January 31, 2014

• Complete the Map of Ancient Egypt using pages 62, 64, R36 (in the Atlas at the back of the book)– SKIP # 8, 12, 16, 18, and 20

Nile Civilizations

1. Geography

A. The Nile RiverI. It flows south to northII. Floods annually (yearly)

1. Provides deposits that make the soil fertile2. Richest, most fertile soil is found in the Delta

B. The DeltaI. Definition- an area at the mouth of a river, often

triangular in shape, made up of silt deposits

2. Early Egypt

A. Two KingdomsI. People spoke different dialects and had different

customsII. Lower Egypt (Northern Kingdom)

1. Occupied the delta region2. Symbol was the snake because they worshiped the cobra

goddess

III. Upper Egypt (Southern Kingdom)1. Occupied the area south of the Delta to the 1st Cataract2. Symbol was the vulture because they worshiped a vulture

goddess

B. MenesI. Legend states he united the 2 kingdoms around

3100 B.C.II. He adopted the symbols of both kingdoms

1. Wore a crown that combined both symbolsIII. Founded the 1st dynasty in Egypt

3. 3 Kingdoms (Time Periods)

A. Old Kingdom ( 2650- 2150 B.C.)I. Started with the 3rd DynastyII. Began a stable period in EgyptIII. Built the pyramidsIV. Head of government was the pharaoh

1. Had absolute power2. Owned all the land3. Acted as judges4. Leader of army5. Believed to be a god

v. Religion and government closely intertwined1. Egypt’s government was a theocracy

a. A state ruled by religious figures

vi. Had a well established bureaucracy1. A highly structured organization managed by officials2. Had no power of their own, but acted on the wishes of

the pharaoh3. Most powerful official was the vizier

a. Responsible for advising the pharaoh, carrying out his orders and trying court cases

4. Other officials served as governors, supervisors, inspectors of irrigation and crops, census takers and tax collectors

B. Middle KingdomI. 2055 B.C a new dynasty arose and started

the period of the Middle KingdomII. Re-established stability in EgyptIII. Capital was ThebesIV. Enjoyed economic prosperityV. Secured trade routesVI. Built fortresses along the NileVII.Fell to Hyksos invaders around 1650 BC

C. New KingdomI. Defeated the Hyksos around 1550 B.C.II. Built powerful military to protect against invasion

I. First permanent armyIII. Extended empire beyond the Nile into the region

of Nubia and other lands

iv. Famous Leaders1. Hatshepsut

a. One of a few women to rule Egyptb. Proclaimed herself pharaohc. Referred to herself as the son of the sun god.d. Encouraged tradee. Had statues made that portrayed her as a manf. Nephew had almost all that she had built destroyed

Granite Sphinx bearing the likeness of Hatshepsut.Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC.

Hatshepsut on the right

Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC.

2. Amenhotep IVa. Changed his name to Akhenaten

i. Means beloved of Aten

b. Introduced monotheism to Egypti. Banned the worship of many gods/goddesses….could only

worship Aten

c. Built a new capital called Akhetaten

3. Tutankhamona. Also known as King Tutb. Son of Akhetatenc. Restored the worship of Egypt’s traditional godsd. Moved capital back to Thebese. Also only tomb in the Valley of the Kings not to

be raided

4. Ramses IIa. Also known as Ramses the Greatb. Ruled for 60 yearsc. Built more temples and monuments than any other

pharaohi. Temples at Abu Simbel and Karnak are two of the more

famous

d. Reign marked the last period of Egyptian greatness

Search and Rescue

• Start at your assigned letter. Write it down.• Flip open the page, and write the question. • Think of the answer. Then, find it at another

letter around the room. • Write down the answer. • Write down the next letter, and repeat.• When you have gone to all 9 letters, you will

find a secret message!

Quiz 1

• After the quiz, read Making an Egyptian Mummy. • Then, choose one to complete:

– Create a cartoon depicting the reading.– Create an advertisement for one of the levels of

mummification.– Create an illustrated how-to guide for an embalmer.

• Please use color!• This is due Monday.

February 3, 2014

How did geography impact early civilizations? Come up with at least 2 examples.

4. Egyptian Culture

A. Religioni. Polytheistic

1. Worshiped many gods and goddessesii. Believed gods controlled all natural eventsiii. Main gods and goddesses

1. Re or Amen-Rea. The sun godb. Almost always a key figure in Egyptian religionc. Believed to be king of the gods and father of the pharaohs

2. Anubisa. Protector of the deadb. Believed he weighed the

souls of the dead and decided their fate

3. Osiris, Isis, and Horusa. Osiris is believed to have introduced civilization into

Egyptb. Story goes that he was killed by his brother Seth, who

cut his body into pieces and scattered them across Egypt.

c. Isis, Osiris’ wife, found all the pieces and reassembled them and this brought Osiris back to life.

d. They had a child named, Horus who would seek revenge on his uncle

a. Osiris Became the new judge

of the dead

b. Isis Became known as the

goddess of nature and renewal

c. Horus Became the first king of

Egypt

iv. Built temples to honor the gods1. Featured Obelisks

a. Tall, thin pillars with pyramid-shaped tops

b. Made from a single piece of stone and had intricate designs

v. Priest performed rituals to the gods1. Seen as their responsibility to care for the gods

vi. People worshiped the gods during annual festivals 2. Not allowed to enter temples; only the priests and

pharaohs could.

b. Mummificationi. Believed that a force called the Ka left the body

when it died1. Ka journeyed into the afterlife

ii. Developed a process to preserve the body called mummification

iii. Early mummification was only for the pharaoh and members of the royal family

iv. Mummification Process1. First step was removal of internal organs.

a. Organs were placed in jars and buried with the body. b. The heart was left in the body.

2. Second step was to pack the body with various materials to keep its shape

a. Special salt was used to dry out the bodyb. Then it would be wrapped in linens

3. Bodies would then be buried with all possessions thought necessary in the afterlife.

vi. Tombs were painted with colorful scenes from the person’s life or stories about the gods

5. Daily Life

A. Social Structurei. At the very top the pharaoh and the royal family

1. Followed by priest, government officials, scribes, military leaders, landowners and doctors

ii. Next were artisans, craftspeople and merchantsiii. Third, was made up of 90% of the population

which are farmersiv. At the very bottom were slaves

1. Never made up most of the population2. Most were convicted criminals and prisoners of war

b. Marriage/ Familyi. Pharaohs would often marry sisters and had more

than one wifeii. Most men had only one wifeiii. Patriarch society

1. Father was the head of the house

iv. Women1. Primary responsibility was to take care of the

home and children2. Had more rights than most women in ancient

societya. Could divorceb. Own and inherit propertyc. Serve as priestessesd. Create willse. Work as hairdressers, wigmakers and singers

v. Children did not receive an education in most cases

c. Art, Writing and Sciencei. Art

1. Paintingsa. Both detailed and colorfulb. Told stories of daily life, stories of the gods or major

events2. Human figures

a. Portrayed differentlyb. Gods and pharaohs are depicted larger than other peoplec. These characteristics give Egyptian art a unique style

3. Statuesa. Large and imposingb. Most famous statue is

the Great Sphinx

4. Hieroglyphicsa. Main writing systemb. Picture system used to represent objects, sounds and ideas

ii. Other writing systems1. Hieratic

a. Used mostly for religious text2. Demotic

a. Used mainly for legal and literary writingb. Rarely carved in stone but was used on papyrus and other

mediums

iii. The Rosetta Stone1. Found by a French soldier2. Stone had three types of writing on it

a. Greek, Demotic and Hieroglyphic3. Greek allowed for the hieroglyphs to be

translated as well as the demotic4. Unlocked the mystery of Egyptian writing

iv. Mathematics1. Understood basic arithmetic and basic principles

of geometry2. Had a grasp on engineering

v. Medicine1. Greatest advances was in medicine2. Masters of the human anatomy

a. Set bonesb. Treated woundsc. Performed simple surgical procedures

3. Used medicine from plants and animals to cure simple illness

4. Prescribed regimens of basic hygiene to keep people from getting sick

Ancient Egyptian Civilization Foldable

• Fold a piece of paper in half hot-dog style.• To the right of the crease, write each of the following.

– Geography– Leaders– Major Gods and Goddesses– Social Structure– Writing System– Building Achievements– Sciences– Mummification– Roles of Women

• Complete the inside of the foldable using your notes and the text.

Create a Cartouche

• A cartouche is the name of a pharaoh written in hieroglyphics.

• Write your own name, in hieroglyphics, on a cartouche. Color it, and hang it up!

• Be sure to put your name on the bottom right corner