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Japanese Orientalists and

psychiatry policy in modern times

Akira Hashimoto

Aichi Prefectural University(Japan)

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Tokyo Medical School

and German Medicine

Tokyo Medical School (1876)

German surgeon Julius Scriba (center)with his students

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Kure Shuzo (1865-1932)in Berlin, 1900

The Faculty of Medicine,

University of Tokyo (ca. 1900)

The university began to

send outstanding graduatesto Europe for study.

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The Instituteof Neurology,

University ofVienna

a mecca forJapanese doctors

Heinrich Obersteiner

18471922

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The putative center(The West)

Margin(Japan)

Selective inhabitantsof the margin

reproduce the center

in the margin

Japanese

Orientalists

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In an article published in 1918, Kure and

Kashida reported traditional healingpractices found throughout Japan.

Bathing under waterfalls

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Nissekij i Temple

Nissekijiat the end of

nineteenthcentury

Inns acro

ssfromthete

mple

RoppondakiA waterfall consisting

of six streams

Dangoya InnGuest room

sanrojo

Anexample of

traditionalremedies

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Bathing under the

waterfalls atNissekij i Temple

Two Goriki retain a

schizophrenic farmer(center) for the duration ofthe bath.

Kure Shuzo /Kashida Goro (1918)

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Mental Patients Custody Act(1900-1950)

The confinement of

patients at home underthe control of the police

A confined patient inGumma Prefecture (1910)

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A home custody patient(Oita Prefecture, 1940)

A 31-year-old schizophrenic man

Since 7 years, mentally ill

trespass in strangers houses andviolence on the people and property

there His father decided to confine him at

home.

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The plan for the custody room

(Oita Prefecture, 1940)Front view Side view

45cm

258cm

ceiling

floorground

295cm 197cm

doorwaylatticed

windows

Overall view of

farmers house

custody room

Main building(dwelling house)

Source: The documents of

Oita Prefecture Archives

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A patients meal menu for a whole week

(Oita Prefecture, 1940)breakfast lunch supper

Sun rice, miso soup,egg and pickles

rice and rawfish

rice,vegetables and

grilled fish

Mon rice, miso soupand pickles

(without egg)

rice and boiledvegetables

rice andvinegared fishor vegetables

Tue

Sat

rice, miso soup

(without egg)

rice and grilledfish

vegetables

rice,boiled

Fish

Source: The documents of Oita Prefecture Archives

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The total number of hospitalized

patients increased, but

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

1924 1928 1932 1936 1940

patientsconfined athome

patients in

mental hospitals

year

Source: Minist ry of Health a nd Welfare

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0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

year

numberofbeds

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

numberofbedsper10000popula

tion

number of beds

number of beds per10000 polulation

Thenumber of

psychiatricbeds in

Japan after1950