21 January 1977Volume 195, No. 4275

LETTERS Soviet Civil Defense: C. H. Kearny and E. P. Wigner; TVA's Record: J. A. Thomas;Human Rights: J. Edsall andJ. Primack; Burt's IQ Data: L. J. Kamin;B. Rimland and H. Munsinger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

EDITORIAL Science in the Ford Years: Last Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

ARTICLES A Computer-Based Chemical Information System: S. R. Heller, G. W. A. Milne,R. J. Feldmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Evolution of Phosphorus Limitation in Lakes: D. W. Schindler . . . . . . . . . . . 260

The Biosphere Reserve Program in the United States: J. F. Franklin . . . . . . . . . 262

D COMMENT Gene-Splicing: Cambridge Citizens OK Research but Want More Safety ........ 268

Teton Dam Verdict: A Foul-up by the Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

The Rockefeller University: No Time for Philosophers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Critical TVA Scholarship Hard to Come By ...... . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . 274

ARCH NEWS Astrophysics: Discovery and the Ubiquity of Black Holes .... ............. 276

OK REVIEWS Meaning in Anthropology, reviewed by M. J. Swartz; The Insect Integument,J. Lai-Fook; The Genetics of Algae, R. Sager; Marine Mussels,M. J. Greenberg; General Relativity and Gravitation,D. M. Eardley; Books Received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

NEWS ANI

RESEA

BOo

REPORTS Azaarenes in Recent Marine Sediments: M. Blumer, T. Dorsey, J. Sass . . . . . . . 283

Biological Consequences of the 1975 El Nifio: T. J. Cowles, R. T. Barber, 0. Guillen 285

Energetic Radiation Belt Electron Precipitation: A Natural Depletion Mechanism forStratospheric Ozone: R. M. Thorne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Oncornavirus: Isolation from a Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus) Lung Culture:R. L. Heberling et al .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Sodium-Specific Membrane Channels of Frog Skin Are Pores: Current FluctationsReveal High Turnover: B. Lindemann and W. Van Driessche . . . . . . . . . . 292

Size Limit of Molecules Permeating the Junctional Membrane Channels: I. Simpson,B. Rose, W. R. Loewenstein . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . ...... .. . . 294

Defined Dimensional Changes in Enzyme Cofactors: Fluorescent "Stretched-Out"Analogs of Adenine Nucleotides: D. I. C. Scopes, J. R. Barrio, N. J. Leonard . 296

Primary Structure of Cholera Toxin ,-Chain: A Glycoprotein Hormone Analog?:A. Kurosky et al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Leucine 2,3-Aminomutase: A Cobalamin-Dependent Enzyme Present in BeanSeedlings: J. M. Poston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Plasma Membrane: Rapid Isolation and Exposure of the Cytoplasmic Surface by Useof Positively Charged Beads: B. S. Jacobson and D. Branton . . . . . . . . . . 302

Lateral Diffusion in Planar Lipid Bilayers: P. F. Fahey et al .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Lateral Transport of a Lipid Probe and Labeled Proteins on a Cell Membrane:J. Schlessinger et al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Developmental Dyslexia: Two Right Hemispheres and None Left: S. F. Witelson. 309

From Piecemeal to Configurational Representation of Faces: S. Carey andR. Diamond ........ . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 312

Huntington's Disease: Delayed Hypersensitivity in vitro to Human Central NervousSystem Antigens: D. S. Barkley, S. Hardiwidjaja, J. H. Menkes . . . . . . . . 314

COVER

Erythrocyte membranes attached topolylysine-coated polyacrylamidebeads (2000: 1). The positivelycharged beads facilitate isolation of cellmembranes whose protoplasmic sur-faces are fully accessible to furtherprobing. See page 302. [B. S. Jacobsonand D. Branton, Harvard University,Cambridge, Massachusetts]

I

21 January 1977, Volume 195, Nui

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCEScience serves its readers as a forum for the pre-

sentation and discussion of important issues related tothe advancement of science, including the presentationof minority or conflicting points of view, rather than bypublishing only material on which a consensus has beenreached. Accordingly, all articles published in Science-including editorials, news and comment, and book re-views-are signed and reflect the individual views of theauthors and not official points of view adopted by theAAAS or the institutions with which the authors are affil-iated.

Editorial Board1977

WARD GOODENOUGHCLIFFORD GROBSTEINH. S. GUTOWSKYN. BRUCE HANNAY

RICHARD E. BALZHISERJAMES F. CROWHANS LANDSBERGEDWARD NEY

DONALD KENNEDYNEAL E. MILLERRAYMOND H. THOMPSON

1978FRANK W. PUTNAMMAXINE SINGERPAUL E. WAGGONERF. CARL WILLENBROCK

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mber 4275 SCIENCE

Science in the Ford Years: Last ThingsIn the short and troubled Ford presidency, one would have expected the

affairs of science to take a back seat. The main issues in that harassedinterregnum concerned the stumbling national economy, the low estate ofgovernment, and general malaise and drift in the country's sense of pur-

pose. If the Ford Administration was to woo any constituency, the scientificcommunity logically would be about the last on the political list.

But politics and the making of public policy are strange and baffling arts.The departing President, a Midwesterner trained for the law and politics,and lacking any visible reason to care about the advancement of science,has turned out to be its good friend. Mr. Ford leaves a considerable legacyin the form of a statutory expression of national policy toward science andtechnology, the makings of a White House science policy center, and a

research and development budget that provides for sensible growth andvariety. There is a wryness in the fact that his political exit coincides withAmerica's sweep of Nobel honors.

True, not everything is in order. The state of national affairs in energy

decision-making is still dismal, if not disgraceful. The risks of nuclearproliferation seem more real than at any time in the recent past. The defensebudget spirals upward while arms control agreements stumble and falter.There is no progress in negotiating the Law of the Sea. Technologicalinnovation in the industrial sector is far from what it could be. Developingcountries face frightening contingencies in meeting the needs of their peopleand dousing the incendiary potential of their rising dissatisfactions.Even so, it must be said that a battered presidency alone could hardly

surround and settle that formidable agenda. Our failures of resolution are

the common indictment of all of us, and presidential power cannot beexercised in a vacuum. Neither Mr. Ford's defeat nor Governor Carter'svictory was decided on the basis of how these issues entered into thechoice. Indeed, the evidence is that politicians run dreadful risks when theystake their political futures on championing scientific freedom and progress

rather than on conventional politics. A Daddario in 1970 and a Hechler in1976 could not win governorship campaigns despite outstanding work forscience and technology in Congress. What James Symington got for all hisdefense of the National Science Foundation in the "MACOS* fracas" was a

sound thumping in his home state. In none of these cases was there an

observable gathering of the scientific and technical clans on behalf of theirembattled defenders. No one should be shocked if, the next time science isambushed, politicians look the other way.

Americans tend to smirk when the British Honours List appears eachyear and eclipses briefly the torrent of bad news. But it is a symbol of graceunder stress, and it might not do us any great harm to find civilized ways forexpressing thanks for substantial public service. It should not be necessary

to accumulate a thousand years of history to see that there is no shame ingratitude, and that it need not be pretentious.There is a stir in the coatrooms of Washington. A government is retiring

and a government is entering. The continuity of the political seasons unfoldsas it has been ordained, and there is a touch of fever in the anticipation ofthings to be. But as the Gerald Fords, Guy Stevers, Charles Moshers, andJames Symingtons take leave, let them know that their going is notedrespectfully and their efforts remembered. If in years to come, sciencebrings something of value to the relief of the human condition, it will not

only be because of its own drive, but also because there have been publicservants who did not stop to count the votes before putting the advance-ment of knowledge first.-WILLIAM D. CAREY

*"Man: A Course of Study." See J. Walsh, Science 188, 426 (1975).