serving the uc davis campus and communit y since 1915www.theaggie.orgvolume 131, number 3 wednesday, january 11, 2012

Today’s weatherSunnyHigh 61Low 32

ForecastI apologize to those who have 7:30 AM class this quarter ... you may need to scrape the ice off your bike seat before making the

miserable trek to campus this week. Expect frigid temperatures to stick around for at least the next few days.Kenneth Doss, atmospheric science major

Aggie Forecasting Team

Sunny Mostly sunny

Friday

High 62Low 35

Thursday

High 61Low 34

Did you know that Waldo has an arch-nemisis? Me neither. MGM recently picked up the feature film rights to Where’s Waldo?, so, soon enough, you’ll be able to watch Waldo and Odlaw (clever name!) in action when they hit the big screen.

Amanda Nguyen

Downtown Davis Post Office on brink of closure

Many Asian students choose to not check ‘Asian’ on college apps

UC Davis receives $10 million donation toward art museum

UC abroad program increases scholarship

funding

The Jan Shrem and Maria Manetti Farrow Museum to be completed in 2015

Applicants feel they are held to different standards

Decision will not be official until mid-May

Scholarships targeted at non-represented students within the program

By CLAIRE TANAggie Staff Writer

The United States Postal Service (USPS) is considering closing the Downtown Davis Post Office along with approximately 3,600 other post offices across the nation. To compen-sate their struggles with decreasing revenue, the USPS also decided to in-crease postage stamp fees from 44 to 45 cents beginning Jan. 22.

A public meeting was held on Dec. 6, 2011 to inform the Davis commu-nity of the possible closure of the downtown post office.

“In the Sacramento District, which Davis is part of, there are 34 post of-fices on that list,” said USPS media contact for California Augustine Ruiz in an e-mail. “It is undetermined how many will actually be closed nation-ally, or in [the] Sacramento District.”

The Downtown Davis Post Office could not be reached for comment.

According to Ruiz, there are mul-tiple factors that are taken into ac-count when studying the potential closing of a post office.

“First and foremost, the commu-

nity impact — how will we continue to provide valuable postal services to the general community if a post of-fice is closed, what alternatives can we provide?” Ruiz said. “Employee impacts are another consideration — where do we move the affected em-ployees; economic factors are a con-sideration. However, we are prohibit-ed from closing a post office for pure-ly economic reasons.”

Ruiz said despite the prohibition, majority of the post offices on the list don’t make enough revenue to cov-er their costs so economic issues are still factored in.

“America’s mailing habits have changed,” said U.S. Postmaster General Patrick Donahoe in an in-terview with the Public Broadcasting Service. “In the year 2000, 5 percent of people paid bills online. Today, 60 percent pay bills online. And when you combine that with the loss that we have seen in advertising mail as part of the recession, we have lost about 23 percent of our total volume, 27 percent of first-class mail.”

By EINAT GILBOAAggie News Writer

Many Asian American students are not identifying themselves as such on their college applications, believing that doing so would hurt their chances of being accepted to top universities, according to recent studies including one at Princeton University. According to these studies, Asian students believe themselves to be evaluated at a higher standard than students of other races. Kara Miller, who worked as an ap-plication reader at Yale, said, “Asians were evaluated more toughly.” Miller called around to Ivy League universities and discovered them all to have a similar percentage of Asian students, leading her to be-lieve the schools had some sort of quota in mind. “They don’t feel comfortable go-ing over that percentage,” Miller said. The Princeton study conducted by sociologist Thomas Epenshade found that, “When comparing ap-plicants with similar grades, scores, athletic qualifications and family history from seven elite private col-leges and universities: Whites were three times as likely to get fat en-velopes as Asians. Hispanics were twice as likely to win admission as whites. African Americans were at least five times as likely to be ac-cepted as whites.” “When you’re part of a high achieving group, there is some ef-fort to try to make sure that group isn’t out of proportion in the univer-sity. This is understandable,” Miller said. “There are more women ap-plying to college, too, but you don’t want a school that is 70 percent

women, even if they are your best applicants.” Steven Hsu, professor of theo-retical physics at the University of Oregon, believes the effect of eth-nicity in the admissions process should be minimized as much as possible. “There are many forms of di-versity,” said Hsu in an e-mail. “Intellectual diversity is as impor-tant as ethnic diversity.” Admitting students on a quota-like basis may be a possibility for pri-vate schools, but what about public institutions such as the University of California? “Prop 209 eliminated much of this discrimination. Simply com-pare the ethnic makeup of admits pre- and post-209,” Hsu said in an e-mail. “The Asian population frac-tion went up considerably. What does that tell you about the pre-209

process, or the process still in place at other universities?” “UC schools used to have a much smaller percentage of Asians, and now it is over 40 percent at many schools,” Miller said. The National Association of Scholars website stated that Prop 209, which was approved in 1996, prohibited all state agencies from using race, gender, or ethnicity to discriminate against or give pref-erence to people in public employ-ment, competition for a state con-tract and university admissions. “Our admissions policies have complied and will continue to com-ply with the California Constitution, which prohibits granting preferen-tial treatment on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin or gen-der, in accord with Proposition

By STEPHANIE B. NGUYEN

Aggie News Writer

UC Davis recently received a donation of $10 million to go toward the construction of a new art museum.

Named after donors Jan Shrem and Maria Manetti Farrow, the Jan Shrem and Maria Manetti Farrow Museum of Art is slated for completion in 2015. The mu-seum is part of the plan for the university’s new south entrance, with construction planned for a 1.6 acre site ad-jacent to the Mondavi Center for the Performing Arts, the UC Davis Conference Center and Maurice J. Gallagher Jr. Hall.

Shrem and Manetti Farrow’s donation contrib-utes to the $30 million the university plans to raise through endowments and in-terest earnings for the con-struction project, and allows for the design phase of the project to be launched.

Including Shrem and Manetti Farrow’s gift, $12.1 million has been raised to date.

“The museum will be a unique and vital contri-bution both to the univer-sity and the region,” said Jessie Ann Owens, dean of the Division of Humanities, Arts and Cultural Studies. “It

will support joint program-ming, exhibitions and other opportunities to foster en-gagement with neighboring collections, artists and art organizations.”

The 40,000 square foot space will house the universi-ty’s fine arts collection, which contains more than 4,000 works of art. Visitors will have access to collections that are currently unavailable due to lack of space.

In addition to art galler-ies, the museum will provide space for seminars, public gatherings and research.

Shrem is the proprietor of Clos Pegase winery in Napa Valley and a member of the Director’s Circle for the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. His friend Manetti Farrow grows and collects fine wines and produces premium vin-egar and olive oil. Both are recognized for their philan-thropic efforts.

“We believe that education and the arts should be acces-sible to all people,” Shrem said in a press release. “And we be-lieve that a curious and open mind should be nurtured and supported. Fortunately, the project at UC Davis has intro-duced us to people who pro-foundly share this philoso-phy. It is with deepest plea-sure that we are able to help

By MAX GARRITY RUSSERAggie News Writer

The University of California Education Abroad Program (UCEAP) recently announced a $1.5 million scholarship initia-tive that will affect all participat-ing campuses, as the program enters its 50 year anniversary.

Funds for scholarships dedi-

cated to the UCEAP will increase from $300,000 to $500,000 a year consecutively for the next three years. An intense growth in stu-dent enrollment within recent years has prompted the influx of funding to the program.

“As we enter our 50 year an-niversary, there is no better way

News iN BrieF

Law school holds talk about

internet freedom The UC Davis School of Law is hosting speaker Rebecca MacKinnon today. MacKinnon, who is a TED Talks speaker and an expert on Chinese internet censorship, will be talking about internet freedom and censor-ship. The talk takes place at King Hall from 4 to 5 p.m. and is free to the public.

— Hannah Strumwasser

Irisa Tam / Aggie

see ABrOAD, page 2 Irisa Tam / Aggie

Kristina Geddert / Aggie

The decision on closing the Downtown Davis Post Office will be made this May.see POsT, page 2

see MUseUM, page 2see AsiAN, page 2

The David and Goliath story of last week’s Iowa Caucus

continues to frazzle political analysts, most of whom wrote off Rick Santorum’s chances early in his running. That he could come within eight votes of the Mitt Romney election-industrial complex is, in reflection of his core constituency among social con-servatives, nothing short of a miracle.

One puzzle piece to this effect is a curious statement caught by Slate Magazine’s John Dickerson. He quoted one Santorum supporter, a self-identifying evangelical voter, saying this: “Everyone talks about the economy, but Santorum comes at it from a different way. If we take care of the social issues and the family, the economy will come around.”

To those who believe his campaign crested for its focus on social issues, this is a rare insight into the mind of the evangelical voter.

The first time I read that I thought it weird. When I weigh candidates, I think about their platforms as a portfolio of separate issues. There are some issues I care more about than others. In this view, issues are separate. They may intersect in various ways, but they are mostly discrete entities.

If the voter quoted above is at all representative of other social conservatives, they’re not like me. Rather than a portfolio, candidate platforms are like stories. In this alternative view, the issues are arranged in a narrative order, one issue leading to another. Issues are not discrete, but continuous like a row of dominoes. If we can get our policies on social issues like marriage, contraceptives and evolution right, only then will our approaches to budget deficits, foreign policy and education work.

I don’t highlight this difference to belittle social conservatives, as if it’s silly to think issues necessarily build on one another that

way. I think it’s helpful to know that folks can not only have different positions from yours, but that they also may think about the relationship between issues differently. I also want to note that this is not new.

The German social thinker Max Weber approached issues much the same way in his 1904 sociological classic, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. His spiel was that the development of capitalism in northern Europe was largely influenced by Protestant (and in particular, Calvinist) religious ideology.

Weber’s work solved an early problem in the application of economic theory. The theory tells us that people paid higher wages will work harder

because they have greater incentive. In practice, this didn’t work too

well. Instead, people paid higher wages worked less because they found it easier to satisfy their wants with fewer hours. As a result, capitalism couldn’t develop simply because they were able to earn more. They needed a different reason to labor in the face of higher earnings.

According to Weber, the Reformation framed the way people approached work. All jobs, even the less glamorous of professions, elicited religious devotion in the form of a “calling.” It was this work ethic, which favored saving income in the practice of piety, that initially made capitalism possible. As the Santorum supporter might say, they let religion arrange their social relationships first, and then economic growth followed.

Whether Santorum really understands this nuance is debatable — maybe he simply picked the right issues to organize a campaign around. But he would be served well to study his success. Understanding the way people think about the relationship between issues changes how you engage their support. Instead of pitching to social conservatives the promise to prioritize social issues, the domino theory of issues will likely hold more resonance. Whichever candidate gets this point will have an edge in the general election.

You can tell RAJIV NARAYAN whether writing is his calling at rrnarayan@ucdavis.edu.

As a student suffering the quarter system, it is likely you or a

friend has turned into a pot-hugging coffee addict. You are not alone. Among coffee consumers — myself included — the average American has 3.1 cups per day. But before you decide to cut back or drink more, read on. You may finish this article with reason to have less. On the other hand, I may introduce a statistic or two that will leave you enjoying your cup of Joe even more.

In the words of the Dutch proverb, coffee has two virtues: it is wet and warm. This is true, but I have a rebuttal. According to studies, coffee has a dark side, no pun intended, but it might not be all that bad — perhaps, even beneficial.

Coffee contains potent antioxidant activity that may help ward off cancer. In fact, chronic consumption is correlated with the lowest risk for several cancers. For example, long-term studies have shown that drinking three to six cups per day of either caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee is associated with a lower risk for uterine and prostate cancer compared to those who drink none. The chemicals kahweol and cafestol have also been linked to a decreased risk for digestive cancers by improving cellular defense and inhibiting carcinogen activity.

Not only that, but consuming about two cups of coffee has been shown to burn more calories by as much as 3 to 23 percent for up to three hours. Decaf, unfortunately, does not show the same effects. Yet, for both types alike, there are very few calories in coffee: only seven per cup. That is, of course, sans milk and sugar. Personally, I take coffee without sugar. You know, just cream.

You still won’t want to skip your daily vitamin, but coffee also has its vitamins and minerals. One cup yields a decent amount of niacin, magnesium, potassium and phosphorous, in addition to small amounts of choline,

copper and calcium. These vitamins and minerals will help boost your mood and immune system.

Despite these benefits, there are a few things to watch out for, whether or not you drink coffee regularly.

Coffee can greatly raise blood pressure from the moment you drink it. As we all know, consistent high blood pressure can be dangerous, leading to vision loss, stroke, kidney failure and erectile dysfunction. Most of the time though, coffee will only increase blood pressure for a few hours after drinking it — even regular coffee drinkers don’t typically see a permanent rise in blood pressure. That being said, non-habitual drinkers are more sensitive to the effects of coffee and are likely to experience

higher blood pressure, even with decaf. However, decaf is a

must if you do have high blood pressure or a vascular disease.

Coffee addicts (you know who you are) also need to beware of withdrawal symptoms that can result from over-consumption. Susceptibility varies among individuals, but not getting your coffee fix within 12 to 24 hours can leave some with headaches, fatigue, depression, irritability, vomiting and muscle pain, lasting up to nine days. Even decaf has a small amount of caffeine — roughly one-tenth the amount of caffeinated coffee — and can result in dependence among sensitive drinkers. It took me an entire year to wean myself from three cups a day, down to just one. On the upside, withdrawals don’t mean you have a problem with caffeine; just that you have a problem without it.

Like every food, coffee has its pros and cons depending on the individual. There is no set limit to how much coffee is too much — it all depends on the person and how his or her body responds. Students can choose what amount of coffee will best give them the right balance of its benefits. If you decide you are a person who should lay off the beans but needs alternative pick-me-ups, next week’s column will cover brain foods that help keep you alert and focused through Winter quarter.

THERESA RICHARDSON is bringing you the latest research to keep your college waistline and health in check. For questions or comments contact her at terichardson@ucdavis.edu.

page two The california aggie2 Wednesday, January 11, 2012

daily calendardailycal@theaggie.org

Issues are not discrete, but continuous like a row of

dominoes

Personally, I take coffee without sugar. You know, just

cream

Bean me up

today

walk with warrenNoonUC Davis Arboretum Gazebo, Garrod DriveJoin Arboretum Superintendent Emeritus Warren Roberts for a lunchtime stroll in the UC Davis Arboretum. Enjoy the crisp weather, explore the pleasures of the winter garden and get a little exercise.

orientation and First-year experience info Session4 to 4:45 p.m.1130 HartLearn more about how to become an Orientation Leader for Summer 2012 and a First-Year Experience peer advisor for the 2012-13 school year.

rebecca MacKinnon: internet Freedom and censorship4 to 5 p.m.King Hall, Kalmanovitz Appellate Courtroom, Room 1001UC Davis School of Law and the California International Law Center present TED Global Talks 2011 Speaker Rebecca MacKinnon, former CNN Beijing Bureau Chief, expert on Chinese internet censorship, and Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation. MacKinnon will discuss her new book, Consent of the Networked: The Worldwide Struggle for Internet Freedom. This presentation is free and open to the public.

circle K international Meeting6 p.m.6 OlsonJoin Circle K to make friends and do community service.

Vet aide club general Meeting and internship Sign-Up7 p.m.176 EversonApply for pre-veterinary and animal science internships at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital and more. Be sure to bring completed membership and internship applications and $5 quarter

dues. Please visit iccweb.ucdavis.edu/aes/vetaides/Internships.htm for more details on how to apply.

tHUrSday

Biomedical engineering Seminar: dr. Jennifer west4:10 p.m.Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility AuditoriumDr. Jennifer West, Chair of the Department of Bioengineering at Rice University, will discuss biomimetic materials in tissue engineering.

american red cross club Meeting7:15 p.m.230 WellmanFor more information, check out the ARCC’s Facebook page: American Red Cross Club at UC Davis.

Friday

Master class with Faith prince and natasha Burr1 to 4 p.m.Wright Hall, Lab ATony Award-winning actress Faith Prince has appeared in the Broadway revival of Guys and Dolls and in television shows including “Drop Dead Diva”, “Grey’s Anatomy” and “House”. Prince, along with theater teacher, director and acting coach Natasha Burr, will instruct students in their audition pieces, monologues and songs, and will hold a Q&A about the business. The class will be $35 for each student and limited to 50 participants. Register at minimoonproductions.com.

To receive placement in the AGGIE DAILY CALENDAR, e-mail dailycal@theaggie.org or stop by 25 Lower Freeborn by noon the day prior to your event. Due to space constraints, all event descriptions are subject to editing, and priority will be given to events that are free of charge and geared toward the campus community.

Theresa Richardson

Sanctum Santorum

RajivNarayan

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The California Aggie is entered as first-class mail with the United States Post Office, Davis, Calif., 95616. Printed Monday through Thursday during the academic year and once a week during Summer Session II at The Davis Enterprise, Davis, Calif., 95616. Accounting services are provided by ASUCD. The Aggie is distributed free on the UC Davis campus and in the Davis community. Mail subscriptions are $100 per academic year, $35 per quarter and $25 for the summer. Views or opinions expressed in The Aggie by editors or columnists regarding legislation or candidates for political office or other matters are those of the editors or columnist alone. They are not those of the University of California or any department of UC. Advertisements appearing in The Aggie reflect the views of advertisers only; they are not an expression of editorial opinion by The Aggie. The Aggie shall not be liable for any error in published advertising unless an advertising proof is clearly marked for corrections by the advertiser. If the error is not corrected by The Aggie, its liability, if any, shall not exceed the value of the space occupied by the error. Further, The Aggie shall not be liable for any omission of an advertisement ordered published. All claims for adjustment must be made within 30 days of the date of publication. In no case shall The Aggie be liable for any general, special or consequential damages.© 2009 by The California Aggie. All rights reserved. Reproduction in any form whatsoever is forbidden without the expressed written permission of the copyright owner.

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Donahoe said first-class mail pays for the USPS’s bills. The USPS also does not take taxpayer money, so to recoup losses they are forced to take action.

“We have got to do oth-er things, like consolidat-ing facilities, reducing the number of routes we have out there, in order to close that gap,” Donahoe said.

Likewise, Ruiz said the severe decline in volume — thus, loss in revenue — has resulted in the USPS taking cost-cutting mea-sures in order to remain stable.

On Dec. 5, 2011, the USPS proposed ending overnight delivery service for First-Class mail and pe-riodicals. The U.S. Postal Regulatory Commission (PRC) is currently review-ing the proposal.

“[This] would instead

provide two and three day delivery service,” said Chairman of the PRC Ruth Goldway in a state-ment. “The intent of these changes is to capture sig-nificant cost savings from the consolidation of the Postal Service’s mail pro-cessing and transportation networks.”

On Dec. 13, 2011, USPS agreed to the requests of multiple U.S. Senators to delay the closure or con-solidation of post offices and mail processing facili-ties until May 15. The USPS said in a statement that in the meantime, it will com-prehensively review the list and hold public input meetings.

“It is the things we do not control that bring us to this predicament,” Ruiz said. “And those things out of our control are within the control of Congress.”

CLAIRE TAN can be reached at city@theaggie.org.

postcont. from front page

209,” said Dianne Klein, me-dia specialist at the UC Office of the President. Timothy Groseclose, pro-fessor of political science at UCLA, has had a some-what different experience with the effects of Prop 209. Groseclose resigned from the UCLA admissions com-mittee in 2008 in protest of unwillingness on the be-half of the school to submit to him admissions data that would aid him in his investi-gation of preferential admis-sions practices. Groseclose found that there was pressure on UC ad-missions committees to ad-mit more African American and Latino students.

“It’s mainly based only on casual observation, but I don’t think it really mat-ters whether an Asian stu-dent checks the Asian box,” Groseclose said in an e-mail. And, as Miller points out, there are ways of getting around knowing things even if the box is left unchecked. “If your last name is Wang, you can mark whatever you want, but admissions can still figure it out,” Miller said. Miller does not see a clear solution to problem within the admission system. She does, however, think cam-pus diversity is important. “You have to balance the needs of individuals with the macro need of creating a stu-dent body.”

EINAT GILBOA can be reached city@theaggie.org.

AsIANcont. from front page

bring this new museum to life.” Manetti Farrow agreed.

“Everything that is be-ing planned for the new museum of art suggests it will become an integral part of the university, the curriculum and the com-munity,” Manetti Farrow said in a press release. “We also believe it will become the heart of the campus, a place where people can come to study, to learn, to look and to be moved by the beauty and strength of the arts.”

Dean Owens hopes that

aside from simply becom-ing a teaching and cultur-al resource, the museum will be a catalyst for new programs, including mu-seum studies, curatorial studies and art preserva-tion.

“The location of the museum at the univer-sity’s ‘front door’ places it in a neighborhood of other signature universi-ty facilities that offer un-paralleled advantages for the museum to become a hub for collaborative pro-grams, cultural under-standing and learning,” Owens said.

STEPHANIE B. NGUYEN can be reached at campus@theaggie.org.

museumcont. from front page

to translate our commitment to a vi-sion of ‘study abroad for all’ than to provide scholarship opportunities that help as many UC students go abroad as possible,” said Associate Vice Provost and Executive Director of UCEAP Jean-Xavier Guinard. “We recognize the financial obstacles brought about by the current state of the economy and the rising cost of higher education, and we remain dedicated to providing funding to UC students who face this new fi-nancial reality.”

UCEAP has been active since 1962 offering a summer or semes-ter abroad option that includes 250 diverse programs taking place in 36 countries around the globe. So far the UC system has sent 76,000 stu-dents to foreign universities and in

turn 24,000 international students have completed a non-degree study at a UC campus.

“Financial aid automatically car-ries over during your stay abroad and summer aid applies as well,” said senior wildlife, fish & conser-vation biology major and UC Davis Education Abroad Center student advisor Claire Woolf. “Obviously you need to budget for personal travel but it’s very doable.”

According to Associate Director of the UC Davis Education Abroad Center Zachary Freiders, it has not been announced how the scholar-ship funds will be distributed.

“The funds are focused on stu-dents who wouldn’t normally do a study abroad program such as un-represented majors and students with disabilities,” Freiders said.

UC Davis also offers unique study abroad opportunities to students within its community which in-

clude faculty-taught summer and quarter programs. Scholarships for these UC Davis specific programs range from $250 to $1,000.

UC Davis has 40 programs and the largest amount of international study opportunities and is the only UC with a quarter abroad option. Around 800 UC Davis students par-ticipate in the UC Davis faculty-led summer abroad program each year.

“It’s really challenging but it’s ex-tremely rewarding because you ex-perience things that you never would have experienced here cul-turally, academically and personal-ly,” Woolf said , “It’s more than just moving to a new town, it’s moving to a new culture.”

For more information on UCEAP scholarships and opportunities visit their website at eap.ucop.edu.

MAX GARRITY RUSSER can be reached at campus@theaggie.org.

AbroAdcont. from front page

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SUBLIMINAL MESSAGES DO NOT WORK

wednesday, january 11, 2012 3The california aggie

By LANI CHANAggie Features Writer

Following the Nov. 19, 2011 press conference held in response to UC Davis police officers’ pep-per spraying of students, Reverend Kristin Stoneking was called to mediate between protesters and UC Davis administration.

Stoneking is a United Methodist minister who has served as di-rector of the Cal Aggie Christian Association (CA House) for 13 years. Her leadership has produced the Multi-Faith Living Community (MLC), a residence area created in response to religious misunder-standings that resulted from 9/11 and to stand as a symbol of CA House’s values of compassion, em-pathy and tolerance.

Prior to the pepper-spray inci-dent, Stoneking had been involved with the students who were occu-pying, helping to shuttle food and other resources to students on the Quad. Although not an employee of the university, she has formed deep relationships with students, giving her a broad perspective on issues and events at UC Davis, Stoneking said.

Which was why, on that eve-ning in November, she was called to mediate a tense situation be-tween some of UC Davis’ high-est paid officials and hordes of students enraged over the use of pepper spray on the Quad just the day before.

“I think the administrator who called me knew I could do and say some things that someone who worked for the university couldn’t, and had credibility that some-one who worked for the university didn’t have,” Stoneking said.

Ari Polsky, senior studio art major and resident of the MLC, agreed that Stoneking was the ap-propriate person to help find a so-lution to the problem that night.

“She is a leader that the admin-istration was familiar with and trusted, and helped ease their fears about the outside student body,” Polsky said. “She is a respected leader also on the side of the stu-

dents and shared many of their concerns. She was able to speak to both sides, and help center both sides of the conversations.”

The press conference, which was scheduled to include Chancellor Linda Katehi, Vice Chancellor of Student Affairs Fred Wood and UC Davis Police Chief Annette Spicuzza, was prompt-ly cut short when protesters en-tered the building and demand-ed that their concerns be ad-dressed. Enosh Baker, a UC Davis alumnus who was present at the press conference that night, said that the secrecy of the conference was what drew protesters in such large numbers.

“After receiving a leak that it was taking place, the word got put out right away,” Baker said. “And there was already a lot of momentum from the events of the 18th. Folks who had never been a part of the movement up until then joined folks who had been involved since its incep-tion. Since it was supposed to be a press conference, the people wanted to be heard.”

But because of such high ten-sions at that time, Stoneking ac-knowledged that any construc-tive exchange of dialogue would not have been possible. After en-tering the building with a stu-dent representative, she focused

on finding a solution over two hours of discussion with multiple groups of administrators.

“I said that it was important that [Katehi] understand that the students wanted to see her, and to see her seeing them. We came up with a scenario where she would leave, be seen, and get the face-to-face contact [with the stu-dents] that was necessary. It had to be silent and respectful, not a shouting match. It was the best we could hope for.”

Video footage of Stoneking es-corting Katehi’s silent ‘walk of shame’ has, like the footage of the initial pepper-spray incident, gone viral. The UC Davis commu-

nity is currently waiting for the findings of the task force called to investigate the incident.

“We’re probably going to find out what we already know, that responsibility in an institution as large as the university is diffused,” Stoneking said. “What I’m afraid is that the investigations will al-low us to skip over the real work, which is to decide what healing is and how to use this experience to become the kind of community we can be.”

Rather, Stoneking expressed a heightened need for compas-sion, as understanding and em-pathy are critical steps for pro-moting positive change. Instead of waiting on results of the inves-tigation as an excuse to get back to business as usual, empath-ic listening would be the key to getting everybody on the same side and on the same agenda, she said.

“Our best hope is to get every-body in a conversation to un-derstand how everyone feels,” Stoneking said. “Students need to understand what it’s like to be a chancellor of a university — that’s a life sacrifice. Meanwhile, [Katehi] needs to understand what it’s like to be a student who has to live out of their car for a quarter because they can’t pay rent. And all of us need to un-derstand what it’s like to be a cop.”

Just as she noted that the stu-dents’ commitment to peaceful silence channeled their power in a positive way, Stoneking believed that peaceful communication would help ensure that the collec-tive power of the Occupy move-ment be used constructively.

“That night at Surge II, this great space was opened for com-passion,” Stoneking said. “What can happen if we adhere to a means that [reflect] the ends that we want? Respecting each other means honoring each other to do good.”

LANI CHAN can be reached at features@theaggie.org.

Katehi’s “walk of shame” escort speaks on her experience at Surge II

Minister suggests ways for Davis community to heal

Jasna Hodzic / Aggie

Reverend Kristin Stoneking helped mediate Katehi’s exit from the Nov. 19 press conference at Surge II.

By JAsoN PoHLRocky Mountain Collegian (Colorado State

University)

Everybody has one.It may be in the kitchen or buried in the

closet, but chances are that you proba-bly have one, too. Yesterday’s junk drawer filled with potato chip clips and dead bat-teries has been replaced by high-tech gad-gets and outdated toys that constitute our connected lives.

But as annual technology releases like Apple’s iPhone create tremendous hype, they also create an incredible amount of electronic waste –– something Brennan Zelener saw as an opportunity to truly make a difference in sustainable technology.

“I want to change the world,” said Zelener, a Colorado State U. junior. “In de-veloping countries, these phones are in-credible. In a year or two, it’s going to be kind of obsolete by American standards, but in Africa, this is an incredible piece of technology.”

Just last year, Zelener launched his own business venture, Green iPhone, while managing a full course load at CSU. He ulti-mately fulfills the front-end duties of phone recycling by personally communicating with and paying people to hand over their old iPhones –– in any condition. Then, he goes into the phone to unlock and wipe it, essentially giving the phone new life with no remaining personal information.

“The privacy and security of the people who sell me phones is a top priority for every-thing,” he said, adding that many business-es pay to have their phones destroyed. “If we

could even just provide our erasing service for free, that’s gonna be huge for them.”

After working for several months resell-ing the wiped phones on websites, such as eBay and Craigslist, Zelener has partnered with a larger phone buyer and refurbishing company that purchases used phones in bulk as businesses upgrade their employ-ees to the latest model.

Ultimately, his service allows for people to get rid of their old iPhones, which of-ten still have years of life remaining, in an easy way. He said average buy-back rates are “around $100,” but are changing week-ly based on demand.

“It’s just an easier process,” he said, while explaining the other options peo-ple often use, including individual sale on-line. Green iPhone allows people to easily get their phones somewhere that can use them.

To help the business take off in a mar-ket where so many others fail, Zelener has worked closely with the Rocky Mountain Innosphere, a local nonprofit that helps en-trepreneurs further specify their goals while critiquing the viability of the new idea.

“It’s exciting, but you never know wheth-er you’re making the right decisions or not when you’re starting,” Zelener said.

To help navigate the business world, the 20-year-old entrepreneur has taken it upon himself to make as many connec-tions in the community as possible, in-cluding those in the business world and in the realm of academia.

Yolanda Sarason, associate professor of business management and strategic mar-keting, first met Zelener in her class during

the spring semester, and immediately saw something unique in him.

“It was really obvious from the get-go that he just stood out,” she said. “He’s a natural entrepreneur, and that’s very un-usual for our undergraduates.”

Since that time, the two have worked closely and are currently preparing for a pitch on Wednesday to the Social Advisory Group for Entrepreneurs –– a group of business leaders who critique new entre-preneurial pitches to assist in fine-tuning each resource, including funding, while building connections.

“He’s a natural networker,” Sarason said. “He already knows the entrepreneurial community pretty well. If I were betting, I would definitely bet on Brennan.”

Zelener, like many college students, has faced tough times early on in his col-lege career. Initially, he questioned moving away from his home state of Alaska, but af-ter realizing that a lot of what he wanted to do was business-related, he changed his major from engineering.

“It’s really important to get out of your comfort zone,” he said. “I think when you’re passionate enough about some-thing, you end up learning it.”

That passion of his is nothing new.Andy Holleman is a long-time fami-

ly friend who has known Zelener since he was born. Holleman has worked as the technology coordinator for Zelener’s high school in Alaska for several years and served as a mentor to him.

He said that, when he wasn’t skiing off of his roof or jumping off other high places, Zelener often created small business ideas

that would typically see little success be-fore failing. What made him different was that, when one idea fell through, he always had another plan, Hollman said.

“I would put a lot of it on his own ini-tiative,” he added. “At some point while in high school, he grasped the idea that he re-ally could shape the way things could be.”

As a mentor during high school and through their occasional conversations since, Holleman said one thing that has al-ways stuck out is the drive to never work for anyone else –– to always be steering his own business.

“There’s a switch somewhere that gets flipped, and that life just ceases to be an option,” Holleman said.

Zelener, like everyone else, is looking forward to winter break and a chance to catch up on things that have long been for-gotten during the time-crunch of school and his business work. And though he doubts he will be able to hit the ski slopes or bike as much as he wishes, he said that he will be busy preparing for the next step for his business, which he hopes takes off even further next semester.

He added that his favorite part of the business world he has seen so far is the potential to actually make a difference –– something he hopes to do in the form of revolutionizing the way in which the recy-cling process operates.

“It’s like realizing that the world is a place that you can change,” he said. “It’s not that far out, and it’s not that far fetched. As long as we can teach passion and motiva-tion, those two factors persist through all things.”

Recycling iPhones: Student-entrepeneur Brennan Zelener develops new outlets for old phones

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The california aggie4 wednesday, january 11, 2012

By Clare lennonIndependent Florida Alligator (University of

Florida)

Suppose a student were to post a clip from a popular TV show on YouTube.

Say the student filmed the show with a video camera while watching it, which is illegal.

If a proposed law is passed in its current state, that decision could be considered a felony and shut down all of YouTube.

Grooveshark and other Internet com-panies are uniting to make sure the pro-posed law, the Stop Online Piracy Act, is changed or halted.

The act, better known as SOPA, is a na-tional bill that could change the regula-tions for piracy on the Web. The bill is being

reviewed in the House of Representatives.Grooveshark, a Gainesville, Fla.-based

music streaming website, has been pro-testing SOPA alongside Internet compa-nies like Google, Wikipedia and Facebook, according to a list on TechCrunch.com.

Grooveshark has a “small presence” in Washington, D.C., said Paul Geller, Senior Vice President of External Affairs. This al-lows staff to stay informed of legislation like SOPA and the U.S. Senate’s version, the Protect IP Act, better known as PIPA.

He said SOPA is being pushed “at a pace that is just unjustifiable” and could have detrimental effects on Internet users.

Geller said the bill infringes on freedom of speech.

Because of that, the bill could be blocked by Internet companies citing the

First Amendment and other laws, said Gerald Haskins, UF senior lecturer and Internet law expert.

“This is a really poorly written bill, and it could be used to prosecute uploaders, downloaders, and anyone like that,” he said.

Geller and Haskins each pointed out that the bill also carries potential securi-ty issues. Computer users who don’t want to be limited by SOPA could change their Domain Name Server settings to be out-side of American jurisdiction. This means their computers could be susceptible to scam websites that are blocked by the U.S. server.

“It could bring the Internet to a halt,” Haskins said.

Geller said Grooveshark is supporting Oregon Sen. Ron Wyden’s alternative bill,

the Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act. The bill is available at keepthewebopen.com, and visitors can suggest changes or alternatives.

In a statement to The Independent Florida Alligator, local Rep. Cliff Stearns said he will not take a position on SOPA until he sees the final proposal from the House Judiciary Committee.

In the meantime, Geller said the com-pany is trying to educate lawmakers on the bill.

Keivan Zolfaghari, 20-year-old psychol-ogy and food resource economics junior at U. Florida, said he learned about SOPA from Tumblr and is planning to write to his congressman about the legislation.

“I think it hurts where we are today,” he said.

Grooveshark joins opposition of anti-piracy legislation

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Tuesday’s puzzle solved

&Science Technology wedneSday, january 11, 2012 5The california aggie

If you’ve been reading political news headlines from websites as di-

verse as Fox News, MSNBC and the Huffington Post, you are probably under the impression that the U.S. Congress has recently reaf-firmed that pizza is indeed a vegetable. Skimming those headlines, it’s easy to scoff at such a ridiculous notion, and easier still to believe that Congress could be that stupid. There’s one prob-lem, though. They nev-er actual-ly said that pizza is a vegetable. Pizza is not even mentioned, except by news sources and commentators after the fact. The truth, as usual, is a little more complex and il-lustrates the difficulty of matching policy to nutri-tion science. The goal of the House of Representatives was to give public school children a more nutritious breakfast and lunch. This is a laudable goal, together with the fact that they used information and research from both the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM). First, a quick over-view of what the proposed menu regulations actual-ly say. The key points are: 1) reduce the number of starchy vegetables like po-tatoes in favor of more var-ied fruits and vegetables; 2) reduce the salt in food by 25 percent in breakfasts and 54 percent in lunches and 3) the servings of veg-etables credited to toma-to paste will be determined on a per-volume basis. This third point is what became distorted as news sources reported that this would make pizza a vegeta-ble. This is somewhat true but misleading, as a slice of pizza could contain enough tomato paste to have one serving of vegetable but also contains too much salt and fat to be allowed on the proposed menu. However, like a game of Telephone, the headlines went from, “Pizza could be considered to have a vege-table serving,” to “Congress says pizza is a vegetable!” I know that writing ac-curate but eye-catching headlines can be hard. It’s tempting to put something spectacular and weird in big, bold font above the story. It’s especially tempt-ing to do so if it reaffirms

something that everyone already believes, so we can all feel smart. It’s called confirmation bias, a psychological phe-nomenon that means we are more likely to believe something if we think it confirms something we al-ready believe, e.g. that Congress and politicians are stupid and/or overly swayed by corporate lobbyists. It’s a strong feeling, one that can be hard to resist, even for people who are supposed to remain ob-jective. I almost fell for it too; the original subject of this column was going to be explaining nutrition-ally what exactly is in piz-za, and therefore why the Congress menu proposal was misguided. The obvious problem with confirmation bias is that people will believe that something is true when it isn’t, and strength-en convictions that should be, if not challenged, at

least exam-ined criti-cally. This example is rather mundane but does il-lustrate

what can go wrong when both the general pub-lic and journalists fall for confirmation bias. There is another problem with confirmation bias, at least in this case. The actu-al proposal isn’t that great, either. First of all, there’s a reason salt is in a lot of foods — it can add fla-vor to an otherwise flavor-less dish. When you have a good chef in the kitch-en, salt can be reduced be-cause with a decent reci-pe, a chef can make a de-licious meal without salt. Public school cooks, while I’m sure they do their best with the very limited funds that they have, don’t always have this skill. Having attended various public schools from kinder-garten to 12th grade, I can say that the food would ei-ther be fairly good but un-healthy, or supposedly healthy but almost ined-ible. Healthy alternatives are expensive, an expense that public schools can’t al-ways afford. Trying to make the school food nutrition-ally perfect could be at the expense of children actu-ally eating the food, unless more money is allocated to afford healthy food that tastes OK. As for the tomato paste, the new regulations would require that the serving of paste would go from a quarter of a cup to three quarters of a cup. The Congress, however, was for-getting that tomato paste is concentrated; a quar-ter of a cup is equivalent to about three tomatoes, mak-ing three quarters of a cup of tomato paste equal to about nine tomatoes. That’s a bit excessive to be going on a serving of spaghetti. Or pizza.

AMY STEWART can be reached at science@theaggie.org.

AmyStewart

Pizza: not a veggie

It’s tempting to put something spectacular and weird in big,

bold font above the story

By HUDSON LOFCHIEAggie Science Writer

Too many of us are un-der the comforting illu-sion that we, humans, are the be-all-end-all of na-ture’s evolutionary pro-cess. We are the smartest, we build the biggest, we fly the highest and are the most creative of anything else out there. Among the numerous fields of study we seem to have mastered, cryptography (code mak-ing and breaking) appears no different. However, ac-cording to a new study by UC Davis researchers, bac-teria and certain plants have left us embarrassing-ly outperformed.

“Like the German mil-itary scientists [in World War 2], single-celled bac-teria communicate with each other using cod-ed messages to coordi-nate attacks on their tar-gets,” said Pamela Ronald, a professor of plant pa-thology at UC Davis and the lead researcher on the study.

Bacteria perform this cryptographic feat using a tiny protein called Ax21. Ax21 is made inside the bacteria and then released outside the cell. When oth-er bacteria of the same kind perceive this secret-ed protein, they conglom-erate into protective struc-tures called biofilms.

“Biofilms render the bacteria resistant to des-sication and antibiotic treatment,” Ronald said. “[Through] communica-tion and communal liv-ing, bacteria increase their chances for survival and proliferation.”

But staying true to the World War 2 cryptographic plot, the plants targeted by these cooperative bacte-ria have figured out a way to intercept these coded

messages, decipher them and turn them against their bacterial attackers.

“[Some] plants have de-veloped a code-breaking system called the XA21 re-ceptor that allows them to intercept the bacterial coded messages and trig-ger a strong immune re-sponse,” Ronald said.

The XA21 receptor can recognize distinguishing characteristics of invading bacteria and can also rec-ognize the coded proteins that these bacteria use to communicate. This ear-ly interception of the bac-terial messages gives the plant time to enact its im-mune response.

“Plants and bacte-ria are in an evolutionary arms-race,” said Richard Bostock, a professor of plant pathology at UC Davis. “The plant evolves to resist the bacteria, and the bacteria evolve to sub-vert the plant’s defenses.”

The two organisms have to continually evolve just

to maintain the ecological status quo.

“Resistance to bac-teria often comes natu-rally through evolution, but with most agricul-tural crops, resistance is achieved through selective breeding,” Bostock said.

Selective breeding has created an agricultur-al policy of using geneti-cally identical clones for use in farming. Since all the plants are identical, it leaves the whole field open to mass infections.

By understanding how these bacteria commu-nicate and attack, immu-nologists can begin to de-velop ways to fight back against many bacterial diseases for which there are no known treatments. A recent paper pub-lished by the Infectious Diseases Society of America claims that there is a quickly growing num-ber of bacterial infections that are resistant to all current antibacterials.

Bacteria only start to form their tough biofilm shells once the popula-tion has reached a certain size. The population de-termines its size through a process called quorum sensing. The research un-derway to treat bacterial infections focuses on dis-rupting quorum sensing, which will render the bac-teria unable to detect pop-ulation size and therefore unable to form protective biofilms.

By stopping biofilm for-mation, we can dramati-cally reduce the infection rate of diseases like tuber-culosis, staphylococcus and streptococcus, as well as prevent large-scale bac-terial infections of impor-tant crops.

Breaking and learn-ing these bacterial codes could give us another layer of protection against bac-terial invaders.

HUDSON LOFCHIE can be reached at science@theaggie.org.

Nature’s secret codesBacteria communicate with secret messages when attacking an organism

courtesy

By EmILy mOrrOwIndepedent Florida Alligator

(University of Florida)

When Christina Ertel has a hangover, she cures it with food.

The 22-year-old U. Florida senior said after a long night, she turns to ei-ther greasy food or Krishna Lunch, accompanied by lots of water and Advil.

But now, Ertel may have another option: Blowfish, a new over-the-counter hangover cure that has re-cently hit the market.

A combination of 1,000 milligrams of aspirin and 120 milligrams of caffeine, the dissolvable tablets are recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

as a safe, effective method for treating hangovers.

Developed in New York City, Blowfish was just placed in New York drug stores and will be expand-ing across the country soon, according to its web-site. It is currently avail-able online in a 12-tablet box for $11.99 or a 50-tab-let box for $49.99.

The recommended treatment is to dissolve two Blowfish tablets in a cup of water when you wake up with a hangover. It supposedly works in 15 to 30 minutes.

Ertel said at that price, essentially $2 per cure, she would definitely try it.

“I spend more than that on food the next day,” she

said.But William Chen, a pro-

fessor in UF’s health ed-ucation and behavior de-partment, said he doesn’t know that Blowfish is the best idea for students to use.

The compounds in Blowfish only treat some of the symptoms of hang-overs, he said, like head-aches and fatigue. It doesn’t actually cure the hangover.

Hangovers are caused when a person’s body fails to metabolize all the alco-hol in his or her system, Chen said, calling it a “tox-ic reaction.”

Each person’s response to alcohol depends on his or her genetic makeup.

Blowfish is more similar to a cold medicine, he said, in that it will help you feel more alert and take away aches and pains, but it is not a unique formula.

Chen said he’s con-cerned that products like Blowfish will encourage binge drinking – a com-mon problem on college campuses.

By giving students a treatment that’s adver-tised as a guaranteed cure, he said he worries they will feel invincible, like they can go out and drink anything without consequences.

“A hangover means you drank too much,” he said. “Go out and enjoy drink-ing, but do it responsibly.”

By KatHLEEN EvaNSOklahoma Daily (University of

Oklahoma)

Popular sugary drinks could have harmful long-term implications for women, including heart disease and a high risk for diabetes, according to a study by a U. Oklahoma Health Sciences Center professor.

OU public health professor Christina Shay was the lead au-thor on a study presented to the American Heart Association confer-ence in November. In the study, she found that women who drink more than two sugary drinks a day have more health complications.

“There were two things we saw: an increased risk of high triglycerides in the blood and a high risk of pre-dia-betes, which is one step before diabe-tes,” Shay said. “This was only in the women and only in those that drank two or more sugary drinks a day.”

About 25 million people in the U.S. have diabetes and about two mil-lion more are diagnosed every year, according to the National Diabetes

Association. Oklahoma ranks in the top 20 states for diabetes-related deaths.

This study was part of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and surveyed more than 4,000 men and women and asked if they consumed more than two sugary drinks, clas-sified as soda, sweetened-mineral water and non-alcoholic beer, Shay said. Though not listed, other sug-ary drinks include sports and energy drinks and sweetened tea.

The group tracked the people over time and looked at their health prob-lems, she said.

Another interesting part of the study was that the women getting these complications were not neces-sarily obese to begin with, meaning obesity was not the reason behind the diseases, she said.

“I am an observational research-er, so I look at studies that collect information to see how things nat-urally occur,” Shay said. “I only look observationally at causes and associations.”

Women could be more at risk be-

cause of their typically smaller siz-es, Shay said. A sugary beverage can contain as many as 150 calories, a larger part of a woman’s daily calorie consumption.

“That 150 calories may be worth more in form of risk because of the smaller daily energy needs,” Shay said. “You get a bigger bang for your buck.”

Sugary drinks and sugary foods can have negative effects in the short-term as well, such as fatigue and losing con-centration, said Patti Landers, dieti-cian for OU Health Services. Students should try to balance their diet with proteins and fibers, especially while studying for finals.

Good snacks include nuts, dried fruit, whole wheat bread with cream cheese and high-fiber cereal, Landers said.

Shay said she is in the process of having her study published and is in-terested in further studying the im-plications of sugary drinks and en-couraging other researchers to look into whether cutting back on drinks makes people healthier.

Pill to cure hangovers hits stores

Sugary drinks may hurt women

The california aggie6 wednesday, january 11, 2012

By STEPHANIE B. NGUYEN

Aggie News Writer

Vivian Zhao, second year grad-uate student in linguistics.

The Aggie: What are you wearing? Zhao: “My pants are Urban Outfitters. Actually every-thing I’m wearing is from Urban Outfitters. My boots are Nine West and my bag is from Bakers.”

Where do you find inspiration? “Online, mostly. I like

Stockholm Street Style.”

How did you decide what to wear today?“I just threw on a jacket. I like to wear blazers; I have a bunch of them in different colors. I try to go for comfort-able everyday.”

What is your favorite winter accessory?“I’d have to say scarves. They not only keep you warm, you can accessorize them too. They’re versatile.”

STEPHANIE B. NGUYEN can be reached at campus@theaggie.org.

By KAITLYN ZUFALLAggie Sports Writer

Momentum shouldn’t be a problem for the UC Davis gymnastics program in 2012.

The Aggies are entering the season coming off of two consecutive Mountain Pacific Sports Federation titles, and a successful 2012 season could result in their fourth championship in five years.

“We really hope to maintain our position in the conference and win the championship again,” Head Coach John Lavallee confirmed. “The team has done a great job through the preseason to prepare.”

The biggest challenge facing Lavallee could be the youth of his squad. Of the team’s 15 athletes, only four competed for the Aggies in the 2010 season and freshmen make up one third of the roster.

However, the young squad has already drawn comparisons to UC Davis’ 2008 team that won the program’s first MPSF title with a roster containing just two upperclassmen. The young Aggies hope to duplicate this success in 2012.

“Every year is a challenge,” Lavallee said. “It’s just a different set of variables to deal with.”

Though the squad is young overall, Lavallee has a solid group of veterans that are ready to lead

the team. Senior co-captain Erica Van Dyke is expected to overcome an ankle injury sustained in December to finish a successful four-year career with the Aggies. Last season she earned All-MPSF honors on balance beam, posting a conference-best 9.735 regional qualifying score.

Junior Michelle Ho was also All-MPSF on both bars (9.685) and floor (9.825) in 2011 and led the conference on floor. Junior Katie Yamamura was the MPSF Champion on vault. Her

score tied the school record of 9.900.

The team opened its season on Friday in Tempe, Ariz. against Arizona State. The Aggies came out strong against the Pacific-12 team, but were narrowly defeated 190.500 to 190.850.

Yamamura was the stand-out performer for the Aggies, scoring a 9.800 on both uneven bars and balance beam, taking first in beam and all-around. The scores were career highs for the junior.

Junior Taryn West placed second in floor with a score of

9.650 and sophomore Anna Shumaker and Yamamura both earned 9.625 on the vault to tie for third.

“It was a tremendous day for us,” Lavallee said . “For us to go into their gym … [and stay] close the whole way … it’s a good sign.”

The match was the first of a season that will be marked by the frequent presence of Pac-12 conference schools in addition to conference rivals Air Force, Alaska Anchorage and Seattle Pacific.

The Aggies will return to action Sunday at Stanford.

KAITLYN ZUFALL can be reached at sports@theaggie.org.

campus CHIC.

Stephanie Nguyen / AggieVivian Zhao

Katie YamamuraJunior

Women’s gYmnastics season preVieW

By JESSIcA TULLYDaily Collegian (Penn State

University)

A simple phone call to parents is no longer a com-mon punishment for young troublemakers when police catch them in the act, ex-perts said.

Nearly one in three peo-ple will be arrested by the age of 23, according to a study published in the January 2012 edition of Pediatrics, a peer-reviewed national journal. When the study was published in 1967, researchers found 22 percent of young adults would be arrested by age 23. In the latest study, re-searchers concluded 30.2 percent of people will be ar-rested by age 23, said prin-

cipal author of the study Robert Brame.

But Penn State U. pro-fessor of sociology and crime, law and justice John Kramer said the increase in arrests isn’t due to an in-crease in crime. In fact, the crime rate has substantial-ly decreased in the last 15 years, Kramer said.

Rather, Kramer attri-butes the increase of youth arrests to a more formal le-gal system in the United States.

“Fifty percent of the time, we expected delinquent ac-tivity to just be reported to our parents,” Kramer said, referring to his generation’s interaction with police sev-eral decades ago.

Over the past 40 years, laws have also expanded,

Kramer said, which con-tributes to the increased number of arrests. For ex-ample, motor vehicle laws and underage drinking laws are stricter now than ever before, Kramer said.

Brame, also a profes-sor at U. North Carolina-Charlotte, echoed Kramer’s reasoning. He added that many more incidents will trigger law enforcement in-volvement today than in the past.

Strict “no tolerance” pol-icies in schools also did not exist when the study was conducted more than 40 years ago, Brame said, which may have contribut-ed to the increased number of arrests.

Because of the changing times, Brame said an up-

dated study “needed to be done.”

Using data collect-ed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics between 1997 and 2008, researchers analyzed individuals who were be-tween the ages of 12 and 16 at the end of 1996, Brame said.

The same group was asked a variety of ques-tions over the 11-year time period. One of the questions was if the in-dividual has been arrest-ed or taken into custody for something other than major traffic violations, Brame said.

To experts like Kramer and Brame, the results were not surprising.

Kramer said during crim-inology classes he instructs,

he teaches his students the recent “broken window” movement of police — an-other reason why it may be more common for youth to be arrested.

The police mentality, he said, is that small things can become big things. More serious crimes can occur if police are lenient and do not report less seri-ous offenses, he said.

Forty years ago, a crime such as vandalism may have resulted in just a phone call home. Police must now file the crime in the legal system to deter more serious crimes com-mitted by the same person, Kramer said.

Through his more than 20 years experience as a Pittsburgh magisteri-

al district judge and pri-vate attorney, Lou Coles said he has seen firsthand that low-level offens-es are treated differently now than they were in the past.

Coles said on Friday and Saturday nights, it is very common for police to ar-rest people who drink al-cohol on the streets or uri-nate in public. But decades ago, police would have just issued a citation, instead of making an arrest, Coles said.

One possible reason, Coles said, is the mon-ey each arrest brings the municipality.

“Crime is a gross busi-ness,” Coles said. “It keeps lawyers, judges and police in business.”

Study: one in three people will be arrested before age 23