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American Sheep IndustryJANUARY 2014Larry Clark, Director
We are all faced with a series of great opportunities brilliantly disguised as impossible situations
--Charles Swindoll
NWRC Mission
Apply scientific expertise to resolve human-wildlife conflicts while maintaining the quality of the environment shared with wildlife
Agriculture & Resource Protection-Aviation Safety-Feedlots & Dairies-Sunflower & Rice-Timber & Horticulture-Pacific Rim Biosecurity-Livestock/predation
Technology Development-Contraceptives-Chemistry-Genetics-Toxicology
Wildlife Diseases-Cattle Fever Tick-Pseudorabies-Rabies-bovine TB-Influenzas-Bacteria-CWD
Invasive Species-Feral Swine-Starlings-Rodents-Brown Treesnakes
Status of Wildlife Services ProductsDECEMBER 2013
AlphaChloraloseTheobromine
Caffeine
Sodium Nitrite
Authorization
CPTHAmendment
Partnering: Confidentiality, CRADA , Patents, Transfer, Licensing
•Brodificoum•Diphacinone•DRC1339 (2)•DRC 1080•Zinc Phosphide (3)•Sodium Cyanide•Strychnine (4)•Gas Cartridge•M44 (2)•Acetaminophen• Corn oil
•GonaCon• Propiopromizine HCL• Cinnamon, clove, anise oil•Measurol
Facilitated• Nicarbazin• MethylAnthranilate• Anthraquinone
DiazaCon
Other Oral Contraceptives
Anti-Virals
RodenticideAdjuvants
Species SpecificContraceptives
Management Business Decision: Go-No Go
FinalizeFormulation
Research & Development
IdeaPilot
StudiesLab Efficacy
StudiesField Efficacy
Studies
PAPP
RegistrationStudies
RegistrationSubmission
RegistrationApproval
Product
Status Under development Under development On-hold APHIS registered APHIS registered
Sodium Nitrite PAPP Theobromine/Caffeine 1080 Sodium Cyanide
Targets Feral swine Coyote Coyote Coyote Coyote, fox, wild dog
Specificity • Toxall species• Higher Tox in swine
• Tox all species• Higher Tox in cats
• Tox canines• Mod Tox all species
• Tox placentals • Toxall species
Mode of Action
• Oxygen deprivation• Methemoglobin
• Oxygen depletion • Renal failure • Kreb cycle inhib • Kreb cycle inhib
Antidote • Yes• Methylene blue
• Yes• Methylene blue
• No• Therapeutic treatment
• No • Yes• Amyl nitrite• CyanoKit®
Application Method
• Oral/ingestion• Bait• Hopper
• Oral/ingestion• Modified M-44,
CLOD
• Oral/ingestion• CLOD
• Oral/ingestion• Livestock
Protection Collar
• Aerosol• M-44 ejector
Humaneness• Time to death• Awareness
• High• 1-2 hr• Low
• Medium• 1-2 hrs• Medium
• Medium• 8-24 hr• Medium/High
• Low/Medium• < 12 hr• Medium
• High• 10 min• Transient
Difficulties • Palatability• Delivery quantity
• Vomiting • Palatability• Gut transport• Delivery quanitity
• Convulsions• Registration
• Human safety• Convulsions• Registration
Other uses • Meat preservative • ? • Human food • none • Gold mining
Registration Costs
• Low• Existing data
• Medium• Data sharing with
NZ and AUS
• High • Maintenance fees • Maintenance fees
Selected Logan Field Station Activities
Winter Spring Summer Fall
PAPP
Other Nonlethal Tool Studies- improving fladry design
- reducing urban coyote conflict
Guard Dog & Coyote Sterlization Studies
Forensic Genetics- Method to ID bear predation on livestock- Service ID predators to sheep/cattle- Guidleines for DNA quality from depredation
PAPP BackgroundPAPP: para-aminopropiophenone• Methaemoglobin forming compound• Registered in New Zealand for control of stoats and feral cats• Registration applications submitted in Australia for wild dogs and foxes• Antidote available: methylene blue
Benefits compared to sodium cyanide• Symptoms prior to death maybe more acceptable to public• Post exposure time to death longer than cyanide, therefore may allow
time for the administration of antidote to pets with accidental exposure
Hurdles to registration• New active ingredient registration in US
• Significant costs• However, US EPA and NZ and AUS have reciprocal agreement so
data from NZ/AUS registration application can be used• Registration of new coyote toxicant may be controversial to animal
welfare community
PAPP BackgroundIn-vitro techniques
Determine metabolism and clearance of PAPP• Use liver microsomes to determine rate of metabolism of PAPP• Enable scientists to change formulations to alter metabolism and therefore
clearance of PAPP
Determine absorption of PAPP• Use GI segments to determine permeability of PAPP• Determine target location for optimal uptake
• Adjust formulations to target GI locations with greatest uptake
PAPP ResearchEfficacy of para-aminopropiophenone formulation• Methaemoglobin forming compound• Humane death in canids• Coyotes detected old formulation (1980’s)
Steps completed• Tested newer formulation from Australia• 66.1 mg/kg of PAPP acts as a lethal toxicant for coyotes• death within two hours• some undesirable symptoms
Next steps• Reduce absorption time and dosage needed• Validate methaemoglobin tests for coyotes (using human data now)• Work with New Zealand chemist on formulation modifications
PAPP ResearchRed color values (to estimate methaemoglobin) in blood from two coyotes dosed with 0 (control), 4-8, or 66 mg/kg of PAPP. One coyote dosed at 4-8 mg/kg received a second dosage at 1:30 but was euthanized at 3:00. Only the coyotes dosed at 66 mg/kg resulted in death by toxicant.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0:00 0:10 0:20 0:30 0:40 0:50 1:00 1:20 1:40 2:00 2:20 2:40 3:00
Control
4-8 mg/kg
66 mg/kg
Co
lor
valu
e
I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I IProof of Concept Efficacy Trials Authorization
EPA Registration
Application Review
Prepare RegistrationApplication
EPA EUP Application
Review
Prepare Experimental Use Permit Application
q Captive Coyote Efficacy Trials
DEVELOP COLLABORATIONSNWRC, WS Operations, State, Federal and Private
aLiteratureSearch
q Lab Toxicity TrialsNWRC
Partners
End-use Product
Toxicity Trials
Field Efficacy Trial
PAPP Canine Toxicant DevelopmentPara-aminopropriophenone
Contract Lab Studies
Status
Objective 1To identify which breeds of LPDs are effective at protecting livestock from wolves & grizzly bears
Objective 2To determine if protection collars enhance performance of LPDs
Livestock Protection Dog Research
Kangals: Turkey, mastiff, 65-78 cm and 50-63 kgKarakachan: Bulgaria, Ancient breed, 63-75 cm and 40-55 kgCão de Gado Transmontano: Portugal, Mastiff dog of great size, 74-84 cm and 55-65 kg‘White dogs’: Akbash, Anatolian, Pyrenees, Komondor, Maremma, & cross breeds
Livestock Protection Dog Research
Livestock Protection Dog ResearchMethods• Place LPDs with producers• Monitor space use of LPDs, bears, wolves, and sheep• Monitor LPD behavior• Measure encounter rates of wolves and sheep, sheep survival, and
human perceptions of LPDs• Measure efficacy of protection collars
Livestock Protection Dog Research
Expected Products Determine efficacy in new landscape
– Nonlethal method to reduce livestock & LPD losses– Enables conservation of ranching traditions, predators, livestock,
and use of public lands Create best management practice for ‘new’ breeds
Status Completed pilot study
– 1 Montana ranch – 2 Hutterite colonies
Importing LPDs for 2014 & arranged training– 9 karakachans, 10 kangals, 9 transmontano
Identified producers to place LPDs in early 2014
Fladry - redesignPreventing coiling
Problem: Coiling flags lead to breaks in the barrier created by fladry, lessening the likelihood of depredation prevention
Testing: 6 designs being tested, each in two materials rip-stop nylon & marine vinyl
Expected Product: recommendations on design that is least likely to coil (completed by summer 2014)
Mountain lion predation patternsProblemLow numbers of bighorn sheepMethods• Placed GPS collars on mountain lions
• Used data to identify kills
Results
• Mountain lions preyed principally on mule deer
• Bighorn sheep were most vulnerable to lion predation in dense habitats with hiding/ambush cover
• Habitat modifications to reduce ambush cover would reduce lion predation on bighorn sheep
Electronet FencingReducing coyote predation on black-footed ferrets
Pro: Electronet fencing dramatically decreasing coyote activity in focal areas22% higher survival of kit ferrets in fenced area
Con: High costs ($4,464/km to set up, $641/km to operate and maintain)
Conclusion: Cost-effective for T&E programs where costs to release and maintain a T&E population are higher than costs of fencing
SterilizationSterilization significantly reduces livestock depredation
ObjectiveIdentify a chemical sterilization method for coyotes
MethodsTest Gonacon in males, Gonacon in females, and GnRH implants in malesCompare to vasectomized malesMeasure hormones and behavior
Expected ProductsChemical sterilization technique to test on wild coyotes
Sodium Nitrite - Swine Toxicant Development
I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I IProof of Concept Efficacy Trials Authorization
EPA Registration
Application Review
Prepare RegistrationApplication
EPA EUP Application
Review
Prepare Experimental Use Permit Application
Non-toxic Bait Field Trials
Laboratory Efficacy Trial - Pig
DEVELOP COLLABORATIONSIACRC, ACTA, WS Operations, State Offices
Literature Search
Lab Toxicity TrialsIACRC
NWRC/ACTA
End-use Product
Toxicity Trials
Field Efficacy Trial
NWRC/IACRC CRADA #1
NWRC/IACRC CRADA #2
Status
Contract Lab Studies