Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

JapanKorea Annexation Treaty of 1910

General power of attorney to Lee Wan-yong signed and

sealed by the last emperor, Sunjong of the Korean

Empire (Lee Cheok, ). The last emperor's first

name '' used as signature.

Type Annexation treaty

Context Annexation of the Korean Empire by the

Empire of Japan

Sealed August 22, 1910

Effective August 29, 1910

Expiration June 22, 1965, de facto September 2, 1945

Expiry June 22, 1965

Signatories Lee Wan-yong

(Prime Minister of the Korean

Empire)

Count Terauchi Masatake

(Resident General of Korea; Empire

of Japan)

Parties Empire of Japan

Korean Empire

Ratifiers Empire of Japan

Korean Empire

JapanKorea Annexation Treaty

Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty

Japanese name

Kanji

JapanKorea Treaty of 1910From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The JapanKorea Treaty of 1910, also known as theJapanKorea Annexation Treaty, was made byrepresentatives of the Empire of Japan and the KoreanEmpire on August 22, 1910. In this treaty, Japan formallyannexed Korea following the JapanKorea Treaty of1905 by which Korea became the protectorate of Japanand JapanKorea Treaty of 1907 by which Korea wasdeprived of the administration of internal affairs.

Japanese commentators predicted that Koreans would

easily assimilate into the Japanese Empire.[1]

In 1965 the Treaty of Basic Relations between SouthKorea and Japan confirmed this treaty is "already null

and void".[2]

Contents

1 History1.1 Role of the British government

2 Legality2.1 Conference to discuss legality of thetreaty

3 Activism4 See also5 Notes6 References7 External links

History

The treaty was proclaimed to the public (and becameeffective) on August 29, 1910, officially starting theperiod of Japanese rule in Korea. The treaty had eightarticles, the first being: "His Majesty the Emperor ofKorea makes the complete and permanent cession to HisMajesty the Emperor of Japan of all rights of sovereigntyover the whole of Korea".

Gojong of the Korean Empire later called the treaty a

"neugyak ( )."[3] The alternative term used in lieuof "joyak ( )" implies the treaty was coerced to

JapanKorea Treaty of 1910 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JapanKorea_Treaty_of_1910

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Hiragana

Transcriptions

Romanization Nikkan Heig Jyaku

Korean name

Hangul

(, )

Hanja

(, )

Transcriptions

Revised

Romanization

Hanil Byeonghap Joyak

(Hanil Hapbang Joyak, Hanil

Hapbang Neugyak)

Koreans by Japanese. "Gyeongsul Gukchi ( )" and "Gukchi-il ( )" are alternative terms

for the year and date the treaty was signed, respectively.[4]

Role of the British government

Britain had already acquiesced to the annexation, via theirconnection to Japan via the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902.

Legality

The legality of the Treaty was disputed by the exiledProvisional Government of the Republic of Korea as well asthe South Korean government. While the treaty was affixedwith the national seal of the Korean Empire, EmperorSunjong of Korea refused to sign the treaty as required underKorean law. The treaty was instead signed by Prime Minister Lee Wan-yong of the Korean Empire, andResident General Count Terauchi Masatake of the Empire of Japan.

This issue caused considerable difficulty in negotiating the establishment of basic diplomatic relations betweenthe countries. Korea insisted to include a chapter stipulating "The treaty was null and void". A compromise wasreached in language of Article II of the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations:

"It is confirmed that all treaties or agreements concluded between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea

on or before August 22, 1910 are already null and void."[5]

Conference to discuss legality of the treaty

In 2001, an academic research of the legality for Korea's annexation by Japan from 1910 to 1945 which wastitled A reconsideration of Japanese Annexation of Korea from the Historical and International Law

Perspectives was held at Harvard University with a support of Korea Foundation.[6] The conference was held 3times, namely on January, April and November and related scholars of history and international law participatedfrom the South Korea, North Korea, Japan, the United States, United Kingdom, Germany and Canada.

Anthony Carty, a Professor of the University of Derby stated "During the height of the imperialism, it is

difficult to find an international law sufficient to determine the legality/illegality of a particular treaty."[7] In hisbook on International Law, "Carty prefers seeing the relationship between Japan and Korea at the time withreference to the reality of the then international community dominated by Western powers, rather than viewing

it in terms of treaty law as argued by Korean scholars."[8]

Alexis Dudden, a Professor of University of Connecticut discussed about the Nitobe Inaz's science of colonialpolicy. She is known as an author of a book "Japan's Colonization of Korea: Discourse and Power" in whichshe discusses how Japanese policymakers carefully studied and then invoked international law to annex Korea

legally.[7][9]

According to Kan Kimura, the bottom line of this conference is that the Korean claim "The annexation wasillegal" was totally unaccepted by the participated Western scholars, among others by those specialized in

international law.[7]


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Wikisource has original

text related to this article:

Japan-KoreaAnnexation Treaty

Activism

On August 28, 2007, regarding the General Power of Attorney by Sunjong, Korean news paper Dong-a Ilboreported that Korean monarchs did not sign in the official documents with their real names traditionally. But, theKorean Emperor was forced by Japan to follow a new custom to sign with his real name, which originated from

the western hemisphere. It mentioned Sunjong's signature may be compulsory.[10]

On June 23, 2010, 75 South Korean congressmen suggested the legal nullification of the JapanKorea

Annexation Treaty to the Prime Minister Naoto Kan.[11]

On July 6, 2010, Korean and Japanese progressive Christian groups gathered in Tokyo's Korean YMCA chapter

and jointly declared that the JapanKorea Annexation Treaty was unjustified.[12]

On July 28, 2010, approximately 1000 intellectuals in Korea and Japan issued a Joint Statement that the

JapanKorea Annexation Treaty was never valid in the first place. [13]

See also

AnnexationJapan-Korea Treaty of 1905JapanKorea Treaty of 1907Taft-Katsura AgreementRoot-Takahira AgreementTreaty of PortsmouthAnglo-Japanese AllianceUnequal treaty

History of JapanKorea relationsKorea under Japanese ruleIndex of Korea-related articlesList of territories occupied by Imperial Japan

Notes

Caprio, Mark (2009). Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945 (http://books.google.com/books?id=oj_IhRConN8C&pg=PA82). University of Washington Press. pp. 8283.

1.

Hook, Glenn D. (2001). Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics, and Security, p. 491. "It is confirmedthat all treaties or agreements concluded between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea on or before August22, 1910 are already null and void." (https://books.google.com/books?id=HZYARCHyP_AC&pg=PA491), p. 491, atGoogle Books

2.

Kim, Chasu (17 October 1995). " " (http://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1995101700209102003&edtNo=45&printCount=1&publishDate=1995-10-17&officeId=00020&pageNo=2&printNo=22999&publishType=00010). The Dong-a Ilbo. Retrieved 16 January 2012.

3.

Choi, Soyoung (29 August 1997). " '' 87 ' ' "(http://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1997082900329125001&edtNo=45&printCount=1&publishDate=1997-08-29&officeId=00032&pageNo=25&printNo=16201&publishType=00010). KyunghyangShinmun. Retrieved 16 January 2012.

4.

Tg, Kazuhiko (2010). Japan's Foreign Policy, 1945-2009: The Quest for a Proactive Policy(http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=RVOri6moo8cC&pg=PA159&hl=en&

5.


3 of 5 8/4/2015 9:17 PM

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to

JapanKorea Annexation

Treaty.

sa=X&ei=vsQBUpO_BZDIlQWW1oCoDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false). BRILL. p. 159.ISBN 9004185011."A Reconsideration of the Japanese Annexation of Korea, Conference at Harvard University" (http://www.kf.or.kr/eng/01_sks/sks_not_view.asp?BIZBASE=ALL&SearchText=&SearchValue=&Page=&BBS_NO=147). KoreaFoundation.

6.

Kimura, Kan (June 2002). "3 : " [Final Conference of "AReconsideration of the Annexation of Korea": Transcend the "Legality / Illegality"] (http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/90000398.pdf#search=%27%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E8%A6%B3%E7%82%B9%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%AE%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E9%9F%93%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%B5%E5%90%88%E5%86%8D%E6%A4%9C%E8%A8%8E%27) (PDF).

7.

Bing Bing Jia (March 2006). "Asian Yearbook of International Law, Volume 10 (20012002)"(http://chinesejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/1/249.full). Chinese Journal of International Law 5 (1): 249250.

8.

Dudden, Alexis (2006). Japan's Colonization of Korea: Discourse and Power (http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=wisqvipZ2bcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false). University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 082483139X.

9.

" " (http://news.naver.com/photo/read.php?mode=LTD&office_id=020&article_id=0000422739&section_id=103&view=all). Naver.

10.

(Kim), (Seung-uk) (2010-06-23). " " "..75, ("JapanKoreaAnnexation Treaty Is Invalid".. Suggesting To The Japanese PM By 75 Congressmen)"(http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/politics/2010/06/23/0502000000AKR20100623068200001.HTML). Yonhap News (inKorean). Retrieved 2010-06-23.

11.

(Lee), (Chung-weon) (2010-07-06). ". " " (Korean and JapaneseProgressive Christians "Annexing Korea Was Unjustified")" (http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/international/2010/07/06/0601010100AKR20100706222300073.HTML). Yonhap News (in Korean). Retrieved 2010-07-13.

12.

(Lee), (Chung-weon) (2010-07-28). " 1 " " (1000 Korean andJapanese Scholars "JapanKorea Annexation Treaty Is Originally Invalid")" (http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/international/2010/07/28/0601010100AKR20100728001800073.HTML). Yonhap News (in Korean). Retrieved2010-08-02.

13.

References

Beasley, W.G. (1991). Japanese Imperialism 1894-1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822168-1.Duus, Peter (1998). The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895-1910.University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21361-0.Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921-1922. (1922).Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament. Washington: U.S. Government PrintingOffice. OCLC 12923609 (http://www.worldcat.org/title/koreas-appeal-to-the-conference-on-limitation-of-armament/oclc/12923609)United States. Dept. of State. (1919). Catalogue of treaties: 1814-1918. Washington: GovernmentPrinting Office. OCLC 3830508 (http://www.worldcat.org/title/catalogue-of-treaties-1814-1918/oclc/3830508)

External links

Japan Korea Annexation Treaty of 1910 from Wikisource"The annexation of Korea" (editorial) Japan Times, August 29,2010 (http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20100829a1.html)"Historic declaration by Japanese and Korean intellectuals is astep towards reconciliation" (http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Historic-declaration-by-Japanese-and-Korean-intellectuals-is-a-step-towards-reconciliation-


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18456.html) Asia News, May 20, 2010

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Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia