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Japan’s ICT & Climate Change Policies and Actions
23 September, 2009
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
Koichi Fujinuma
2
Session 3: Reducing Environmental Impacts of ICTs. This session will examine ways to promote sustainable use of ICT products and
services throughout their lifecycle, and the impact of policies on the use of ICTs to tackle climate change.
Contents
I. Japan’s Climate Policies and Actions (ICT-related Issues). Japan’s Climate Policies and Actions (ICT-related Issues)
1. Action Plan for Achieving a Low-Carbon Society (Cabinet decision, July, 2008) 2. The Innovation for Green Economy and Society (Minister of the Environment, April, 2009) 3. Post-Kyoto Protocol
II. MIC’s Climate Policies and ActionsII. MIC’s Climate Policies and Actions 1. Study group on ICT policies to tackle global warming issues (April, 2008) 2. Study Group on Ecological Issues in the ICT Field (June, 2009) 3. Measures related to Green ICT
3
I-1. Japan’s Climate Policies and Actions (ICT-related Issues)
1. Action Plan for Achieving a Low-Carbon Society (Cabinet decision, July, 2008)
( Examples relating to ICT )
I. Japan’s target○ Reduce 60-80% of current emissions by 2050○ Peak out world total emissions over the next 10-20 years
II. Technology Development and Diffusion○ Promote innovative technology development
III. Framework to move towards a Low-Carbon Society○ Start trial phase of domestic emissions trading ○ Visualize GHG emissions associated with many products, foods, and services
IV. Support for regional and citizens’ initiatives○ Urge changes in business styles and lifestyles Promote the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
4
I-2. Japan’s Climate Policies and Actions (ICT-related Issues)
The Innovation for Green Economy and Society (Minister of the Environment, April, 2009)
Innovation toward:1. Green social capital2. Green local community3. Green consumption4. Green investment5. Green technology6. Green Asia
ICT policies (1)Eco-Point: Promote purchasing of energy-saving home appliances
ICT policies (2)Promote green ICTs: Green iDCs, visualization of GHG emissions
ICT policies (3)R&D: Optical router, HEMS, etc.
Optical switch/Router
Japan’s Post-Kyoto Protocol medium-term greenhouse gas emission reduction target
・ Aso’s announcement (10 June 2009) ⇒ 8% emission cut by 2020 from1990 level
(15% emission cut by 2020 from 2005 level)
・ Hatoyama’s announcement (7 Sep 2009)
⇒ 25% emission cut by 2020 from1990 level
<Changes in Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Japan>
Japan’s Medium-Term GHG Emission Reduction Target
I-3. Japan’s Climate Policies and Actions (ICT-related Issues)
5
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1990 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
CFC alternatives, etc.
N2O
Methane
CO2
(million t-CO2) 1358 million t-CO2 1374 million t-CO2
1261 million t-CO2
Global Warming Issues and ICT
Contribute to tackling global warming issues by promoting wider use of ICT
Improved energy efficiency Improved efficiency of production and consumption
Reduced movement of people and products
Environmental measurements and predictions
• ITS (Intensive control of ETC, VICS, and traffic lights)• BEMS (Building energy management system)• HEMS (Household energy management system)
• Supply chain management • e-publication and distribution • Paperless office
• Radar for measuring CO2
• Sensing network • Global simulator
• Online shopping, online trading • Telework, TV conferencing• Music, video, and software distribution • e-applications (tax declarations, online receipts)
ICTs themselves produce CO2 emissions due to consumption of electrical power to operate equipment/systems.
On the other hand, ICT usage can contribute to a reduction in CO 2 emissions due to a marked improvement in the
efficiency of production, consumption and business, also that of traffic alternatives, and a reduction in traffic volume.
It is possible to make environmental measurements and predictions using ICT.
Use of ICT
6
General households
Offices/shops
Production/distribution/
transportation
2 Schedule
1 Details
II-1 Study group on ICT policies to tackle global warming issues (1/5)
(1) Possible effects of reducing carbon dioxide emissions and power consumption in the area of ICTs.
(2) Possibility of further CO2 emission reduction through ICTs.
(3) Issues surrounding ICT research and development that contribute to carbon dioxide emission reductions.
(4) International contributions in the ICT field as a response to global warming.
2007 2008
Session 1. (Sept. 26)
Session 2 (Dec. 12)
Session 4(Apr. 10)
◆Recognition of current situation◆How to push studies forward
Public comments
◆Points ◆Report (draft) ◆Report (decision)
Session 3(Mar. 17)
As global warming issues become ever more serious, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications has set up a “Study group on ICT policies to tackle global warming issues” (Chairperson: Yoshio TSUKIO, Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo) in sep, 2007. The group's purpose is to investigate how ICTs can have a positive impact in global warming issues. The report was drawn up on 10 April, 2008.
7
8
Effects of reductions in CO2 emissions due to ICTs
Efficiency improvements can be made in such areas as energy usage, product manufacture & consumption, and reduced movement of people and products by using the ICT system resulting in lower CO2 emissions. Generally, the following eight effects are foreseen.
ICT CO2 emissions Examples include CO2 emissions due to the consumption of resources and energy during manufacturing processes and installation of ICT equipment and networks, and that occur in the process of power consumption, disposal, and recycling .
<Effects of reductions in CO2 emission due to use of ICTs>
Method of Evaluation
Effect Details
(1) Product consumptionBy reducing product consumption (consumption of paper, etc.), CO2 emissions related to goods production, waste and waste production can be reduced.
(2) Power consumption/energy consumption By enhancing the efficiency of power and energy use to reduce consumption, CO2 emissions related to power generation and power transmission can be reduced.
(3) Movement of people By reducing the movement of people, CO2 emissions and energy consumption required by means of transportation can be reduced.
(4) Movement of goodsBy reducing movement of goods, CO2 emissions and energy consumption required by means of transportation can be reduced.
(5) Improved efficiency of office spaceBy using office space efficiently, CO2 emissions and power consumption by lighting and air-conditioning, etc., can be reduced.
(6) Storage of goodsBy reducing storage space for goods, CO2 emissions and power consumption by lighting and air-conditioning, etc., can be reduced.
(7) Improved work efficiency By enhancing work efficiency, resource and energy consumption can be reduced, thus reducing CO2 emissions.
(8) WastesBy reducing waste emissions, energy consumption required by environmental preservation and waste disposal, etc., can be reduced, thus reducing CO2 emissions.
Reduction in CO2 emissions by utilizing ICTs
Effects of reductions in CO2 emissions due to ICTs=
ICT CO2 emissions
–
II-1 Study group on ICT policies to tackle global warming issues (2/5)
Estimate CO2 Emission Reduction due to Use of ICTs
Field Cited areas of use
2006 2010 2012
10000t-CO2
Percentage
(%)10000t-CO2
Percentage
(%)10000t-CO2
Percentage
(%)
e-trade for
individuals
Online shopping 198 0.1% 542 0.4% 712 0.5%
Online air ticket issuing 2 0.0% 5 0.0% 6 0.0%
Purchase of tickets at convenience stores 31 0.0% 60 0.0% 64 0.0%
Installation of automatic cash dispensers 261 0.2% 291 0.2% 319 0.2%
e-trade for
corporate business
Online transactions 527 0.4% 767 0.6% 836 0.6%
Supply chain management 532 0.4% 1,839 1.4% 1,839 1.4%
Recycle market 577 0.4% 1,154 0.8% 1,197 0.9%
e-digitization of
substances
Music content 35 0.0% 114 0.1% 133 0.1%
Visual content 15 0.0% 21 0.0% 25 0.0%
PC software 11 0.0% 53 0.0% 61 0.0%
Newspapers and books 4 0.0% 91 0.1% 95 0.1%
Movement of
people
Telework 30 0.0% 50 0.0% 63 0.0%
TV conferences 105 0.1% 194 0.1% 305 0.2%
Remote control 5 0.0% 5 0.0% 5 0.0%
Advanced road
traffic systemsITS 308 0.2% 370 0.3% 401 0.3%
e-government and
e-municipalities
e-tenders 0 0.0% 2 0.0% 2 0.0%
e-applications (tax filing) 0 0.0% 8 0.0% 8 0.0%
e-applications (online receipts) 0 0.0% 1 0.0% 1 0.0%
Energy control BEMS, HEMS 468 0.3% 730 0.5% 730 0.5%
Total 3,110 2.3% 6,297 4.6% 6,802 5.0%Note) Percentage is a percentage of total greenhouse gas emissions in Japan for 2005
II-1 Study group on ICT policies to tackle global warming issues (3/5)
9
Estimate of reductions in CO2 Emissions due to ICT - Results
2.1 2.2 2.3
2.4
5.05.46.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
2006年度 2010年度 2012年度
CO2排出量(放送+情報通信)CO2削減量
2005年度の日本の
二酸化炭素総排出量に対する割合(
%)
2.1 2.2 2.3
2.4
5.05.46.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
2006年度 2010年度 2012年度
CO2排出量(放送+情報通信)CO2削減量
2005年度の日本の
二酸化炭素総排出量に対する割合(
%)
2005年度の日本の
二酸化炭素総排出量に対する割合(
%)
3000 万トン
6800 万トン
After subtracting, there is a contribution
to CO2 emission reduction of 3.0%
2.3%
5.4%
2.2% 2.4%
5.0%
2.5%
In 2012, 30 million tons of CO2 are expected to be emitted in the ICT field, but the use of ICT will produce CO2 reduction effects of 68 million tons, contributing to a CO 2 emission reduction of 38 million tons (equivalent to 3.0% of 1990 CO2 emissions in Japan)
10* This calculation includes “reduction potentials” which do not appear immediately, and efforts are required to realize these potentials.
Per
cent
age
of C
O2
emis
sion
sin
Jap
an fo
r 19
90
2006 20122010
CO2 emissions (broadcast + information communication)
CO2 reduction
30 million tons
68 million tons
II-1 Study group on ICT policies to tackle global warming issues (4/5)
11
Recommendations
(1) Widely promote the concept, “ICTs can significantly contribute to reducing global warming while at the same time pursing economic growth and improved convenience”, both inside and outside Japan.
(2) Consider a low-carbon society, by encouraging introduction of more ICTs for various social systems, and encouraging better penetration in social systems where ICTs have already been introduced such as e-government and e-municipalities. In addition, construct low-carbon city models which can easily make full use of ICTs.
(3) Devise evaluation methods to estimate the effects of reduction in CO2 emissions due to use of ICTs at the international level, and promote standardization.
(4) Establish mechanisms which can apply these evaluation methods to private companies’ energy reduction efforts. Also, study the possibility of applying them to CDM (Clean Development Mechanism).
(5) Promote environment-conscious measures at Data Centers, and ASP/SaaS. For archiving of data, promote measures to reduce CO2 emissions in information management by such means as changing storage methods to those that consume little power, such as optical disks, etc.
(6) Review environment-conscious corporate efforts that use ICTs, and support measures for promoting “visibility”, etc,, in the household.
(7) Promote dissemination of ICTs throughout society by providing information on cases where the environmental impact has been reduced using ICTs as best practices, and starting an award system, etc.
(8) Promote research and development of an “eco-energy management system” for managing power consumption and supply by digitization of energy flow, a “resource-saving system” for realizing a paperless society, “energy- saving ICT equipment and networks”, and “measurement of environmental information”, etc.
(9) Promote research and development of technical elements common to all of the above systems, and technical elements in the ICT field.
II-1 Study group on ICT policies to tackle global warming issues (5/5)
II-2. Study Group on Ecological Issues in the ICT Field (1/5)
12
Temperatures are predicted to increase by 0.2 for each 10 year ℃
period during the coming 20 years.
Global average ground temperature is predicted to increase by 1.8, to
4.0 , by the end of the 21st century.℃
Voluntary measures to recycle mobile phones, etc., have been taken by
the Mobile Recycle Network; but the number of handsets recovered in
2007 decreased to about 55% of that in 2003.
The following two matters are being studied to address ecological issues in the ICT field.
(1) Promotion of energy-saving ICT devices and services.
(2) Promotion of activities to reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R) mobile phone handsets.
Meetings held in the Study Group on Ecological Issues in the ICT Field
* Difference in temperature in 2090 to 2099 based on 1980 to 1999
1,172 853 744 662 644Number of recovered
units (10,000s of
units)
Prediction of the increase in global average ground temperature
- comparison with the average between 1980 and 1999 -
Changes in the number of mobile phones,
etc., recovered
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Study Period: Nov.2008 – Jun. 2009
Measures to Reduce CO2 Emissions
13
(1) Approach by the private sector (consolidation of voluntary approaches)
(1) Promotion of voluntary action plan by ICT-related industries.
Industrial associations that have not yet drawn up a plan should do so promptly.
“Action Plans” with numerical targets should be drawn up by as many operators/carriers as possible to promote their activities.
(2) Guidelines specifying “evaluation criteria” should be drawn up by each industrial association (within FY2009) so that telecommunications
carriers can formulate “procurement criteria” for devices and services based on CO2 emissions.
(3) Reduce emissions as a network system and promote broader use of green electric
power (such as hydropower, wind power, and solar power generation).
(4) In order to visualize environmental activities, a mechanism is going to be
introduced whereby telecommunications carriers evaluate their own
activities and voluntarily display a “Conformity Mark” (within FY2009).
Equipment Formula for evaluation
Criteria Device name Value Evaluation
Router (Set the formula considering power consumption, transmission capacity, etc.)
☆☆☆ 16 ☆☆ 20 ☆ 24
▼▼ from Company XX 19 ☆☆ ◆◆ from Company 〇〇 22 ☆
■■ from Company △△ 15 ☆☆☆●● from Company △△ 25
Image of evaluation criteria
II-2. Study Group on Ecological Issues in the ICT Field (2/5)
Measures to Reduce CO2 Emissions
14
(2) Approach by the Government
(1) Promote measures to reduce CO2 emissions.
Promote a tax reduction scheme to promote investment in energy-saving facilities, etc. (2009-)
Share the knowledge necessary to reduce CO2 emissions by the use of ICTs.
(2) Promote standardization of the evaluation method at ITU, etc.,, so that CO2 emissions reduced by ICT can be counted in total emission
reductions.
(3) Study the addition of network devices to the items specified by the Act on Green Purchasing.
(4) In order to save energy in networks, the government needs to promote R&D of the following:
Development of eco-Internet technology
Energy-saving at data centers
Energy-saving technology utilizing cloud computing
Energy-saving by use of open sensor networks
Virtual technique-In the virtual technique, a single server is shared by two or more users, and each user can use it as if only the user occupied it.
Cloud computing-In cloud computing, two or more users share two or more servers, and each user can use as many servers as required without being aware of the locations and number of the servers being used.
Virtual technique
User A User B User C User D User A User B User C User D
Cloud computingEffective use of server resources
In addition,it is necessary to further promote:-Sophistication of systems/services -Enhancement of safety and reliability -Energy-saving.
Direction of research and development in the future-Using not only a virtual technique, but also cloud computing, industry, government, and academia should cooperate with each other to promote research and development, etc., aiming to make systems/service integration more sophisticated, enhance safety and reliability, and save energy, while attempting to use ICT resources more efficiently.
II-2. Study Group on Ecological Issues in the ICT Field (3/5)
Measures to Recycle Mobile Handsets
(1) Promotion of comprehensive recycling
Further promote awareness.
(a) Promote awareness and PR campaigns by mobile communications carriers and municipalities
(b) Enhance awareness, and ask consumers in shops for their cooperation.
(c) Run campaigns with the cooperation of the relevant ministries, associations and companies, etc.
Measures to prevent leakage of personal information through wider use of handset crushers and the use of all reset
functions for handsets, and make consumers fully aware of these measures.
15
42 %
54 %
Set voluntary numerical targets
(a) Set a target awareness level for recycling. (Questionnaires are conducted
every…)
Raise the awareness level to 70% by FY 2012 (Approx. 54% as of
May 2008)
(b) Revise the target level for the material recycling rate.
Raise the recycling rate to 70% by FY 2012 (Existing numerical
target level by MRN: 60%)
(c) Set a new target level for the recovery rate.
Set the target level for the recovery rate to 30%
together with the number of units recovered and their weight. (Estimate
for 2008: 20%+)
Recycling
awareness
level
II-2. Study Group on Ecological Issues in the ICT Field (4/5)
Measures to Recycle Mobile Handsets
16
(2) Promotion of the ‘reduce/reuse’ concept
Expand the range of locations for recovery of handsets
Achieve smooth data transfer between handsets.
(a) Standardize data-saving methods, etc., and make users aware of how contents are transferred in a manner understandable to users.
(b) As for how to handle data under the Copyright Act, a study is required by the relevant ministries and agencies, and the relevant industrial
associations, etc.
Provide incentives to subscribers.
(a) It is desirable for each carrier to choose and conduct awareness and PR activities in a timely manner concerning point redemption, provide
incentives such as discounts, and carry out recycling.
(b) It is inappropriate to introduce a deposit system (whereby a deposit is added to the price when a handset is sold and refunded when it is
returned) at this time due to the problems of handset price increases, etc. It is necessary to promote environmentally conscious design, and downsizing of handset
packages, etc.
A second-hand product market is important; however, it is necessary to study measures
to deal with issues, such as the distribution of stolen products and illegal modifications.
It is also effective to reuse some parts in LCD displays. It will be appropriate for carriers
and manufacturers to cooperate in studying this issue..
II-2. Study Group on Ecological Issues in the ICT Field (5/5)
Internet
Maintenance of personal information
Information security
Ensuring an innovative ICT environment
Ex. 2: Energy Efficient data center
Use of networks, power supply, and highly seismic-resistant above-
ground areas
Power consumption reduced to half because of devices cooled by snow,
ice, etc.
High quality/low cost data center equipment
Ex. 1: Clean energy data center
Utilization of areas where wind/solar power can be easily used
Significant reduction of CO2 emissions due to reduced usage of fossil-
derived electricity
Use of highly seismic-resistant robust ground
Concept of the Green Cloud Data Center with the highest environmental performance
Promote construction of the most advanced large-scale data center. In this case, aim for the world’s highest advanced technological
performance, not only in the aspect of costs and the prevention of disasters such as earthquakes, but also in the environmental aspect,
including cooling methods and the energy that will be used.
○ Increase in energy consumption and traffic volume of broadband
networks
Increase in the number of devices such as servers due to the increase in
data volume
Challenges
70
75
80
85
90
95
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
dヘチ
ハiュkWh)
ブロードバンドネットワークの年間消費電力量の試算
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
gtBbN(Gbps)
ブロードバンドネットワークの年間トラフィック量の試算
Source: 2008 Communications Society Conference, “Estimation of Broadband Network Power Consumption”,
Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers
II-3(1/4). Measures taken by MIC (R&D) : Green Cloud Data Center Concept
Estimation of Annual Power Consumption of Broadband NetworksEstimation of Annual Traffic Volume of Broadband Networks
Tra
ffic
(G
bps)
Tot
al p
ower
con
sum
ptio
n (1
00
mill
ion
kWh)
Ecological Internet
Research and development of all-optical communications technology
Existing network
A signal is processed after conversion into an electrical one at each communications network
relay/junction point.
Light to electricity conversion
Optical signal Optical signalElectrical signal
Optical fiber
Electricity to light conversionSwitch/Router
All-optical network
Transmit information from one end of the communications network tio the other using only light,
not via electricity
Optical switch/Router Realization between 2015 and 2020
Accelerate research and development of all-optical communications technology that can realize both high speed and power-saving.
Optical signalUltra-high speed
(100 to 1000 times)
Lower power consumption
(1/10)
Temperature sensor
Motion picture streaming
Routers that do not relay,
automatically turn off power.
Traffic is integrated.
No routing or
buffering
Router 1
Router 2Router 3
Router 4
Entire routing control
Nationwide ISP-A
Nationwide ISP-B
Cash
Local
ISP-C
Local ISP-D
Develop and verify the technology to realize an ecological Internet that will save power and reduce CO2 emissions.
(1) Traffic integration/decentralization technology
adapted to congestion, etc., in networks
(3) Verification of traffic routing control utilizing network
location information, etc.
(2) Power-saving network control technology using
simplified routers
Between nationwide ISPs
Within a nationwide ISP
Between local ISPs
Between a local ISP and a
nationwide ISP
National-IX
Region IX
18
II-3(2/4). Measures taken by MIC (R&D): Ecological Internet and Networks
“Verification of household electrical appliance status monitoring services utilizing ‛power line communications (PLC)’
○ Develop and verify technology that can comprehensively collect and manage information about household electrical appliances (model numbers, power consumption,
etc.) of each household by connecting the power line communications network in the household and the cable TV network.
○ Thus, visualize power consumption and CO2 emissions in households, and build an environment where various services, including traceability, can be used. ○ Period: FY2008 to 2010
○ Place: Seika-cho, Kyoto Prefecture
Server
Power line communications network in a household Cable TV network
Comprehensively collect and manage information about household electrical appliances
Visualize power consumption/CO2 emissions
Refrigerator
TV
PLC (Power Line Communications) : Technology to
use power lines as communications circuits. High-speed
communications at several Mbps are made possible by
installing an adaptor for communications (PLC modem) at
a wall outlet, and connecting a communications device.
“Environmental housekeeping book using ASP/SaaS”
○ Visualize CO2 emissions in a household using an “environmental housekeeping book with ASP/SaaS” that can automatically calculate CO2 emissions from
purchasing/consumption in consumers’ daily lives.
○ CO2 Emissions are automatically calculated using the data obtained via cooperation between various data and servers, such as Internet-based POS.
Retailers, Supermarkets Consumer
Purchase
Purchase
* Study the possibility of collaboration with the Eco Action Point Program of the Ministry of the Environment
Environmental housekeeping book
○ Period: FY2008 to 2010
○ Place: Naha City, Okinawa Prefecture
19
II-3(3/4). Measurements done by MIC: Ubiquitous Special District
Ex. 1: Where a telecommunications carrier introduces various kinds of energy-saving
equipment to increase the productivity of resources
Data Center Head/branch offices, stores, etc., of a telecommunications carrier
Ex. 2: Where wireless/wired networks are used to promptly determine the power
consumption of each branch and perform centralized control as required, thus
increasing the productivity of resources
(Purpose)
Realize both a low-carbon society and economic growth through support, based on the Act on Special Measures for Industrial Revitalization and Innovation in Industrial Activities, for
facilities such as those that increase the productivity of resources (or increase added value with less energy and fewer resources.)
(Scope of support)
Companies that have established high targets to increase the productivity of resources (ex. (Value added)/(Energy consumed)), have filed an application for approval of the plan to the
competent Minister, and have been approved. The scope of support covers relevant investment in activities regarded as having more than a certain level of effect from among those
described in the approved plan.
(Tax measures)
National tax (Corporate tax/income tax): Special depreciation equivalent to 30% (in cases of buildings,15%) of the acquisition price. (Those acquired on or before March 31, 2011, can
be immediately depreciated).Equipment to optimize the
environmental impact of
devices using information from
heat sensors, etc.
CO2 CO2 CO2
Control Control
制
御
Air- cooling facilities
using natural air
Improvement of electrical power
efficiency using high-voltage DC
power supply equipment
II-3(4/4). Tax reduction to promote investment in energy-saving facilities, etc
Scope covered by the tax system (examples)
(1) Power adaptor
(2) Sensors (including tags transmitting data)
(3) Wireless LAN base station to communicate data from sensors
(4) Computer terminals to be controlled at Head Office
(5) Routers/modems, etc., for communications, etc.
<Examples of facilities within the scope of support in the ICT field>
Electric power
Energy-saving
measures for the
device itself
20
Store
Branches, other
stores, etc.
SensorAdaptor
Wireless LAN of the base station
System capable of centralized control and information collection using networks
Control center such as Head Office
Promptly determine the power consumption, and perform centralized control as required.→Improve the efficiency of power consumption.
Air conditioning
Display shelf
Lighting
Power switchboard
Thank You