`q ~bovvgt~ }ba~ bolamcq ~gc~o`

>7


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463> ^bo{mo{`: @g}fflar y~. Bwlw Vlw~

Vwdla~bgm Jc`wctq ;, 463>

]bg gtc oi }bg aìceow~ ncdlg dw`mlg ecq dg noea`k }o c nlo~g c~ qow`kgt

no`~wegt~ ov} iot cl}gt`c}ayg ~olw}ao`~ }o {c}nb }bgat }glgya~ao` vtoktcea`k

]bg `c}ao`~ }ov ncdlg vtoyamgt~, Noenc~} c`m ]aeg [ct`gt, doc~} 44 eallao`

c`m 34 eallao` ~wd~ntadgt~, tg~vgn}ayglq

[bc} }bg~g aevtg~~ayg iakwtg~ ical }o mg}cal a~ }bc} {balg ncdlg ~wd~ntav}ao`~ ctg

a`ntgc~a`k a` }bg Wà}gm ^}c}g~, }bgtg a~ cl~o c kto{a`k `wedgt oi nw~}oegt~

}bc} ctg nw}}a`k }bg notm {a}b }bgat vtoyamgt A` }bg ~gno`m swct}gt oi 4634

clo`g, Noenc~} kto~~gm 3>2,666 ~wd~ntadgt~ dw} oygt =66,666 g`mgm }bgat

~gtyang

Ec`q qow`kgt mgeoktcvban~ ot ic~}%vcngm {otha`k vtoig~~ao`cl~ ctg notm

nw}}a`k Cnswata`k c ncdlg dw`mlg {c~ o`ng c takb} oi vc~~ckg iot }{g`}q

~oeg}ba`k~ laya`k o` }bgat o{` ]bg itggmoe oi lcqa`k nlcae }o }bg g`}atg MYT

c`m icyota}g ~}c}ao`~ a~ swa}g }bg vgthDw} {a}b }bg cmyg`} oi @g}ilar c`m Bwlw

Vlw~, no`~wegt~ bcyg }bg ov}ao` }o w~g }bgat noevw}gt~, kcea`k no`~olg~, c`m

eodalg mgyang~ }o ~}tgce w`laea}gm no`}g`} iot c lo{ ilc} tc}g [balg }bgtg ctgo}bgt lonclg~ cnto~~ }bg {gd iot ~}tgcecdlg no`}g`}, do}b @g}ilar c`m Bwlw

oiigt }bg ktgc}g~} cttcq dq ict

@g}ilar bc~ oygt >6 eallao` ~wd~ntadgt~,{balg Bwlw~ vtgeawe ~gtyang, Bwlw Vlw~jw~} ba} }bg > eallao` ecth

@g}ilar, c vwdlan noevc`q, bc~ yo{gm }o grvc`m a}~ vtgeawe a`~}c`} ~}tgcea`k

~gtyang dq vlgmka`k -7 dallao` }o cnswatg `g{ no`}g`} oygt }bg `gr} iayg qgct~

[a}b }ba~ vtoea~g, a} a~ ~cig }o ~cq }bc} ec`q oi }bg eo~} vovwlct }glgya~ao`~bo{~ c`m eoyag~ {all dg ecmg cycalcdlg o` @g}ilar

Bwlw a~ c joa`} yg`}wtg dq @DN "@DN Wàygt~cl!, IOR "@g{~ Notv!, c`m CDN

"Ma~`gq! ]bgtgiotg, Bwlw igc}wtg~ cll oi }bg nwttg`} ~gc~o`~ }glgya~ao` ~bo{~

itoe }bg~g `g}{oth~ o` cll noevw}gt~ c`m eodalg mgyang~ A` cmma}ao`, Bwlw a~

>9
http://ir.netflix.com/http://infospace.ischool.syr.edu/2013/01/05/2013-netflix-vs-hulu-plus/standard-2/http://infospace.ischool.syr.edu/2013/01/05/2013-netflix-vs-hulu-plus/standard-2/https://signup.netflix.com/http://www.hulu.com/plus-http://infospace.ischool.syr.edu/2013/01/05/2013-netflix-vs-hulu-plus/generic_1_generic/http://infospace.ischool.syr.edu/2013/01/05/2013-netflix-vs-hulu-plus/generic_1_generic/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31/business/31comcast.html?_r=0http://ir.netflix.com/http://ir.netflix.com/http://infospace.ischool.syr.edu/2013/01/05/2013-netflix-vs-hulu-plus/standard-2/http://infospace.ischool.syr.edu/2013/01/05/2013-netflix-vs-hulu-plus/standard-2/http://www.hulu.com/plus-http://www.hulu.com/plus-http://www.hulu.com/plus-http://www.hulu.com/plus-https://signup.netflix.com/https://signup.netflix.com/http://infospace.ischool.syr.edu/2013/01/05/2013-netflix-vs-hulu-plus/generic_1_generic/http://infospace.ischool.syr.edu/2013/01/05/2013-netflix-vs-hulu-plus/generic_1_generic/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31/business/31comcast.html?_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31/business/31comcast.html?_r=0


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grvgtaeg`}a`k {a}b cmma`k eoyag }a}lg~ }o a}~ gòteow~ }glgya~ao` ~bo{

nollgn}ao`

]ba~ vc~} qgct, Bwlw~ tgyg`wg ktg{ 97' }o -917 eallao` noevctgm }o lc~} qgct

Dw} {bg` a} noeg~ }o vwtnbc~a`k no`}g`}, Bwlw ~vg`} cleo~} -766 eallao`mollct~ Gyg` {a}b }bg~g ~wnng~~g~, }bg noevc`q bc~ dgg` lo~a`k eo`gq c`m

NGO Jc~o` Halct {all dg tg~akà`k a` Ectnb

Cnng~~adala}q

Do}b @g}ilar c`m Bwlw nc` dg ~}tgcegm o` c` c~~ot}eg`} oi mgyang~ ~wnb c~

}cdlg}~, ~ect}vbo`g~, Dlw%Tcq vlcqgt~, ~ect} ]Y~, c`m kcea`k no`~olg~ Do}b

~gtyang~ cllo{ iot ~}tgcea`k oygt eodalg dtocmdc`m >K c`m =K `g}{oth~

No`}g`}

@g}ilar noeg~ iwllq ~}onhgm {a}b 366,666 ~}tgcea`k ov}ao`~ c~ {gll c~ c` gygt%

kto{a`k nollgn}ao` oi vovwlct eoyag~, c`m c ~ec}}gta`k oi }glgya~ao` ~bo{

~gtag~, }bowkb ò} w~wcllq nwttg`} ~gc~o`~

Bwlw a~ iwll oi nwttg`}%~gc~o` gva~omg~ oi ec`q oi }bg ecjot `g}{oth~ ~bo{~

"Ior, CDN, Noegmq Ng`}tcl, DDN Cegtanc, W^C, c`m ]bg N[! â`ng Bwlw bc~

takb}~ }o `g}{oth~ nwttg`} ~gc~o`~, a} a~ }bg vgtign} ~gtyang }o w~g }o nc}nb wvo` c ea~~gm gva~omg {balg qow ctg o` }bg ko

Vtang

@g}ilar no~}~ -;11 vgt eo`}b c`m kayg~ qow }bg cdala}q }o ~}tgce w`laea}gm

no`}g`} itoe }bg a`~}c`} ~}tgcea`k ~gtyang cnto~~ cll ~wvvot}gm mgyang~

Bwlw a~ itgg }o {c}nb o` Bwlwnoe, dw} a} }bgtg a~ c ~wd~}c`}acl ceow`} oi cm~

}bc} a`}gttwv} qowt ~}tgcea`k yamgo ]bg Bwlw Vlw~ vtgeawe ov}ao` no~}~ -;11

vgt eo`}b c`m kayg~ qow cnng~~ }o mo{`locm }bg eodalg cvv~, c`m oiigt~

cnng~~ o` kcea`k no`~olg~ Bo{gygt, }bgtg {all ~}all dg c ig{ cm~ }bc} {all

cvvgct gyg` ai qow bcyg }bg vtgeawe ~wd~ntav}ao`

]bg ^noov

>;
http://allthingsd.com/20130104/let-jason-kilar-take-a-bow/http://infospace.ischool.syr.edu/2013/01/05/2013-netflix-vs-hulu-plus/hulu/http://allthingsd.com/20130104/let-jason-kilar-take-a-bow/http://infospace.ischool.syr.edu/2013/01/05/2013-netflix-vs-hulu-plus/hulu/http://techcrunch.com/2012/12/17/hulu-2012-revenue-up-65-percent-to-695m-3m-paying-customers-430-content-partners/http://infospace.ischool.syr.edu/2013/01/05/2013-netflix-vs-hulu-plus/hulu/http://infospace.ischool.syr.edu/2013/01/05/2013-netflix-vs-hulu-plus/hulu/http://allthingsd.com/20130104/let-jason-kilar-take-a-bow/http://allthingsd.com/20130104/let-jason-kilar-take-a-bow/http://techcrunch.com/2012/12/17/hulu-2012-revenue-up-65-percent-to-695m-3m-paying-customers-430-content-partners/http://techcrunch.com/2012/12/17/hulu-2012-revenue-up-65-percent-to-695m-3m-paying-customers-430-content-partners/


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http://articles.latimes.com/2012/oct/09/entertainment/la-et-ct-nickelodeon-hulu-20121009http://articles.latimes.com/2012/oct/09/entertainment/la-et-ct-nickelodeon-hulu-20121009http://finance.yahoo.com/news/netflix-disney-deal-means-105030674.htmlhttp://finance.yahoo.com/news/netflix-disney-deal-means-105030674.html

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