8/10/2019 January 3, 1925

1/3

534 The Nation

[Vol.

115 No. 2993

45. In every demonstration th e leader shall see that all his

men bear themselves in such

a

manner as

t o

make every good

citizen feel tha t he Fas cis t militia

is

the first gua rd of the

nation.

46. Whenever the black shirtsappea r n public theymust

prove that they are the purest and the ighest patriotic force in

Italy-the force which asksnothingand can at an y time die

the nation.

47.

Every disorder in a group every demonstration of a

demagogical nat ure or in defense of p riva te inter ests shall be

considered treasonandshal l be punished as such either col-

lectively or individually. The eadersand th e chief offenders

shall beheld responsible firs t of all.

REWARDSND EMBLEMSF HONOR

48 Fascisti who have in some special way distinguished

themselves in action by deeds of courage performed in pu rit y

shal l receive as special distinction the medal of Fascist cour-

age

o r

promotion on the field.

49 The medal of Fasc ist courage can be of gold silver

or

bronze the coin and the form of the medal to be determined by

the General Command togetherwith the executive committee

of

the party.

50. It

is

tiedwith

a

red vermilion ribbon with two tricolor

borders.

51. Proposalsshallhenceforth be made byany political o r

lpilitary Fascist authority and passed by all superior political

andmilitaryauthorities in thehierarchyup o hegeneral

secretary of the par ty executive committee.

62. Proposals for rew ard s for valor shall be judged without

appeal by

a

majority vote of th e rium virat e of the General

Command.

53. The awards will then be published in the bulletin of the

General Command and rep rinted on all orders of the day down

to tha t of the legion command so that they may be read by all

princes black shir ts.

54. Medals for courage in action may be awarded only by

the general commanders

o r

by th e par ty leader.

55. Promotion on the field t o head of a squadron head

of

a

maniple may be made only by legion commanders the ir

su-

periors. Promotion tocenturion commander may be made by

the zone inspectors.

The General Command shallalways be notified of any pro-

motions.

56. Promotion on the field t o cohort commander

o r

higher

rank is always decided by the General Command af ter hearing

the opinion of the proper authori ty.

57. Fascis ti have beenwounded in action the

Fas cis t faith are entitled to a special wound emblem.

58. The woundemblem is formed by a str ipe of red ver-

milion braid 5 millimeters high and 5 centimeters long t o be

worn obliquely on the right sleeve of the black shir t.

59. Theextent

of

the wounds any mutilations may be

designated according to he ame rules which governed em-

blems those who suffered injur ies in the war.

60.

The General Command aft er hea rin g the opinion of th e

lower officials in the hierarchy who ar e concerned judges with-

out appeal requests for awar ds

of

emblems for mutilations

or

wounds.

TFCANSITORY

ROVISIONS

61. The provisions of thepresent regulation shall go into

For the General Command:

effect upon its publication i n the Popolo Italia

CESAFCEM RI E VECCHI

EMILIO E BONO

F o r the Par ty Executive Committee:

Pellice 17, 1922

MICHELEBIANCHI

Mussolini:

The

First Man in

s

GNOR

ENITO MUSSOLINI now leader of the Fas-

cisti was only wenty-five yea rs old when

he

became

editor of Avanti th e official organ of the Italian Socialist

P a r t y . I n 1913 he w as t he idol o f the party but when the

war broke out he found himself repudiating he Socialist

principles of internationalism.

He

broke from

and

was

expelled from

the

par ty ;

month

la ter

he

founded

the Popo lo

I t a l i a andbentallhisenergies obringing

about Italian participation in the war on he Allied side.

Af ter th e close of the war and Mussolinis retur n from ser-

vice

at the fr ont he became alarmed at th e Bolshevik ten

dencies displayed by the Italian workers. He

was

strongly

opposed tu he seiz ure of the plants by he metallu rgical

workers

in

1920 and though at that t ime his did not

have sufficient. strength t o offer any effective resistance it

was growing teadily nd in November 1920 t h e

first

bloody encounter

with

the Socialists took place at Bologna.

Th is was the beginning of the decline of Italia n bolshevism

a n d t h e ise of the Fascisti.

Signor Mussolini made t o the correspondent of t h e Ma

Guardian

th e following statement

of

his partys aims

and policies. repri nts he state ment from he

Guardian. for October 19.

I

am keenly desirous of peace and reconstruction.

I

know

tha t Ita ly needs the restoration of order needs to get back t o

work. Bu t only through our ntervention could the ground be

cleared for a political and financial situation in Italy worthy of

her great sacrifices for he Allied cause. Twice we saved

country-first when German militarismhreatened her and

secondly when the Italian Bolshevists had erected their infernal

machinery. In both cases the Fas cist Party did a gre at service

t o Europe and to the whole world.

Italys present Government

is

powerless. The present Cham-

ber of Deputies will never allow th e formation of

a

strong

Cabinet which could seriously and energetically atta ck the vita l

problems which face

us.

Only the Fascist Party

is

giving clear

evidence

of

its patriotism and ts determination to rescue the

countryfrom the prese nt impasse. The Government must un-

derstand that the time has come to call upon the Italian people

to elect a new Chamber. Should the Cabinet fa il to do this we

shall take drastic action.

Our subsequent policy will be inspired by the loveof our

countryand of the working people.We shall call ageneral

election as soon as peace and normal activity have been restored.

feel certain however that he Government will realize

str eng th and our single-minded desire t o attain peace and free-

dom all and for every political par ty. The present Cham-

ber of Deputies then mus t be dissolved; our pa rty will emerge

victorious from the polling. As soon as we are n power we

shall proceed to carry out o u r program.

At present I asked you have thousands of armed followers

the so-called black shirts.

How

couldyou reconcile the

ex-

istence of two armies-the regula r rmy nd our black

sh~rts-if you were the head even a member of the Govern-

ment

As

a

member of a Cabinet with

a

Fascist program

I

should

a t once intimate t o the Italia n people tha t bloodshed must cease.

Everyone mus t work and act for he welfare of the country.

There

w ll

be no reason for the continued existence of the black

shirt army. They must obeymy ordersand keep the peace.

In common with all other Italian citizens they must abandon

political antagonisms in order to serve the great common cause

th e welfare of our beloved country.

What will be your home and foreign policy?

love the working classes. The supreme ambition and he

dearest hope of my lif e has been and is still to see them bette r

8/10/2019 January 3, 1925

2/3

536 The-Nation [Vol 115,No.

2993

treated and enjoying conditions

of

life worthy of the citizens

of

a great nation. They have a just claim t o humane conditions

and

to

a rewardproportionate t o their labor. But men li m e

dutiesas well as rights.

I

cannotadm it he classic, Marxis t

conception of socialism, and I deny that the welfare

of

the pro-

leta ria t can be attained hrough he principles of Marxism. I

do not believe in the class war,but

in

cooperation between

classes. TheFascist Government will devote all its efforts to

the crea tion of a n agr ar ian democracy based on th e principle

of small ownership. The grea t esta tes mus t be handed over

t o

peas ant communities; the great capitalists

of

agriculture must

submit

t o a

process of harmonization of their rights with those

of thepeasants.

In ore ign policy we hall be good friendswith all those

nations which are worthy of our friendship; but we shall be

bitter enemies of those nations which will not realize tha t Italy

will never ssert ims conflicting with he ights of other

peoples.

Our policy

will

be entirely liberal. We shall be glad to accept

th e collaboration of all, even of

our

opponents.

But I

want the

Italian people t o understand that our conception of liberty

implies a severe national discipline. The ule of theFascist

P a r ty will begin a new er a of liberty-provided. of course, th at

all parties understand that this liberty m ust be entirely devoted

t o our countrys welfare.

What will be your program for improving the financial situa-

tion of the country?

The most energetic measures will be taken t o deal with the

financial ituation.Wemust spend ess andearn more. The

budget will bebalanced as speedily as possible. We cannot

afford o mport housands o tons of wheat every year. The

people mu st at less read. All tate xpenditur emust be

ruthlesslycut down. Our motto will be theutmost economy.

If the situa tion should call

f o r

it we shall return to the war-

time system of bread cards.

We ar e pre par ed to ent er int o negotiations with other polit-

ical parties-except, of course, the Socialists-for the orm a-

tion of a new Cabinet. But we wa nt the most important min-

istries-Home Affairs, For eign Affairs, theWar

Office,

the

Admiralty, heLaborMinis try, Should either Giolitti

or

Sa-

lzndra accept

our

proposal, we shall be very glad to bear the

burden ofoffice in orde r to overcome Italys present difficulties.

Personally I am not onging for power. I am not

so

foolish

as

t o desire office

f rom

personal ambition.

I

know

I

am

a

very

prominent eader n Italian politics. There is

no

need

f o r

me

to become a minister, a premier, in rder t o exercise my

authority. I shall accept th e heavy task of ruling he country

only because

I

know

tha t

Italy

can only be saved through

our

Patriotism and our energy.

I n F o r t h c o m i n g s s ue so f t h

In temuzt ioml Re la t ions Sec t ion

Suppressing

Japanese

Schools

in

Hawaii

y G. HAMILTON OLKET

W h y th e fore ig ll r language school

prob le m has caused the me lt-

ing-pot of H a w a i i t o boil over.

Bonds of Love

A t r e a t y be tw e e n . G re a t B r i t a in and i rak w h ic h

in the Government s v iew of fe rs a com ple te

p l y

t o t k e c r i t i c i s m s t h a t G r e a t B r i t a i n i s e x p l o i g n g

I r a k o r t h e s a k e o f its oi l resources.

-THE WISERS M MOIRS

unique histoncal document in which the man who

precipitated the World War shows himself t o have been,

as his translator puts

it-A

pltlfully small man doomed

t o figure in tremendously blg events.

This

book, wnt-

ten

during

fouryears

of

exile, is his personal review

of

his career as Emperor of Germany. The English version

was

carefully

read and corrected by

the ex-Kalser.

3.50

FROM

SEVEN TO

SEVENTY

Memoirs

of Painter and a

Yankee

By

Edward

Simmons

Manse made

famous by Hawthorne.

He

knew

Emerson.

Simmons,

famous

American painter lived in

the

Old

After

finishing

college

at

Harvard,

he made

a

trip

west

in search of gold. In Europe he associated with Whistler,

Rosa Bonheur, Abbott Thayer, Paul Verlaine, and a host

of other

famous people.

His remlnlscences are more

pic-

turesque than fictlon. 4 00

HISTORY

OF

ART.

By Elie Faure. Translated f r o m the French

by

Wulter Pa

of

the SubJect

that

has yet appeared

New Pork Herald:

The Dial The

most interesting

:?d seductive

history

His History of Art mlght

be

called

hlstory tested

by

art or

history proved by art f o r

always

he

sees the poets

and

artlsts

writing and painting unconsclously in larger

figures

than they

know-the

t rue hlstorians of

the

world.

Volume I Anczent Art/:

G

00. Volume II, Medmeval

Art 7.50. TTolzcme 111 RenaassaiLce

Art.. and

Toolume

IT, Nodern ArY

in

preparatzon.

terestmg

race with

unerrmg

Instinct.

The

book abounds

Paints the

life customs,

JOYS

and

sorrows

of

this

In-

ln

pictures

of

primitive

life

led by

the

gypsies

-The

N.

Y.

Szm

I t

IS b y

t u rns

racy

lyrical

and

audaclously frank.

Dance and Provencal song,

and

sunbur nt mirth. Illus-

trated

m t h photographs. 3.00

THE MIND IN THE MAKING

By James

Harvey Robinson

When H G.-Wells read thls book he

said

that he

had

land of understandmg I This

is

typical of the comment

the

sense

of havmg crossed a rldge and come into

a

new

from scholars and

thmkers all

over

the world.

N o t

for

years

lias

a

slngle

volume

so

stimulated the imagination

of Its readers or so quickened their lntellectual processes

2

5

PSYCHOL06Y

y

Robert

C

Givler

is a popular book in the sense

that

the style is

easy

and

A

composite

of

modern psychologicalendencies.

It

there

are

abundant

anecdotes

Illustrating

the

laws

and

mg dry or abstruse.-The Boston Herald.

prmciples

of

psychology

t o

keep

the chapters from becom-

3.00

CHEMISTRY

y Hippolyte Cruener

This popular book is fo r

the

woman in

the

home and

the man in business as

well

as for the student of chemls-

try. The emphasls throughout

is

on fundamental pnn-

ciples, wlth numerous practical appllcations and llustra-

tions.

Dlvlded

into descriptive, inorganic, physical and

organic chemistry. 3.00

H RPER L BROTHERS Established 8 7 NEW PORK

8/10/2019 January 3, 1925

3/3