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This is standard for bridge design in Japan
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Contents
Chapter1 General
1.I ScopeofApplication
I.2 DefinitionofTerms
1.3 PrecisionofDesignCalculation
1.4 ConstructionConditionsthatConstitutethePremiseofDesign
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1.5 MatterstoBeDescribedonDesignDrawingsandOtherDocuments…‥‥‥‥‥……‥‥‥…・…3
1.6 Steeltypeselection
Chapter2 FundamentalsofI)esign
2.1 General
2.2 LoadCombinationinDesignCalculations
2.3 VerificationofSafetyfわrLoads
2.4 StructuralAnalysts
Chapter3 AllowableStress
3.1 General
3.2 AllowableStressofSteel
3.2.1 Allowablestressofstructuralsteel
3.2.2AHowablestressofcastingsandfわrgings
3.2.3 AllowablestressofweldandfasteningSteel
3.2.4 AHowablestressofsteelplpeandsteelbar
Chapter4 DesignorMembers
4.1 GeneralProvisions
4.1.1 Considerationsfわrsecondarystress
4.1.2 Reciprocalstressmember
4.I.3 AlternatlngStressmember
4.1.4 Minimumthicknessofsteel
4.1.5 Slendernessratioofmember
4.2 PlateandStiffenedPlateSubjectedtoCompressiveStress
4.2.1 General
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4.2.2 Platesupportedonbothedgessubjectedtocompressivestress-・--- --・---・-・55
4.2.3 Projectingplatesubjectedtocompressivestress
4.2.4 Stiffenedplatesubjectedtocompressivestress
4.2.5 Stiffeners
4.3 MemberSubjectedtoAxialForceandBendingMoment
4.4 PerfbratedPlate
4・5 CompressionMemberHavingananglesectionandTsection
4・6 EffbctiveCross-SectionalAreaofTensionAngleSteel
Chapter5ExaminationorDurability
5.1 General
5.2 RustandCorrosionPrevention
5.3 FatigueDesign
Chapter6 Connections
6.1 Connectionof'members
6.I.1 General
6.I.2 Useofweldandhighstrengthbolts
6.2 Weldedjoints
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Weldtypesandapplication
6.2.3 EffectivetllrOat
6.2.4 Effectivelengthofweld
6.2.5 LegandsizeoffHletweld
6.2.6 MinimumeffTectivelengthoffHletweld
6.2.7 Stressinweldedjointsubjectedtoaxialorshearforce
6.2.8 Stressinaweldedjointsubjectedtobendingmoment
6.2.9 Verificationofresultantstressinweldedjoint
6.2.10 Buttjoint
6.2.ll Lapjoint
6.2.12 TJoint
6.3 Highstrengthboltedjoint
6.3,1 General
6.3.2 Bolts,nutsandwashers
6.3.3 Boltlength
6.3.4 AHowablefわrceofbolts
6.3.5 DesignofhighstrengthboltforfrictiongripCOnneCtion
6.3.6 DesignofhighstrengthboltfわrbearlngCOnneCtion
6.3.7 Designoflligh-Strengthboltfわrtensileconnection
6.3.8 Designofspliceplate
6.3.9 Calculationofnetcross-sectionalarea
6.3.10 MinimumcenteトーO-Centerdistancebetweenbolts
6.3.I1 MaximumCenter-tO-Centerdistancebetweenbolts
6.3.12 Edgedistance
6.3.13 Minimumnumberofbolts
6.3.14 Beveledwasherandcurvedwasher
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6.3.15 Filler
6.4 ConnectionbyplnS
CIlapter7 Sway】iracingandLateraHiracing
7.1 Genera】
7.2 Structureofswaybracingandlateralbracing
Cllapter8 Decks
8.1 General
8.1.1 Scopeofapplication
8.1.2 Designingeneral
8,2 Reinfbrcedconcretedecks
8.2.1 Scopeofapplication
8.2.2 General
8.2.3 Spansofdeck
8.2.4 Designbendingmomentofdeck
8.2.5 Minimumtotalthicknessofdecks
8,2.6 Typesandarrangementofreinforcement
8.2.7 Allowablestressorreinfbrcement
8.2.8 Specifiedcompressivestrengthofconcrete
8.2.9 AHowablestressofconcrete
8.2.10 Haunchondeck
8.2.ll Deckatgirderend
8.3 Prestressedconcretedeck
8.3.1 Scopeofapplication
8.3.2 General
8.3.3 Spanofdeck
8.3.4 Designbendingmomentofdeck
8.3.5 Minimumtotalthicknessofdeck
8.3.6 Typesandplacementofreinforcement
8.3.7 PlacementofprestresslngSteel
8.3.8 Specifiedcompressivestrengthofconcre te
8.3.9 Allowablestressofconcrete
8.3.10 Haunchondeck
8.3.ll Deckatgirderend
8.4 0rthotroplCStee一deck
8.4.1 Scopeofapplication
8.4.2 Designingeneral
8.4.3 Loaddistributionbypavement
814・4 Effectivewidthofdeckplatewithrespecttodeckormoorsystemaction.."."......183
8.4.5 Minimumthicknessofdeckplate
8.4.6 Minimumthicknessoflongitudinalrib
8.4.7 Structuraldetails
Chapter9 FloorSystem
9.1 General
9.2 SPanoffloorsystem
9.3 Calculationofsectionalforcesofstringer
9.4 Floorbeamshavingacontinuousconcretedeck
9.5 Comectionoffloorsystems
9.6 Swaybraclng
Chapter10 SteelGirder
10.1 ScopeofappHcation
10.2 Designatlarge
10.2.1 General
10,2.2 NormalstressduetobendinglllOment
10.2.3 Shearstressaccompanylngbendingofweb
10.2.4 StressduetotorsionallllOment
10.2.5 Verificationofresultantstress
10.2.6 Verificationofbiaxialstressstate
10.3 Flange
103.1 General
10.3.2 ThicknessofproJeCtionoftensionf一ange
10.3.3 Tensionflangeofboxgirder
10・3・4 Flangeoflaminatedsteelplates
10.3.5 Effectivewidthofflange
10.4 Web
10.4.1 General
10.4.2 Tllicknessofweb
10.4.3 Placementandspacingofverticalstiffeners
10.4.4 Stiffness,Steeltypeandthicknessofverticalstiffener
10.4.5 Attachmentmethodforverticalstiffener
10.4.6 Positionofhorizontalstiffener
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10.4.7 Stiffhess,Stee一typeandthicknessofhorizontalstiffener.…..‥..…....……...……."‥220
10.5 Structureofloadconcentrationpoint
10.5.1 General
10・512 Stiffeneratloadconcentrationpoint
10.5.3 Designdetails
10・6 Swaybracingandlateralbraclng
10.6.1 General
10.6.2 Swaybraclng
10.6.3 Lateralbracing
10.7 Camber
Cllapterll GirderStructurewi仙 ConcreteDeck
ll.1 General
1日 .1 Scopeofapplication
ll.1.2 Treatmentofcompositeactionofdeck
ll.2 Generalmattersrelatingtodesign
ll.2.1 Specifiedcompressivestrengthofdeckconcrete
I1.2.2 Young'smodulusratioofsteeltodeckconcrete
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11・2・3 Amountandplacementofreinfbrcementindecksubjectedtotensilestress‥…….234
ll.2.4 EffTectivewidthofdeck
ll.2.5 Superpositionofmaingirderactionandslabaction
ll.2.6 Creepofdeckconcrete
11.2.7 Temperaturedifferencebetweendeckconcreteandsteelgirder.......,...."."......"239
ll.2.8 Dryingshrinkageofdeckconcrete
ll.3 Allowablestress
ll.3.1 Allowablestress
ll.3.2 Verificationforsafetyfromyield
ll.4 Deck
ll.4.1 General
11.4.2 Structureofpartwhereshearfわrcesconcentrate
ll.4.3 Joint
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11.4.4 Compressivestrengthofdeckconcretewithcompositeactionimposed"""....."248
ll.5 Shearconnector
ll.5.1 Generalmatters
ll.5,2 Shearforcecausedbydryingshrinkageofdeckconcret eandtemper ature
differencebetweendeckconcreteandsteelgirder
ll.5.3 MaximumspaclngOfshearconnector
ll.5.4 Minimumshearconnectorspacing
ll.5.5 Allowableshearfわrce
11.5.6 Shearconnectornearintermediatesupport
11.5.7 Verificationofshearconnectorforsafetyfromyield
ll.5.8 Stud
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ll.6 Steelgirderflangethickness
ll.7 Camber
Chapter12 Truss
12.1 Scopeofapplication
12.2 Member
12.2.1 Generalmatters
12.2.2 Configurationofsection
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12.2.3 EffTectivebucklinglengthofcompressionmemberoftruss...‥.....………....….….…260
12.3 Panelpoint
12.3.1 Genera】
12.3.2 Gusset
12.4 Stiffeningbydiaphragmorothermember
12.5 Lateral,swayandportalbracings
12.5.1 Generalmatters
12.5.2 Lateralbraclng
12.5.3 Swaybracing
12.5.4 Portalbraclng
12.6 Secondarystressintruss
12.7 Ponytruss
12.8 Chordmemberdirect一ysupportingdeck
12.9 Camber
12.10 Verificationfわrglobalbuckling
Cllapter13 Arcll
13.1 Scopeofapplication
13.2 General
13.3 Effectofdisplacement
13.4 0ut-ofJplanebucklingofarch
13.5 DesignlngOfarchrib
13.6 Verificationofultimatestrength
13.7 Hangerorcolumn
Chapter14 SteelPipeStructure
14.I Scopeofapplication
14.2 Steel
14.3 Allowablestress
14.4 Stiffener
14・5 Jointofsteelpipe
14.6 Structuraldetails
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14.6.i DirecりOint
1416.2 FlangeJOint
14.6.3 Gussetjoint
14.6.4 Branchjoint
14.6.5 Panelpointstructure
14.6.6 Singlesteel-pipemember
14.6.7 Bendingangleofbendpipe
Chapter15 Rigid-FrameStructure
15.1 Scopeofapplication
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15.2 Liveloadandimpactusedinthedesignofarigid一打amepler……‥ ….……‥ …‥… ‥‥…‥317
15.3 Windload
15.4 Effectoffoundationstructure
15.5 0verallbucklingofrigidframe
15.5.1 General
15.5.2 Effectivebucklinglengthofrigidframe
15.5.3 Rigid一什amememberonwhichaxialcompressiveforceandbending
momentact
15.6 Verificationofstressresultantly
15.7 Deflectionofrigid-framebridge
15.8 Deflectionofrigid-framepler
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15.9 Effectofhorizontaldisplacementofstruttedrigid-framebridge……..…日..……."..…‥..328
15.10 Cornerofintersection
15.ll Stiffeningofloadconcentrationpointandbentportion
15.12 Bearlngandanchorportion
15.13 Rustandcorrosionprevention
Chapter16 CableStructure
16.I Scopeofapplication
16.2 Cablestructuredesigningeneral
16.3 Ropesandstrandsforcable
16.4 Young'smodulusofcable
16.5 Allowablevalueofcable
16.6 Structuraldesign
16.6.1 Socket
16.6.2 Curvatureradiusofcableandhanger
16.6.3 Cableband
16.6.4 Cableanchoragestructure
16.7 Rustandcorrosionprevention
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Chapter17 ConstrllCtion
17.1 General
17.I.1 Scopeofapplication
17.1.2 Constructioningeneral
17.1.3 Executionplan
17.I.4 Inspection
17.2 Steel
17.3 Fabrication
17.3.1 Working
17.3.2 MeImberprecision
17.3.3 Assemblyprecision
17.3.4 Transportation
17.4. Welding
17・4・l Weldinglngeneral
17.4.2 Weldingconsumables
1714・3 AssemblytoleranceofmaterialpleCeS
17.4.4 Weldingprocedure
17.4.5 Surfaceflawinspection
17.4.6 Internalflawinspection
17.5 Highstrengthbolt
17.5.1 Highstrengthboltworkingeneral
17.5.2 qualitycontro一andstorageofhighstrengthbolt
17.5.3 Connectionsurfacetreatment
17.5.4 Bolttlghtenlng
17・5・5 Inspectionaftercompletionoftightenlng
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17.6 Workofweldingandhighstrengthbolt什ictionconnection
atthesametimeinmembermainlyreceivlngbendingmoment...…...…………=……."..416
17.7 Erection
17.7.1 Workbasic
17.7.2 Confirmationoferectionlocation
17.7.3 Ensurlngthequalityoferectionmember
17.7.4 Assembly
17.7.5 Stressadjustment
17.8 Concretedeck
17.8,1 General
17.8.2 Concretematerial
17・8・3 Formandsupport
17・8・4 Reinforcementbarprocessingandarrangement
17.8.5 (〕ualitycontrolofconcrete
17.8.6 Concretework
17.8.7 Floorthicknessprecision
17.9 0rthotroplCSteeldeck
17.9.1 Weldedjointofclosedsectionrib
17.9.2 Weldingdeckplateinlengthwisedirection
17.9.3 Inspectionofdeckplatewelding
17.9.4 Cornerwelding
17.10 Rustpreventionandcorrosionprevention
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SPECⅡⅢCATⅡONSFORHHGHWAYBRⅡDGES
PARTIVSUBSTRUCTURES
MARCHZOO2
JAPANROADASSOCIATION
PreftIce
RoadimprovementinJapanhasbeellpromotedinfllllfiorcesillcetheFirst5-yearRoad
lmprovementP1anwhichstartedinl954、Sincethell,9hve-yearplanshavefbllowedsuccessively・
Duringthisperiod・therehasbeellarapidincreaseinroadtrafHc・lnresponsetothis・roadnetwork
improvementhasbeenpromotedactively,however・therearestil]strongdemandsforroadnetwork
improvementinbothurbanandruralareas・
InadditionlTandglobalizationarepenneatingthroughtheeconomyandsociety6andpeopleare
increasinglyinterestedinlMngandglobalenvironmentsanduniversaldesi9,.Withthesefactors
andothersinthebackground・theneedsofthepeoplefbrtheroadfllnctionsandroadspacehave
beendiversifled・andappropriateactionsarerequiredfbrroadqualityimprovement、
Accordingly9theMinistryofLandJnfTastructureandTransportdrewupaNew5-yearRoad
lmprovementPlan・whichstartedinl998・Followingthisplan,theMinistryispromotingroad
improvementfbrsupportingtheimplementationofaneweconomicstructure・roadimprovementfbr
supportingthebuildupofactivecommunitiesandcities・roadimprovementfbrsustainingabetter
livingenvironmenLandroadimprovementfbrmakingthelandsafetolivein・
Japanisinsuchasituationbutithassteeptopographicalfeaturesandmanyriversoandisunder
stringentspatialrestraintsintheurbanareasduetothedenselanduse・T11ebridgeisan
indispensablestructurefbrroadimprovementandmustcopewiththeseproblems・Itisnecessary
fbrbridgestopromoteappropriateimprovementwhilereducingtheliflecyclecostandlesseningthemaintenancework.
Astotechnicalstandardsfbrroadbridges,the11ConstructionStandardfiorNationalandPrefectural
HighwaysMwaslaiddowninI886astheflrstJapanesestandardfiorroadstructuresandadesignlive
loadwasprescribedfiorbridgesinthisstandard・Sincethenstandardsfiorbridgeshavebeen
preparedinresponsetothedevelopmentofautomobiletrafncandprogressinbridgetechnology、
Thebridgestandardswereapartofthestructuralstandardsfbrroadsatflrst・butthe11DraftDesign
SpecincationsfbrSteelHighwayBridges1IwerelaiddowninI939fiortheflrsttimeastechnical
standardsfiorroadbridgesonly・Sillcethen・standardshavebeenpreparedandrevisedoneafter
anotheraccordingtothebridgestructuresandthestructuralmembers・
lntheperiodfi・oml972to1980・thesestandardswerearrangedintothepresentstyleconsistingof
Partl:VOIumeonCommonMatters・Part11:VO1umeonSteelBridges・Partlll:VOlumeonConcrete
Bridges9PartlV:VOlumeonSubstructuresandPartV:VOIumeonSeismicDesign、Afiertbat,
revisionsweremadeseveraltimes・Thatis・in1990.theStandardswererevisedtorenectthe
technicalfmdingsaccumulatedasofthattime・’11]993Iheywererevisedbecauseofthereviewof
designliveloadaccompanyingtbeamendmenttotheHighwayStructureOrdinance・andinl996o
becauseofthesolidiHcationofseismicdesignprecipitatedbytheSouthernHyogoPrefecture
Earthquake、
TheJapanRoadAssociationpublishedthei1DesignSpecihcationsfiorSteelHighwayBridgeswith
Commentariesi1andmFabricatiollSpecihcationsfbrSteelHighwayBridgeswithCommentaries11in
l956・Sincetheneachtimethestandardsarerevised・theAssociationhaspublishedabookofthe
revisedstandardswithcommentariesaddedfbrconsultationindesignanderectionpracticeThis
time、thetechnicalstandardsfbrhighwaybridgeswererevisedmainlywithrespecttoperfbrmance
fbrmulationandenrichmentofdurabilitystipulations、lnresponsetothis・theAssociationreviewed
thewholecontentoftbe11SpecincationsfiorHighwayBridgeswithCommentariesi1andarevised
versionisreadyfiorpublication、
Iearnestlyhopethatthepurposeoftbisrevisioniscorrectlyunderstoodandhighqualitybridge
improvementsarefUrtherpromotedinthefnture.
March2002
MichioSuzuki
President
JapanRoadAssociation
Foreword
The``SpeciHcationsfbrHighwayBridges,PartlV:Substructures,,wasgivenasanofHcialnoticeby
theMinistryofConstructioninl980underthetitle.。TechnicalStandardsfbrBridgesandHighway
Viaducts・'91twasestablishedbyconsolidatingthe、6DesignOuidefbrHighwayBridge
Substructures,、whichwasdMdedinto8separatevolumes(VOIumeonGeneralMattersofSurvey
andDesign(]966)、VOIumeonAbutmentandPierDesign(1968),VO1umeonSpreadFoundation
Design(1968).volumeonPileFoundationConstruction(1968)。VOIumeonCaissonFoundation
Design(]970),VOlumeonCast-in-PlacePileDesignandConstruction(1973),VblumeonPile
PoundationDesign(]976),andVOlumeonCaissonPoundationConstruction(1977)),andwere
compiledaspartofthesystematizationofspeci5cationsfbrhighwaybridges・
Aherthat・arevisionwasmadeinl993mainlyconcerningthestipulationsonliveloadstokeepup
withtheenlargingtrendofvehiclesizeandincreasedurability・Anotherrevisionwasmadeinl996
mainlyconcerningthestipulationsonseismicdesign.
Thisrevisionaimedatperfbrmance-stipulatingtechnicaIstandardsandemployedafiormatinwhich
arequirementwasdescribedinprincipletogetherwithexistingstipulationsthatwouldsatisfythe
requirementlnaddition・Partl:VOlumeonCommonMattersrenectedtheresearchandstudy
resultsandexperiencesincethepreviousrevisionandreviewedtbecontentbasedonsuchref1ection
andPartlV:VO1umeonSubstructuresreviewedthestipulationsontheallowablestressof
reinfiorcementocountermeasurefbrsaltdamageandthenewpileconstructionmethodtoimprove
durability・
Maiorrevisionsareasfiollows:
Partl:VOIumeonCommonMatters.
①Specihestheperfiormancerequiredfiomabridgeandthebasicmatterstoalwayspay
attentiontoinbridgedesignasthebasicideaofbridgedesig、.
②Speciflesthemattersrequiredfi・omthematerialsaswellasaddsstipulationsconcerning
structuralwireropeandparallelwirestrands.
③Specinestherequirementsfbrbearingandexpansionjointsaswellasenrichesthe
stipulationsondesignmethods.
④CIarinestheinstallationofawaterprooflayerorthelikeonthebridgesurfaceasphalt
pavementaswellasenrichesthedescriptionabouttheconsiderationsfiorslabdurability
lmprovement・
PartⅣ:VOIumeonSubstructures.
①Allowablestressofreinfbrcementundertheapplicationofdeadloadwasstipulatedinorder
totakingintoaccountthedurabilityofreinfbrcedconcrete.
②Countenneasureofthesoildamagefbrreinfiorcedconcretewasstipulated.
③Designmethodfbrbendingmomentandshearfbrceoffbotingwasrevised
④Theultimatebearingcapacity-estimatingfbrmulafbrspreadfbundationwasrevised
consideringthesizeeffectofthecoefflcientofbearingcapacity.
⑤Pre-boringpile,steelpipeandsoilcementcompositepile9vibratoryhammerpiledriving
method・whichhavebeenemployedontbeincrease・werestipulated
⑥Bearingcapacity-estimatingfbrmulafiorcast-in-placepile,pile-boringmetbod、steelpipe
sheetpilefioundationandcast-in-placediapbragmwallfioundationwasrevised
Thisdocumentgivesthetextoftbespeciflcationstogetherwiththebackgroundofandgroundsfbr
stipulationsandthedifferencesfTomtheoldspecincationsinthecommentaries・Therefioreo
carefUllyreadthecommentariesinadditiontothetextwhenusingthesespecihcations・Weexpect
thatyoucangetanintimateunderstandingfTomsuchperusal・
Weearnestlyhopethatthisdocumentisusefillfbrdesignanderectiollofroadbridgesand
contributestosecuringhighersafietyanddurability.
March2002
CommitteeonBridges
SubcommitteefbrSummarizingSubcommitteeonSubstructures
MembersofCommitteeonBridges
Chairman:
SyoichiSAEKI(sinceMayl999)
FonnerChairman:
NobuyukiNarita
Members:
○KatsuhitoAONO
○HirokazulEMURA
○TadayoshilSHIBASHl
○YOshiyukiENAMl
○AkioOHTSUKA
○HaiimeOKAMURA
○KazuhikoKAWASHlMA
○MasahikoKITAZAWA
○YUkitakeSHlOl
○TakeshiSHIRASUNA
○IchiroTAKASAKl
TadayukiTAZAKl
○KenichiTOKIDA
YasusbiNAKAMURA
○TakaakiNANBU
○YUkihiroNISHIDA
KunihikoHARADA
○MinoruFUJlWARA
○ChitoshiMIKI
○KanameYAHAGI
○KoichiYOKOYAMA
○TaisukeAKIMOTO
○Syol1ilKEDA
○TosbiwolWASAKl
KazuyaOHSHIMA
○MichioOKAHARA
HarullikoOKUNO
○MakotoKITAGAWA
○HiroshiSATOH
○Hiros11iSHlNOHARA
○YukihikoSUMIYOSHl
○NaofilmiTAKEUCHI
○FumioTATSUOKA
ShigeoNAKAHARA
ShigeruNAMlKAWA
ToshiokiNlSHlDA
○SadahiroNOMURA
○YouzouFUJlNO
TakayaFUJIMOTO
MasahikoYASUDA
AsaoYAMAKAWA
○EiiclliWATANABE
Secretary:
YasuhirolSHIHARA
ToshioSAKAl
○TakashiSHlNDOH
KazuhiroNISHIKAWA
○JiroFUKUI
○TakesbiHONDA
○MinoruMIZOE
○SigekiYAOl
○ShigekiUNJYOH
MasanlichiSANO
○SyoichiNAKATANl
MasahiroNISHlTAN1
MotooFUJIl
KaoruMATUZAKl
AkiraMORIYAMA
○memberasofMarch200Z
MembersofGeneralPlanningandCoordinationSubCommittee
Chairman:
TadayukiTAZAKI
KunihikoHARADA
Advisor
ToshiolWASAKI
KeiichiKOMADA
NobuyukiNARITA
YOshiyukiENAMl
ShouichiSAEKl
Chairman(Sub)
KatsullitoAONO
YUkihiroNlSHIDA
AsaoYAMAKAWA
MichioOKAHARA
MinoruPUJIWARA
Members
ShigekiUNJOH
HiromiKOSKA
IchiroTAKASAKI
KenichiTOKURA
ToshitakaMIYATA
MakotoKITAGAWA
MasamicbiSANO
HaruoTAKANO
KazuhiroNISHIKAW
Secretary
YasuhirolSHIHARA
MasahiroNISHITANl
HidenoriTOMIYAMA
KaoruMATSUZAKI
MembersofGeneralSub-Committee
Chairman:
TakaakiNANBU
FormerChairmen:
AsaoYAMAKAWA
KunihikoHARADA
TakayaFUJlMOTO
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HidenoriTOMIYAMA
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MichioOKAHARA
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chairman:
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KazuhiroKAI
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CONTENTS
PartHV:SUBSTRUCTURES
CbapterlGeneral…・…・……………・…………………………………………………………………………・……・………・…]
1」Scope……………………………………………………………・…・……………………………………………………]
L2DefmitionsofTerms…………………………………………・………………………………………………………2
1.3FundamentalsofDesignCalculations…………・……………………………………..…………………..……3
1.4ConditionsofConstructionfbrDesign…・………………………………………………………………………4
1.5ltemstobeShowninDrawings…………・……………………………・…………………………………………4
Chapter2Survey……………………………………………・………………・…………………………・……………………・…6
2.]General……………………………………………………・……………………・……・…………・………………・……6
2.1.1Fundamentals…………………・……………………・…………………………………………・………..………6
2.L2T)/pesofSurveys…・…………………………………・…………………………・………………………………6
Geotechnicallnvestigation………………………………………………・……………………………・………・…]4う7■■・凸□
2.21General………・…………..……………………………………………………………………………………・…14
2.2.2PreliminarySurveys…・…………………・…………………………………………………………………・…15
2.2.3PrincipalSurveys……………………………………・…………………………………………………………17
2.2.4EvaluationofGeotechnicalParametersfiorDesign……・………………・……………………………29
2.3SurveyofRiverCharacteristicsandWaterUtilization…………………………・…………………………34
2.4SurveyofConstructionConditions……・…………・……・………・………………・……………………………36
Chapter3FundamentalsofDesign…………………………………………………………………………・………………38
3.]General…・…………………・………………・……………・……………………………・…・…………………・………38
3.2LoadCombinationsinDesignCalculations……・…・…………………………………………………………41
VeriHcationofSafietyfbrLoads…………・…………………………………..…………………・………………46つ勺
J,J
Chapter4AIlowableStresses………………・…………………………………・……..……………………………・………・49
4」General…………・…………..…………………・………………………………………………………………………49
4.2AllowableStressesofConcrete…・……・………………………………………………・…・……………………・50
4.3AllowableStressesofReinforcingBars……・…………………………………………………………………59
4.4AIlowableStressesofSteelfbrStructures……………・…………………・……・…………………・…………61
4.5AI1owableStressesofPCSteelMaterials・…………………・……………・…………………………・………・62
Chapter5VerincationofStructuralMembers…・…・……………………・………………………………………………64
5.IVerincationofStructuralMelnbersfiorunderOrdinary,ExtremeWind、andLevell
EarthquakeConditions..…・………・………………・…………………………………………・……………………64
5.].]General……………………..…………………………………・…………………………・………………………64
5.12VeriHcationofRCMembersSubiectedtoBendingMomentsorAxialPorces………………・64
S13VerincationofRCMembersSubjectedtoShearForces………………………………・……………65
52VeriflcationofMembersfbrUnderLevel2EarthquakeCondition..……………・……………………70
5.2.]General・…………・………………………………………………………………………………・……………・…70
5.2.2VerincationofRCMembersSubjectedtoBendingMomentsorAxialPorces……・…………70
S23VeriflcationofRCMembersSubjectedtoShearPorces……………………………………・………72
Chapter6Durability・…………………………・…………・……………………………………………………………………・75
6.1General…………………………・………………………………………………………………………………………75
6.2ExaminationofSaltDamage…………………………・…………………………………………・………………76
Chapter7StructuralDetailsofReinfbrcedConcreteMembers……・…………・…・……………………・…………8]
7.]Scope…………………………………………………………………………・…………………………………………8]
7.2General……・……………………………………………………………………………………………………………81
7.3MinimumandMaximumAmountofReinfiorcement……………・………………………………・………・82
7.4ReinfiorcementCover……..………・………・……………………・…………………………………………………85
7.5ClearDistancebetweenReinfiorcementBars…………………………・……………………………………・・86
7.6AnchorageofReinfbrcementBar…..………………………………………・……………・………・……………87
7.7HookandBentShapeofReinfiorcement………………………………………・…………………。…………・91
7.8JointofReinfiorcementBars………………………………………・………………………………..……………93
79AxialReinfiorcementBar…・…・……………………………………………………………………………………95
7.lOStirrup………・……………・…………………………………………………………………………………………・…95
7.]lHoopTie………………………・…………………………・……………………………………………………………97
7」2Tie……………………………………………………………………・…・………・……………………・…………・……98
Chapter8DesignofPiers、Abutments・andFootings……………………………………………………・………・…101
8.lScope……………………………………………………………・…………………………………・…………………101
8.2General……・…………・……………………・………………………・…………・……………………………………]0]
8.2.lStructuralConnguration……・………………..………………………・……・…………・…………・………101
8.2.2DesignofStructureswithLargeWidth…………………・…・………………………………………・…]02
8.23Protectionagainstco11idingobjects..……………………………………………………………………103
8.3DesignofPiers・……………・………………………………・………………………………………………………104
8.3.lTshapedPiers…………………………………………・………・……………………………・………・………104
8.3.2Rigid-fi・amePiers……………………………………………………………………………・…………・……107
8.4DesignofAbutments……・………・…………・………………・………・……………………………・……………]10
8.4.1ReverseTshapedAbutments…………………………………・……………・……………………………110
8.42Skewabutments・……………………………………………・………………・……………………….………]13
8.4.3Designofparapets・……………………………………..…………………・……………………・…………Ⅲ7
8.4.4Designofwingwalls・………………………………………・……・………………………………………..]23
8.45Rearsideofabutment…・……………………………………………………………………………………126
8SColumn-FootingConnectionsandWall-FootingConnections…・………………………・……・………127
8.6DesignofBridgeSeats……・……………………・…・……………………………………………………………128
8.7Footings………..…………………………・…………………・………………………………………………………135
8.7」General………・…………・……………………・………………………・…………・………・…・………・………]35
8.7.2ThicknessofFootings……………………………・……………………………・……………………・…・…137
8.7.3DesignfiorBendingMoments……・………・…・………・…………………・………・……………・…・……]39
8.7.4DesignfbrShearForces…………・……………………………・…………………・…………・……………144
8.7.5ArrangementofReinfbrcement………・…………………………………………・………………………I57
Chapter9PundamentalRequirementsfiorStabilizationofPoundations………………………………………161
9」SelectionofPoundationTypes……………………………………………・……………………………………161
9.2BasicRequirementsofDesign・………・……・…………………………………………・………………..…162
9.3SelectionofBearingLayerandEmbedmentDepthRequirements………………………………・…・]70
9.4DesignOroundSurfiace……………・……・………………………………………………………………………173
9.5CoefHcientsofSubgradeReaction……………………………………・………………………………………175
9.5.1General………・………………………・………・……………・……………………………………………・……175
9.5.2CoefHcientsofSubgradeReactions……………………・………………………………………………・]77
9.6CalculationofSubgradeReactionandDisplacement…………・…・………………..……………………]80
9.6.1General………………・………・……………………………………・……………・……………………………・’80
9.6.2SubgradeReactionElasticDisplacement……………・………………・………………………………・]81
9.6.3ConsolidationSettlement…………・…………………………………………………………………・……]81
9.7DeepFoundationstobeConstructedDeepinGroundsSubjecttoConsolidation
Settlement・…………………・…・………………………………………・……………………………………………186
9.8FoundationsSubjectedtoEccentricLoads……………………………………………………………・……187
9.9FoundationsofSkewedAbutments……………………………………・……………………・………………・l88
ChapterlODesignofSpreadFoundations……・……………………………・………………………………………・…19]
10.lFundamentalsofDesign……………………………………………………………………………・……………191
10.2LoadShearing・・……………………………………………・…………………………………………・……………I94
I0、3AllowableBearingCapacityofGrou、。…………………・…・………………………………………………195
]0.3.1AllowableVerticalBearingCapacityofGroundbelowBaseofFoundation………・………・’95
10.3.2AllowableHorizontalBearingCapacityofGround…・……・…………………………………・……205
]0.3.3AIlowableShearResistanceoftheGroundbelowtheBaseofaFoundation……..…………206
10.4CoefncientsofSubgradeReactions………………・………・…………………………………………………209
10.5CalculationofSubgradeReactionlntensityandDisplacement……………・…………………………212
10.6DesigllofFootings………………・…………………………………………・……………………………………・Z16
10.7TreatmentofFoundationBaseandBackmMaterials・……………………・……………………………219
10.7.1FoundationBase………………・…………………………………………………・…・………………………219
10.7.2BacMllMaterial……………………………………………・…・……………………・………………………Z20
Chapter]lDesignofaCaissonFoundation………・…………………・………………………………………・………222
]1.1BasicRequirementsofDesign……………………………………………………………………………・……222
11.2LoadSharing…………………………………………………………………………………………………………225
]13ShapesandDimensions・…・……………………・………………・……………・…………………………………227
11.4AlIowableBearingCapacityofSoilLayer…..………………………………・…………………・…………230
Ⅱ4.lAllowableVerticalBearingCapacityofSoilLayer・…・…………………………………………・…230
]]、4.2AllowableShearResistanceofSoilLayersattheBottomofFoundation………・……………236
1]、4.3NegativeSkinPriction……………・…………………….……………………・……………………………237
11.5CoefHcientofGroundReactionandUpperLimitValueofSubgradeReaction・…………………239
1]、5.lCoeff1cientofGroundReaction………………………………・…………………………・………………239
]15.2UpperLimitValueofGroundReactio、………………………・…・……………………………………242
]16CalculationsofSectionalPorce・GroundReactionoandDisplacement..……………………………247
Ⅱ7DesignofVariousMembersofFoundation……………………・………・………………………………・…255
lL7・lCaissonSideWallandPartition…………………………・……………・…………………………………255
11.7.2TopSIab………・……………・…・………………………………………………………………………………264
11.7.3TopSlabBearingUnit……………………………・…………………………………………………………267
]L7.4BottomPIateofOpenCaisson……..……………………………………・………………………………・269
11.7.5CuttingEdge…………・……………………………………………………・…………………………・………270
1L7.6CeilingSIabfbrPneulnaticCaissollWorkingChamberandSuspendedBeamsfiortbe
CeilingSIab………………・……………………………・………・…………………………………・…………271
]1.7.7Parapet…………..…………………………………………………・………………………………・……・……274
1L7.8ExaminationofStressesduringConstruction…・……・……………………………………………・…275
1]、8Veri5cationfbrLevel2Earthquakes…………………………………………………………………………・276
11.8.lBasicsofVerihcation…………………………・……………………………………………………・………276
11.8.2YieldingofFoundation……………………………………・……………………………………………・…278
]18.3LimitValuesfiorDuctilityFactorandDisplacementofPoundations…・………・………………280
11.8.4CalculationonSectionaIForcaSubgradeReactionandDisplacement…………………・……281
Ⅱ8.5verincationfbrtheStrengthofMembers・………………………・…・…………………………………284
Ⅱ9DetailsofStructure………・……………………………………………・………………………………………・…286
11.9.lConstructionJoint………………………………・……………………………………………………………286
]1.9.2ReinfbrcementaroundPneumaticCaissonShaftHoles……………・…………・………………・…286
]1.9.3ArrangementofReinfiorcingBarsontheSideWalls……………………………………………・…287
Chapterl2DesignofPileFoundations…………………・…………・……………………………………………………289
12.]FundamentalsofDesign………………………………………・…………………………………………………289
12.2LoadShearing………………………・………………………………………………………………………………292
12.3ArrangementofPiles・……………………・………………・………………………………………………………292
12.4AIIowableBearingCapacityofPiles…………..……………………………・……・…………………………294
12.4.lAxialAⅡowableBearingCapacityofSinglePile……・………・……………………………・………294
]2.4.2Axia1allowablepull-outfiorceofSinglePiles…………・………………………・……………………306
]2.4.3NegativeSkinPriction………………………………………………………………………………………308
12.4.4CO、siderationofGroupPilesEffects……・…………………………………………・………………・…314
12.5CoefflcientofHorizontalSubgradeReaction………………………………………………………………3]7
12.6SpringConstants・…………………………・…・……………………………・…………………………..…………317
]2.6.]AxialSpringConstantsofPiles……・……・………………………………………………………………317
]2.6.2RadialSpringConstantofPiles…………・……………………………………………………………・…320
12.7CalculationofPileReactionsandDisplacements……・………・………………………・…………………323
12.8DesignofPileFoundatiollunderSpecialConditions……………・………………………………………327
]2.9DesignofPile・……………………………・…………………………………………………………………………334
12.9.]DesignofPilesagainstLoadsafterConstruction・…・…………………………・……………………334
]2.9.2PileJoillts・……………………………………………・…………………………・……………・………………346
12.9.3COnnectionsbetweenPileandFooting…………………………・………・……………………・………346
12.9.4ExaminationsfbrConstructionPeriod・…・…………………………………………………………..…351
12.lOVeriHcationfbrLevel2EarthquakeCondition…・………………………………………・……・…・………352
12」OlBasicsofVeriHcation……………………………………………………………………………・……・……352
12.10.2YieldingofFoundation…………………………………………・………・…………………………………354
12.10.3AllowableDuctilityFactorandDisplacementofFoundations…………………・………・………354
12]0.4CaIculationofSectionalForces、PileHeadReactions・andDisplacements・…………・………356
]2.10.5VerihcationofStructuralMembers………………………・…・………………・…………………………364
12.11StructuralDetails…・…・………………………………………………………………………………・……………366
12.ⅡlPHCPiles・………………………………………・………………………………………・……………………・366
12.ⅡZRCPiles…………………………………・………………………………………・…・…………………………368
12.1]、3Cast-in-placeRCPiles..……………………………………………・………………………………………369
12.Il4SteelPipePiles…………………・………………・……………………………………………………………377
12.11.5SteelPipeSoilCementPiles………・……・……………………………………………・…………………382
l2Il6SCPiles…・……………………………..………………………………・………………………………………384
Chapterl3DesignofSteelPipeSheetPileFoundation……………………………・………………………………386
]3.1BasicRequirementsofDesign……………………………………………………………………………・……386
13.2LoadSharing…・…………………………・……………………………・……・……………………………………・・389
13.3ShapeandSize……………………………・……………………・…………・…………………………・………・…・390
]3.4AI1owableBearingCapacityofaSteelPipeSheetPile…………………………・………………………392
13.4.]AllowableBearingCapacityofaSteelPipeSheetPile…..……………………………………・…392
13.4.2AllowablePull-outForceofaSteelPipeSheetPile……………………………・………………・…394
13.4.3NegativeSkinPrictioll…………………・………………………………・………………………………・…396
]3.5CoefHcientofOroundReaction・…………………………………………………・…………・……・…・………398
13.6CalculationofSectionalForce・UnitOroundReactionandDisplacement…………………………399
]3.7DesignofVariousMembersofFoundation……………・…・………………………………・………………406
13.7」SteelPipeSbeetPile…………………………・…………………………………・………………………・…406
13.7.2TopSlab…………………………・………………………………・………………………………………・……406
13.7.3DesignofConnectionbetweenTopS1abandSteelPipeSheetPile……………………………409
13.8Coffierdam…・…………………………………………………………………………………………………………410
13.9VeriflcationfiorLevel2earthquakeconditions………・…・…………・………………………・……………4]1
139.lBasicsofVeriHcation……..……………………………・………………..…………………………………411
13.9.2YieldofPoundation…………………………………・…・…………………・……………………・…………412
]3.9.3AllowableDuctilityFactorandAIIowableDisplacementofFoundation……・……・…………413
13.9.4.CalculationonSectionaIForce、GroundReactionandDisplacement………………………・…414
13.9.5VeriflcationfbrStrengthofMembers……・…・…………………………………………………………418
13.IODetailsofStructure…………………………………………………………………………………………………4l9
Chapterl4Cast-ln-SituDiaphragmWallFoundationDesigns………………………………・……・………・……423
14.]BasicRequirementsofDesign………………………・…………………………………………………………423
14.2LoadSharing・……………………………………・……………………・……………………………………………425
]4.3Shape9Size・andJoint……………………………・…・……………………………………………………………427
14.4AllowableBearingCapacityofGrou、。…・……・………・………………………………………..…………427
14.4.IAllowableVerticalBearingCapacityofFoundationBedOround……・………………..………427
]442AllowableShearResistanceofFoundationBedGround………………………・…………………429
]4.4.3NegativeSkinFriction………………………………………………………………・……………・………・430
]4.5Coeff1cientofGroundReactionalldUpperLimitValueOfSubgradeReaction………・…………43]
14.5.1CoefncientofGroundReaction………・…・………………………・…・…………………………………・43]
14.5.2UpperLimitValueofGroundReactio、.…………・…………・…・…………………………………・…433
14.6CalculationsofSectionalForce,GroundReaction・andDisplacement・……………………・………435
14.7DesignofFoundationBody…・…………..……………………………………………・……………………・…436
148VerihcationfbrLevelZEarthquakes…………………・………………………………………………………438
]4.8」PrinciplesofVeriHcation…・……………………・……………………・……………………………………438
]4.8.2YieldofFoundation……………・…………・……………………・………………………………・…………439
14.8.3AllowableDuctilityFactorandA11owableDisplacementofFoundation……・…・……………439
14.8.4CalculationonSectionForceoSubgradeReactionandDisplacement…・………………………439
14.8.5VerincationfbrStrengthofMembers………………………………………………………・……・……441
]4.9DetailsofStructure……・……………・………………………………………・……………………………………442
14.9.1JointbetweenE1ements・…・……………・………・………・…………………………………………………442
]4.9.2ConnectionbetweenCast-in-situDiaphragmWallsandTopS1abs…………………………・…443
]4.9.3ThicknessofWall………………………………………………………………………………・……………444
]4.9.4ArrangementofReinfiorcingBars………………………………………・………………………………・445
14.9.5LapjointofVerticalReinfbrcingBars……………………・……………………・………・…・…………446
Chapterl50eneralRequirementsonExecutionofWOrk………………………………………………・…………448
15.lScope・……………・………………………・…………………………………………・……………………・…………448
15.20eneralltemsofConstructionWOrk…………………………………………・………・………………・…・…448
15.3SurveyfbrConstructionWOrk..………………………………・………………………………・………………449
]5.4ExecutionProgram…………………・………………………………………………………………………・…・…450
15.5WorkRecord…・…………・……・………………………………..………………………………・…………………452
ChapterI6ConstructionofCaisso、Foundation…・………・……・……………………………・……………..………454
]6.lMetbodtobeApplied…………………………………・………………………………・…………………………454
]6.2SelectionofConstructionMachinesandlnstruments……………………………………………………454
16.3TemporaryFacilities…・……………………………………………………・……………・………………………・455
]6.4CuttingEdges……・…………・………………………………………………..…………………………・…………456
16.5lnstallationofaCaisson……………………………・…………………………………………………・…………456
16.6CaissonMainBody…………………………・……・………………………………………………………………457
16.7ExcavationandSinking………・………………・……………………・………・…………………………………・458
16.8VeriHcationofBearingOround…………..……………………………………………………………・………46]
16.9TopS1ab………・…………………………・……………………………………………………..……………………462
16.lOCut-offWallsandTemporaryRetainingWalls…………………・……………・……………………………462
16.1]Center・…………・………………………・…………………………………………………………・…………………463
16.l2EquipmentWork…………………………………………・………………………………・…・……………………464
]6.13ConcreteFillingofaPneumaticCaisson………・……・………..……………………………………………465
16.14BottomSlabofanOpenCaisson…………………………………………・………・……………・……………466
Chapter]7ConstructionofPreftlbricatedPilePoundation………・………………・………………………・………467
17.lMethodtobeApplied・……………………………………・………………………………………………………467
17.2SelectionofConstructionMachinesandlnstruments……………………………………………………468
17.3TestPiling………………・………………………………………・………………・……………………・……………469
]7.4PreparatiollfiorConstruction・…・…………………・………………………………………………・……………469
17.5Transportation・Storage,andlnspection……………・……………………・…………………………………470
17.6lnstallation……………………・………・………………………………………………・……………………………471
17.7Site-weldedJoint・……………………………・……………………・………………………………………………471
]7.8PinishingofaPileHead………………………………………………………………………………………・…472
17.9DisposalofExcavatedEarth……・……・…………………・………………………………・……………………473
17.lODrivingaPileandPinishingtheDrivingOperation………………………………………………………473
17」]Pile-boringMethod……………………・…………・……・…・…………・…………………………………………477
]7.lL1ExcavationandSinking…………・……………………………………………………………………・……477
17.IL2TreatmentofaPileTip……………………………・……・………・…………………………………………479
17.l2PreboringPileMethod…・………………………………………………・…・………………………・……………481
17.12.]Boring……・…………………………・…………………・……………・……………………………………..…481
17」2.21njectionofFootProtectiollFluidandPilePeripheryFixingF1uid……………………・………481
17.12.3Sinking……………………………………………・……………………………………………・………………482
17.13SteelPipeandSoilCementCompositePileMethod……………・…………・……………………………482
l7l3.]PreparationofSoilCementColumn…・…・…………・…………………・………..…・…………………482
17.I32SinkingofSteelPipe…………………………………・………・………………………・……………………484
Chapter]8ConstructionofCast-ln-PIacePileFoundation……………………・………………・…………………486
18.1MethodtobeAppIied……………・……………………………………………………・…………………………486
18.2SelectionofConstructionMachinesandlnstruments………・…・……・…………………………………487
18.3TestPiling……………………・…………………..……・…………・…………………・……・………………………487
18.4Preparationfiorlnstallation・…・…………………………………………・………………………………………488
18.5Cast-in-placePileMethodbvMechanicalExcavation………・……・……………………………………490己
]8.5.1Excavation…………………………・…………………………………・……………・…………………………490
18.5.2ProtectionofBoreWallfi・omCollapse…………・……………………………..………………………49]
18.5.3DisposalofExcavatedEarth……………………………………………・………・………………………492
18.5.4CompletionofaBoreBottom…..……………・……………・……………………………………………492
18.5.5Reinfiorcement……………………・……………………………………………・……・………………………493
18.5.6Concrete…・……………………………・……………………………………………………………………・…494
18.6DeepPoundationMethod…………………………………………………………………………・…………・…495
18.6.]DisposalofSpringWaterandGroundWater……………………………………・……………………495
]8.6.2Excavation………..……..………・………・……・……・……………………………………………………・…496
18.6.3ProtectionofBoreWallsfromCouapsing………・…・…………………………………………………497
18.6.4CompletionofaBoreBottom………………………………………………・……………………………498
18.6.5ReinfiorcementBars……………・……………………………………………………………………………498
18.6.6Concrete…・……・…………………………………………………………………………・……………………498
18.6.7Backnlling………………………………………………………………………………………………………499
Chapterl9ConstructionofSteelPipeSheetPilePoundation…………………・………………・………・……・…・500
]9」MethodtobeApplied…・…・………………………………・………・…………………………・…………………500
19.2TestPiling・……………………………………………………………………………………………………………501
19.31nstallationofGuideMaterials…………・……………………………………・……・……・……………………502
19.4DrivingaPileandFinishingtheDrivingOperation………………・……………・……………………・…502
]9.5PillingConcreteandFinishingofJointPipes・……………………………………・………………………・504
19.6CofTierdamandTopSIab・………・……………………・…………………………・………………………………504
]9.6.lConstructionofaCofferdam………・……………・………………………・………………………………504
19.6.2TopSIabConnectionandTopSIab………………………………………………………………………506
]9.6.3RemovingSupportTimberingandSteelPipeSheetPilesActingasCofYerdam……………S06
Chapter20ConstructionofTheCast-ln-SituDiaphragmWallFoundation……・…・…………………・………507
20.1MethodtobeApplied…………………………・……………………………………・……………………………507
20.2TestWOrk…………………・……・……………………………………………………………………………………507
20.3PreparationsfbrConstructionandTemporaryPacilities………………………………..………………507
20.3.]PreparationsfiorConstruction……………………………………………………………………………・・507
20.3.2TemporaryFacilities……………・………………・………………・…………………………………………509
20.4Excavation・……・……………………………………………………………………………………………・………510
20.4」ElementAlIocatioll………………………………………………・…………………………………・………SIO
20.4.2StabilityofTrenchWalls……・…・…………………………………………………・………………………510
20.4.3SIurry……………・………・……・………………………………………………………・………………………5]I
20.4.4Excavation…・…・……………………………………………………………・…………………………………512
20.4.5S1imeProcessing…………・……………………………・……………………………………………………・512
20.5ReinfbrcingBarsandElementJoints…..………………………………・……………………………………513
20.5.1Fabrication&lnstallationofReinfiorcementSteelCages…………………………………………513
20.5.2EIementJoints…………・……・……………………………………………・…………………………………514
20.6Concrete……・………………・……………………………・…………………………………………………………・SIS
PARTIVSUBSTRUCTURES
CHAPTER1GENERAL
1.1scope
ThespeciflcationsinthisPartshaⅡbeprincipallyappliedtothesubstructuresofhighway
bridges.
ThisArticleclariflesthescopeofPartlV:Substructures・
ThescopeofhighwaybridgesincorporatedintheSpeciflcationsfbrHighwayBridgesandthose
mattersnotspecifledinthisspecihcationarespecihedinSec、1.1ofPartl:common.
lnthedesignandconstructionofsubstructuresthefiollowingguidelinesmaybereferredto:
(1)RoadEarthworks-GuidelinesfbrConstructionbyJRA(JapanRoadAssociation)
(2)RoadEarthworks-GuidelinesfiorSoftGroundTreatmentWOrks,byJRA
(3)RoadEarthworks-GuidelinesfbrRetainingWa11s、byJRA
(4)RoadEarthworks-GuidelinesfiorCulverts、byJRA
(5)RoadEarthworks-OuidelinesfiorTemporaryStructuresobyJRA
(6)RoadEarthworks-GuidelillesfbrGeotechnicallnvestigatiolLbyJRA
(7)RoadEarthworks-GuidelinesfbrDrainageWOrksbyJRA
(8)RoadEarthworks-GuidelinesfiorSlopeStabilityandSurfaceTreatmentobyJRA
Chapter2oChapters3to]4.andChapters15to20ofthisPartprovidespeciHcationsonsurveybdesig、,
andconstructionrespectively、Withregardstodesign,Chapters3to7・Chapter8・Chapter9、and
ChapterslOto]4specifygeneralandcommonrequirements:specincrequirementsfbrpiers,
abutmentsoandfbotings:fimdamentalrequirementsoffbundations:anddesignmethodsfiorindividual
fbundationtypes・respectively.
Regardingconstruction,ChapterI5andChaptersI6to20specifygeneralmattersandconstruction
proceduresfbrindividualfioundationsrespectively.
1
1.ZDefinitiomofnrms
TbetermsusedinthisPartaredeflnedasfbllows:
(1)SubstructuralBody-Upperpartofasubstructure、suchasanabutmentorpierthat
transfersloadsfTomthesuperstructuretothefbundation
(2)Foundation -Lowerpartofasubstructurethattransfersloadsfi・oma
substructuralbodytothegroun..
(3)Underordinarycondition
-Conditionthatexcludestheeffectofearthquakesandwindinthecombinationofloads.
(4)Underearthquakecondition
-ConditionthatconsiderstheefTectofearthquakesandwindillthecombinationofloads.
(5)UnderLevelI
earthquakeconditio、-Conditionwithconsiderationofanearthquakehavingahigbprobabilityofoccurrenceduringthebridgeservice1ifie(LevellSeismicMotion).
(6)UnderLevel2
earthquakecondition-ConditionwithconsiderationofanearthquakehavingalowerprobabilityofocculTenceduringthebridgeservicelifeobutstrongseismicmotion(Level2SeismicMotion).
(7)Understormcondition-Conditionthatconsiderswindloadsinthecombinationofloads.
(8)Pooting -Structureinthefbrmofaslabwhichasapartofthefbundation,supportsabridgesupportcolumnorwallandtransfersloadstothegroundorpilesJhisissometimescalled
thetopslabincaissons・steelpipesheetpiles9anddiaphragmwallfbundations.
(9)UItimate
BearingCapacity-Maximumresistingstrengththatgroundcandevelopin
●
sLIPPOrtlngaStructure.
(]O)Allowable
BearingCapacity-UItimatebearingcapacitydividedbyaspecifledsafetyfactor、orbearingcapacitydeterminedfi・omtheallowabledisplacement・whicheverissmaller.
(lDDesignGroundPIane
-GroundplanedeterminedindesignasagainstthecurrentgroundplanCasonefTomwhichhorizontalresistancecanbe
expectedwithconsiderationfbrfilturechangesingroundpropertles.
(12)EmbedmentDepth -Depthfromthecurrentgroundplanetothebottomortipoftbefbundatio、
(13)EfYectiveEmbedmentDeDth
-Depthfi・omthedesigngroundplanetothebottomortipofthefbundation
2
1.3FundamentalsofDesignCaIculations
(1)T11eaccuracyoftlledesigncalculationsshallbeappropriatelydeterminedwitbafiIll
ullderstandingoftheaccuracyofthedesignrequirements,Thefmalresultsinthe
designcalculationsshouldbeperfbnnedtothreesigniflcantngures.
(2)lnthedesigncalculations、analyticaltheoriesandanalyticalmodelscapableof
adequatelyevaluatingmaterialpropertiesofmembers、Structuralgeometric
characteristics、andthepropertiesofgroundresistance・shallbeemployed.
lnthedesigllofsubstructures・itshouldbenotedthattbeaccuracyoftbeestimatesofthestrength
ofsteelandconcreteishighobutthatofsoilislowbecauseofitscomplicatednature、lnother
words・designcalculationsareperfiormedwithlargevariationsinaccuracydependingontbe
material.Therefbre・itisnotalwaysappropriatetoenbancetbecalculationaccuracyTheaccuracy
shallbedeterminedbycarefilllyreviewingtheassumeddesignconditions.
(1)
Ontheassumptionthattheloadconditionsanddesignstandardvaluesrelatingtomaterialsandthe
filndamentaldimensionsinthedesigncalculationcontainnoerrorocalculateresultstothree
signiflcantflgureseveniftheallowablevaluesareavailabletomorethanthreesignincantflgures・
Theallowablevaluesofconcreteandsomeothermaterialsareusuallyavailabletotwosignincant
flgures、Insuchcases・twosigniflcanthguresareacceptable.
Table-CL3.]indicatestheeffiectiveminimumvaluesinthefmalresultsofdesigncalculations.
Table-C1.3.1EffectiveMinimumValuesinDesignCalculations
3
ltelns UnitsEHectivcMinimumValues
CoefncientsofHorizontalSubgradeReactions
SPTNValues
AxialSprIng ConstantsofPile
AxialForcesinPile
SubgradeReactionlntensitvワ
Displacements
AxialCompressiveStressesi、Concrete
BendingCompressiveStressesi、Concrete
BearingStressesinConcretc
ShearStressesinConcrete
BondStrcssesinConcrete
StressesinReinfbrcements
StressesinSteelMembers
StressesinPCSteelMembers
kN/、
kN/、
kN/pile
kN/、
m、
N/mm
N/mm
N/mm
N/mm
N/mm
N/mm
N/mm
N/m、
勺-
つ-
つ-
つ-
つ
-
つ-
つ-
つ ̄
、
」
今 ̄
-1
00
11100
0000
●●●●●
I111110000011I
(2)lnverifyingthesafetyofmembersandthestabilityoffbundationMnalyticalmethodsandmodels
shallbeemployed,whichadequatelyconsiderthecharacteristicsoftbematerials,geometry,and
groundresistancetoobtainengineeringindicesfiorstresses、subgradereactions,and
displacements.
1.4ConditionsofConstmctionfUrDesign
(1)Whendesigningasubstructure,theconstructionconditionsshallbeconsidered
appropriately.
(2)ProvisionsspeciHedinChapters4throughl4arebasedonthepremisethatrequirements
fbrconstructionspecifiedinChaptersl5through20arefUllysatisfied・When
constructionconditionsmayfEliltofiollowthosespecifledinChaptersl5through20it
shallbetakenintoconsiderationindesigningsubstructures.
(2)IncaseitisimpossibletofbllowtheconditionsofconstructionspecifiedinChapters
l5through20,safbty)equivalenttoormorethanthatbasedontheprovisions
specifiedinChapters4throughl4,shouldbesecuredbyperfbrmingnecessarytests
orothermeasures.
1.5ItemstobeShowninDrawings
Indesigndrawingsandthelike,necessaryinfbrmationshallbegivenconsideringtheconvenienceofconstructionandmaintenance.
Majoritemsofsubstructureswhichshouldbeshownindesigndrawingsarelisted
below:
l)Superstructures
①Classofbridge
②Width
③Spa、
④Typeofsuperstructures
⑤Methodofconstruction(ifrequired)
4
2)Substructures
①Materialsandtypesofsubstructures
②Designloadsofsubstructures
③Allowabledisplacement
④Typesofmaterialsused(inthecaseofconcrete,specifiedcompressive
strengthwater-cementratiotobedeterminedbydurability,andwatertightness,
maximumsizesofcoarseaggregates,etc.)
⑤Typesofbearingstratum
⑥Allowablestressandallowablebearingcapacity
3)Constructionconditionstakenaspremisesofthedesign
ThesearethepreconditionsinthedesignthatarerelatedtoconstructionDescribe
whatneedstobesatisfiedinconstructionandthelike.
4) Maintenance-relatedconsiderationsinthedesign
Describethemaintenance-relatedmattersconsideredinthedesignassumedfilture
maintenanceconditionsandthelike.
5
CHAPTERZSURVEY
2.1General
2.1.1FunClamentals
Asurveyshallbeperfbrmedtoobtainessentialinfbrmationaboutthedesign
andconstructionofsubstructures.
Asurveyshallbeperfbrmedtoobtainthemfbrmationrequiredtodesignandconstruct
economicandsafbsubstructuresThedesignstagesurveyshallfbcusoncollecting
infbrmationonthebearinggroundlayer,selectinganappropriatefbundationtype
basedonthegeotechnicalconditions,anddeterminingthegeotechnicaldesign
parameters.
2.1.2TS7pesofSurveys
(1)Thefbllowingsurveysshallbeperfbrmedfbrthedesignandconstructionof
substructures:
1)Geotechnicalinvestigations
2)Surveysofrivercharacteristicsandirrigation
3)Surveysofconstructionconditions
(2)Forsurveysinspecificcasesunderthefbllowingconditions,special
attentionshallbegiventoexistingdata,geography,geology,and
environment:
1)Softground
2)Groundlikelytobecomeunstableduringanearthquake
3)Mountainousareas
4)Areaspronetolandslide
5)Constructionclosetoexistingstructures
(1)Table.C、2.1.1tabulatestheprincipalobjectivesandcontentsofvarioussurveysof
l)to3)above(1).Thesurveysnecessaryfbreachstageofthedesignand
6
constructionshouldbeperfbrmedwithrefbrencetoTableC、2.1.1.
Fordesignstagesurvey,itisnecessarytoperfbrmsurveysoftheconstruction
conditions・Attheconstructionstage,supplementarysurveysoftheconstruction
shouldbeimplemented,asneeded,onlyafterfilllyunderstandingtheresultsof
thesurveysobtainedatthedesignstage・Furthermore,duringconstruction,
varioussurveysneedtobeperfbrmedfbrthepurposesofconstructionmanagement・
Chapterl5describesthesurveysrequiredduringconstruction.
(2)1)’SurveysofSoftGround
ltisgenerallydifficulttoevaluatethegeotechnicalconditionsofsoftground,and
suchanevaluationwouldhaveasignificantaffbctonsurroundingstructuresand
ground,aswellasthedesignofthestructuresconcerned・TherefbrecarefUl
surveysofsoftgroundshouldbeperfbrmedinconsiderationofthefbllowing
points:
i)SurveyofExistingMaterials
Anoverviewofthegroundconditionsshouldbefirstobtainedfiomavailable
infbrmationingeotechnicalborelogsorgeologicalprofiles・Incasesofsoft
ground,moredetailedstudiesarenecessary・Therefbre,itisimportantto
carefnllycollectandexamineexistinggeologicaldatawhenmakingaground
surveyplan、Atthesametimeastudyofpreviousconstructionincluding
structuralscaleSevaluationsofgeotechnicalparametersandtypesofauxiliary
constructionmethodsintroducedwillprovidevaluableinfbrmationfbrplanning
thedesignandconstruction.
ii)Geotechnicallnvestigations
Whendesigningandconstructingstructuresonthesoftground、detailed
investigationsofconsolidationsettlement,negativeskinfiiction,lateralground
movementandthestabilityofretainingandcoffbrdamwallsareneeded、Asa
resultofthesestudieSitisimportanttoevaluatetheappropriategeotechnical
parameters.
Surchargesonfills,eccentricearthpressuresduringconstruction,groundcreep
andtheloweringofgroundwaterlevelsmaycausespecificchangesoftheground
propertieslnsuchcases,itisnecessarytoincreasethenumberoftestsitesand
7
investigationsmordertocomprehendconditionssuchasthevariation,
thicknesSandstructureofsoillayers,andtoensuretheadequacyof
geotechnicalparametersevaluatedfromthetests.
iii)SurveysofSurroundingEnvironment
Atsitesonsoftgroundsite,asignificantnumberofadditionalworkincluding
increasedfbundationworksfbrmainstructures,temporaryworkssuchas
coffbrdams,andsoftgroundimprovementworksmayberequired,Inaddition,
environmentaleffbctssuchaspropagationofgroundvibration,largeground
displacement,contalninationofundergroundwaterandotherproblemsare
likelytoarise、Accordinglyぅsurveysonadjacentonadjacentfacilitiesand
buriedstructuresneedtobeperfbrmed.
2)SurveyofGroundLikelytoBecomeUnstableduringanEarthquake
Aliquefactionassessmentisneededfbrsaturatedsandygroundwheresoil
liqueftlctionislikelytooccurduringanearthquake・Asaroughestimation,the
classificationofthegroundsshowninTable-O2・l2orhistoricalrecordsofthe
occurrenceofsoilliquefactionshouldberefbrredto・Occasionallyぅseismic
subgradereactionsofsoftcohesivesoillayersorsiltysoillayerscannotbe
expected・Whenaddressingsuchcases,thedesignshouldconfbrmtoChapter8of
PartVSeismicDesign.
Furthermore,atsiteswherelateralearthpressuresduetobackfillwouldaffbct
thesafbtyofsubstructuresclosetowaterfronts1ateralgroundspreadingcaused
bysoilliquefactionislikelytooccurduringanearthquake・Whenconstructionof
substructuresisplannedatsuchsites,detailedsurveysofthestructure
(thicknessandgradient)ofsoillayerslikelytocauseliqueftlctionandlateral
spreading,thestructuralcharacteristicsofquaywalls,presentgeographyand
fUturelanduse,undergroundwaterleveLetcareneeded.
8
Table-02.1.1Survey(1)
EXj L」
Dfll
〕nl-ノonulIlc】I
Survev PrincipalObjectives SurvevItems←!
Remarks
1)GeotechnicallnvestigationsSurvevof
U
Ground
i)Overviewofground,
structuresandpropertiesofsoil
layers(preparationof
geologicalmapsandborelogs)ii)Generalstudyof
111
designandconstruction
)Determinationofthe
magnitudeofseismicgroundmotlon
iv)Assessmentofsoil
liquefHction
v)Assessmentofsoilwhose
seismicsubgradereactionis
neglected
vi)Determinationofgeotechnical
parametersfbrdvnamicanalvsis
←
a)Surveyofgeographyandgeology
b)Boring
c)Samplingd)Soundinge)SoilTestin9
f)Rock'Ibstin
9
9
)GeophysicalexplorationandvelocitvmeasurementofPandS
waves
h)Recordsofpastearthquakesand
damage
i)Undergroundwaterlevel] ) Dvnamic
し/ propertiesofsoils
Survevof
Groundwater
i)Studvofconstructionmethod
machines,equipment,and
workingprocedures
S, a)Undergroundwaterlevel
b)Waterqualitvtest◆ノ
C)Pore-water pressures
d)F1owdirectionandvelocitv
SurveyofToxicGas
andOxygen-ShortAir
i) Studvofconstructionmethods●' a)’Ibrpeofgas,and
b)Emissionof
ltsemlss10n
oxygen. shortair
2)SurvevofRiverCharacteristicsandlrrigation
SurveyofRiver
Characteristics
i)Understandingriversandlakes,anddegreeofchange
a)Riverbedsandlakebottom
conditions
b)Currentvelocity〉nowrate,water
qualityぅwaveheight,diffbrencebetweenhighandlowwaterlevels,increaseinwaterlevelbvrainfall,
changeinwaternowbvscour,tidalし'
waveanddriftingsand,andbackwatereffbctsbehind pler
c)ConditionsofmanagementofriversandlakesandfUture plans
``Ordinanceon
StructuresonRiver
Management
Facilities,”and“theEnfbrcement
Regulations,”should
befUllyunderstood.
Survevof①プ
IrrigationandOtherRelated
Matters
i)Studyoflocations,andmethodsandperiodsofconstructionof
sub‐structuresandtemporarvfacilities
a)Navigationofvessels
b)Occurrencesofnowinganddriftingsubstances
c)Waterutilizationfbragricultureandfisherv
NecessarvtoSグ
understandthe
existenceoffishing
andwateruserights
andothers,andtheir
details.
3)SurvevofConstructionConditions
SurvevofExistingInfbrmation
1)Generalrefbrencematerialfbr
designandconstructionofsub.structures
a)Designdocumentsandconstructionrecordsfromtypicalconstruction
examples
b)Recordsof
persons
experts
experlences
concernedand
from
oplnlons of
Table-02.1.1Survey(2)
[)nLノonulllLL)’しノし
Table-C、2.L2GeographicalGroundConditionsinTermsof
ProbabilityofOccurrenceofLiquefaction
10
Survey PrincipalObjectives Survevltemsレ!
Remarks
3)SurvevofConstructionConditions
Surveyof
SurroundingEnvironment
i)Studyoftheeffbctsofconstructionworkson
environment
ii)Studyofconstructionmethods,machines,
andworkingmethods
iii)StudyofmeasuresfbrprotectingsurroundingenviroT1ment
a)Presentbuildings,noiselevels,vibrationlevels,groundmovement、waterleveland
qualityinwells,traffic
conditions,etc.
b)Generationofnoisevibration
andgroundsubsidence,changein
wellwater,andtrafficchange
likelytooccurduringconstructionduetoconstruction
methods,machines,and
operationmethodsadoptedc)Existenceofhistorical
monumentsandsitesofcultural
heritage
d)Existenceofspecialenvironmentsincludingsnowbreak
andhot
S, fbrest
sprlngs
Sヲ riverheads
``NoiseRegulationAct
,,
"vibration
RegulationAct,“
”
WaterPollution
ControlL
andlocal
aw),,
governmental
regulationsshouldbefUlly
understood.
SurveyofWork1,9
Environments
i)Understandingvariousrestrictionsand
conditionsonconstruction
Works
ii)Studvofinteractions
betweenadjacentstructuresandthesub.
structuresconcerned
iii)Studvofconstruction
methodS, locationof
operationfacilities,
machines,andprocedures
iv)Studyofprotectionmeasuresatthe
constructionsiteandsafbtv
measuresofconstruction
operatlons
v)Weatherfbrecastfbr
constructionperiod
し'
a)Workingarea;workingspace;width,alignment,trafficvolume,andtrafficrestrictionsonaccess
roads
b)Locations,amounts,and
proceduresfbrdisposalofexcavatedsoilandstabilizers
c)Locationandavailabilityofelectricityう
sewerage,
water
etc.
supplyう
d)Location,type,andscaleofadjacentstructures,buried
structures,cables,etc.
e)Recordsoftemperature,humidity,rainfall,snowfall,winddirectionandvelocity, frost
heave,freezingandmelting
typhoons,e
"IndustrialSafbtv
and
HygieneLaw,”
"Ordinanceon
し’
IndustrialSafbtyand
H● ”
yglene, and
relatedregulationsshouldbefUll
understood.
y
ProbabilityGeographicalGroundConditions
(A)High Activeriverbeds,DryRiverbeds,AreasFilledor
ReclaimedatCoastalAreas,Lakes,MarshesandRicePaddies
(B)Moderate AlluvialLowlandsandTablelandswithShallowGround
WaterTables
(C)Low Plateaus, HillS, andMountainousLands
3)SurveyofMountainousAreas
Whenthedesignandconstructionofsubstructuresareundertakenin
mountainousareas,itisimportanttoevaluatethegroundconditions(mainly
rockygrounds)andstudytheconstructionmethods・Asthegeotechnical
conditionsandconstructionconditionsinmountainousareaswilldiffbrfrom
thosefbrplainfield,specificevaluationmethodsshouldbeemployedtotakethe
groundfbaturesintoaccount.
i)SurveyofExistingMaterials
Whenlandslides,slopefailures,anddebrisflowsarelikelytooccur,existing
infbrmationfbcusingontheresultsofgeologicalsurveysshouldbecollectedas
neededFurthermore,withrefbrencetopastdisastersthatoccurrednearby,
substructuretypes,constructionmethods,andsubsidiaryconstructionmethods
shallbeexamined.
ii)SurveyofGeographyandGeology
ThedesignermustcarefUllyexaminethelocationsandnumberofinvestigation
siteaasmountainousareasoftenhavesteepgeographicfbaturesandthe
structureofthegeotechnicallayersisgenerallycomplex・Accurateinfbrmation
onthegeographyandgeotechnicalstructuresshouldbeobtainedbyincreasing
thenumberofsurveysandboreholes.
IngeneraLasmountainousareasarerockyground,thesurveyitemsandtheir
evaluationprocedureswilldiffbrfromthosefbrground・Thecharacteristicsof
rockygroundshouldbeevaluatedfromtheresultsofcomprehensivestudiesof
therockfbatures,locationScracks,openings,joints,rockpropertiessuchasthe
locationsandcharacteristicsoffaultsandweatheredtransfbrmationzones,
physicalpropertiesfromunconfinedandtri-axialcompressiontests,and
geophysicalexplorationssuchasseismicprospecting.
mSurveyofConstructionConditions
Astudyoftheconstructionconditionsisofprimaryimportanceinthedesignof
substructuresinmountainousareas,Forexample,theconstructionmethods,
theselectionofappropriatemachinery,temporaryworksdesigns,andthe
designofaccessroadsareimportantitems・Surveysofthesurrounding
environmentaswellasconstructionsitesarealsonecessary.
11
4)SurveyofAreasPronetoLandslide
Whenabridgeconstructionsiteislocatedinanareapronetolandslides,orwhen
thepossibilityoftheoccurrenceofalandslideneedstobeexaminedatthe
constructionsite,thefbllowingsurveysshallbeperfbrmed:
i)SurveyofExistingMaterials
Landslidestendtooccuratsiteswithparticulargeographicalandgeological
conditions・Therefbre,itisnecessarytocollectandanalyzeinfbrmationon
geographicalandgeologicalfeatures,andpastdisasterrecordsinandaroundthe
site,andtoexaminetheexistenceoflandslidegeography.
iDAnalysisofAerialPhotographs
ltmaybepossibletoanalyzethebodementstolandslides,precedingbodements,
pastevidence(suchasmicro-geography)oflandslidesgeologicalstructuresand
plantationsituations,andtoobtainotherusefUlinfbrmationfiPomaerial
photographslnordertoanalyzedetailedphenomena,itisadvantageoustouse
aerialphotographscapturedduringthewinterandmidspringperiodswhenleaf
coverislninimized.
Fieldinvestigationsshouldbeperfbrmedtoobserveandestimatelandslide
mechanismsinviewofexistingsurveydataandinfbrmationderivedfromaerial
photographs.
iii)GeologicalSurveysandMonitoring
Geologicalsurveysshouldbeperfbrmedtounderstandlandslidemechanisms,
groundwatersituationsandlandslidemovement・Thesurveycouldincorporate
throughboreholesurveysatappropriateselectedlocations・Extensometers,
groundsurfaceinclinometers,boreholeinclinometers,andlandsurvey
techniques(suchasGPS)canbeusedasmonitoringequipmentandprocedures.
Installationofsuchequipmentshouldbedecidedinconsiderationofthelocation
andlandslidedirection.
5)SurveyofConstructionclosetoExistingStructures
Whenanewconstructionisundertakenclosetoexistingstructureatheexisting
structuresmaysustaindisplacementormovementduetothenewconstruction・
Theprincipalreasonsofsuchdisplacementare:
12
mM。⑩』
DefbrmationofretainingwallScoffbrdamwalls,orbackfill
Heavingorboiling
Settlementofloosesandygroundcausedbyconstructionvibration
Drainage-inducedgroundwaterloweringandgenerationofvoids
Piledrivingorcaissonconstruction
WhentheconstructionofsubstructuresisundertakenclosetoexistingstructureS
sufficientsurveysshouldbeperfbrmedtoavoiddisplacementandmovementof
existingstructures.
DSurveyofExistingMaterials
ltisimportanttoexamineexamplesofdamageandremedialmeasuresto
existingstructures,andpastexperiencesofconstructionclosethesiteandtheir
in-situmeasurements・Thesedatawillprovideinvaluableinfbrmationinterms
ofdamageestimationandremedialmeasuresbasedonsimilarconstruction
works.
mGeotechnicallnvestigations
Asurveyofexamplesofdamagetostructuresconstructedclosetoexisting
structureshasrevealedthatmostdamageresultsfTominadequategeotechnical
investigationslncasesofadjacentconstructionprojects,thegroundconditions
aroundtheexistingandnewstructuresshouldbefilllyunderstoodWhen
existingstructuresarelikelytosustaindamage,groundsurveysand
geotechnicaltestsshouldbeimplemented.
mSurveysofExistingStructures
lnconductingadjacentconstructionworks,thedimensionsandcharacteristicsof
theexistingstructureshouldbewellunderstoodlnparticular,inviewofthe
effbctsofgroundexcavationworksonsurroundingground,thesafbtyofexisting
structuresisoccasionallyexaminedlnsuchcases,allowabledisplacementsof
existingstructures,types,configurations,dimensions,andembedmentdepthsto
thefbundationsshouldbeexaminedonthebasisofthefinaldrawingsofthe
completedstructuresneedingremedialmeasures・DesignconditionSdesign
methods,andthestateofworkingstressesshouldbeinvestigatedwithrefbrence
tothedesigndocuments.
13
Itisalsoappropriatetoconfirmwhetherornottheconstructionoftheexisting
structureshasbeenperfbrmedinaccordancewiththedesigndocumentsandto
checkthedecreaseinthecapacityduetothedeteriorationofthestructure.
z2Geotechnicallnvestigation
2.2.1General
(1)Awell-plannedandexecutedgeotechnicalinvestigationisrequiredto
obtainadequateinfbrmationfbrthedeSignofsubstructures.
(2)TWogeotechnicalinvestigations,apreliminarysurveyandaprincipal
survey,shallbeperfbrmedinaccordancewiththedesignprocess,inorder
thattherequireddataandinfbrmationonthesiteareabletobe
systematicallyandefficientlyobtained.
(1)Theresultsfromgeotechnicalinvestigationsarekeyfactorsfbrdetermining
overallbridgetypesaswellasthetypesanddimensionsoffbundationstructures・
Therefbre,appropriategeotechnicalinvestigations,proceduresandtestconditions
areneededsothattheinfbrmationrequiredfbrthedesigncalculationsare
obtainedThelocation,depthandamountofsurveyswilldependonthein-situ
situationsThus,asthesurveyanddesignarecloselyrelated,adequatereviewsof
thefieldandsoilconditions,theproposedbridgetypeanddesigncalculation
proceduresshouldbeperfbrmedtoplananappropriategeotechnicalinvestigation.
(2)Asgroundconditionsdiffbrfromonesitetoanother,adequategeotechnical
investigationsshouldbeselectedinaccordancewiththetypeandscaleofthe
fbundations,andthedesignstagesltispossibletoperfbrmeffbctivegeotechnical
investigationsbyreviewingsurveyitemsandaccuracy,andbydistinguishing
betweenthepreliminaryandprincipalsurveys.
14
2.2.2PreliminarySurveys
Inordertounderstandtheapproximatepropertiesofthesoillayersatthe
bridgesite,andtoobtaininfbrmationnecessaryfbrselectingfbundationtype
andconductingapreliminarydesignandprincipalsurveyplan,thefbllowing
surveysshallbeperfbrmed:
(1)Surveyofexistinggeotechnicalmaterials
(2)Sitereconnaissance
(3)Geophysicalexploration
(4)Boreholeandtestpitting
IndesigningsubstructureSitisnecessarytorecognizethegeotechnicalstructuresat
thesite,determineapproximatesubstructuraldimensionsandfbundation
arrangements,perfbrmnecessarygroundsurveys,andobtaindesigninfbrmation・
Preliminarysurveysshouldbeperfbrmedtoidentifygeotechnicalstructuresandthe
contentsoftheprincipalsurveys.
(1)SurveysofExistingMaterials
Surveysofexistinginfbrmationareconductedtocomprehendtheoutlineofthe
geographicalandgeotechnicalfbaturesatthesitethroughexistmggeotechnical
investigationdata,geographicalmaps,andaerialphotographs、Accordingly
historicalsurveysshouldbeperfbrmedatthefirststageofthepreliminarysurveys
inordertounderstandtheapproximategeotechnicalstructuresandsothatthe
resultscanbeusedinothersurveys.
l)SurveysofExistingGroundlnfbrmation
Geographicalandgeologicalmapsshouldbecollectedfbrthesurveyofthe
geographicalandgeotechnicalstructures・Furthermore,itisoftenpossibleto
definetheoutlineofthegeotechnicallayersbycollectingboreholedataand
infbrmationonwellsneartotheinvestigationsite.
2)SurveysofExistingStructures
Bycollatinginfbrmationonfbundationtypes,scales,settlementandinclinations,
andconstructionrecordsofexistingstructureslocatedclosetotheinvestigation
siteitispossibletoderiveanoutlineofthegeotechnicallayersofthebridgesite.
15
3)SurveysofOtherInfbrmation
lnadditiontotheabove,thefbllowinginfbrmationisneededfbrthedesign:
a)Geologicalmaps(landconditionmaps,landusemaps,landclassificationmaps,
oldInaps,etc.)
b)Wide-areainfbrmationincludingaerialphotographs,remotesensingdata,
GPS,etc.
c)Infbrmationondisasterssuchaslandslides,rockfailures,riverfloods.
。)Laws,regulationsandguidelinesonenvironmentalprotectionincludingnoise
andvibration
e)Infbrmationonactivefaults
(2)Sitereconnaissance
Sitereconnaissanceisusedtoevaluatesubsurfacegeologyfromthepropertiesof
rocksandsoilsobservedatthesurfaceInotherwords,geologicalplansare
preparedbycombiningsectionalgeologicalmapsmadefiPomrockoutcropsand
otherpropertiesalongriversandroadsinthesurveyarea,Furthermore,the
existenceoflandslides,andothergeographicalandgeologicalfbaturesadverseto
theconstructionshouldbeexaminedinthegeographicalobservation.
(3)GeophysicalExplorations
Althoughvariousmethodsfbrgeophysicalexplorationsfbrpreliminarysurveysare
available,seismicprospectingproceduresaresometimesemployedfbrestimating
depthstothebedrock,thedegreeofweatheringandcrackopeningsSonic
prospectingisalsousedfbrsurveyingseabedgeography.
(4)SurveysbyBoringandTestpitting
Boring,togetherwiththestandardpenetrationtestsandotherin・situtestsshould
beconductedtoidentifygroundlayersandtheexistenceofundergroundwater,and
toselectanappropriategroundlayertosupportthestructure・Moreover,the
existenceofconsolidatedsoillayersandthepermeabilityofsoillayersshouldbe
examinedbyconductinglaboratorytests.
lncaseofashallowsoillayer,thesoilconditionsandthepropertiesofthebearing
groundcanbeidentifiedbytestpitting.
16
2.2.3PrincipalSurveys
Theprincipalsurveytoidentifj7groundconditions,constructionconditions,
andgeotechnicalparametersfbrthedetaileddesignoffbundationsshall
generallyconsistofthefbllowing:
(1)Boring (6)Undergroundwatersurvey
(2)Sampling (7)Loadingtests
(3)Sounding(8)Geophysicalexplorationand
(4)Geotechnicaltests geophysicalprospecting
(5)Rocktests (9)Surveyoftoxicgasandanoxlaalr
Anexampleofaflowchartfbrplanningprincipalsurveysaccordingto224Evaluation
ofGeotechnicalParametersfbrDesignisshowninFi9.02.2.1.
Anoverviewofthestagesisasfbllows:
A・SchemeofSurvey
Surveyitems,testconditionsJocations,depthsandlengthofsurveyshouldbe
determinedinviewofthefbllowingfactors:
a)Bridgetype:Location,typedimensionsofsubstructureSetc.
b)Constructionmethods:Groundwater,soilpropertiesgeographyletc.
c)Fieldconditions:Geography,geology,fieldenvironment,localcharacteristics,
etc.
d)Designcalculations:Structuralsize,verificationitems,calculationmethods,
necessarygeotechnicalconstants,expecteddisplacementSetc.
e)Characteristicsofsurveymethods:Applicabilitytosoilconcerned,properties
ofgeotechnicalparameterstobeobtaineCLetc.
17
■
A・SchemeofSurveys:
Theextentandtestprocedures(testproceduresandconditions)shouldbedecidedinviewof
variousfactorsincludingbridgetype,
constructionprocedureSfieldconditions,designcalculationSandcharactersofsurveys.
BImplementationofSurveys: Additional
surveys
shouldbe
conductedif
necessary.oReviewofSurveyResults:
.Examinationandmodificationofmeasuredvalues
・Evaluationofgroundwater,groundlayers,and
geotechnicalproperties,andreviewoffbundation
typesanddesigncalculationprocedureSwhennecessary.
sults:
,.EvaluationofGeotechnicalParametersfbr
Design(Article2、2.4).
Fig.02.2.1ProcessfbrPlanningofPrincipalSurveystoEvaluationof
GeotechnicalParameters
Thesegeotechnicalinvestigationsshouldbeperfbrmedateachbridgeabutment
andpierlocation・Forwidebridgesacoupleofsurveysshouldalsobeconductedin
thetransversedirectionlncasesofcomplexorsimplegeographicalvariations,
however,thenumberofsurveypointscanbeincreasedordecreased,respectively・
IncaseswhenabutmentsorpiersareconstructedatinclinedsiteSitis
appropriatetoincreasethenumberofsurveypointssothatthesoillayer
structuresandbearingsoillayerscanbeevaluated.
Surveysshouldbeperfbrmeduptothedepthsofthesoillayersaffbctingthe
bearingcapacities,landslides,fbundationsettlementanddisplacement,etc・When
existingsurveyresultsindicatethatnosoillayercausingconsolidationsettlement
ispresentunderneathabearinglayer,adequategeotechnicalinvestigations
shouldbeperfbrmedtoobtaininfbrmationontheexistenceofafirmlayerwitha
thicknessgreaterthantheshorterfbundationwidth,inordertodeterminea
18
■
suitablebearinglayer.
Theextentofthegeotechnicalsurveyshouldbedefinedafterreviewing
assessmentsofthegeotechnicalparameters・Denselysurveypointgridsmaybe
necessaryfbrcomplexgeotechnicalstructures.
Soilpropertiesareextremelycomplicatedincomparisonwithothermaterialsin
civilengineering,andtheirsurveymethodsmaydependonthetypeofsoiL
Moreover,geotechnicalinfbrmationneededfbrthedesignoffbundationsmay
diffbrinaccordancewithfbundationsize,constructionconditions,etc・Accordingly,
surveymethodsandsurveyitemsshouldbedeterminedonthebasisofthedesign.
Itmaybedifficulttoemploygeneralsurveymethodstosoilswithauniquegeology、
Furthemmoreaccuratedesignproceduresmayberequiredunderparticular
conditionslnsuchcases,specialsurveysnotdescribedinthischaptermaybe
employedafterconfirmingtheireffbctiveness・Althoughnewgroundsurvey
technologiesmaybringaboutmoreaccurategeotechnicalparametersfbrcertain
conditions,suchvaluesmaynotalwaysprovidegeotechnicalparameterssuitable
fbrdesignTherefbre,inintroducingnewtechnologieSitisessentialtofilllyclarify
whethertheactualbehaviorofafbundationcanberepresentedbyapplyingsuch
geotechnicalparameterstothecalculationmethodemployed.
BImplementationofSurveys
GroundsurveyswillbeperfbrmedonthebasisofthesurveyschemedescribedinA・
above・Inactuallyimplementingselectedgroundsurveys,carefUlattentionshouldbe
paidtokeymatters.
CReviewofSurveyResults
SurveyresultsshouldbecarefUllyreviewed,measuredvaluesshouldbemodified
whenneeded,andalldatashouldbeputinorder,sothatdesigngeotechnical
parameters(describedinD・below)canbeappropriatelyevaluated・Inreviewingthe
measuredvalues,itisimportanttodetectunusualvaluesandtoidentifythereasons
fbrsuchvalues・Specifically,thefbllowingfnctorsshouldbeexamined:
a)Effbctsofdisturbancesandstressreleasesofsoilsamplescausedbyahandling
b)Effbctsofjointsandcracksinrockcausedbyrocktestsandinsiturocksurveys
c)Effbctsofdiffbrencesbetweensurveyandtestmethods
19
d)Effbctsofspecialgeotechnicalandgeologicalfbaturesdependingonregional
variations
Inreviewingthesurveyresults,itisnecessarytoidentifyaseriesofprocessesfbr
theexaminationandmodificationofmeasuredvalues・Whenitisfbundfromthe
surveyresultsthattheinclinationofgroundlayersisgreaterthanexpectedvalues,
thesurveyschemeshouldbereviewedwithconsiderationoftheeffbctsondesign
resultsandtheacquisitionofsufficientinfbrmationfbrdesignpurposes・Further,
whenitisdifficulttoevaluatedesigngeotechnicalparameters(describedinD
below)ficomthesurveyresults,orwhenitisnecessarytoalterdesignconditions
assumedatthesurveyschemestage,additionalsurveysshouldbeperfbrmed.
D・EvaluationofGeotechnicalParametersfbrDesign
Geotechnicalparametersfbrdesignshouldbeevaluatedinaccordancewith224,
onthebasisofthesurveyresultsdescribedinCabove.
TherelationshipbetweensurveymethodsandsurveyitemsisshowninTable-O2.2L
Outlinesandkeyconsiderationpointsofthesurveyswillbediscussedbelow・See
"GroundSurveyMethods,,(JapanGeotechnicalSociety)and“Methodsof
GeotechnicalTestsandCommentary"(JGS)fbrdetailsofthesurveymethods.
(1)Boring
Boringisperfbrmedtounderstandgeologicalfbrmationsandtomeasure
groundwatertables.
Theengineeringpropertiesofrocksareoftenestimatedfromthecorespecimensas
wellastheboringconditions・Incasesofsoilsratherthanrocks,boringplaysamore
importantroleinprovidingsamplingatrequireddepthsasdescribedbelow
Accordingly〉itisnecessarytoselectadequateboringmethodsandborediametersin
20
Table-02.2.1RelationbetweenSurveyMethodsandSurveyltems(1)
SuwPy
lantIons
Sulvey
metlIods
【。 ̄
Suwey
methods
Typesofsurveymethods
Soltypes
Samples
Survey
items
1.BoIing
1. 2.
Rotalyboling
Augerboling
3.WblShbolin9
AUtypes
Clay
eyso
il,s
andy
son
Softclayey
sandysoU
soil,soft
しInsitu
「二
>SoUpmpelties,strata,thiclme夢anddepth,gmundwater
table
2.Sampling
1.CbIUtubesampling
2.Fixedpiston-type
thmwalledsamplin
3.Denisonsamplin
4.Sandsampling
5.Foilsampling
6
9
9
'Dip
le-t
Ube-
type
samp
ling
7.Blocksampling
AUtypes
Softcl
soil
ayey
soil
Hald
clay
eyso
il
Sandysoil
Solt
clay
ey
Sandysoil
Son
dayeysoil,mck
Sandy
DistuXbed(D)
UndjstulbedO
U U U U U
>hEjltu
剛、
ua
印、司
距
鋤Q
脳,
皿9g ggggg
hh hhhhh
》》》迎叫pp
mmSS SSSSS
3.Sounding
1.Standaldpenetrationtest
(SPI)
2VaneSheartest
3.Staticconepenetrationtest
4.
(OPD
Swedishsoundin9
Sandysoil,clayeyson,
softmck
Solt
clay
eyso
n
Sand
ysoi
l,cl
ayey
sol
Sand
ysoj
l,cl
ayey
soil
,
、 リ
トInEdtu
Nvalues,salnP
Shea
rsnq
engt
h
lin9
Cbnebeanngcapacity
PenetIntionrPsistanoe
4.
Sontestand
mcktest
LGeophysdcalpmpeltytest
2.UnoonhnedcompIPsslon
test
3.Tli-amlcompnessiontest
(includm9measulPmentof
stralnsonspecimenもside)
4DilもCtsheartest
5.Cbnsohdationtest
6.Supelsomcpmol)agation
test
AUtypeS
ClayeyscdLmck
AUtypes
Sand
ysoi
l,cl
ayey
soU
Clay
eyso
dl
Rock
D
UUUUU
~ ノ
〉Laboratoly
Grai
n-si
ze,c
onsi
sten
cyld
ensi
tJiw
ater
cont
ent
UnoonhnedShearstmength,modulusof〔lelbrmation
Cbhesion,anJeofshearmsistance,modulusofdebnnation
(Cap
able
ofme
asul
ings
mall
stra
inon
spec
imen
,ssi
de)
Angleofshear1℃sjstance,modulusofdebnnation
Cbmpr℃ssjonmClex,ooe伍dentofconsohdation,yieldstlmessof
cons
oli〔
lnti
on
Supe
lson
icpm
paga
tion
velo
city
Table-02.2.1RelationbetweenSurveyMethodsandSurvey
SuIVW
locgqnnns
Suwuy
methods
四回
Survcy
methods
Typesofsurveymethods
Soiltypes
Samples
Survey
loc理utions
Survey
items
4.
SCU
7.Oreeptest
8.Wbtteddecaytest
9Cycljctli-amlsheartest
伽 MM
UUUU
Labo
rato
ly
OFeepcoe缶cient
DegrPeofwetteddecay
Shearmodulus,stIain-dependentdampmgratio,dynamic
Poisson1sratio
cycljcShearstInengthratio
5. Gmoundwater
survey
1.MeasuIDmentofgmundF
watertable
2.MeasuIPmentofpolも ̄
waterpmessume
3.MeasuFementofHow
4
dilc
ctio
nand
velo
city
PenneZ1bilitytest
Alltypes
Insitu
GIDundwatertable
Polc
-wat
erpl
Dssu
me
mowdilUctionandvelocity
CbefndentofpelTneabdljty
6.
Loadingtest
LPlatebealingtest
2.Holizontal10忽.in
bol1
e
9test、
aShearfiictjontestmbol、e
4.VbIticalloadin9te
stof
pile
s
5.Holizontalloadingtestof
pil
es
6.PilepuU-outtest
7.BloCksheartest
8QuickloadmgtestofpUes
、ノ
〉Alltypes
、 ノ
〉InEntu
VbItic81beaIingcapacdty;ooe価cientofsubgrademeaction
Modulusofdefbrmation
Modulusofdefbrmation,cohesion,andeofshearにsistance
VMzicalbeaIingcapacityiamlsplingoonstantofp1es
Cbefmentofsub厚nderUaction
Pull
-out
1℃sd
Stan
ce(o
r'Ib
nsil
ebea
nngc
apac
ity)
Cbhesion,andeofshear歴siStance
Vblticalbealingcapacity;axialsplingconstantofpues
7.
GeOp
exP
hysical
loratlon
andlo99mg
1.Seismicwavesun/ey
2Sonicsurvey
3.E1ectlicpmspec付ng
4Vblodtyloggdng
5.PSlogging
6.mectlicloggng
7.FolTnationdensitylogging
、ノ
歩
Alltypes
、ノ
>Insitu
Seismjcwavevelodtylgeologicalstructune
Scismicwavevelocity;geolo8dcalstructupe
Geol
ogca
lstr
uctu
rP,口
Dund
wate
rtab
le
SeismicwavevelocitylgeologicalstructulC
Seis
mjcP
EDwa
veve
loci
ty;駅
olog
ical
stru
ctuI
P
Groundwatertablc,geoloedcalstructure
DonsitJigeologicalstruct
ulC
SPECHmCAmONSFORHⅡGH、Md区YBRHDGES
PARTVSEISMICDESIGN
MARCHZOO2
JAEdhNROADASSOCIAHION
Chapter13 VerificationofSesmicPerformanceofAbutmentFoundationsatSitePronetoSoil
Liquefaction........." " .." ............................・ ...・・..・・.・・ ・・・・・・・・・ ・- ・・・・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・・・・・・・ ・・.・・・・・・ ・・・・・・・・・263
13.1 General…………………………….…………………‥…..………………………………..…….……………….263
13.2 HorizontalSeismicCoefficientforPerformanceVerificationofAbutmentFoundations266
13.3 CalculationofResponseDuctilityFactorofAbutmentFoundations- … - - ・ - - ・・- - - ・268
13.4 DuctilityCapacityofAbutmentFoundations… .… … … … … … … … … … … … .… … … … .… - - -・270
13.5 DesignofMembersofAbutmentFoundations… … … … ‥ … … .… .… … … … … … … .… … … … … …270
Chapter14 VerificationofSesmicPerformanceofSuperstructure......................・.・・・・・....1・・・・・・・・・・・271
14.1 General.… .… … … … … ‥ … … … … … .… … … .… … ‥ … .… … … … .… … … … .… ‥ … … ..… … … .… … … … ..…271
14.2 SteelSuperstructure… … … .… … … … … .… ...… … … … .… .… ‥ … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … .… ….273
14.2.1 StrengthandDisplacementCapacity ..- - - .- - - - - - - - - .- - - - .- - ・.- -273
14.2.2 StructuralDetails…………‥ … … .… … ..… .… … … . … … …273
14.3 ReinfbrcedConcreteSuperstructure………… … … … ‥ … ‥ … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … - -275
14.3.l StrengthandDisplacementCapac ity ..- - - - - - - - - - .- - - - - .- .- - .・- -275
14.3.2 StructuralDetails‥….…….……….… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… .… … … ..… .277
14.4 EndsofSuperstructure
14.4.1 GapbetweenTwoAdjacentGirde rs ....................................................................279
14.4.2 ExpansionJoints…………….…….… … .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … ‥ 2 84
14.4.3 JointProtectors……………….………… … … … … … … … … … ‥ … .… … .… … … .… … .… … … … 2 8 6●
Chapter15 VerificationofSesmicPerformanceo f B e a r ln g S u p p o rt S y s te m ............................. 2 9 0
15.1 General ….……‥ … … .… … … 2 9 0
15.2 DesignSeismicForceforPerformanceVe rifTIC a tio n o f B e a r in g S u p p o rt S y s te m … ..‥ … ‥ 2 9 3
15.3 PerformanceVerificationofBearingSupp o r t S y s te m ......" .............................................. 2 9 9
15.4 StructuralDetailsofBearingSupportSys te m .........................." .........." .." ..............." .. 3 0 2
15.5 ExcessiveDisplacementStopper.……‥…… … … … … … ‥ … … … … … … .… ‥ … … … … … … … … … … 3 0 4
Chapter16 UnseatlngPreventionSystem………… … … … .… … … … … … … … … … … … ‥ … … … … … … … ‥ 3 0 8
●
16.1 General …….……..……….…‥ … .… … … … … … … … … … … ‥ … … … … .… … … .… … … ‥ 3 0 8
16.2 SeatLength………‥
16・3 UnseatingPreventionStructure‥……‥….… … … … … ‥ … ‥ … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … … … … . 3 2 4
16・4 StructureforProtectingSuperstructurefr o m S u b s id e n c e ................." ..............." ..." ...... 3 2 8
16・5 ExcessiveDisplacementStopper………… … ‥ … ‥ … … … .… … .… ‥ … .… ..… .… ‥3 2 9