A CONCISE

ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR OF THE

SANSKRIT LANGUAGE

WITH EXERCISES, READING SELECTIONS, AND A GLOSSARY

BY

JAN GONDA

TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN

BY

GORDON B. FORD JR.

LEIDEN E.J.BRILL

1966

Copyright 1966 by E. ,. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publisher

PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS

Translator's Preface

The Script

Reading Exercise. Phonology . Declension

Conjugation

Composition

CONTENTS

Some Remarks on Syntax.

Exercises ....

Reading Selections Glossary

VII

I

7 9

20

43 80 85

97 III

I29

TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE

I have translated the fourth edition of Professor Jan Gonda's excellent textbook, Kurze Elementar-Grammatik der Sanskrit-Sprache (Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1963), for use in my elementary Sanskrit course at N orthwestem University, which is designed primarily for linguists who wish to acquire a knowledge of Sanskrit grammar as rapidly as possible. Professor Gonda's book is ideal for this purpose. The grammar is presented in a clear and thorough way and is accompanied by twenty useful translation exercises. In addition, there are thirteen well chosen reading selections and a Sanskrit­English glossary containing every word which occurs in the translation exercises and reading selections.

I should like to express my thanks to Professor Gonda for his kindness in reading the manuscript of my translation in its entirety. In addition, I am extremely grateful to Professor Frithjof A. Raven for many helpful suggestions.

Evanston, February 1966. GORDON B. FORD, JR.

THE SCRIPT

The most common of the Indic alphabets is the devanagari script, in which the individual signs as a rule express not only a vowel or only a consonant but a consonant with fol-lowing vowel. The vowel which follows is a if it is not specially designated. The devanagari alphabet is thus a syllabic script.

Consonant Signs with Following a Velars Cii ~ :IT ~ ?i

ka kha ga gha ila

Palatals ~ ~ Sf ij) Of ca cha ja jha fia

Linguals 1: 6 :r 6' lIT ta tha qa qha l).a

Dentals fT ~ ?\ ij PT ta tha da dha na

Labials q Ql ;sf ~ ~ pa pha ba bha ma

Semivowels f.f t ~ or ya ra la va

Sibilants !IT !Sf tf sa !?a sa

Aspirate if: ha

GONDA, Elementair-Grammar I

2 THE SCRIPT

The visarga l). is designated by a colon after the preceding

letter:~: = sal).; the anusvara rp by a dot over the preceding

letter: r:r = tarp. rp and l). stand before k in the alphabet or,

if they represent a nasal or sibilant, in the place of these symbols.

If the vowels stand in initial position and are not joined with the preceding consonant, then they are designated by the following signs:

r 3.)1' a, 3.)I'T a, ~ i, ~ i, 3 u, ~ U, ;fl r. :t{ r. ~ !.

~ e, V ai, ID 0, m au.

If vowels other than a are joined to the above symbols, then they are represented in the following way:

T a e.g. :.tT ka, f:lT dha, QT ya

f i e.g. f.erci frr ti ftT yi

T i e.g. PfT ni, m bhi, tTl yi

0 u e.g. !i ku, ~ ru, m or ~ 8U -..!> ...:.

c-.. u e.g. ~ ru, ~ hu, m or 91 8U c-... e-

t. r e.g. ~kr, q dhr, ~ hr t. t.

~ r e.g. ;r. kr, rr tr, ~ hr ~ 'to ..... ..... "'

"' e e.g. ~ ke, r:r te, tT ye

THE SCRIPT 3

,... ai eg ~ kai, rt tai, 'et ~ai

T 0 e.g. ;it ko, T.fT co, ~T bho

l' au e.g. fft tau, ;ft nau, tft yau

.... l e.g. ~ kt, iJ: ml ....

The omission of an initial a is designated by the avagraha " ~ .s, e.g.: rr .srq te 'pi.

If a consonant without vowel is to be designated, then this

is done by means of a stroke "', called a virama; e.g.: F;fi k, .....

q p,;r m. "' ...... If in a word or sentence two or more consonants immediately

follow one another, then the above signs are joined in one group (ligature).

If the first of the consonants to be joined ends on the right with a vertical stroke, then it is placed first with loss of

this stroke: ;::r n + rr ta: ~ nta . ......

If the first consonant does not end with the vertical stroke, then the following consonant is joined under the preceding one

with loss of its horizontal stroke: ::fi k + or va: err kva . ......

Exceptions: ;::r na and fff la as the second members of a

ligature are usually placed underneath with loss of their

horizontal stroke; q ma and q ya are in this case written

after the first sign and in a more shortened form (s. below). Note also kta, ktha, k!?a, chya, jfia, fiea, nja, t:lt:la, tta, dda, ddha, dna, dbha, pta,hna, hva.

4 THE SCRIPT

r before a cons. and before f is designated by a hook placed r

above ( r); the latter stands completely to the right: rka: c:n. r after a cons. is represented by a stroke placed under it: pra:

t:r. Especially to be noted: tra: 51". More than two consonants

are joined according to the same rules; s. below.

LIST OF THE MOST COMMON LIGATURES:

~ kka, ~ kkha, m kta, Of?l ktya, (ll ktra, Cf?3I' ktva, ... 0fQ' ktha, ifi kna, OR kma, Cfij kya, Pli' kra, ~ kla, m kva,

if k~a, ~ k~ma, ~ k~ya,?i6f ~va - ~ khya, t9r khra -

~ gda, ~ gdha, if gna, nr gbha, P:r gma, nr gya, Q' gra,

tQ' grya, rtc=r gla, rot' gva - jt ghna, Eq ghma, 9:f ghya,

~ ghra - ;f nka, l n~, -:a nga, "ngha, ~ nma.

:fl cca, ~ ccha, ~ cchra, ~ cchva, 3i ciia, ~ cma, q

ur cya - U chya, ~ chra - $Sf jja, ss:or jjva, ~ jjha,

ft' jiia. ~ jiiya, $+I' jma, SQ' jya, a- jra, sor jva - lJ iica,

~iicha, ~iija.

f tka, f ttha, or tya - (U thya, ~ thra - ~ q.ga,

SI q.ya - 'if Q.hma, fQJ Q.hya - tn: I,lta, 1J6 I,ltha, lE" I,lq.a,

1]6' I,lQ.ha: 1JI' or tI1JT I,lI,la, w:r I,lma, tP.:r I,lya, 1]Of I,lva.

THE SCRIPT 5

?=F tka, rr tta, fQ' ttya, ~ ttra, ~ ttva, ~ ttha,

($f tna, rq tpa, ?:r tma, f+Q' tmya, ?::r tya, 51' tra, ~ ttra,

;q trya, ror tva, ffi tsa, rf,f tsna, rtQ' tsya - m thya -

~ dga, 7J dgya, ?; dgra, ( dda, J: ddra, {ddva, ~ ddha,

i' ddhna, 3T ddhya, ~ dna, ~ dba, ~ dbha, i'J dbhya,

4f dma, tiT dya, ?:' dra, ~ drya, ?; dva, i[f dvya - iT dhna,

t:z:r dhma, t.'1.f dhya, ~ dhra, ~ dhva - ~ nta, ,,(Q' ntya,

~ ntra, ~ ntha, ~ nda, ~ nddhya, ~ nddra, ~ ndha,

;::~ ndhra, ;:r nna, :::J:f nma, ;::q nya, ;r nra, ;::cr nva, ~ nsa.

ff pta, pt ptya, ~ pna, cz:r pma, !:tf pya, t:r pra, ~ pIa,

I:ff psa - ql:f phya - ;;sr bja, ~ bda, ~ bdha, ;;;:r bna,

~ bba, G4f bbha, ~ bra - ~ bhya, ~ bhra - ~ mna,

Rt mpa, ~ mba, a+f mbha, ~ mya, ;;r mra, fiT mla. r- r- r-

f1f yya, &31' yva - Cfi rka, Sf rja, tT rdha - ~ Ika,

~ Iya, ffllla, ~ lva - OtT vya, 61' vra.

if or ~ sea, W sna, ~ or ~ sya, !$J sra,

!tQ' srya, a- sla, ¥1 sva, m svya - IY.fi ~ka, ~ ~kra,

'2' ~ta, ~ ~tya, 'l ~tra, tT.T ~trya, W' l?tva, '8 ~tha, '[f ~thya, A A et

6 THE SCRIPT

~ l?l}.a, ~m.r l?l}.ya, &r l?pa, fStr l?pra, ~ l?ma, ~ l?ya,

IY.5l" l?va - ~ ska, ~ skha, ffi sta, fRl stya, ~ stra,

f?Sf stva, fP.J stha, f,i sna, Fl spa, fQ\ spha, f'=f sma,

~ smya, tQ' sya, « sra, tor sva,.

~ hl}.a, "iF hna, t(fI' hma, ~ hya, ~ bra, ~ hla,

~ or CS hva.

SYMBOLS FOR THE NUMERAL::;

, ~ ~ 8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0

I 2 345 6 7 890

WORD DIVISION. Within a sentence word division occurs if a word ends in a vowel, anusvara or visarga and the fol­lowing word begins with a cons., just as according to §§ 7-9; IS. Otherwise either phonetic fusion or union into one syllabic sign occurs with observance of the pertinent sandhi rules.

PUNCTUATION. This script depends solely on , for the

designation of a minor sentence segment or the end of a half

strophe, and on n to designate a large segment or the end

of a strophe.

READING EXERCISE

,........ (' ~

Cf?\ -cr~ -er:mT~ -Q1lI" 1-

asmakaf]1 mudral.1a1a ye veda-vedanta-dharmasastra-prayoga-

;:rt~ -fJftm -Stitm -wmfrr~nT-~;r.--J:f;J.m1;r-yoga-sarpkhya- jyoti~a-pural.1etihasa-vaidyaka-marptra-stotra-

kosa-kavya-campii-natakalaf]1kara-sarpgita-niti-kathagrarpthal).,

is{~: ~lmt ~q1JmT ti'm: ~~SSf1~Tnfcrr:rJllT bahaval). stril.1arp copayukta grarpthal)., brhajjyoti~arl.1avanama

bahuvicitracitrito 'yam apiirvagranthal).. sarpskrtabha!?aya

~ ~ (' ('

r~ ... ~ Iqrerm;Ur:r"PTJ1Sfltl ... I'~Tfrrn~ 1(€Illt) ~~-hi ndimarvaQ.yanyatarabha!?agranthastattacchastradyarthanu-

vadakal). citral;1i pustakamudral.1opayoginyo yavatyassa-

magryal). svasvalaukikavyavaharopayogicitracitritali-

8 READING EXERCISE

khitapatravatpustakani ca mudrayitva prakasante sulabhena

ii~~;:r F..t~tT I 1t'lf ;r-n£,.d"'~Tt('tfmCflp;;J-e--.. ''''''"~~.'' -...> ~ miilyena vikrayaya. ye~arp yatrabhirucistattatpustakadyu-

palabdhaya evarp navyataya svasvapustakani mumudrayi-

~fiT: ~'-iT~~ fftfr~r~: fCf~lTt-~ubhil:t sulabhayogyamaulyena .sisakak~arail:t svacchotta-

mottamapatre~u mUdritatatpustakanarp svasvasamayanusare-

OI1Wl!!f.jQ- ~ qf;r~tfrt: tlqtJftqT -rR+f u 1)opalabdhaye ca patrikadvaratail:t pr~aniyo 'smi

PHONOLOGY

§ I. VOWELS. a a i i u it r r ! e ai 0 au

ii i it r are long, also the monophthongized diphthongs e (from ai) and 0 (from au), likewise ai and au, which continue iii and iiu.

CONSONANTS: Voiceless Voiced

Stops Stops Nasals Unaspir. Aspir. Unaspir. Aspir. (voiced)

/Velars k kh g gh 1i Palatals c ch j jh it Cerebrals (Linguals) t th rf, rf,h t}

Dentals t th d dh n Labials p Ph b bh m Semivowels (voiced) y r 1 v Sibilants (voiceless) S (palat.) ~ (cerebr.) s (dent.) Aspirate (voiced) h (Secondary Phoneti~ Symbols) It 1ft \!J

§ 2. PRONUNCIATION. If not otherwise noted, the sounds are so pronounced as they are reproduced here in Latin transcription.

r r ! are syllabic, r ! are pronounced like er, et in German Vater, Engel, with a slight i as an off-glide. The aspirates are pronounced with a clearly audible aspiration following quickly afterward; ph thus does not equal/! The 1i is English

10 PHONOLOGY

ng in sing. The c is pronounced like English ch in church, j as in English justice, it like the French palatalized n (written gn). The cerebrals are pronounced like the dentals, but with a reflexed tip of the tongue, thus like English t, etc. The semi­vowels y and v are to be pronounced like German j and w (somewhat more like English w). s is approximately German ch in ich; it lies between P in beipen and sch in SchaU; ~ is a cerebral sch, approximately French ch without lip rounding; s is always sharp dental s, never z! The visarga (b) is a light voiceless aspirate; at the end of a sentence the preceding vowel occurs as an off-glide. The anusvara '/ft, a nasalleng­thening of the vowel, can be pronounced before semivowels, sibilants, and h like final n in French (e.g. Jean); otherwise it is pronounced internally in words like the nasal of the same class (thus before kg like ?i, etc.); in word-final position it is usually m. The anunasika (\.!I or -) occurs only in combination with I, in order to express nasalized t.

ACCENTUATION. In the contemporary pronunciation the rule of accentuation valid for Latin is extended to the last four syllables of a word. A certain stress thus rests on the penultimate syllable if this is long by nature or by position (two consonants following the vowel), on the antepenultimate syllable if the penultimate is short and it itself is long, other­wise-thus if the penultimate and antepenultimate syllables are short-on the fourth-to-last syllable. Examples: ut~ipya, 'lId-nara, murkhe-t)a, ##ibh/i (bh is a single cons.), ud'llcjayati, dbhihitab. In compounds each component usually retains its own accentuation.

§ 3. CHANGES OF VOWELS BY GRADATION (ABLAUT). Vowels are subject to a double gradation in inflection and

word formation.

PHONOLOGY II

Weak grade u (14) r ff) Full grade, GUl}a a Lengthened grade,

i (i) e (fromai) o (from au) ar

J at

Vrddhi a ai (from ai) au (from au) ar

Examples: 1'a-Pt-ima "we fell"; 1'at-ati "he falls": 1'at-ayati "he causes to fall".

dis- 1) "direction, region": deS-a- "place, region": dais-ika- "local, acquainted with a locality".

tul-a "scales" : tol-ana- "weighing" : taul-in­"weigher" .

kr-ta- "made" : ka1'-tr- "doer" : ka1'-ya- "business". kltP-ta- "being in order": kat1'-ate "be in order".

Root vowels which occur in long closed syllables are practi­cally excluded from this gradation; thus: nindati "he re­proves" always remains nind-, jiv-ati "he lives": jiv-.

§ 4. VOWELS AND CONSONANTS IN ABSOLUTE FINAL

POSITION.

I. As a rule there remains only the first of two or more consonants which should end a word: bha1'an "bearing" has arisen from *bha1'ant-s 11). The combinations rk, rl,rt, 1'1' nevertheless occur in final position.

H. In the final position of a word at the end of a sentence or verse occur only: vowels and diphthongs (except r, r, and (), the voiceless, non-aspirated stops (except c), the nasals (except it), b, and l. The remainder, if they originally or according to § 4 I are supposed to occur in final position, undergo the following changes:

1) Word stems and roots are distinguished by an added -. B) * designates a form not attested but reconstructed.

12 PHONOLOGY

Ill. The voiced stops and aspirates, exeept the palatals, change to the corresponding voiceless stops: tat "this" from tat},; pat "foot" from *pad-s, t1'i~fuP "name of a prosodic meter" from *tri~fubh-s.

IV. The palatal stops change to k, j sometimes to #; n be­comes 1i: 'Oak "voice" from *'Oac-s, srak "garland" from *sraj-s, de'IJara# "king of the gods" from *de'IJaraj-s.

V. S shifts to k or #, ~ and h become #, more rarely k: dik "region" stands for "'dis-s, to the stem madhuZih- "bee" belongs the nom. sg. madhul#

VI. r and s become /J after vowels: de'IJa/J "god" from de'IJas, puna/J "again" from punar.

Note: If root syllables which begin with a voiced stop (g, d, b) and end in a voiced aspirate (thus gh, dh, bh) or h change the final c0nso­

nant, then the original aspiration of the initial sound appears: budh­"awakening": n. sg. bhut from *bhudh-s; likewise bhotsyate "he will awaken" from *bhodh-, root in Old Ind. budh-, originally bh(a)udh; but bodh-ate "he awakens".

§§ 5-17. PHONETIC CHANGE IN THE SENTENCE (SANDHI).

In the connection of sentences and in the formation of compounds the final sound of a preceding word and the initial sound of the following word undergo the following changes: 1)

§ 5. CONTACT OF FINAL AND INITIAL VOWELS.

I. Simple similar 11) vowels coalesce to form the corres­ponding long vowel:

1) In the following rules the form of the words in absolute final position is generally taken as the starting point. They are thus practi­cal rules, not rules of historical development.

S) Similar vowels are vowels which are not distinguished or are distinguished only by their quantity.

PHONOLOGY 13

a or a + a or a becomes a: na asti > 1) nisti "is not", na aste > naste, "does not sit".

i or i + i or i becomes i: nadi iva > nadiva "like a river", yadi isval'ah > yadiSvarab "if the lord".

u or u + u or u becomes u: saahu uktam > saanuk­tam "well spoken".

11. a and a merge with simple dissimilar vowels to produce their full grade (cf. § 3): thus: a or a + i or i becomes e: ca ihi > ceha "and here",

tva iSval'a > tveSval'a "you, 0 lord".

a or a + u or u becomes 0: ca uktam > coktam "and said", sa uvaca > sO'lJaca "she said".

a or a + r or r becomes al': kva r~b > kvar~b, "where the r~?", yatna r~b > yathal'~b "like a r~i".

Ill. a and a merge with diphthongs to produce their leng­thened grade:

a or a + e or ai becomes ai: a eti > aiti comes here", ca + aiti > caiti "and comes".

a or a + 0 or au becomes au: sa o~adhib > sau~aahib "the medicinal herb", tada + aughaft, > ta-

1) > means "becomes"; < means "derives from".

PHONOLOGY

daughaft, "then the flood".

§ 6. THE VOWELS i, u, r, i, U, r before dissimilar vowels shift to the corresponding semivowel, thus to y, v, 1': yadi etat > yady etat "if this", astu evam > astv evam "be it so".

§ 7. Before vowels other than a final e and 0 become a with hiatus: vane liste > vana liste "he sits in the forest", prabho ehi > prabha ehi "0 lord, come".

e and 0 remain unchanged before initial a, but the a is elided: te at1'a > te 'tra "these (pI.) here", so api > so 'Pi "he also" (s. also § 48).

§ 8. ai before vowels as a rule changes to li, au to liv: asmai adlit > asmli adlit "to this one he gave", put1'au ubhau > put1'liv ubhau "the two sons".

§ 9. EXCEPTIONS TO §§ 5-8. The endings i, U, e of dual forms remain unchanged before vowels and effect no elision.

§ 10. FINAL VOICELESS STOPS. The voiceless stop as in absolute final position (§ 4) remains only before voiceless consonants. Betore a voiced initial sound (thus also before a vowel or semivowel) a voiced stop appears instead of the voiceless stop, before an initial nasal the final voiceless or voiced stop is changed into the nasal of its class: pattanlit ligacchati > pattanlid ligacchati "he comes from the city"; dik­+ jaya- > digjaya- "conquest of all regions"; vlik me > vlin me "my speech"; tat namas "the respect" > tan namas (sometimes also tad namas).

§ II. Final t of the form in absolute final position is assimilated to the initial palatal, cerebral, and t: tat ca > tac ca "and this", tat janma > taj janma "this birth", tat lebhe > tal lebhe "I obtain this". Final t and d with initial s go to cch: tat Srutvli > tac ch1'utvli "having heard this".

PHONOLOGY 15

§ 12. FINAL NASALS.

1. Final n before j changes to n: tan janan > tan janan "these people (ace.)", before 4- to~, before s to n, in which case the s usually becomes ch: tan srutva > tan srutva or tan chrutva "having heard them". Before l it becomes 1'f'tl or '-.!It: balavan loke > balava'-.!llloke (balavalloke) "mighty in the world".

Il. Before a following c, I, t either an original s has been preserved after the final n of the form in absolute final position or an s is inserted analogically; this s is assimi­lated to s before c, to ~ before I; the n becomes tfI- (anus­vara): *bharant-s ca > bharatfl-s ca "and bearing", *asvans tada > asvatfl-s tada "then horses"; kasmin cin nagare > kasmi1Jts cin (or kasmitfl-scin) nagare "in some town or other". ,. . " ' I

\ .

Ill. Final m which remains unchanged before vowels becomes anusvara before consonants: krtam ca > krtatfl- ca "and made", sam + gacchanti > sa1'f'tgacchanti "they come together". We also find sandhi- beside satfl-dhi-, etc.

IV. Final nasals except m are doubled after a short vowel before an initial vowel: san atra > sann atra "being here", pratyan aste > pratyann aste "he is sitting toward the west".

§§ 13-16. FINAL r, s, b. § 13. Instead of sand r is found the b of the form in

absolute final position (§ 4 VI) also before k, kh, p, ph, s, ~, s: tisrab kanyab "3 girls", punab prati~/hati "he goes away again", pujitab Sivab "Siva is revered"; muktab syat "let him be freed".

PHONOLOGY

Note. Sometimes final s is assimilated before S, ~, or s: Indf'aS siif'a/J "Indra the hero"; muMas s1at.

Before c and ch appears instead of s, " (form in absolute final position iJ) : s; before 1 and Ih: ~; before t and th s remains unchanged and s appears instead of ,,: aevas ca > aevaS ca "and the god" ; punar ca > punaS ca "and again"; aevas tatra "the god there"; puna" tatra > punas tatra "again there".

§ 14. Before initial voiced sounds" stands instead of s, " after vowels except a and a: a'IJis mama > am" mama "my sheep", ahenus i'IJa > ahenu" i'IJa "like a cow", gur,tais yuktaiJ > gur,tai" yuktaiJ "provided with virtues".

Note. The particle blao/J becomes bho before all voiced sounds.

§ IS. as becomes 0 before voiced consonants and before a (which disappears) ; thus aevas gacchati > aevo gacchati "a god is coming", aevas api > aevo 'pi "also a god" ; form in absolute final position devaiJ (§ 4, VI).

Before vowels other than a, as in this case becomes a with hiatus, thus as'lJas i'IJa > as'lJa i'IJa "like a horse", aevas u'IJaca > aeva u'IJaca "the god spoke".

Note. sas and 8~as (§ 48) lose their s before every consonant: 8§a si1tJha/J "this lion".

as becomes a before all voiced sounds, before vowels with hiatus: as'iJas 'Oahanti > as'lJa 'lJahanti "the horses travel", Damayantya ni'IJeSanam "the dwelling of D.", aeva UcuiJ "the gods spoke".

§ 16. " disappears before initial r with compensatory lengthening of the preceding short vowel: puna" "ajati > puna "ajati "he distinguishes himself again"; also an " origi­nating from s (§ I4): nrpatis ramate > nrpati "amate "the king enjoys himself". Cf. also: sanakai "aja ... abra'Oit "the king

PHONOLOGY 17

spoke very calmly" (sanakai instead of sanakais, form in absolute final position sanakaiM.

§ 17. INITIAL CONSONANTS. The combination: final voice­less stop and initial h results in voiced stop and voiced aspirate: etat hi > etad dhi "for this", srak hi > srag ghi "for a garland".

Initial ch becomes cch after a short vowel, after ma "not", and after the preposition a "to": bhavati chaya > bhavati cchaya "it is shade".

Note. Internally in words after vowels we find instead of ch: cch: chid- "split": cicclteda.

§§ 18-zo. SOUND CHANGES IN THE INTERIOR OF A WORD.

The rules §§ 5-17 also apply to the contact of the final sound of a root with the initial sound of a suffix, of the final sound of a stem with the initial sound of a personal ending or of a case ending, etc. But there are some exceptions; the most important are:

§ 18. CHANGES OF VOWELS.

1. In some cases, namely m monosyllabic words and after a double consonant, we find instead of i and i: iy, and instead of u and u: uv: dhi- "thought": dhiyam (ace. sg.), bhu- "earth": bhuva (instr. sg.).

H. Before a following vowel and y appears instead of e: ay, instead of ai: ay, instead of 0: av, instead of au: av: e-mi "I go": ay-ani "I want to go" (§ 3), go-bhis (instr. pI.) "with the cattle": gavam (gen. pI.) "of the cattle", nau-s (n. sg.) "ship": nav-am (acc. sg.).

HI. Before radical r + cons. and v + cons. i and u are usually lengthened: pur- "city": dat. pI. pur-bhyas.

GONDA, Elementary-Grammar

18 PHONOLOGY

§ 19. I. CONSONANTS remain unchanged before suffixes and endings which begin with vowel, semivowel, or nasal: tapas-e dat. sg. of tapas- "asceticism", tapas­vin- "ascetic", but tapo-nidhi- "ascetic" (from tapas­nidhi-) , since this is a compound.

H. Before other (lonsonants the final consonant is treated according to the rules of the form in absolute final position (§ 4), and further according to §§ IO ff., with which it should be noted that before a voiceless stop voiced stops become voiceless, aspirated stops shift to the unaspirated voiceless stops; before a voiced stop the aspirated stops become unaspirated voiced stops. Examples: manas- "mind": loco pI. manab-su according to § 13; instr. pI. mano-bhis according to § 15; sraj­"garland": loco pI. srak-~u.

HI. If a root or a stem ends in a voiced aspirate and a suffix or an ending begins with t or th, then this is changed to d and receives the aspiration: labh-ta- > lab-dha- "obtained". From the roots beginning with d and ending in h forms with -gdh- are formed: duh­"milk": dugdha- "milked"; likewise from snih- "love": snigdha-; but cf. VII.

IV. Dentals become cerebral after cerebrals: dvi~- "hate": dve~-# > dve~# "he hates".

V. c, j, s are treated as in final position (§ 4 IV, V); but before t or th j is often changed to ~ and s always is: drs-ta- > dr~ta- "seen", but yuj-ta > yukta- "bound".

'.

VI. According to § 4 V and § 20 H ~ + s becomes k~; s + s is also represented by k~.

PHONOLOGY I9

VII. Instead of k with following t, tk, dk we find if,k, with which a preceding short vowel except r is lengthened in Uk + tka > liif,ka "you lick" (:md pI. pres. ind., § 64 IV), etc.

VIII. Before sibilants n and m become anusvara, m before other consonants except y becomes n: han + si > katftsi "you kill" ; gam + tum > gantum "to go".

IX. n becomes it after c andj: raj-na > rajita (§ 39); yaj­na- > yajita- "sacrifice".

§ 20. I. An n which a vowel or n m y v follows is changed to ~ if r r r ~ immediately precede in the same word or no palatal, cerebral, or dental stands in between: mu~-na-ti > mu~~ati "he steals"; karma11ra > karma~a "by the deed", but ratkena "by the chariot" ; sUSru~a~a­"obedience", srava~a- "flowing", but darsana- "seeing", grasana- "swallowing".

H. An s is changed to ~ if k r or a vowel other than a a precedes immediately or is separated only by b or tft and a sound other than r r follows: stka- "stand": ti~thati "he stands"; dkenu- "cow": dkenu~u loco pI.; but tisras "three (fem.)".

DECLENSION

PRELIMINARY REMARKS. Sanskrit has three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter; three numbers: singular, dual (expressing the number two), plural; eight cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, locative (cf. § 114).

The case endings of the neuters deviate from the mascu­lines only in the nom., voc., and acc. of the three numbers. The endings are given below. One distinguishes: a) the vocalic declension; here the stem ends in a vowel; b) the consonantal declension: the stem ends in a consonant.

VOCALIC DECLENSION

§ 21. STEMS IN a; masculines and neuters.

Masculines. Paradigm: asva- "horse".

Singular Dual Plural

Nom. aSvas

! ~ asvas Voc. asva asvau Ace. asvam asvan Instr. aSvena

! asvais Dat. aSvaya asvabhyam } asvebhyas Abl. asvat Gen. aSvasya ~ asvayos

asvanam Loc. asve asve~u (§ 20 II)

N. V. A.

DECLENSION 2!

Neuters. Paradigm: dana- "gift". Like the masculines, only nom. aec. sg. danam, n.a.v. du. dane, n.a.v. pl. danani.

§ 22. STEMS IN a; feminines. Paradigm: sena- "army".

~ ~:· ~:=~ ~ sene Aec. senam ~ Instr. senaya seniibhis Dat. seniiyai

Abl. ~ seniiyiis Gen. seniinam

senayos Loe. seniiyiim seniisu

seniibhyiim ~ sentibhyas

Like §§ 21, 22 also the adjeetives in a, fem. ii; e.g. nava­"new": mase. navas, neutr. navam, fem. navii. Severa! ad­jeetives, however, form the feminine stem with the suffix i (§ 27).

Note. The acc. sing. neutr. of an adj. is frequently used with adver­bial meaning: sighra- "quick", adver·b sighram.

STEMS IN i AND u; mase., fem., and neuters.

§ 23. MAscuLINES. Paradigms: ali- "bee", pasu- "cattle".

Sg. Du. Pl. Sg. Du. PI.

olis ~ ~ aZayas pasus

¡~ ~ pa5avas ale ali paso alim alin pasum pa5ün

l. olinii ¡ alibhis pa5unii

~ pasubhyiim

pa5ubhis D. alaye alibhyiim ~ alibhyas

pasave ~ pa5ubhyas

~b ¡ ales l !~·· aliniim ¡ pasvos pasüniim

al y os L. ala u ali~ pasa u pasu~u

22 DECLENSION

One should note: a) pati- "lord, master": sing. n. patis, v. pate, a. patim, i. patyá, d. patye, ab. g. patyus (patyur, § 14), l. patyau; at the end of a compound it is inflected like ali-: bhüpataye (dat.) "to the lord of the earth".

b) sakhi- "friend": smg. n. sakhá, v. sakhe, a. sakhi'lyam, i. sakhyá, d. sakhye, ab. g. sakhyus (sakkyur, as above), l. sakkyau, du. sakkáyau, sakhibhyám, sakhyos, pi. sakkáyas, sakhin, etc. like ali-.

§ 24. NEUTERs. Paradigm.s: vari-"water",madhu- "honey".

NV A vii:ri vam;tt viiritti madhu madhuni madhüni l. viirinii ¡ viiribhis madhunii

D. ~ viiritte viiribhyiim ~ viiribhyas ~ madhune Ab. viirittas } ~ _ _ _ madhunas G. ( _ . vartnam L _ . . ~ vartnos _ : adh .

. vart.ttt 1 • van~u m um

l madhubhis

~ madhubhyiim~ madhubhyas

( dh madhüniim ma unos adh m u~u

§ 25. FEMININES. Paradigms: gati- "going", dhenu­"cow"; cf. also §§ 23 and 27.

Sg. PI. Sg. PI.

N. gatis

¡gatayas dhenus ¡ dMnavas

V. gate dheno A. gatim gatis dhenum dhenüs l. gatyii gatibhis dhenvii dhenubhis D. gataye, gatyai 1 gaUbhyas

dhenave, dhenvai¡ dhenubhyas

Ab. ~ at t -G. g es, gayas gatiniim ~ dhenos, dhenviis dh _ _ enunam

L. gatau, gatyiim gati~u dhenau, dhenviim dhenu~u

The dual like ali- and pasu-, § 23.

DECLENSION 23

§ 26. THE ADJECTIVES IN i AND U are declined like the substantives, except that the n. can also have the forms of the mase. in the d. ab. g. l. sg. and in the g. l. du. : suci- "pure": g. sg. n. sucinas and suces; tanu- "thin": d. sg. n. tanune and tanave. Adjectives in u can also form their feminine with ü or by addition of the suffix -i- (inflected according to § 27); sorne feminines have two or all three of these forms, e.g., tanu: f. tanu-, tanu-, tanvi-.

§ 27. STEMS IN i AND ú; feminines.

Polysyllabic stems. Paradigms: nadi- "river", vadhU­"woman".

Sg. Du. PI. Sg. Du. PI.

V. nadi nadyau ~ nadyas vadhu vadhvau ~ vadhvas N. nadi ! ~ vadhus ~

A. nadim nadis vadhüm vadhüs l. nadyii ! nadibhis vadhvii vadhübhis D. nadyai nadibhyiim ~ nadibhyas vadhvai vadhübhyam ~ vadhübhyas Ab. ~ d - ~ ~ dh ) G. ~ na yas nadiniim ~ va vás l vadhüniim L d _ l nadyos d" dh _ { vadhvos adh _ . na yam ~ na ~~u va vam 1 v u~u

Note. The word lak§mi- "luck" and name of a goddess, and some Gther words ha ve is in the n. sg.: Zak§mis.-The feminmes of the stems ending in consonants follow this inflection: balin- "strong": fem. balini-, mahat- "great": fem. mahati-, as do the fem. beside a pa.rt of the stems in a: deva- "god": devi- "goddess" (cf. § 22), optionally the adjectives in u: tanu- "thin": tanví- (s. § 26), the stems of the nouns of agent in tr (s. § 29): datr- "giver": fem. diitri-.

DECLENSION

§ 28. MONOSYLLABIC FEMININES. Paradigms: dhi-"thought", bhú- •• earth".

~- a ~- PI.

~: ~ dhis ¡ dmyas ~ bhüs

A. dhiyam bhuvam ¡ bhwvas

1. dmyii dhibhis bhuvii bhübhis

D. dhiye, dhiyai ~ dhibhyas bhuve, bhuvai ~ bhübhyas

Ab. ~ dhiyas dhiyiis ~ ~ bhuvas, bhuvas G. ~ ' dhiyiim, dhiniim ) bhuviim, bhünam L. dhiyi, dhiyiim dhi~u bhuvi, bhuvam bhü~u

du. dhiyau, dhibhyam, dhiyos; bhuvau, bhübhyiim, bhuvos. Note. The word stri- "woman" is inflected: sg n. stri, v. strí, a.

striyam, strim, d. striyai, ab. g. striyás, l. striyám; pi. n. acc. striyas, st'fis, g. st'fi:~m. otherwise like dhi-.

§ zg. STEMS IN r; nouns of agent (mase. and n.); words for relationship (mase. and fem.); ef. the preliminary remark to §§ 36-45·

Nouns of agent in tr. Paradigm: datr- "giver".

Sg. Du. PI. N. diitii l ~ dataras V. datar diitiirau A. diitaram dát¡n l. datrii

(§ 4 VI) 1 dátrbhis

D. diitre datrbhyiim ~ dátrbhyas Ab.

~ diitur G.

diitros datfrtám

L. diitari dátnu The paradigm of the infrequent neuters corresponds exactly to the

neuter i- and u-stems: sg. dáty, datt'f)á, daty'f)e, etc., du. datrtti, etc, pi. dat'ftti, diierbkis, etc. Concerning the íem.: § 27.

DECLENSION 25

The words for relationship naptr- "grandson", bhartr- "husband", svasr- f. "sister" are inflected like alttr-, thus e g., svasa, svasiJram, svasriJ, etc., pI. acc. svasrs.

§ 30. THE REMAINING WORDS FOR RELATIONSHIP have a instead of a in the acc. sg., in the n.v. acc. duo and in the n. pI., thus: pita, pitar, pitaram, etc., pitarau, etc., pitaras, etc.; matr- "mother" has matjs in the acc. pI.

Of nr- "man" only the n. na is in use in the sg.; tne re­maining cases are formed from the a-stem nara-; in the g. pI. nrttam is also found beside nrttam.

§ 31. STEMS IN DIPHTHONGS.

Only the words nau- "ship" and go- "cow" occur frequently. Inflection: sg. n.v. naus, a. navam, i. nava, d. nave, ab. g. navas, 1. navi; duo navau, naubhyam, navos; pI. n.v.a. navas, i. naubhis, d. ab. naubhyas, g. navam, 1. nau~u; sg. gaus, gam, gava, gave, gos, gavi; duo gavau, gobhyam, gavos; pI. n.v. gavas, acc.gas,gobhis,gobhyas,gavam,go~u.

div- f. "sky" runs: sg. n. v. dyaus, a. divam, dyam, i. diva, d. dive, ab. g. divas, I. divi; pI. n.v.a. divas, dyubhis, dyubhyas, divam, dyu~u.

CONSONANTAL DECLENSION

§ 32. PRELIMINARY REMARKS. In the n. sg. masc. and fern. the ending -s always disappears (§ 4 I). Before an ending beginning with a vowel the final sound of the stem remains unchanged (§ 19 I); in the n. sg. and before endings be­ginning with consonants §§ 4 and 19 apply. It should be noted that the neuters insert a nasal in the n.a.v. pI. before the final consonant unless it is a nasal; in the stems in s the pre­ceding vowel is lengthened in such a case.

26 DECLENSION

§ 33. ROOT STEMS and the nouns similarly inflected (of one stem in the sg.) ; masc., n., and fem.

Masc. and tem. Paradigms: 'Uac- f. "voice", mar. m. "wind", dis- f. "region", d'Ui~- m. "enemy".

Sg.

NV. 'Oak (§ 4) marut (§ 4) dik (§ 4) d'Uil (§ 4) A. 'Uacam marutam disam d'Ui~am I. 'Uaca maruta disa d'Ui~a D. 'Uace marute dise d'Ui~e Ab.G. 'Uacas marutas disas d'Ui~as L. 'Uaci maruti diSi d'Ui#

Du.

NVA. 'Uacau marutau disau d'Ui~au IDAb. 'Uagbhyam marudbhyam digbhyam d'Ui4bhyam

(§ 19) GL. 'Uacos marutos disos d'Ui~os

PI.

NVA. 'Uacas marutas disas d'Ui~as I. 'Uagbhis (§ 19) marudbhis digbhis d'Ui4bhis D.Ab. 'Uagbhyas marudbhyas digbhyas d'Ui4bhyas G. 'Uacam marutam disam d'Uilam L. 'Ua~u (§ 19) marutsu di~u ct'UilsU

Some additional examples: bhi~aj- "doctor" : bhi~ak,

bh#ajam, bhilagbhis, bhi~a~u; samraj- "sovereign": samrali samrajam, samri4bhis, samralsu; °'Uf'dh- 1) "increasing": 0'0#, °'Uf'dham, °'Uf'dbhis, °vrtsu; °budh- "awakening": °bhut, °bu­dham, °bhudbhis, °bhutsu; °duh- "milking": °dhuk, °duham,

1) i.e., vrdh- at the end of a compound.

DECLENSION

°dhugbhis, °dhu~u; °lih- "licking": °t#, °liham, °li;,bhis, °U,#u.

The neuter jagat- "world" like ma,ut, only n.a.v. sg. jagat, duo jagati, pt jaganti.

§ 34. STEMS IN as is us. I. NEUTERS. Paradigms: manas- "mind", havis- "offer­

ing", ca~us- "eye".

NVA.

I. D. Ab.G. L.

manas manasa manase manasas manasi

NVA. manasi IDAb. manobhyam

(§ 19 11) GL.

NVA.

I.

D.Ah. G. L.

manasos

mana",m manobhis

(§ 19 11) manobhyas manasam manabsu (or manassu)

Sg.

havis havi~a (§ 20 11) havi~e

havi~as havi#

Du.

havi~i havi,bhyam

PI.

ha'lJitMi havi,bhis

(§ 19 11; 14) havi,bhyas havi~am

haviMu (or havi~~)

cak~us

cak~u~a cak~~e cak~~as

cak~#

cak~# ca~,bhyam

ca~utMi ca~u,bhis

ca~,bhyas

ca~u~am cak~Mu (or ca~~u)

11. MASCULINES AND FEMININES. Like the neuters (§ 34 I) ; only in the nom. sg. the a in the suffix -as is leng-

28 DECLENSION

thened: Angiras- m.: n. sg. Angiras, a. sg. Angirasam, i. Angi­rasa, etc., n. pI. Angirasas, etc.; Apsaras- f.: n. sg. Apsaras, a. sg. Apsarasam, n. pI. Apsarasas. Most masc. and fern. belonging here are adjectives and, in fact, compounds. Paradigms: sumanas- "well-disposed, cheerful", dirghiiyus­"long-lived" .

M.F. N. Sg.

N. sumanas

V. A.

sumanas l sumanas sumanasam)

Du. NV A. sumanasau sumanasi

PI.

M.F. N.

~ dirghiiyus \ ) dirghayus dirghiiyu~am

dirghiiyu~au dirghayu~i

NV A. sumanasas sumana1J1-si dirghiiyu~as dirghiiyu1J1-~i

Further as above.

§ 35. STEMS IN r; here § 18, III finds application. Para­digm: gir- f. "speech". Sg. n.v. gir, acc. giram, i. gira, etc.; duo n.a.v. girau, i.d.ab. girbhyam, g.I. giros; pI. n.a.v. giras, i. girbhis, d.ab. g'irbhyas, g. giram, 1. gir~u. Likewise e.g., pur- f. "city": pur, puram, pura; purau, purbhyam, puros; puras, purbhis, etc. In the n. sg. and before bh and s asi~- "good wish, benediction" shifts to this inflection: asirbhilt.

§§ 36-45. MULTIPLE-STEM NOUNS.

PRELIMINARY REMARK. The multiple-stem nouns or those with stem gradation have the strong stem with the masc. and fern. in the n.aN. sg. and duo and in the n.v. pI., with the

DECLENSION 29

neuter in the n.a. v. pI. In the remaining cases the weak stem appears, but with several stem classes in a double form, depending on whether the ending begins with a consonant or with a vowel. (Exception: § 4I). In the strong stem the full grade appears, in the weak stem the weak grade. -These nouns are cited in the weak stem.

§ 36. STEMS IN at (weak stem at, strong stem ant). These stems are almost all pres. or fut. act. participles (cf. § 101, I). Paradigm: tudat- "striking". (Concerning the fern., tudati or also -anti-, see § 27).

Sg. PI.

M. N. M. N. NV. tudan l mdm A. tudantam

tudantas l NV. tudanti

tudatas A. I. tudatii D. tudate Ab. G. tudatas L. tudati

M.

NV A. tudantau IDAb. GL.

Du.

tudadbhyiim tudatos

iudadbhis I. tudadbhyas D. Ab. tut!atiim G. tudatsu L.

N. tudati (also -anti)

Note. In the n.a.v. duo neuter as well as in the feminine stem verbs of the 1st, 4th, 10th classes and the derivative conjugations have the strong participial stem in ant: bhavanti, corayanti; the verbs of the athematic conjugation (2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th classes) have the weak stem: dvi$ati, sati, juhvati, kurvati; the verbs of the 6th class, the iut. part. and the pres. part. of the verbs of the 2nd class

30 DECLENSION

in IJ have optionally the strong or weak stem: tudati: tudanti; dIJsyati: d1Jsyanti (fut. part. diJ-. "give"), yIJti: yIJnti (from yIJ- 2nd class "go").

§ 37. REDUPLICATED STEMS form all cases (except n.a.v. pI. n., where the strong form also occurs) from the weak stem. Paradigm: dadat- "giving" (part. of da-, 3rd or reduplicating class). Sg. m. n.Ylaadat, acc. dadatam, i. dadata, etc., n. n.a.v. dadat; duo mln.a.v. dadatau, n. dadati; pI. m. n.a.v. dadatas, n. n.a.v. dadati (or dadanti).

The word mahat- "great" has the strong stem mahiint-. Thus: sg. m. n. mahan, acc. mahantam, i. mahata, etc.; n. n.a.v. mahat; duo m. n.a.v. mahiintau, n. mahati; pI. m. n.v. mahiin­tas, acc. mahatas, n. n.a.v. mahiinti. Continues like tudat-.

§ 38. STEMS IN vat AND mat. Possessive adjectives. They are inflected just like the participles in at (§ 36), but form the n. sg. m. in van and man, thus from balavat- "strong" (bala- "strength"): balavan, V. balavan, balavantam, balavata, etc., duo balavantau, pI. n. balavantas, acc. balavatas, etc.; from dhimat- "intelligent" (dhi- "thought") : dhiman, dhiman, dhimantam, dhimata, etc.; from krtavat- "having done" (§ 103): krtavan, etc. - bhavat- as a polite pronoun of the 2nd person (with the 3rd person of the verb) is inflected likewise: bhavan, bhavantam, bhavata.

§ 39. STEMS IN an, man, van. Almost only masc. and neuters; a fem. like siman- "boundary", and an adj. m. like pivan- (f. pivari-) "fat" are declined like rajan- (only pivan­n. sg. m. also pivan). The stems formed with man and van have an, not n in the weak forms before voc.alic ending if a con­sonant precedes the m or V. Paradigms: raja,]1-- m. "king", naman- n. "name", atman- m. "soul, self".

DECLENSION 31

Sg.

N. raja !- itma V. rajan atman A. rajanam atmanam I. rajiui namna atmana D. rajiie namne itmane Ab. G. rajiias namnas itmanas L. rajiii, rajani namni, namani atmani

Du.

NVA. rajanau namni, namani itmanau IDAb. rajabhyam namabhyam atmabhyam G.L. rajiios namnos atmanos

PI.

NV. -' -~namani iitmanas ra1anas

A. rajiias itmanas I. rajabhis namabhis itmabhis DAb. rajabhyas namabhyas itmabhyas G. rajiiam namnam atmanam L. rajasu namasu atmasu

The word brahman- n. "fundamental principle, Brahman" runs thus: brahma, brahmafJ,a (§ 20 I), brahmafJ,e, etc.

Note. voc. sg. n. is also naman.

§ 40. The word svan- m. "dog" is inflected: sva, &Van, svanam, suna, suns, sunas, .suni; sviZnau, svabh'YiZm, sunos; pI. n.v. tviZnas, acc. sunas, svabhis, svabh'Yas, sunlZm, svasu; 'Yuvan- adj. and m. "young, youth": ,,"viS, ,,"van, ,,"vanam, "una, "uns, etc.; 'YuviZnau, ,,"vabh'Yilm, "unos; 'YuviZnas, "unas, ,,"vabhis, etc.

DECLENSION

§ 41. STEMS IN in; mostly possessive adjectives. Para­digm: balin- "having power (bala-) , powerful". Concerning the fern. (balini-) see § 27.

Sg. Du. PI.

M. N. M. N. M. N. N. bali

bati ! balin;! V. balin bali(n) balinau balinas balini A. balinam bali

I. balina ! balibhis D. baline balibhyam

~ balibhyas Ab.

~ balinas G.

~ balinos balinam

L. balini bali$u

§ 42. THE PERFECT PARTICIPLES IN vas. Paradigm: vidvas- "knowing". Concerning the fern. (vidu$i-) see § 27. aLto

Sg. Du. PI.

M. N. M. N. M. N. N. vidvan !! vidvamsas l V. v~dv~n vidvat vidva1Jtsau vidu$i . vtdvii1JtS2 A. vtdva1Jtsam vtdu$as

I. vidu$a ! vidvadbhis D. vidu$e vidvadbhyam

~ vidvadbhyas Ab. ~ vidu$as G.

~ vidu$am

L. vidu$i vidu$oS

vidvatsu

DECLENSION 33

§ 43. THE COMPARATIVES IN (i)yas. Paradigms: Sreyas­"better"; gariyas- "heavier". Concerning the fem. (Sreyasi-, gariyasi-), see § 27.

N. V. A. I.

NVA. I.

NV. A. I.

M. N. M. N. Sg.

Sreyan l gariyan l ::~:~am beyas ;:;:~:~am ~ gariyas

Sreyasa, etc. (like § 34) gariyasa, etc.

Du.

Sreya1JZSau Sreyasi Sreyobhyam, etc.

PI.

Sreya1JZSas ~ Sre amsi Sreyasas ~ y. Sreyobhis, etc.

gar~ya1JZSau gariyasi gariyobhyam, etc.

gariyamsas ~ . _. ar~a~ gar~yasas ~ y. gariyobhis, etc.

§ 44. THE ADJECTIVES IN ae. They are originally com­pounds of the root ae- (strong form ane-) "turn, go" with prepositions and with some other words. There are two types: prae- "easterly" (really "turned forwards") and pratyac­"westerly" (really "turned backwards, situated behind"). The fern. is also formed here by addition of i to the weak stem (in prevocalic form): praei, pratiei- (§ 27). Like prae- run e.g., apae- "situated backward, behind", avae- "directed downwards", parae- "turned away", arvae- "coming hither"; like pratyae- e.g., nyae- "directed downwards", samyae­"united, common", udae- "directed upward, northerly"; fern. apaei-, etc., niei-, udiei-.

GONDA, Elementair-Grammar 3

34

NV. A. I. D. Ab. G. L.

NVA IDAb. G.L.

NV. A. I. D.Ab. G. L.

M.

pran (§ 4 IV) praneam

DECLENSION

N. Sg.

~ prak

praea praee praeas praei

Du.

prancau praei pragbhyam (§§ 19; 10)

praeos

praneas praeas

PI.

~ pranei

pragbhis pragbhyas praeam

M. N.

pratya~ ~ pratyak pratyaneam ~

pratiea pratiee pratieas pratiei

pratyancau pratiei pratyagbhyam pratieos

pratyaneas ~ p t -' P t- ra yanet ra teas

pratyagbhis pratyagbhyas

prak~u (§§ 19 II; 4 IV) pratieam pratya~u

The word tiryac- "horizontal" has tiraSC- in the prevoca1ic form of the weak stem, thus tiryan, tiryancam, tiraSca, etc., fern. tiraSci-; vi$vac- "going asunder, turned in both directions" runs vi$van, vi$vancam, vi$ilca, etc., fern. vi$Uci-.

§ 45. STEMS CONTAINING PECULIARITIES.

1. The word ahan- n. "day" is inflected: sg. n.v.a. ahar (ahaf/" § 4 VI), i. ahna, d. ahne, ab. g. ahnas, 1. ahni, ahani; duo n.v.a. ahni, ahani, i.d.ab. ahobhyam, g.1. ahnos; pI. n.v.a. aMni, i. ahobhis, d.ab. ahobhyas, g. ahnam, 1. ahaf/,su, ahassu.

n. The neuters ak~an- "eye", asthan- "bone", dadhan-

DECLENSION 35

"sour milk", and sakthan- "thigh" form only the weak prevocalic forms of the stem: a~r.ta, ak~e, a~r.tas, etc., asthna, etc., dadhna, etc., sakthna, g. sakthnas, duo sakthni, sakthnos; the remaining cases are formed from the i-stems ak#-, asthi-, dadhi-, sakthi-, thus: a~, ak#bhyam, asthibhis, dadhi, sakthibhyam, etc.

Ill. The word path- "way" runs: sg. n.v. panthas, a. pan­thanam, i. patha, 1. pathi, etc. ; duo panthanau, pathibhyam, pathos; pI. panthanas, pathas, pathibhis, patMm, etc.

IV. putfts- m. "man": sg. puman, puman, pumatftSam, putftSa, etc.; duo pumatftsau, pumbhyam (putftbhyam, § I2 Ill), PUtftSos; pI. pumatftsas, PUtftSas, pumbhis (PUtftbhis), putftsam, etc.

V. ap- f. "water" occurs only in the plur.: n.v. apas, a. apas, adbhis, adbhyas, apam, apsu.

VI. At the end of compounds °han- "killing" has the stron~ stem °han: n. sg. OM, n.v.a. pI. °hani, the weak prevocalic stem °ghn-, thus i. sg. of brahmahan- "murderer of Brahmans": brahmaghna beside acc. sg. brahmahar.tam, i. pI. brahmahabhis (§ 39).

COMPARISON

§ 46. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE can be formed in a twofold way. In the first place, the comp. is formed by addition of tara, the sup. by addition of lama to the masculine stem of the adjective: pur.tya- "pure": pur.tyatara- "purer", pur.tyatama- "purest"; balin- (§ 4I): balitara-, balitama-; vidvas- (§ 42): vidvattara-, vidvattama-. Adjectives with a twofold stem thus have the weak preconsonantal form. The inflection is as above (§ 22).

DECLENSION

Secondly, with a number of adjectives iyas is joined in the comp., i~!ha in the sup. (inflection like §§ 2I; 22) to the root underlying the adj. which is usually a gUl)a (full grade) formation; the suffix characteristic of the positive of the adj. is thus lacking to the comp. and sup. Examples: k~ud-ra­"small" (root k~ud- "trample"): c. k~odiyas-, s. k~odi~!ha-;

lagh-u- "light": laghiyas-, laghi~!ha-; gur-u- "heavy": gariyas-, gari~!ha-; Prth-u- "wide" (root prath- "extend"): prathiyas-, prathi~!ha-; du-ra- "far": daviyas-, davi~!ha-; bhu-ri- "abun­dant, much, numerous" (root bhu- "grow"): bhuyas- "more", bhuyi~!ha-. Sometimes the positive of the same root is lacking: (alpa- "small":) kaniyas- "smaller, younger", kani~!ha-;

sreyas- "better", sre~!ha- "best"; jyiiyas- "older", jye~!ha-, " oldest" .

Note. Occasionally forms like Sres/hatara-, sre$/hatama- with both suffixes are found.

PRONOUNS

PRELIMINARY REMARK. The paradigms of the pronominal inflection have generally originated from the union of several stems. They lack the vocative.

§ 47. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Preliminary remarks. Singu­lar, dual, and plural are of different stems; natural gender is not designated; in addition to several stressed forms are found enclitic forms 1). The forms for the 1st person sg. mad-, pI. asmad-, for the 2nd person sg. tvad-, pI. yu~mad-, appearing in the first member of a compound are used as stems; mad­grha- "my house".

1) These are enclosed in parentht>ses in the paradigms.

DECLENSION 37

First person "I, we two, we".

Sg. Du. PI.

N. aham avam vayam A. mam (ma) avam (nau) asman (nas) 1. maya avabhyam asmabhis D. mahyam (me) avabhyam (nau) asmabhyam (nas) Ab. mat avabhyam asmat G. mama (me) avayos (nau) asmakam (nas) L. mayi avayos asmiisu

Second person "you, you two, you (pI.)" .

Sg. Du. PI.

N. tvam yuvam yuyam A. tvam (tva) yuviim (vam) yu~an (vas) I. tvaya yuvabhyam yu~mabhis D. tubhyam (te) yuviibhyam (vam) yu~mabhyam (vas) Ab. tvat yuvabhyam yu~mat

G. tava (te) yuvayos (vam) yu~makam (vas) L. tvayi yuvayos yu~masu

Note I. The ablatives can also be expressed mattas, tvattas, etc. Note 2. The infrequent possessive pronouns are: madiya- or

mltmaka- "my", tvadiya- (tavaka-) "your"; asmadiya- "our", yU$ma­diya- "your (p1.) " ; bhavadiya- "your" (polite); sva-, svaka-, svakiya­"one's own, his, her", etc.

§§ 48-50. THE REMAINING, SO-CALLED "GENDER-BEARING" PRONOUNS. Preliminary remarks. The form of the n. sg. neutr. is used as stem in §§ 48-50; the latter also appears at the beginning of a compound. The endings deviating re­peatedly from those of the nouns should be noted. The adverbs in -tra which designate place are also used instead of a locative: tatra vane = tasmin vane "in that forest".

§§ 48-49. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

DECLENSION

§ 48. The stem tad- is also used instead of a personal pronoun of the third person "he, she, it".

Paradigm:

N. A. I. D. Ab. G. L.

Sg. M. N. sas tam ~ tat

tena tasmai

F. sa tam

taya tasyai

M. Du. N. F. M. N.

PI. F.

~ tau te te te ~~::: . t­tan ~ _m as

l tais tabhis

tabhyam ~ tebhyas tabhyas tasmiit ~ tasyas tasya ~ te~am tasam t · t - tayos t t-asm~n asyam e~u asu

Likewise etad- "this": n. sg. e~as, f. ~a, n. etat. The forms s~, e~aft, occur only in absolute final position and before vowe1c;, before which § 15 is applied. Within the sentence sa, e~a appear before consonants.

The stem enad- "he" (enclit.) occurs only in the ace. of the three numbers, in the i. sg. and g. 1. duo The inflection is like that of the stem tad-, thus enam, enat, enam, enena, etc.

§ 49· Stem idam- "this". Sg. Du. PI.

M. F. M. F. M. F. N. ayam iyam

~ imau ime ime

~ imris A. imam imam imiin I. anena anaya ! ebhis abhis D. asmai asyai abhyam ~ ebhyas abhyas Ab. asmat ~ _ G. asyas

~ e~am asam asya

L. asmin asyam anayos

~u asu

DECLENSION 39

Neutr. n. a. sg. idam, duo ime, pI. imani. Otherwise like masc.

Stem adas- "that".

Sg. Du. PI.

M. F. M.N.F. M. F.

w _ amus N. asau asau ~ am,{i ami ~ A. amum amum amun

1. amuna amuya ! amibhis amubhis D. amusmai amusyai amubhyam ~ -bl. ~ -bl. Ab . -t ~ . am~ ,.yas amu ,.yas . amusma _

. amusyas G. amu~ya . ~ ami~am amu~am L. amu~min amu~yiim ~ amuyos ami~u am~u

Neutr. n. a. sg. adas, pI. amuni. Otherwise like masc.

§ 50. RELATIVE PRONOUN. The stem is yad- "which"; it is declined like tad-. Thus sg. n. m. yas, n. yat, f. yii, acc. yam, yat, yiim; duo n. a. m. yau, n. ye, f. ye; pI. n.m. ye, n. yani, f. yas, acc. yan, yiini, yas, etc.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN. Stem kim, dec1ensional stem ka-. This pronoun, apart from the n. and a. sg. n. (him), is declined like tad-. Th~: sg. n. m. kas, n. him, f. ka, acc. kam, him, kiim; duo n. a. m. kau, n. ke, f. ke; pI. n.m. ke, n. kani, f. kas, acc. kan, kiini, kas, etc. Indefinites are formed by addition of api, cid, cana to the interrogative pronoun, e.g., kalJ, "who?": ko 'pi, kaScit, kascana "anyone"; kva "where?" kvapi, etc. "any­where"; mm api "anything at all", na hi""cid "nothing", etc. § 51. PRONOMINALS (pronominally inflected adjectives).

I. A number of adjectives are declined like yad- (§ 50):

kata1'a- "whicn of two?", katama- "which (of several)", itara- "other", anya- "other", etc.

DECLENSION

H. The words saroa- and msva- "all, every", eka- "one", ekatara- "one of two" are likewise declined pronominally, only in the n. acc. sg. n. they have the adjectival ending: msvam, ekam.

HI. Other words are treated like saroa-, etc., but can also be declined according to the nominal declension in the ab. 1. sg. m. n. and in the n. pI. m.: adhara- "situated below, lower", antara- "inner", apara- "other", avara- "poster-· ior, western", uttara- "situated above, northern", dak~tea- "to the right, southern", para- "later, other", paScima- "western", puroa- "earlier", sva- "one's own". - Also ubhaya- "both kinds", which has ubhayi- in the fern.

§ 52. NOUNS USED INSTEAD OF PRONOUNS. It is worth noting that atman- "soul, self" is used instead of a reflexive pronoun: Viisavadatta ... iitmiinam Udayaniiya priiyacchat "V ... gave herself to U."; it represents all three persons, and the sg. is also used when the word refers to a duo or pI.

sva- serves for all persons as a reflexive with a predomi­nantly possessive meaning; thus it is usually to be translated by "one's own" or Lat. suus. The designation of the refl. is, however, not obligatory.

In polite address bhavat- (no sg. m. bhaviin, f. bhavati, n. pI. m. bhavantas, etc., § 38) is used as a pronoun of the 2nd person (with the 3rd person of the verb).

NUMERALS

§ 53. CARDINALS.

I eka-, 2 dm-, 3 tri-, 4 catur-, 5 paiica-, 6 ~a~-, 7 sapta-, 8 ~/a-, 9 nava-, IO dasa-, II ekiidaSa-, I2 dviidaSa-, I3 trayo-

DECLENSION

dasa-, I4 caturdaSa-, IS pancadaSa-, I6 ~o4asa-, I7 saptailaSa-, I8 a~~daSa-, Ig navadaSa-, ekonavi~sati- or unavi~sati-, 20 vi~ati-, 21 ekavi~ati-, 22 dviivi~ati-, 23 trayovi~ati-, 24 caturv., 26 ~a4v., 28 ~/iiv., 2g na'l1av. or unatri~at-, 30 tri~at-, 31 ekatri~sat-, 32 dviit., 33 trayast., 40 catviiri1J"sat-, 50 pancasat-, 60 ~~#-, 62 dvii~~#- or dvi~., 63 traya/J~. or tri~., 70 saptati-, 80 aSiti-, 81 ekiisiti-, 82 dvyasiti-, 88 ~/iisiti-, go navati-, 100 sata-, 200 dve sate or dvisata-, 300 tri1J.i satiini or triSata-, 1000 sahasra-, 10,000 ayuta-, IOO,OOO la~a-, I,OOO,OOO prayuta-, 10,000,000 koji-.

The numbers 2, 3, 8 with 20 and 30 run dVii, trayas, ~/ii, with 80 dvi, tri, a~/a, with 40-70, go both forms occur.

The cardinal numbers between the hundreds are usually expressed with addition of adhika- "more": 101 eklldhika1ft satam, 105 pa&lldhi­ka1ft satam (or palSclldhikaSatam).

§ 54. DECLENSION OF THE CARDINAL NUMBERS. eka- I is inflected according to § SI U, the pI. eke means "some"; in epic and in later literature the sg. is also encountered with the meaning "a certain, a". dvi- 2 is inflected as a dual of dva­(thus §§ 21; 22): m. dvau, n. dve, f. dve, etc., tri- and catur- as follows:

M. N. F. NV. trayas ~ t - . t' A. trin ~ r$1J.$ $sras

I. eribhis tisrbhis DAb. tribhyas tisrbhyas G. trayii1}iim tisr1J.iim L. tri~u tisr~

M. N. catviiras ~ ~~.. catviiri cu,v""ras

caturbhis caturbhyas catur1}iim catur~u

F.

catasras

catasrbhis catasrbhyas catasr1J.am catasr~u

The numerals 5, 7, 8, g, 10, and II-Ig are inflected for all genders: n.a.v. panca, i. pancabhis, d.ab. pancabhyas, g.

DECLENSION

pancanam, 1. pancasu; only 8 runs also: ~Iau, ~Iabhis,

~Iabhyas, ~Iasu; 6: ~aI, ~af,bhis, ~af,bhyas, ~att-~m, ~alsu. The numbers 1-19 are usually used adjectivally: pancabhir viraib "with 5 men".

The numbers 20 to 99 are feminine substantives in the sg. ; lOO, 1000, etc. are neuter subst. in the sg.; they have the numbered things either as appositives in the same case of the plur. or in the gen. plur.; they can also be joined with them in a compound: vi~atir aSvab, vi~atir a§vanam "20 horses", vi1'!tsatya virais or viratt-am "with 20 men", var~aSatam "100

years".

§ 55. ORDINALS. 1st prathama- (f. -ma), 2nd dvitiya-, 3rd trtiya-, 4th caturtha­

(f. -thi) or turiya- (f. -ya), 5th pancama- (f. -mi), 6th ~~Iha-, 7th saptama-, 8th ~lama-, 9th navama-, 10th daSama-, IIth ekadaSa-, 12th dvadaSa-, 20th vi~atitama- (f. -i) or vi1'!tsa- (f. -i), tri~attama- or tri~a-, 40th cawari1'!tsattama- or cat'Ua­ri~a-, 50th pancasattama- or pancasa-, 60th only ~~#tama-, but 61st e~~#tama- or ek~~la-, etc.

§ 56. NUMERAL ADVERBS. Numeral adverbs are sakrt I x, dvib 2 X, trib 3 x, catub 4 X, pancakftvab 5 X, etc. The adverbs in -dha: ekadha, etc. form expressions for "singly, at one time, etc.", those in -sas: pancasas, etc. for "in fives, etc.". ekaSas "individually".

CONJUGATION

§ 57. PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

I. There are three voices in Sanskrit, the active (parasmai­padam) , the middle (atmanepadam), and the passive. Some verbs occur only in the active (e.g., asti "be"), some only in the middle (e.g., liste "sit"). Of the passive almost only a present exists; in the non-present forms the middle is also used with passive meaning. The middle in general expresses actions which the agent carries out "for himself, in his own interest": yajati "he sacrifices (for another)": yajate "he sacrifices (for himself)". This original distinction is frequently preserved in Vedic and is not completely lost in classical Sanskrit either: we often find a quite significant use' of the middle; yet the forms of these two types are used promiscuously, e.g., for metrical reasons or even optionally.

H. The moods are: indicative, optative, imperative; only the present has three moods, the remaining tenses only the indicative; the infrequent precative is, however, a kind of aorist optative. The tenses are: present and imperfect, which form the present system with opt. and pres. imp., future, the rare conditional, aorist, perfect. The three latter groups are called the general forms of the verb; they, as also the passive, are formed from the root: the verbs of the aya­class, however, form fut. and perf. from the present stem. The whole present system is formed from the so-called present stem.

44 CONJUGATION

Ill. Sanskrit distinguishes also with respect to the verb: singular, dual (the number two: we two, etc.), and plural.

IV. The personal endings are of two kinds: primary (in the pres., fut. indic.) and secondary (in the imperf., aor., opt., and condit.), disregarding the endings deviating in several persons of the imperative and perfect. The primary endings are in general: In the active: sing. Ist -mi, 2nd -si, 3rd -ti; duo Ist -vas,

2nd -thas, 3rd -tas; pI. Ist -mas, 2nd -tha, 3rd -anti (-nti) ;

in the middle: -e, -se, -te; -vahe, -lithe, -lite; -make, -dkve, -ate (-nte).

The second~ endings are: in the active: -am (-m), -s, -t; -va, -tam, -tlim; -ma, -ta,

-an (-n); in the middle: -i, -tkiis, -ta; -vaki, -litkiim, -iitlim; -maki,

-dkvam, -ata (-nta). The optative has in the Ist sg. act. the ending -m or -am;

mid. -a, in the 2nd duo mid. -iitklim, 3rd duo mid. -litlim, in the 3rd pI. act. -ur, mid. -ran.

The endings of the imperative are: in the active: -lini, -dki or without ending, -tu; -liva,

-tam, -Mm; -lima, -ta, -antu (-ntu); in the middle: -ai, -sva, -Mm; -livahai, -iitklim, -litlim;

-limakai, -dkvam, -antlim (-ntlim). The endings of the perfect are given in § 84. Cf. also the paradigms.

V. In the impf., aor., and condit. the augment, i.e., an a­placed before the verbal stem, appears: tudati "he pushes": a-tudat "he pushed". "Roots b~ing with

CONJUGATION 45

vowels havevrddhi instead of this a: asya# "he throws": impf. asyat: u~ati "he wets": impf. auk~at. In the case of roots compounded with prepositions the augment appears between prep. and verb: nir-a-gacchat, 3rd sg. impf. of nile + gdcchati. In epic Skr. the augment is sometimes lacking: uddharam (§ 17) = udaharam (1st sg. impf. act., root n!-, narati "take"); pravartata = pravar­tata (pra + avartata, 3rd sg. impf. mid. root vrt- + pra "arise"). Aorist forms without augment are used after the prohibitive ma: ma gas ("do not go", gas 2nd sg. aor. act. without augment, root ga- "go"), cf. § 82.

VI. RULES FOR REDUPLICATION. There are a number of reduplicated verbal forms. The reduplication consists in the fact that a part of the root, as a rule the first consonant with a vowel, is prefixed to the root, e.g., pu-pu~-: p~- "flourish". The following rules apply: I. The aspirates are reduplicated by the corresponding non-aspirates: bhi .. : bi-bhi-; dnav-: da-dnav-. 2. Velars are reduplicated by the corresponding palatals: khan-: cakhan-; g!-: jagar-; n is reduplicated by j: nu-: junu-. 3. Of two initial consonants only the first is reduplicated: svap-: su~ap- (§ 20 II), tvar-: tatvar-, Sru-: suSru-. Roots which begin with velar + cons. form the re­duplication syllable with the corresponding palatal here also: kram-: cakram-, gran-: jagrah-, nri-: jinri-. But if the first of the initial consonants is a sibilant and the second is voiceless, the latter or its representative is reduplicated: stna-: ti~/ha-, skand-: caskand-; but sm!-: sasmar-.

CONJUGATION

The vowel of the reduplication syllable is given with the respective paradigms.

PRESENT STEMS

§ 58. The present of Sanskrit is divided into ten classes according to the structure of the present stem. These classes are divided into two groups, into the thematic and the athematic conjugation. In the thematic conj. the present stem ends in a and always remains constant. In the athematic conjugation the stem is variable: it has strong and weak f~rms. The 1st, 4th, 6th, loth classes belong to the thematic conjugation, the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th classes belong to the athematic conjugation. This enumeration, which follows the native grammar, is a well-established one which should not be changed arbitrarily. These class distinctions relate only to the present, act. and mid., not to the remaining ten­ses (concerning the passive and the derived conjugations, s. §§ 95 ff.). In several cases two or more than two presents have existed for one root.

THEMATIC CONJUGATION

§ 59. Common to the four thematic present classes are: I. The stem ends in a (s. § 58). This a becomes a before the

endings beginning with m and 'lJ and coalesces with the middle ending e. The dual endings of the mid. are -et(h)e, -et(h)am.

2. The 2nd sg. imperat. act. is identical to the stem. 3. The optative suffix is i, before vowels iy, which contracts

with the a of the stem to e (ey). The ending of the 1st sg. act. is -am in the opt.

CONJUGATION 47

The inflection is the same in the four classes. Only the formation of the stem is different.

In the Ist class a is added to the strong (gul).ated) root: bhu-: bhav-ati 1), bhr-: bhar-ati, ruh-: roh-ati, ji-: jay-ati, ni-: nay-ati, pat-: pat-ati. Exceptions are (s. § 3): nind-: nind-ati, kriif--: kriif--ati.

In the 6th class a is added to the weak root: tud-: tud-ati, vis-: vis-ati. Final r of the root becomes ir before the thematic vowel (before the a) : ft-: tir-ati. To the root prach- belongs the present '/>rcchati (sicl; 61 I).

In the 4th cl~s ya is added to the unchanged root: pas-: paS-yati, as-: as-yati.

In the IOth class and with the causatives aya is added to the root: du~-: du~-ayati, bhu-: bhiiv-ayati; tu~-: to~ayati.

Further §§ 97.98.

§ 60. FIRST CLASS. Paradigm: Mr- "bear".

Sg. Du. PI.

Indicative

Act.

Ist bharami bhariivas bhariimas 2nd bharasi bharathas bharatha 3rd bharati bharatas bharanti

Mid.

Ist bhare bhariivahe bhariimahe 2nd bharase bharethe bharadhve 3rd bharate bharete bharante

1) The verbs are usually cited either by the root or by the 3rd sing. pres. act. ind.

48 CONJUGATION

Sg. Du. PI. Imperfect

Act. 1st abharam abharava abharama 2nd abharas abharatam abharata srd abharat abharatam abharan

Mid. 1St abhare abharavahi abharamahi 2nd abharathas abharethiim abharadhvam srd abharata abharetam abharanta

Optative Act.

1st bhareyam bhareva bharema 2nd bhares bharetam bhareta 3rd bharet bharetam bhareyur

Mid. 1st bhareya bharevahi bharemahi 2nd bharethiis bhareyathiim bharedhvam srd bhareta bhareyatam bhareran

Imperative Act.

1st bharatti (§ 20 I) bharava bharama 2nd bhara bharatam bharata srd bharatu bharatam bharantu

Mid. 1st bharai bharavahai bharamahai 2nd bharasva bharethiim bharadhvam 3rd bharatam bharetam bhar(l,ntam

CONJUGATION 49

In the same way: tud- "push": tudati VI, as- "throw": asyati IV, etc. § 61. I. Some verbs of the thematic classes form the present

stem with the suffix ccha: gam- "go": pres. gacchati I, yam- "stretch": yacchati I, i~- "wish": icchati VI, vas­"become bright": ucchati VI, r- "go": rcchati VI. To the root prach- "ask": Prcchati VI.

II. Some roots have the long vowel: tam- "be benumbed": tamyati, dam- "tame": damyati, bhram- "wander" : bhramyati, mad- "be excited, rejoice": madyati, sam­"become quiet": samyati, Sram- "become tired": sram­yati, div- "play, throw dic~": divyati, guh- "hide": guhati; a-cam- "sip" has usually acamati; kram- "step" forms in the act. kramati, in the middle kramate. The root jan- "be born" has the present jayate IV.

III. Some roots which have a penultimate nasal lose this: da1fl-s- "bite": dasati I, sanj- "hang": sajati I, bhra1fts­"fall": bhrasyate, bhrasyati IV, ranj- "redden": rajyati IV; svanj- "embrace": svajate, svajati.

IV. A number of roots insert a nasal before the final conso­nant of the root: krt- "cut": krntati VI, lip- "besmear": limpati VI, lup- "break in pieces": tumpati VI, muc­"let loose": muncati VI, sic- "sprinkle": sincati VI, vid­"find": vindati VI.

V. Some roots are reduplicated: sthii- "stand": ti~!hati I, ghra- "smell": jighrati I, with dissimilation: pa- "drink": pibati I, with loss of the s and lengthening of the vowel: sad- "sit": sidati (*si-sda-ti).

VI. The root vyadh- "bore through" forms the present vidhyati; sa- "whet": syati (IV), ava-sa- "unyoke, etc.": °syati.

GONDA, Elementary Grammar 4

50 CONJUGATION

VII. For drs- "see" pasyati is substituted as a present. The 10th class will be discussed in § 98.

ATHEMATIC CONJUGATION

§ 62. GENERAL PRELIMINARY REMARKS. I. Stem gra­

dation exists in all classes. The strong form of the stem is found in I3 persons, namely:

I. in the three persons of the sing. indic. active; 2. in the three persons of the sing. impf. active; 3. in all first persons of the imper. active and middle; 4. in the third person sing. of the imper. active.

2. It should be noted that some personal endings differ from those of the thematic conj.; cf. the paradigms. The 2nd sg. imper. act. has the ending -dhi, after a vowel-hi.

3. As an optative suffix -ya- (before -ur of the 3rd plo only y-) is added to the weak stem in the act., -i- (before vowels -iy-) in the mid.

4. When the final sound of a stem is a consonant, the following phonetic rules apply: The endings -s and -t of the 2nd and 3rd sg. impf. act. disappear (§ 4 I), the final sound is treated according to § 4 III ff., cf. also the paradigm, § 63 .. For endings beginning with a consonant the rules in § I9 apply, before the endings beginning with s § I9 VI, 20 11 apply. In the 3rd sg. imp£. act. final dentals and s of the present stem after loss of the ending (s. above) become t, in the 2nd sg. impf. act. they become t or ft.: bhid- "split" VII: abhinat « a-bhinad-t) and abhinat or abhinaft. « abhinad-s); sas- II " order": asiit and asiit or asaft..

§§ 63-64. SECOND (ROOT-) CLASS.

CONJUGATION 5I

§ 63. The present stem is equal to the root; thus to this the personal endings are added, e.g., vid- "know": pres. st. strong: ved-, Ist sg. ind. act. ved-mi; weak vid-, Ist pI. ind. act. vid-mas.

Paradigm: dvi~- "hate".

Sg. Du. PI.

Ist dve~i 2nd dvek# (§ I9 VI) 3rd dve~# (§ I9 IV)

Ist dvi~e

2nd dvik~e (§ I9 VI) 3Td dvi~te (§ I9 IV)

Indicative Act.

dvi~vas

dvi~thas dvi~tas

Mid.

dvi~ahe dvi~iithe

dvi~iite

Imperfect Act.

Ist adve~am advi~va

2nd advet (§ § 4 I; V) advi~lam 3rd advet (§ § 4 I; V) advi~tiim

Ist advi# 2nd advi~/hiis 3rd advi~ta

Ist dvi~yiim

2nd dvi~yiis 3rd dvi~yiit

Mid.

advi~ahi advi~iithiim advi~iitiim

Optative Act.

dvi~yiiva dvi~yiitam

dvi~yiitiim

dvi~mas

dvi~tha dvi~anti

'dvi~mahe

dvir/4hve (from -~dh-) dvi~ate

advi~ma

advi~1a advi~an

advi~mahi

advir/4hvam advi~ata

dvi~yiima

dvi~yiita dvi~y'U.,

52 CONJUGATION

Sg. Du. PI.

1St dvi~iya

2nd dvi~ithiis 3rd dvi~ita

Mid.

dvi~ivahi

dvi~iyiith1i:m

dvi~iyiitiim

dvi~imahi dvi#dhvam dvi~iran

1st dve~ii1Ji 2nd dvirJ4hi 3rd dve~!u

1st dve~ai

2nd dvik~va 3rd dvi~!iim

Imperative

Act.

dve~iiva

dvi~/am

dvi~/iim

Mid.

dve~iivahai

dvi~iithiim

dvi~iitiim

dve~iima

dvi~/a dvi~antu

dve~iimahai

dvi44hvam dvi~atiim

§ 64. I. From the root vid- "know" thus ind. act. vedmi, vetsi, vetti, vidmas, vittha, vidanti; in the 3rd pl. impf. act. always avidur; dvi$- and the.roots in a can also have -ur: advi$ur, ayur (from ya "go" without the a of the root).

11. Reduplicated roots of this class, e.g., caklis- "shine", have in 'the 3rd pI. ind. impf. imp. act. -ati, -ur, -atu: cakasati "they shine"; in this way also slis- "order".

Ill. Paradigm of the root i- "go". Act. ind. emi, e~i, eti, ivas, ithas, itas, imas, itha, yanti. Impf. (§ 57 V) iiyam, ais, ait, aiva, aitam, aitiim, aima, aita, iiyan. Imp. ayiini, ihi, etu, ayiiva, itam, itiim, ayiima, ita, yantu. Opt. iyiim, etc. The mid. with the preverb adhi­"study": adhiye, adhi~e, adhite, etc.

IV. To the root duh- "milk" belong: dohmi, dhok$i (§ 4 note), dogdhi, duhmas, dugdha, duhanti; lih- "lick": lehmi, lek$i, leq,hi

CONJUGATION 53

(§ 19 VII), lihmas, li4ka (§ 19 VII), likanti; as-, only mid. "sit": ase, asset asle, asmake, adhve, asate.

V. Paradigm of the root as- "be"; almost only in the active: lnd. asmi, asi, asti, svas, sthas, stas, smas, stha, santi. lmpf. iisam, iisis, iisit, iisva, iistam, iistiim, iisma, asta, asan. Opt. syiim, syiis, syiit, syiiva, syiitam, syiitiim, syiima, syiita, syur. Imp. asiini, edhi, astu, asiiva, stam, stiim, asiima, sta, santu.

VI. The roots an- "breathe", 1'ud- "cry", svas- "sigh", svap- "sleep", ja~- "eat" have i before the endings beginning with a consonant other than y, i or a before the ending of the 2nd and 3rd sg. impf. act.; e.g., ind. 1'odimi, 1'odi~i, 1'oditi, 1'udimas, 1'uditha, 1'udanti; impf. a1'odam. a1'odas, or arodis; opt. 1'udyiim. These roots are se#- roots, s. § 7I.

VII. The root b1'iir "speak" has i in the strong forms before endings beginning with consonants: b1'avimi, b1'avi~,

b1'aviti, brumas. brUtha, bruvanti; ab1'avam, ab1'avit, ab1'uvan; bruyiim; b1'avii1J.i, bruhi, bravitu; mid. b1'uve, brUte, etc.; cf. also § 18 I.

VIII. The roots ending in u have lengthened grade in the strong forms before endings beginning with consonants, thus stu- "praise": staumi, stau~i. stauti; impf. astavam (av = 0, § 18 II), astaus, astaut, 3rd pI. impf. astuvan; imp. staviini. stum, stautu.

IX. The root han- "kill" forms the weak stem han- before m, '0, y, ha- before endings beginning with other conso-

54 CONJUGATION

nants, ghn- before vowels: hanmi, ha1'ftsi (§ I9 VIII), hanti, hanmas, hatha, ghnanti; ahanam, ahan, ahan, ahanma, ahata, aghnan; hanyam; 2nd sg. imp. jahi.

X. To the root si- "lie" belong: saye, se$e, sete, semahe, sedhve. serate; a.sayi, asethiis, 3rd pI aserata.

XI. The root siis- "order" forms the weak formsi$-: sasmi, si$mas, 3rd pI. sasati; opt. si$yam, 2nd sg. imp. sadhi. The root mrj­"rub off, clean" forms marjmi, mar$/i.

§§ 65-66. THIRD (REDUPLICATING) CLASS.

§ 65. The root is reduplicated; for the initial consonant, see § 57 VI; the vowel of the reduplication is the short form of the root vowel; rand r are, however, reduplicated by i: Thus: bhi- "be afraid": bibhe- strong pr. st., bibhi- weak pr. st.; bhr- "bear": bibhar-, bibhr-; hu- "sacrifice": juho-, juhu-.

To be noted are the endings ati, ur, atu in the 3rd pI. act. of the ind., impf., imp.; before ur a final vowel has the full grade.

Paradigm: hu- "pour into the fire, sacrifice". Sg. Du. PI.

Ist juhomi 2nd ju..ho~i (§ 2I 11) 3rd juhoti

Ist juhve 2nd juhu~e 3rd jUhute

Ist ajuhavam 2nd ajuhos 3rd ajuhot

Indicative juhuvas juhuthas juhutas

Mid. juhuvahe juhvathe juhvate

Imperfect Act.

ajuhuva ajuhutam ajuhutam

juhumas jUhutha jUhvati (§ 6)

juhumahe juhudhve juhvate

ajuhuma ajuhuta ajuhavur

CONJUGATION 55

Sg Du. PI.

Mid. Ist ajuhvi ajuhuvahi ajuhumahi 2nd ajuhuthas ajuhvatham ajuhudhvam 3rd ajuhuta ajuhvatam ajuhvata

Imperative

Act. Ist juhavani juhavava juhavama 2nd juhudhi (exception I) juhutam juhuta 3rd juhotu juhutam juhvatu

Mid.

Ist juhavai juhavavahai juhavamahai 2nd juhu~va juhvatham juhudhvam 3r d jUhutam juhvatam juhvatam

Opt. act. jUhuyam, etc.; mid. juhviya, etc.

§ 66. The roots da- "give" and dha- "put" lose their root vowel in the weak forms: dad- and dadh-; with following t and th the final dh of dadh- becomes tt and tth, the initial sound is dh in these cases as well as in the forms with endings which begin with s, h, and dh (cf. § 4 note). Thus: da: dadami, dadasi, dadmas, dattha, dadati, etc.; 2nd sg. imp. dehi (in all forms like dha-, only d instead of dh); dhd-: dadhami, dadhmas, dhattha, dadhati; mid. dadhe, dhatse, dhatte, dadhmahe, dhaddhve, dadhate; impf. adadham, etc.; opt. dadhyam, mid. dadhiya, etc.; imp. dadhani, dhehi, 2nd pI. dhatta, 2nd sg. mid. dhatsva, 2nd pI. dhaddhvam.

A few roots in a have i in the reduplication syllable and in the weak forms change the a into i, which disappears before

CONJUGATION

endings having initial vowels: mii- "measure" (only mid.): mimi-, mim-: ind. mime, mimi~e, mimite, 3rd pI. mimate; impf. amimi. hii- "leave" has as its weak stem jahi- or jahi­before endings beginning with consonants, jah- before endings beginning with vowels and in the opt.: ind. jahiiti, jahimas, 3rd pI. jahati; impf. ajahiim; opt. jahyiim; 2nd imp. jahiihi, jahihi, or jahihi.

§ 67. FIFTH CLASS.

In the weak forms -nu- is joined to the root, in the strong forms -no-: su- "press out": sunu- suno-. Before the endings beginning with v and m roots ending in a vowel can eliminate the u of the nu: sunumas or sunmas, but only iipnumas. These roots form the 2nd sg. imp. act. without hi: sunu; but iipnuhi. Roots with terminal consonants change nu into nuv before endings hay-ing initial vowels.

Paradigm: su- "press out".

;Sg.

Ist sunomi 2nd suno# 3rd sunoti

Ist sunve 2nd sunu~e 3rd sunute

Du.

Indicative

Act.

sunuvas (sunvas) sunuthas sunutas

Mid.

sunuvahe (sunvahe) sunviithe sunviite

PI.

sunumas (sunmas) sunutha sunvanti (§ 6)

sunumahe (sunmahe) sunudhve sunvate

CONJUGATION

Sg. Du.

Imperfect

Act.

1St asunavam asunuva (asunva) (§ IS II)

2nd asunos asunutam 3rd asunot asunutam

Mid.

PI.

asunuma (asunma)

asunuta asunvan

57

1St asunvi asunuvahi (asunvahi) asunumahi (asunmahi) 2nd asunuthas asunvatnam asunudhvam 3rd asunuta

1st sunavani 2nd sunu 3rd sunotu

1st sunavai 2nd sunu~a 3rd sunutam

asunvatam

Imperative

Act.

sunavava sunutam sunutam

Mid.

sunavavahai sunvatnam sunvatam

asunvata

sunavama sunuta sunvantu

sunavamahai sunudhvam sunvatam

Opt. act. sunuyam, etc.; mid. sunviya, etc.

To ap- "obtain" belong: apnomi, 1St pI. apnumas, 3rd pI. apnuvanti. The Indians take the root Sru- "hear" as the basis of the pr. st. s,tJu-, strong s,tJo-: s,tJomi, s,1jIO~, s,1jIumas (s,1jImas) , s,1jIV(lnti.

§ 6S. SEVENTH CLASS. In the strong forms before the final consonant of the root na- (or -tJa- § 20 I) is inserted, in the weak forms the nasal homorganic with this final con-

CONJUGATION

sonant: rudh- "obstruct": rU1Jadh-, rundh-, yuj- "join": yunaj-, yunj-; before sibilants and h the inserted nasal is 1'j't: pi$- "crush": pinas-, Pi1'j't$-; in hi1'j'ts- "hurt" the 1'j't belongs to the root: strong hinas-, weak hi1'j'ts-.

Paradigm: bhid- "split". Sg. Du. PI.

1st bhinadmi 2nd bhinatsi (§ 19 II) 3rd bhinatti (§ 19 II)

Ist bhinde 2nd bhintse 3rd bhintte

1st abhinadam 2nd abhinat (abhinas) 3rd abhinat

1st abhindi 2nd abhintthas 3rd abhintta

1st bhinadani 2nd bhinddhi 3rd bhinattu

Indicative Act.

bhindvas bhintthas bhinttas

Mid. bhindvahe bhindathe bhindate

Imperfect Act.

abhindva abhinttam abhinttam

Mid. abhindvahi abhindatham abhindatam

Imperative

Act. bhinadava bhinttam bhi-nttam

bhindmas bhinttha bhindanti

bhindmahe bhinddhve bhindate

abhindma abhintta abhindan

abhindmahi abhinddhvam abhindata

bhinadama bhintta bhindantu

CONJUGATION

Sg. Du. PI.

Mid.

1st bhinadai bhinadavahai bhinadamahai 2nd bhintsva bhindatham bhinddhvam 3rd bhinttam bhindatam bhindatam

Opt. act. bhindyam, etc.; mid. bhindiya, etc. Thus: yuj-: yunakti, yunkte; pi~-: pina~#, pi1'J1t~as.

59

§ 69. EIGHTH CLASS. u is added to some roots in n in the weak stem, 0 in the strong stem: tan- "stretch": tanu- tano-. The inflection is like § 67 (sunoti). The root kr- "make" is irregular: weak st. kuru- (kur- before the ending'> beginning with m, v, y), strong st. karo-.

Paradigm kr- "make". Ind. act. karomi, karo#, karoti, kurvas, kuruthas, kurutas,

kurmas, kurutha, kurvanti; mid. kurve, kuru~e, kurute, kurvahe, kurvathe, kurvate, kurmahe, kurudhve, kurvate.

Impf. act. akaravam, akaros, akarot, akurva, akurutam, akurutam, akurma, akuruta, akurvan; mid. akurvi, akuruthas, akuruta, akurvahi, akurvatham, akurvatam, akurmahi, aku­rudhvam, akurvata.

Imp. act. karava'}Ji, kuru, karotu, karavava, kurutam, kurutam, karavama, kuruta, kurvantu; mid. karavai, kuru~va, kurutam, karavavahai, kurvatham, kurvatam, karavamahai, kurudhvam, kurvatam.

Opt. act. kuryam, etc.; mid. kurviya, etc.

§ 70. NINTH CLASS. In the strong stem -na- is added to the root (with '}J instead of n according to § 20 I), in the weak stem -ni- (n before an ending beginning with a vowel). Paradigm kri- "buy": ind. act. kri'}Jami, etc., kri'}Jimas,

60 CONJUGATION

kri1Jitha, kri1Janti; mid. kri1Je, kri1Ji~e, etc. ; impf. act. akri1Jam, etc., akri1Jima; imp. act. kri1Jani, kri1Jihi, kri1Jatu, etc.; jfui­"know": ind. janami, imp. janihi.

From roots which end in a consonant the 2nd sg. imp. act. in ana is formed: grah- "take": grha1Ja (ind. grh1Jati) ; thus the suffix disappears.

Paradigm: as- "eat". Sg. Du. PI.

Ist asnami 2nd asnasi 3rd asnati

Ist asne 2nd asni~e 3rd asnite

Ist asnam 2nd asnas 3rd asnat

Ist asni 2nd asnithas 3rd asnita

Ist asnani

Indicative Act.

asnivas asnithas asnitas

Mid. asnivahe asnathe

• asnate Imperfect

Act. asniva asnitam asnitam

Mid. asnivahi, asnatham asnatam

Imperative Act.

asnava

asnimas asnitha aSnanti

asnimahe asnidhve asnate

asnima asnita asnan

asnimahi asnidhvam asnata

asnama

CONJUGATION 61

Sg. Du. PI.

2nd asana asnitam amita

3rd aSnatu asnittim asnantu

Mid.

1St aSnai aSnavahai amamahai 2nd aSni~a asntithtim asnidhvam 3rd asnitam asnatam aSnatam

Opt. act.: aSniyam, etc.; mid. asniya, etc.

The root jna- "recognize" forms the present janati (janimas, 3rd sg. ind. mid. janite). Roots in u have the short vowel in the present: pu- "purify": punati (punimas, etc.). The root bandh- "bind" forms badhnati (so also other stems with a nasal in the penult).

GENERAL TENSES

§ 71. PRELIMINARY REMARKS. Indic grammar distin­guishes between anit I)-roots, i.e., roots with which in the general tenses (i.e., the tenses outside of the present) and in the formation of verbal nouns the endings beginning with consonants eXGept Y are added directly to the root, and set I)-roots, which are formed with the "connecting vowel" i between the final sound of the root and the ending. The verb grah- "take" often has i as the "connecting vowel".

A number of roots (in which y, v, or r precedes the vowel) are in imitation of the native grammarians not given in the weak grade as is usual (e.g., dvi~- "hate", bhid- "split"), but in the full grade: svap- "sleep", vyadh- "bore through", vac-

1)' an-i-J means "without i", seJ < sa-i-J means "with i".

62 CONJUGATION

"speak"; the weak grade of these roots: sup-, vidh-, uc-, was called sarpprasaral).a.

There are roots which form only certain tenses: from as­"be" only pres. and perf. are found, in the remaining tenses bhu- "become, etc." appears; ga- "go" forms the aorist of i­"go", for drs- "see" pas- IV is used as the present stem, etc.

FUTURE

§ 72. THE SIMPLE FUTURE. To the strong root sya is joined (according to § 20 11 ~ya), to set-roots i~ya. Almost only forms of the indicative are encountered. The inflection is the same as in the present. Paradigm: da- "give": act. dasyami, dasyasi, dasyati, dasyamas, dasyatha, dasyanti; mid. dasye, dasyase, dasyate, dasyamahe, dasyadhve, dasyante. Paradigm: kr- "make": act. kari~yami, kari~yasi, etc.; mid. kari~ye, kari~yase, etc. Further examples: ni- "lead": ne~yati, bhu- "become": bhavi~yati, sak- "be able": sak~yati, labh­"take": lapsyate, tyaj- "leave": tyak~yati, vas- "dwell": vatsyati, bhid- "split": bhetsyati, budh- "awaken, recognize": bhotsyate (§ 4 note), vis- "enter": vek~yati (§ 19 VI), drs­"see": drak~yati (sicl), gai- "sing": gasyati, grah- "take": grahi~yati, k~am- "forgive": k~a'1'ftsyati (§ 12 HI). The verbs of the loth class and the causatives (§ § 97; 98) keep the ay and add i~ya to it: patayati "fell": patayi~yati.

Note. The conditional, which is formed from the future st.em by prefixing the augment and with the endings of the imperfect, occurs only rarely: da-: adasyat.

§ 73. THE PERIPHRASTIC FUTURE consists of the nom. sg. of a tr-stem (noun of agent, § 29), to which in the 1st and 2nd

CONJUGATION 63

person the forms of the ind. act. and mid. of as- "be" are added (there are, however, exceptions).

Paradigm: da- "give".

Sg. Du. PI.

Act. (du. and pI. rare)

Ist datasmi (from datasvas datasmas data + asmi)

2nd datasi datasthas datastha 3rd data datarau dataras

Mid. (rare)

Ist datahe datasvahe datasmahe 2nd datase datasathe datadhve 3rd data datarau dataras

Thus: drs- "see": dra~/asmi, grah- "take": grahitasmi, jiv­"live": jivitasmi, bhU- "become": bhavitasmi. - Cf. also § II5.

Note. The masculine forms of the 3rd pers. are usually used for all genders. '

AORIST

§ 74. There are in Sanskrit seven forms of the aorist, which are all formed by augmentation of the root and addition of the personal endings of the imperfect. The(seven forms fall into simple and s-aorists. In post-Vedic texts the aorist, apart from some often used forms like abhii,t "he was", etc., is used only little in the simple types of style; in the older language it is very frequent. In post-Vedic times one finds almost only indicative forms except the "injunctive" (§ 82).

§§ 75-77. SIMPLE AORISTS.

§ 75. THE ROOT AORIST. This aorist is formed only from

CONJUGATION

some roots in -ii and diphthongs and from bhU-. The 3rd pI. loses the final vowel before the ending ur; bhu- becomes bhuv­before endings beginning with vowels and has an in the 3rd pI. Paradigm: dii- "give": adiim, adiis, adiit, adiiva, adiitam, adiitiim, adiima, adiita, aduf; bhu- "become, etc.": abhUvam, abhUs, abhUt, abhUma, abhuta, abhUvan.

Note. The middle of the roots in -ii is inflected according to § 78.

§ 76. THE THEMATIC AORIST. After the augmented weak root (only roots which end in r or r have full grade) follows the "thematic vowel" a; the inflection is that of the impf. of the 1st class (§ 60). This aorist exists beside many presents of the 4th class and beside some of the 1st and 6th classes; the middle is very rare. Paradigm: sic- "sprinkle": asicam, asicas, asicat, asiciima, asicata, asican; 'krudh- "be angry": akrudhat; exceptions: drs- "see": adafsat; gam- "go": agamat.

§ 77. THE REDUPLICATED AORIST. The consonants are doubled according lo § 57 VI; the inflection is in the act. and mid. that of the impf. of the 1st present class. The 3rd pI. act. has the ending ur. The root is weak. Final i and u go to iy and uv.

Examples: pat- "fall": apaptam, etc.; dru- "run": adudru­vam; vac- "speak": a'IJocam (from a-va-uc-a-m); nas- "pass away" has anesam. This aorist is used especially beside pres. in aya and caus. (§ § 97; 98); aya does not occur in the aorist stem; the redupI. vowel is i or i, with roots with u usually u or u; the vowel of the reduplication has as a rule another quantity than that of the root syllable (- v): drs- "see": darsayati: aor. adidrsat, jan-, caus. janayati "beget": aor. ajijanat; budh-, caus. bodhayati "awaken, instrnct": aor. abubudhat. A long root vowel is often shortened: dip- "kindle",

CONJUGATION

dipayati: aor. adidipat. The p of the causative (§ 97) also stands in the aorist: jna-, caus. jnapayati "instruct": ajijnapat.

§§ 78-8I. SIGMATIC AORISTS.

§ 78. THE ATHEMATIC S-AORlST. Thi..c:; aorist is formed by adding s to the augmented root (according to § 20 II ~); the root vowel in the active is usually in the lengthened grade, in the middle with roots ending in i, i, u u in the full grade, but remains otherwise unchanged; only roots in a and diph­thongs which form the aor. mid. according to this form change a into i. The endings are those of the imperfect; that of the 3rd pI. is ur in the act., ata in the mid. ; the 2nd and 3rd sg. act. have the endings is, it. The sign of the aorist s is lost before the endings beginning with t and th after cons. except nasals and r, and always before dhvam, which becomes rf,hvam after all vowels except a and a and after,. There are also forms without s which stem from the root aorist: a-kr-ta, a-di-ta (root da-), 3rd sg. mid. This is the usual aorist of the anit-roots (§ 7I).

Paradigm: ji- "conquer"; tud- "push". ~.

Act. Mid.

Sg.

Ist ajai~am atautsam aje~i atutsi 2nd ajai#s atautsis aje~lhas atutthas 3rd ajai#t atautsit aje~la atutta

Du.

Ist ajai~va atautsva aje~vahi atutsvahi 2nd ajai~lam atauttam aje~atham atutsatham 3rd ajai~lam atauttam aje~atam atutsatam

GONDA, Elementary-Grammar 5

66

Act.

1St ajai~ma

2nd ajai~/a 3rd ajai~ur

CONJUGATION

atautsma atautta atautsur

PI.

aj~mahi aje4hvam aje~ata

Mid.

atutsmahi atuddhvam atutsata

Other examples: /q- "do, make": act. akjj:r~am, mid. akr#, (3rd sg. akrta, s. above); Sru- "hear": aSrau~am; drs- "see": adra~am; srj- "let loose": asrak~am, asrk#; da- "give": mid. adi#. )

§ 79. THE ATHEM. i~-AORIST. i~ is added to the aug­mented root whose vowel appears in the full grade and, in the active with final vowel, in the lengthened grade. Of the roots with a before a simple consonant some have lengthened grade in the active, others optionally lengthened grade, still others full grade. The endings are the same as with the s-aorist. It is the regular aorist of the set-roots (§ 71). Para­digm: Zu- "cut off": act. atavi~am, atavis, aZavit, atavi~, atavi~/a, atavi~ur; mid. atavi#, atavi~thas, atavi~/a, atavi~mahi, aZavidhvam, atavi~ata. Some examples: budh- "awaken, etc.": abodhi~am, abodhi~i; kram- "step": akrami~am; grah- "seize": agrahi~am.

§ 80. THE si~-AORlST. si~ is added to the augmented root in full grade. It is found only with some roots in a, diphthongs, and am; only in the active; in the middle these roots have the i~-aorist. Examples: ya- "go": ayas#am, ayasit; nam- "bend": analftSi~am.

§ 8I. THE sa-AORIST. This aorist occurs only with roots which end in s, ~, h (which always produce k~ with the sign of the aorist s according to § 19 VI; 4 V) with a vowel other

CON J UGATION

than a or ii. The inflection is the same as with the imperfect of the 1st cl., only the 1St sg. mid. ends in i, the 2nd and 3rd duo in iithiim and iitiim.Paradigm: diS- "show, give": act. adik~am, adik~as, adik~at, adi~iima, adik~ata, adik~an; mid. adik#, adik~athiis, adik~ata, adik~iimahi, adik~adhvam, adi­k~anta.

§ 82. INJUNCTIVE. There are aorist forms without aug­ment which expre..<;s prohibitions with the prohibitive mii "not": mii giis "do not go," mii bhai~is, mii bhais "do not fear", mii kiir~is. mii krthiis "do not m.ake".

§ 83. PRECATIVE. The rare precative is formed by adding in the active to the weak form of the root the mood-sign yiis with athematic inflection; the root shows the changes mentioned 'with the passive (§ 95), only final ii is usually changed to e: dii- "give": deyiisam. Other examples: bandh­"bind": badhyiisam, bhu- "become" : bhuyiisam, bhuyiis. bhuyiit, bhuyiisma, bhUyiista, bhuyiisur. Example of a middle form: bhavi#ya, bhavi#~lhiis, etc. from bhu-.

PERFECT

Sanskrit distinguishes the reduplicated and the periphrastic perfect. The non-derived verbs (cf. §§ 97 ff.) follow as a rule the reduplicating formation.

§§ 84-93. THE REDUPLICATED PERFECT.

§ 84. PREUMINARY REMARKS. The perfect stem is formed by reduplication, and in fact with the roots beginning with consonants according to § 57 VI. The vowel of the redupli­cation syllable is the short or weak root vowel. The r and the r are, however, represented by a; likewise final diphthongs. Thus: dii- "give": dadii-, kr- "do, make": cakr, pu~- "nourish":

68 CONJUGATION

pupu~-, tap- "heat": tatap-. With roots beginning with vowels initial a is lengthened to a before simple consonants, e.g., ad­"eat": ad-; initial a before two consonants and initial r prefix the syllable an to themselves: anj- "besmear": ananj-; rdh- "develop": anrdh- (there are only few cases); initial a remains a: ap- "obtain": ap-. Initial i and u become i and u in the weak perfect stem; in the strong stem iy and uv appear before the strong root vowel e or 0: e.g., i~- "wish": weak Bf. st. ih strong pf. st. iye~-; U$- "burn": u~- and uvo~-.

THE PERSONAL ENDINGS of the perfect are in the active: -a, -tha, -a; -va, -athur, -atur; -ma, -a, -ur; in the middle: -e, -se, I

-e; -vahe, -athe, -ate; -mahe, -dhve, -re. The 3rd pI. mid. always has the vowel i before itself, the remaining endings beginning with cons. have it for most roots.

The three persons of the sg. act. are in general strong, all the rest are weak.

§ 85 PARADIGM OF THE ROOTS WITH i, U, OR r before simple consonants; in the strong forms full grade of the vowel appears: pu~- "nourish", drs- "see", bhid- "split".

Act. Mid.

Sg.

1st pupo~a dadarsa bibhide dadrse 2nd pupo#tha dadarsitha bibhidi~e dadrsi~e 3rd pupo~a dadarsa bibhide dadrse

Du.

1st pupu$iva dadrsiva bibhidivahe dadrsivahe 2nd pupu$athur dadrsathur bibhidathe dadrsathe 3rd pupu$atur dadrsatur bibhidate dadrsate

CONJUGATION

Act.

1st pupu#ma 2nd pupu~a srd pupu~ur

dadrsima dadrsa dadrsur

PI. Mid.

bibhidimahe dadrsimahe bibhididhve dadrsidhve bibhidire dadrSire

§ 86. ROOTS WITH a BEFORE SIMPLE CONSONANTS have lengthened grade optionally in the 1st sg. act., always in the srd sg., full grade in the 2nd sg.: tap- «heat, etc." 1st sg. tatapa or tatapa, srd sg. tatapa; kram- «step": cakrama or cakrama, cakramitha, cakrama; cf. § 90.

§ 87. ROOTS WITH a BETWEEN CONSONANTS (thus type pac- «cook"), of which the initial one is reduplicated with itself (thus not has- "laugh", for h has the representative j in the reduplication: jahas-) form the weak stem by the un­reduplicated root with e instead of a. If in the 2nd sg. act. the ending is added by means of i, then the weak stem appears with these verbs. Roots which begin with two consonants remain unchanged in the weak stem. Paradigm: pac- "cook".

Sg. Du. PI.

Act.

1st papaca or papaca peciva pecima 2nd pecitha or papaktha pecathur peca srd papaca pecatur pecur

Mid.

1st pece pecivahe pecimahe 2nd peci~e pecathe pecidhve srd pece pecate pecire

From the root kram- «step" are derived however the act.

70 CONJUGATION

cakrama, etc.; mid. cakrame; from gam- "go": act. jagama, etc., jagmima, jagma, jagmur; mid. jagme, etc. ; jan- "be born" : jajne. Exceptions: bhaj- "distribute, allot" has bheje; from raj- "shine" is found rejur, etc.

§ 88. SOME ROOTS WITH NON-INITIAL Y OR V BEFORE VOWEL

run as follows: svap- "sleep": act. su~vapa, etc., mid. su~upe (~, § 20 H) ; vyadh- "pierce": vivyadha, 3rd pI. vividhur; grah­"seize" forms jagraha, jagrhe.

§ 89. I. SOME ROOTS BEGINNING WITH va have uva in the strong stem and u instead of va in the weak stem. Para­digm: vac- "speak":

Sg.

1st uvaca or uvaca 2nd uvacitha or uvaktlJa 3rd uviica

1st -ace 2nd -aci~e 3rd -ace

Du.

Act.

uciva -acathur ueatur

Mid.

Ucivahe -acathe ueate

PI.

ucima uca ueur

ueimahe ueidhve Ucire

H. In the same way is conjugated yaj- "sacrifice": iyaja, etc.; ije, etc.

IH. The root i~- "wish" has iy~a, i#ma; i~e (§ 84).

§ 90. OF ROOTS IN i, i, U, u, r, r the strong stem has option­ally full or lengthened grade in the 1st sg. act., full grade in the 2nd sg., lengthened grade in the 3rd sg.: stu- "praise": tu~liva or tu~tava, tu~totha, tu~liva, tu~tuma, tu~tuva, t~/uvur (§ 18 I); ni- "lead": ninaya, ninyur (§ 6); ji- "conquer" forms jigaya.

CONJUGATION 7I

In the weak stem the roots in r after several consonants and most in r have full grade: smr- "remember": 3rd pI. act. sasmarur.

The root i- "go" forms iyaya, iyur.

§ 9I. _-' ROOTS IN a AND DIPHTHONGS have the ending au in the 1st and 3rd sg. act.; in the weak forms (and optionally in the 2nd sg. act.) they have the vowel i before an ending beginning with a cons., no root vowel before an ending beginning with a vowel. Paradigm: da- "give".

Sg. Du. PI.

Act. 1st dadau dadiva dadima 2nd dadatha or daditha dadathur dada 3rd dadau dadatur dadur

Mid.

1st dade dadivahe dadimahe 2nd dadi~e dadathe dadidhve 3rd dade dadate dadire

§ 92. ROOTS BEGINNING AND ENDING WITH A CONSONANT AND SIMULTANEOUSLY PROSODICALLY LONG have no gradation: nind- "blame" has in all forms ninind-, jiv- "live" jijiv­(§ 3 end).

§ 93. THE ROOT vid- has no reduplication in the meaning "know": veda "I know", vettha, veda, vidma, vida, vidur.

The perfect of the root bhil- "become, etc." is irregular: babhUva, babhuvitha, babhuva, babhUvima, babhuva, babhuvur. The forms of the root ah- "say" are incomplete only in the act.: sg. 2nd attha, 3rd aha, duo ahathur, ahatur, pI. ahur.

§ 94. THE PERIPHRASTIC PERFECT. This construction is

72 CONJUGATION

used principally with the derived verbs, especially with the causative; also roots which begin with a prosodically long vowel except a and a and as- "sit" form this perfect. It is formed by adding the invariable am to the present stem; this form is combined with the perfect forms of kr- "make" (act. and mid.), as- "be" or bhit- "become, etc." (only act.). Examples: tu~-: caus. (§ 97) to~ayati "satisfy": to~ayamasa; ik~- "see": ik$a1'J'tcakre; as- "sit": asa1'J'tcakre; ma- "measure" (Ill mimite) , mapayati "cause to be measured, cause to be built": mapaya1'J'tcakre.

THE PASSIVE

§ 95. THE PRESENT.

I The syllable ya is added to the root with the personal endings of the mjddle; the inflection is that of the 1st pres. class, e.g., dvi$- "hate": dvi$-ya-te; yuj- "yoke, join": yujyate. The passive stem has the weak grade of the root: dvi~yate; bandh- "bind" : badhyate; vac- "speak" : ucyate, vas­"dwell": u$yate, grah- "seize": grhyate; nind- "blame": nindyate. Final vowels are changed and in fact as follows: final a and diphthongs usually go to i: da- "give": diyate; gai- "sing": giyate; but jiia- "know": jiiayate; dhyai­"consider": dhyayate; final i and u become i and it: ci­"gather": ciyate, sru- "hear": sruyate; r becomes ri after simple COllS., ar after two cons.: kr- "do": kriyate, smr­"remember": smaryate; r becomes ir, after labials itr: Sf­"break" : Siryate; Pr- "fill": puryate. Passive of hve- "call" : huyate. The present of the root jan- "be born", jayate is intrans. mid. of the 4th pr. cl. Several passives are origi­nally intransitives; they frequently have intrans. meaning.

CONJUGATION 73

H. The pas~ve belonging to the presents of the lOth class and caus. (§ 97) is formed without the syllable ay: lak~ayati "notice": l~yate; vadayati "cause to be spoken, cause to be sounded (from vad- "speak"): vadyate. It should be noted that the root vowel of the caus. remains.

§ 96. GENERAL TENSES. Here the middle also has the meaning of a passive. Only a 3rd sg. aor. pass. in i is found: la- "cut off": alavi, pac- "cook": apaci, dis- "show": adeSi, d,s- "see": adarsi, jan- "be born": ajani, dhii- "put": adhiiyi (likewise the other roots in a).

THE DERIVED VERBAL STEMS

§ 97. CAUSATIVES. In general every verb can form a present with causative meaning beside its present class: aya is added to the root whose vowel, if it is final, shows as a rule lengthened grade (often also if it is a before a cons.), but if it occurs medially before a cons., it has the full grade. The inflection is that of the 1st present class. Examples: kr­"make": karayati "cause to be made", ni- "lead": nayayati "cause to be led", pat- "fall": patayati "cause to fall, fell", tu~- "be pleased": to~ayati "satisfy". There are, however, a number of roots with internal a before a cons. which do not lengthen the a: jan- "be born": janayati "beget", etc. Most roots ending in a have paya as a causative sign: da- "give": dapayati "cause to be given"; some run like jM- "know": jMpayati or jnapayati "inform". Also ,- "go" forms arpayati "fasten, offer"; ruh- "grow, climb" has ropayati beside rohayati, adhi-i- "learn" : adhyapayati "instruct" ; k~­"destroy" has ~ayayati and ~apayati. The root sidh- "suc­ceed" forms sadhayati "accomplish".

74 CONJUGATION

Irregular are e.g., du~ayati "damage" and purayati "fill".

§ 98. TENTH PRESENT CLASS. There are a number of verbs which form the present without causative meaning according to the aya- conjugation; many are denominatives. Examples: amitrayati "be hostile" (from amitra- "hostile"), 'Oar1')ayati "describe" (from vartta- "color"), corayati "steal".

The future of the aya-verbs has ay + #ya: from kr-: karayi~yati. Concerning aor., pert., and pass. one should refer to §§ 77; 94; 95 II.

§ 99. DESIDERATIVES. sa, sometimes i~a-, is added to the reduplicated root. The reduplication syllable has i as a vowel, but u if the root syllable contains u or u or gets u according to the following rule. Examples: pa- "drink": pipasati "wish to drink", ji'O- "live": jtji'Oi~ati "wish to live", drs- "see": didrk~ati (§ 19 VI) "wish to see". Final i goes to i, final u to u, finalr and; go to ir, after labials to ur: sru- "hear": sUSru$ati, kr- "make": cikir~ati, pres. part. mid. cikir~amatta-, mr- "die": mumur~ati. The root grak- "seize" forms jighr~ati, cit­"observe", cikitsati "heal", han- "kill" jighii'IfJsati. Some desideratives have obtained greater independence: bhi~- "beg" (wish to get)" from bhaj- "obtain", etc. Cf. also § II6 Ill.

§ 100. INTENSIVES. The intensive stem has a redu­plication strengthened by full grade, lengthening, or in another way, and the suffix ya. The inflection is that of the middle of the Ist class. The treatment of final root vowels is the same as with the passive. Examples: diP- "shine": dedipyate; ru- "cry": roruyate "cry repeatedly or very much"; mrj- "rub off": marmrjyate.

There are also other intensive formations, e.g., 'Oid- "know": 'Oevetti; kram- "step": cankramiti.

CONJUGATION 75

VERBAL NOUNS

§ 101. PARTICIPLES OF THE TENSE STEMS.

I. IN THE PRES. AND FUT. OF THE ACT. the suffix is at in the weak participial stem, ant in the strong stem; in the future and thematic present stems only a stands instead of a of the suffix with the thematic vowel a. Inflection, s. § 36. Thus: in the pres. of the thematic conjugation bhr- I bharati "bear": strong bharant-, weak bharat-; tu~­IV tu~yati "be pleased": strong tu~yant-, weak tu~yat-; in the pres. of the athematic conj. the suffix is added to the weak present stem: dvi~- II dve~# "hate": dvi~ant-, dvi~at-; bhid- VII bhinatti "split": bhindant-, bhindat-; as- IX asnati "eat"; asnant-, asnat-. Reduplicated stems have only the weak stem: hu- III juhoti "sacrifice": cf. § 37. Part. fut. act. bhu- "become, etc." bhavi~yati:

bhavi~ya(n)t-.

n. IN THE PRES. MID. of the thematic conjugation and in the pres. of the passive miina (according to § 20 I ma1Ja) is added to the pres. stem: bhara-mii1Ja-; pass. tud-ya-miina. In the athematic conj. ana (a1Ja, § 20 I) is added to the weak pres. stem: bhid- VII: bhindana-; hu- Ill: juhvana-, bru- II: bruvii1Ja-, Si- II "lie": sayiina-, kr- VIII: kur­va1Ja-. Irregular is as- Il "sit": iisina-. Part. fut. mid.: da-: dasyamana-.

Ill. IN THE PERF. PART. OF THE ACT. vas (§ 42) is added to the weak perf. stem; it is added to monosyllabic ped. stems with the vowel i except in the weak prevocalic de­clension stem. Thus kr-: cakrvas-, jan- "be born": jajnivas-, weak prevocalic stem jajnu~-, pac- "cook": pecivas-, pecu~-; but vid-: vidvas-.

, \

CONJUGATION

IV. IN THE PERF. PART. OF THE MIDDLE ana (atta) is added to the Vl?-eak stem: kr-: cakra'l!-a-, pac-: pecana-.

§ I02'·J V~RB~ ADJECTIVES FROM THE ROOT OR THE

DERIVED VERBAL STEM. There are verbal adjectives (also called participles) in ta and na; for intransitive verbs they have preterital meaning, whereas in the case of transitive verbs the meaning is usually pret. and passive, sometimes active also.

Examples: cira1fl- supto 'smi "I have slept long"; raja grka1fl- gatatJ "the king has gone home"; gka'lJ-la maya datta "the bell has been given by me, I have given the bell".

The suffixes -ta- and -na- are added to the weak root (note §§ I9 Ill-V; VII): bhr- I bharati: bkrta-, yuj- VII "yoke": yukta-, svap- "sleep": supta-, vat- "speak": ukta-, yaj­"honor the gods by a s'acrifice": i~/a-. Set-roots ending in a consonant have the vowel i before ta, not before na: pat­"fall": patita-, but dak- "burn": dagdka- (§ 19 Ill), grak­(§ 7I): grkita-, guk- "hide": gUif,ka-, etc., 'Oak- "lead": urlka-.

One should note: instead of fjnal a and ai of some roots we find i: pa- "drink": pita-, with other roots i: stha- "stand": stkita-; dka- "put" forms kita-; jna- "know", ya- "go", kkya­"name", etc. retain the a: kkyata-. The suffix ta is always added with the vowel i to the stems of the loth cl. and the caus. after loss of aya: tu~-: caus. to~ayati "satisfy": to~ita-. Note a-jna- X "order": ajnapta-.

If a root ends in a and a nasal, then a appears: gam- "go": gata-, man- "think, consider": mata-; but they frequently have long vowel + n: kram- "step": kranta-; some have only a: kkan- "dig": kkiita-; jan- "be born": jata-. But da1fl-s­"bite": d~la- (§ 19 V).

CONJUGATION 77

The root da- "give" torms datta-; prach- "ask": Pr~!a-, ghas- "eat": jagdha-

Some torms form the verbal adj. optionally with ta or na: tvar- "hasten": tvarita- and tur1Ja-.

The rarer na (1Ja) is added to the roots in r: tr- "step over": tir1f,a-, p"j- "fill": purt}a-; to most in d: pad- "get into": panna-; to some roots ending in a vowel: hii- "leave": hina-, etc ; to some roots in g and j (j goes to g before na): lag­"hang": lagna-; vij- "be frightened": vigna, bhanj- "break": bhagna-, majj- "sink under": magna-.

§ 103. There is a VERBAL ADJECTIVE WITH ACTIVE PRE­

TERITAL MEANING which is often used in the sense of a finite verb: it is formed by addition of vat (declension: § 38) to the just mentioned perf. pass. part.: ukta-vat- "having said",

<.. uktavan (nom. sg. m.): "(he) said". Per;phrastic construction: krtava1}'ts tva1}'t bhavi~yasi "you will have made".

§ 104. GERUNDIVE (cf. § II6 VII). There are three for­mations: a) tavya to the full grade of the root, with set-roots together

with i: kr-: kartavya-; bhu-: bhavitavya- ("what should be"); the ay a-stems retain the ay: budh- caus.: bodhayi­tavya-.

b) aniya (a1Jiya § 20 I), usually to the root in the full grade: kr-: kara1Jiya-; the aya-stems lose the ay: cint- X "think": cintaniya-.

c) ya: da-: deya-; bhu-: bhavya- or bhiivya- "what should happen"; kr- "do": Mrya-; vadh- "kill": vadhya-, labh­"obtain": labhya-; cint- X: cintya-; sthii- caus. sthiipayati: sthiipya-. After some roots in i u r also tya: krtya-.

§ 105. INFINITIVE. tum is added to the full grade ot the

CONJUGATION

root, with set-roots together with i: kr- "make": llartum, yuj­"yoke" VII: yoktum, drs- "see": dra~lum (sic!); jiv- "live": jivitum, sah- "bear": so~hum, grah- "take": grahitum; ji­"conquer": jetum; bhu- "become": bhavitum; gam- "go": gantum; tt- "cross over": taritum or taritum. The aya-verbs retain the ay and add i; budh- caus.: bodhayitum.

§ I06. GERUNDS. Besides the rare formation with am (kr-: kiiram) Old Indic has two gerunds which are used as indeclinable participles and designate an action which precedes the action expressed by the principal verb of the sentence; the grammatical or logical subject of the sentence is the agent of the gerund.

The gerund I in tvii is that of the uncompounded verbs. With regard to the root form and the i before tvii the same rules apply as with ta; roots in r are treated as with the passive. kr-: krtvii; vac- "speak": uktvii, drs- "see": dr~lvii,

svap- "sleep": suptvii, grah-: grhitvii, han- "kill": hatvii. sthii-: sthitvii, kram- "step": kriintvii. The aya-stems retain ay: budh-: bodhayitvii "having drawn one's attention".

The gerund n in ya is added to verbs which are compounded with preverbs (prepositions); in epic now and then also to simple verbs. The rules given above (§ 95) for the passive concerning the form of the root are applicable: vi-muc­"free": vimucya; pra-vas- "set out": pro~ya (from pra-u~-ya). Final ii remains unchanged: pra-dii- "give": pradiiya. Roots in a short vowel have tya: abhi-dru- "run towards": abhi­drutya. The roots in am and an, as they have a instead of am or an in the weak grade, can likewise add tya: ii-gam- "come": iigatya beside iigamya; some always have it: ni-han- "strike down": nihatya; jan- "be born" and khan- "dig" form -jiiya

CONJUGATION 79

and -khaya beside -janya and -khanya. The aya-verbs lose ay: vi-bhavayati "disclose": vibhavya; they retain it only if the preceding root syllable is prosodicaUy short: sam-gamayati "bring together": satJ1-gamayya.

COMPOSITION

§ 107. VERBAL COMPOSITION.

I. By compounding with one or more preverbs the meaning of verbs often is modified: ati "over, beyond, past": carati "go": aticarati "go past,

pass over". adhi "over, on": adhikaroti "put over something". anu "along, after": eti (i- § 64 Ill) "go": anveti "go after,

follow". antar (rare) "in between, etc.": antardadhiiti (dhii- § 66)

"put jn between". apa "away, off": apanayati (ni- I) "lead away". api "near to, at, op": apidadhati (§ 66) "cover up, close". abhi "to, unto, toward": abhidravati (dru- I) "run towards,

draw near". ava "down, from, away": avatarati (tf-) "climb down". a "hither, unto": gacchati (§ 61 I) "go": agacchati "come";

dadati (§ 66) "give": adatte "take"; ni-, nayati "lead": anayati "bring near, take along".

ud "up, up forth, forth; out": udeti "go up, go out, arise". upa "to, unto": upaiti (upa + eti, § 5 11) "arrive at". ni "down, into": nipatati "fall down". nis "out, away from": ni~kramati "go out". para "away, off, aside, etc.": paravartate "turn back,

return". pari "around": k#pati VI "throw" : parik#pati "surround,

enclose"; also jntensive meaning: parijayati (ji- I) "conquer (completely)".

COMPOSITION 81

pra "before, forward": pravahati "travel farther", also initial stage: prahasati "burst out laughing".

prati "against, back" : bha~ate "speak" : pratibha~ate "answer" .

vi "asunder, away": yunakti "joip": viyunakti "separate". sam "together"; sa1'J1-gacchati "come together, unite with";

also intensive meaning: sa1'J1-yacchati (yam-, § 61 I) "bridle" .

Some adverbs can be compounded with a limited number of verbs: ata1'J1-karoti "decorate", etc.

H. Nouns can be compounded with the 'auxiliary verbs kr­"make", bhU- "become", as- "be"; final a and an of the nominal sterns go to i, i goes to i, u to 14, etc.; the meaning is "turn into something, become, be" : bahulibhavati "multiply", ekibhavati "unite".

§§ lO8-II3. NOMINAL COMPOSITION.

§ I08. PRELIMINARY REMARKS. Nominal compounds are very frequent in Sanskrit. With exception of the dvandvas (s. § 109) they always consist of only two members; but they can themselves again become members o.f a new compound. With exception of the final member all members in general assume the stem form; nominal stems with gradation have weak grade in their preconsonantal form. Pronouns have the forms of their stems mentioned in §§ 47 ff. Instead of mahat- "great" we find maha in the first member of a kar­madharaya or bahuvrilii (§ § II I; II2); final members some­times become a-stems: maharaja- "a great king" instead of mahat- + rajan- "king". The rules of sentence sandhi (above §§ 5 ff.) with some easily understandable exceptions apply to compounds.

GONDA, Elementary Grammar 6

COMPOSITION

§ 109. DVANDVA (COPULATIVE COMPOUNDS). In these com­pounds two or more members are coordinated; they can u')ually be decomposed into their constituent elements and then connected by "and". The compound is either: a} dual or plural, according as two or more persons or things

are designated: kastyaSvau "an elephant (hastin-) and a horse (aSva-}"; hastyaSvaft, "elephants and horses"; suta­bha,ye "son (suta-) and wife (bha,ya-}"; such a dvandva thus has the gender of the last member; vrka-si11'ha­vyagh,aft" "wolves, lions, and tigen-''', pratJ-apanodane~u

"with exhaling, inhaling, breathing again", or: b) a collective neuter in the singular, often two abstracts like

sukhaduft,kham "joy and pain"; aharnisam "day (ahan-) and night {nisa-)". Adjectival dvandva compounds also occur: vrttapina­"round and fat".

§ no. TATPURU!?A (DETERMINATIVE COMPOUNDS). A tat­puru~ compound is subst. or adj., according as the final member is subst. or adj. The last member is defined more exactly by the first member. The first member can represent every oblique case: p,tkivi-pata- "lord of the earth" (gen. sg.), aSva-kovida- "skilled in horses" (gen. pl.), svarga-gati­"ascension to heaven" (acc.), deva-gupta- "protected by the god or by the gods" (instr.), svarga-patita- "fallen from heaven" (abl.). It should be noted that a root can occur in the final member with the meaning of a participle: brahma-vid­"knowing divine knowledge"; roots in a short vowel get final t: sarva-ji-t- "conquering the universe"; roots in a frequently shorten this: veda-jita- "knowing the Veda" (iita-); roots in a nasal often go over to the a-class: grama-ja- "born

COMPOSITION

(jan-) in a village". There are also tatp. comp. with a case form in the first member: divas-pati- (d. § 31) "lord ot heaven", divi-k~it- "living in heaven".

§ II!. KARMADHARAYA (APPOSITIONALLY DEFINED COM­POUNDS). Here the final member is defined more exactly by the first member as an attribute, apposition, or comparison, or the first member designates the species, the second the genus. There are four types: adj. (adv.) + subst. nilotpala­"blue (nila-) lotus {u)"; su-yajna- "beautiful sacrifice"; subst. + adj. megha-syama- "black like a cloud"; subst. + subst. rajar~i- (raja- + r~i-) "a seer who is a king"; kanya­ratna- "a girl like a jewel"; cuta-vrk~a- "mango tree". Native grammar considers under the determ. comp. also: adj. + adj. dr~ta-na~/a- "scarcely seen, already vanished", pita-rakta­"yellowish red". -If the first member is a numeral, then the comp. is called dvigu: tri-loka- "three worlds".

§ II2. BAHuvRiJ.n (POSSESSIVE COMPOUNDS). These comp. are always adj., but their final member is always a subst. The subst. to which they are joined determines their gender. The first member is: a) an adj. (part., numeral): bahu-vrihi- "he whose rice is

much" (vrihir bahur yasya, salt); gatayus- "he from whom life (ayus-) has gone; dead";

b) a subst.: tapo-dhana "he whose wealth is asceticism"; c) an indeclinable: dur-bala- "he whose strength is bad;

weak"; a-bala- "without strength" (balo yasya nasti, salt); sa-bhiirya- (thus -a-I) "accompanied by the wife (bharyii) " .

Sometimes ka is added: sagnika- (sa-agni-ka-) "accompanied by Agni". - Expressions which mean "hand" (also other

COMPOSITION

parts of the body) stand in last place: dattq,a-pii:lJi- "having a stick in the hand" (dattq,afi, piittau yasya, safi, or dattq,ena pii'IJir yasya, sa!&); the comp. then designates that one who holds or has attached at this part of the body the entity mentioned in the first member. - Bah. comp. with an infinitive stem as the first member, manas- or kiima- as the final member are fre­quent: vaktumanas- "intending to say": aha1ft val~tumaniis

"I am intending to say"; tyaktukiima- "wishing to leave".

§ II3. AVYAYiBHAVA (ADVERBIAL COMPOUNDS). A. are indeclina ble, adverbially used compounds whose first member is an indeclinable and whose second member is a noun which takes the ending of the acc. sg. neutr. (often -am): sa-kopam (kopa- m. "anger") "angrily", praty-aham (ahan- § 45 I) "daily", yatheccham (yathii "as" + icchii "wish") "according to desire".

SOME REMARKS ON SYNTAX

A few important characteristics only are mentioned.

§ II4. CASE AND NUMBER.

I. THE COPULA as- "be" is usually omitted if the predicate is a noun: yathii vrk~as tatkii phalam "as the tree (is), so (is) the fruit".

Il. THE ACCUSATIVE designates not only the \ object of a transitive verb but also the destination of a motion: Tak~asiliitp, pratastke "he departed for T.", and the extent of space and time: pratik~asva l~atp,cit kiilam, "wait some time". The acc. of an abstract in tii or tva can occur with verbs of motion in the sense of "be­come something": vrddhatiitp, gacchati "he is becoming old". After verbs of speaking, asking, teaching, etc. a double acc. is possible: deviin papracchur enatp, Kurupu­triifi, "the sons of Kuru made inquiries of him about the gods". The Latin acc. with infinitive does not exist in Sanskrit; but we frequently find the acc. with a parti­ciple after verbs of sensual and mental perception: tam iigacchantam apasyam "I saw him coming", or a double acc.: tatp, balinam apasyam "I saw that he was strong". The sg. cognate acc. is frequently found: tapas tapate "he practices asceticism". The acc. is dependent on the preposition in Damayantim anu-vratafi, "devoted to D.".

Ill. THE INSTRUMENTAL designates means, instrument: vastre~a channaIJ "covered with a dress"; reason or cause: lajjayii na kitp,cid abhii~ata "due to modesty she

86 SOME REMARKS ON SYNTAX

said nothing"; the agent with the passive: tena ka­tnanaka"" prii:rabdham "by him a story was begun"; the accompanying or associated person or thing: aka"" tvayii gami~yiimi vanam "1 shall go with you to the forest" (very often, especially in post-Vedic prose with saka, sii1'dham, sahita-, etc. "with"); also with verb~ of separation: sa1'i1'etf,a viyujyate "he frees himself from the body"; for the designation of equality and simi­larity: tena tulyafJ "equal to him" ; of the value or price: tad bahumUlyena kritam "this has been bought for a large sum of money"; of characteristic (distinguishing mark, attributes, manner and way, etc.): kesaifJ sitaifJ "with white hair"; of criterion: audii1'yetta "on the basis of (his) magnanimity (I conclude)"; of respect: ak~ttii kiittafJ "blind jn one eye"; of space within which, or of the way over or through which a movement takes place: iidi~lena mii1'getf,a prayayau "he went away by the designated route" or of the time within which something happens and is brought to conclusion: miiseniinuviiko ' dhitafJ "the section was learned in a month", or also of the time during which an action happens: tena kiilena "at this time".

IV. THE DATIVE is the "to- and for-case": mahya"" pus­taka"" dehi "give me the book"; vaniiya p1'ati~/kati "he sets out for the forest", thus is used especially with verbs of giving, etc., of telling, promising, etc., of wishing, etc., further with verbs denoting anger, acquiescence, etc. The final dative designates the object of striving, purpose, and intention: phalebhyo gacchati "he goes out after fruits", kutt4-aliiya hirattyam "gold for a ring"; laghuniim api sa'f{tSrayo rak~iiyai

SOME REMARKS ON SYNTAX

bhavati "even association with the weak is conducive to protection" .

Y. THE ABLATIVE designates the point of departure; it is the "whence" case: vanad agacchati "he is coming from the forest", mac chrutva (from mat Srutva) "having heard from me", tad yacita1'J1- blvUpat "this is requested by the prince", lobhat krodhalJ, prabhavati "anger arises from greed"; also with verbs of desistance, cessation, etc.: virama karmar.to 'smat "refrain from this action"; of deprivation: cyutalJ, svarajyiit "having been deprived of his wealth"; likewise that from which one refrains, against which one defends himself, of which one is afraid, etc.: caurebhyo rak~itam "protected against thieves". This case also designates origin: brahmar.taj jiitab "he was born of a Brahman", reason or cause: bhayad idam abravit "he said this from fear"; fre­quently of abstracts in tva, where we use a clause with "because": sarva1'J1- nitya1'J1- prameyatvat "every­thing is eternal because it can be imagined". Further­more, in the abl. is expressed the point from which a distance is reckoned: tasmat trtiyalJ, "the third from him"; with comparatives and with words with the meaning "other, different, better (than)" and with other comparative expressions: dhanyataras tasmad "more fortunate than he", mitrad anyalJ, "other than a friend"; all adjectives can even stand also in the positive with this abl. of comparison: bharya sarvatokad api vall~bh1i "the wife is dearer than the whole world".

VI. GENITIYJi:. Possessive genitive: nrpasya senfi "the army of the prince", partitive genitive: dura1'J1- pathalJ, "a wide stretch of road", objective genitive: kanyayab

88 SOME REMARKS ON SYNTAX

sokaft, "grief for a maiden", etc. The genitive of the personal pronoun is used where we a..<; a rule use a possessive pronoun: mama pita "my father"; but there are also poss. pronouns: madiya- "mine",. etc.; they are not very frequent. It is used with verbs of giving and imparting, of rejoicing in, with "remember", etc. ; very often the genitive is used with verbs where we should expect the dative: de}# valkala1ft mama "give me a garment made of bast", tasya 'bruyat sada priyam "let him always speak kindly to him"; hita1ft tasya "good for him". Gerundives and the verbal adjectives in ta and na are often combined with a SUbjective genitive: bharta tava neyaft, "your husband should be carried off by you". Many adjectives take this case: full, skilled, able, etc.: dhanasya pUY1Jam "full of treasures", tava priyaft, "dear to you". There is a genitive absolute (cf. the locative absolute, s below), which is less frequent than the locative absolute; it is very often concessive: pasyatas te mari~yami "although you see it (i.e., before your eyes), I shall die"; the subject is almost always a person, the predicate very often a pres. part. A semi-absolute genitive is also frequently found: eva1ft tu vartamanasya tasya ... agamat kalaft, "for him who acted in this way, the time came" or "while he ... ".

VII. LOCATIVE. This case can be translated in English by "in, at, by, under, on"; it designates place and time, and is used in the real and figurative sense: padayoft, patati "he falls at the feet of", ~a~/he vay~e "in the sixth year"; bhrty~u msvasan "putting his trust in his servant" ; it is employed with verbs of giving, sending,

SOME REMARKS ON SYNTAX 89

etc. often as the "whither" case: briihmanesu dattam "it is given to Brahmans" ; it desi~t~s 'in which respect": adhiko bale "superior in strength", "in regard to which purpose": carma1J,i dvipina1'fl- hanti "he kills the panther for the sake of its skin"; it is used with adj. which mean "experienced, etc." : yuddhe kusalafi, "experienced in war". The lo~ative abso~ut~, i.e., a locative of a noun connected with that of a participle, which designates an external circumstance preceding or accompanying the action of the sentence, is very frequent. This construction can be translated in English by temporal, causal, concessive, and con­ditional dependent clauses: mUle hate hata1'fl- sarvam "if the root is killed, then everything is killed"; na riijiina1'fl- vinii riijya1'fl- balavatsv api mantri~u "a king­dom does not exist without a king even if (or: although) the ministers are powerful"; var~asate pur1J,e munifi, Sagariiya vara1'fl- priidiit "when the century was com­plete, the ascetic granted a wish to Sagara". Sometimes the subject remains undesignated: var~ati "if it rains", tathiinu~jhite "when such had happened".

VIII. THE PLURAL of the name of a people designates coun­tries and regions: M adriifi, "the land of the Madra".

§ II5. TENSES AND MOODS.

I. THE PRES. INDICATIVE designates actions which take pl~ce in the present, ever-valid events, continuing, not completed actions. To presents of duration sma can be added; in older times such pres. with sma designated duration in the past: tatra sma riijate Bhaimi "there was resplendent Bhima's daughter (and indeed as was

90 SOME REMARKS ON SYNTAX

her custom)"; later careless use is encountered also: pres. with sma can also indicate the past in general: kasmi'f{t§cin nagare brahmatf,a/l prativasati sma "in a city there lived a Brahman". The present without sma can designate duration in the past if misunderstanding is precluded. The near future can also be expressed by the present: katha1ft kathayami "I want to tell a story". as­"sit", stha- "stand", and other verbs can express an action in progress especially ""ith a pres. part.

11. Tenses of the past. The AORIST in Vedic designates the current past, the imperfect events which have lost their currentness: "Yama died, (then the gods came and asked his sister Y ami; she answered) : he has died today": yamo va amriyata (impf.) ... abramd adyamrteti (amrta aor. + iti). The PERFECT designates in the oldest texts the action which has come to a conclusion in the present. In Sanskrit the impf. always has historical meaning, the perf. almost always has it, and the aorist. which is not frequent in all types of literature, is often simply a tense of the past. Very often PRETERITAL PARTICIPLES (§ 102)

are also used as finite verbs of the past: raja mrta/l "the king died", Y ama/l praytita/l "Y. set out on the road"; vaya1ft rak~asan dr~/avanta/l (§ I03) "we have seen Riik~asas"; a form of bhu- "become". etc. can also be added: gatabhut "she has, had gone"; also passive: tena . .. ayatam (§ II4 Ill) "he came". In post-Vedic times the ta- and na- verbal adjectives often continue to fulfill the function of the aorist.

Ill. THE OPTATIVE expresses a) a wish or request: tasya rudhira1ft pibeyam "I should like to drink her blood" (often with api), gacche/l "please go", b) a possibility:

SOME REMARKS ON SYNTAX 91

kadacid gosabdena budhyeta "he should perhaps awaken owing to the lowing of the cows" ; katha1f!, vidya1f!, N alam ? "how would I be able to recognize Nala?"; doubt: ta1f!, hanyad bii1Jafl, "will the arrow (be able to) kill him ?" c) an hypothesis: yadi syat pavakafl, Sitafl, "if fire were cold ... "; it stands d) in final and consecutive clauses: tathii prayatnam ati~thed yathiitmana1f!, na piif,ayet "may he take pains so that he may not worry". e) in relative clauses of general content: yo + opt., "if anyone ... " and in other cases; in several texts it is as a rule pre­scriptive: siidra1f!, kiirayed dasyam "may he let a Siidra be subservient", especially in later texts (but already in the epics and earlier) it is frequently to be translated by a pres. indic. with or even without "perhaps".

IV. In post-Vedic texts the PERIPHRASTIC FUTURE as a rule designates actions which may be expected at a definite moment, oiten in curses, promises, etc.

V. IMPERATIVE. This mood can also express a wish: imar(l mahir(l raja prasastu nafl, "may our king rule over this earth"; cira1f!, jiva "live long"; it often has (especially in the 1st person) dubitative or potential meaning: kathar(l mocyamahai "how can we be saved ?". The passive imperative is often used as a polite form: gamya­tam "one should depart; go, please". A frequent polite form is also arhati + inf.: ma1f!, tyaktum arhasi "they should, are to leave me". Although ma + imp. also occurs (polite na + arhasi: na ma1f!, tyaktum arhasi), as a rule the augmentless aorist with ma (§ 82) is expression of a prohibition: ma bhaifl, "do not be afraid".

§ II6. OTHER VERBAL FORMS.

92 SOME REMARKS ON SYNTAX

I. PASSIVE. In the post-Vedic language the use of the passive expression evel increases: tulii mU$ikair bhak#tii "the balance is eaten up by the mice", i.e., "the mice have eaten up the balance"; Pr~/as ca Sre~/hinii "the master of the guild asked him". The passive is frequently intransitive: drsyate "he appears", yavaft, pacyate "the barley becomes ripe".

H. CAUSATIVE. This form expresses the causing, ordering, effecting of an action: Devadattaft, svapiti "D. sleeps", Devadattattt sviiPayiimi "I put D. to sleep"; viir.tijyattt nrpaft, kiirayed vaiSyam "the prince should let a VaiSya carry on trade"; in the passive: vaiSyo nrper.ta viittijyattt kiiryate.

IH. DESlDERATIVE. The desiderative designates the action as desired, intended: jijiiiisate (-ti) "he wishes to become acquainted with", also as imminent: mumur~ati "he is about to die, on the point of dying, faces death". Beside the d. an adj. in u can stand from the d.-stem: mumilr~u­"desiring to die, on the point of dying, about to die", and likewise a subst. in ii: mumilr~ii- "the desire to die, etc.". Some very common d. have almost become in­dependent verbs: pipiisati "be thirsty" from Pii- (pibati) "drink".

IV. INTENSIVE. The into expresses that the action happens emphatically or often: pepiyate (cf. § 100) "drink greedily or repeatedly" from Pii- "drink".

V. VERBAL AD]. IN -ta AND -na (per!. pass. part.) and the tavant- forms s. above §§ 102 and 103. Periphrastic construction: Srutattt tena tad abhUt "that had been heard by him". The pres. part. with iis- "sit", stha- "stand", and other verbs is used to express an uninterrupted

SOME REMARKS ON SYNTAX 93

action in progress: e~o 'naya kri4ann (§ I2 Ill) asta Eng. "he was sporting with her".

VI. THE INFINITIVE is dependent on verbs and adjectives which express a beginning, striving, or undertaking; a capability or ability; a going, wishing, desiring, having to, deserving, etc. It designates the objective or purpose of an action. Examples: sat}1khyatum arabdhaJ; "having begun to count", pratyakhyatut}1 na miirhasi "do not reject me". The infinitive is in itself neither active nor passive. It can be made dependent on a passive verb or verbal adjective or on an adjective with passive meaning; we translate by means of the passive infinitive with an active finite verb: nahartut}1 sakyate "it cannot be produced"; pita te marayitut}1 niyate "your father is led there in order to be killed". An inf. is often dependent on the gerundive sakya-: a) sakya- is adj.: na durvrttai1; sakyo dra~iut}1 mahesvara1; "the great lord (god) cannot be seen by villains", b) sakyam is indeclinable: do~o na sakyam ativartitum "(he) cannot escape from thi., infir­mity" ; cf. also yukta parit;tetut}1 mama "she is suited to be married by me".

VII. THE GERUNDIVES (participles of necessity) express a necessity, possibility, obligation, etc. They can be used as predicate and as attribute to a subst. and have the same case, gender, and number as the subst. The agent stands in the instrumental or genitive. They can also be used impersonally and then appear in the nom. sg. of the neuter. Examples: kasmai kanya deya "to whom should the girl be given?"; tvayatra bhojanatp kiiryam "here you should prepare the food", bharta le mayii muktas, tava neyaJ; "your husband is freed by me, you can take him along" ;

94 SOME REMARKS ON SYNTAX

atra bhavitavyam anayii "here she must stay"; na bhetavyam "do not be afraid". In addition to the agent of an impers. grdv. an attribute of the agent defining the sentence predicate can occur: tvayii prahnjayii blzavyam "you should be happy".

§ II7. THE ABSOLUTIVE (GERUND) has the character of an indeclinable aorist participle; it stands almost always in conjunction with a noun or pronoun in the sentence, which can be treated as subject of the gerund; this is as a rule the logical or also the grammatical subject of the whole sentence: tam abravit prahasyendrafl, "Indra spoke to him after he (I). had burst out laughing (bursting out laughing)"; gatva sighram acak~va "after you have gone, report quickly", i.e., "go and report ... "; sandhyam anvasta Nato 'krtva padayofl, saucam "Nala performed vespers without having washed his feet"; mantribhir mititvii Damayanti vijiiapta "after the ministers had assembled, D. was informed by them"; pijhikiim aruif,ho d!i>tvaiva dasibhir asu rajj~1tk~ipto gavak~et}a pravivesa "after he had climbed onto the little bench, he was pulled up with the rope by the female servants as soon as they had seen him, and stepped in through the window". The gerund with api is concessjve. Some gerunds have the value of prepositions: uddiSya approximately = prati, muktva (muc-), vihiiya (hii-), etc. "without", adaya "with".

§ !l8. SENTENCE STRUCTURE. A very frequent con­junction is yad (yat). It introduces a clause of content, i.e., a clause which explains or paraphrases the contents of a part of the main sentence: itafl, ka~latara1f1- ki1f1- tu yad vaya1f1-gahane vane gantu1f1- na saknumafl, "what is worse than this, that we cannot walk in the impenetrable forest". After a verb

SOME REMARKS ON SYNTAX 95

of saying, thinking, etc. yad often introduces a dependent clause to paraphrase the object: veami yat prat}o brahma "I know that the breath is the Brahma". yad can mean "inas­much as, as" and even have the meaning of the causal "be­cause"; tasmad, tena, etc. are correlative with it: yat tvaya pajito 'smi, tatab prito 'smi "because you have honored me, therefore I am satisfied". yad can also have final and other meanings.

Yavat, combined with na "not", means "before": yavat tava vinaso na bhavati, tdvad gaccha "before your destruction occurs, go".

§ II9. DIRECT DISCOURSE; iti. Direct discourse is very common in Sanskrit; it is as a rule designated by addition of the particle iti: sa brahiti pitra sa'lf'codita "she was incited by her father with the word 'speak' ". iti can also stand alone without verb at the end of a quoted speech; one must here add a verb of saying, judging, thinking, promising, etc.; iti is to be translated in a literary translation by our quotation marks: samidhab kU'Y'IJata (§ 7) edho 'siti "one prepares for himself pieces of firewood (reciting the formula): 'you are firewood' ". In this way is paraphrased the object which depends on words expressing a mental or sensual activity, etc.: devo 'yam iti manyamanab "believing, this is a god", i.e., "believing that this is a god". In the same use we also find iti alone: vane toyam iti pradhavat "in the belief that there was water in the forest, he ran away". Elsewhere one can translate iti by "so that": ma bhad asramaPir!eti parimeya-pural;tsarau "they had only a small retinue so that the hermitage would not be disturbed", or by: "because, for this reason" (iti lqtva): sakheti krtva Pr~to va~yamy aha'lf' tvaya "since you are my

SOME REMARKS ON SYNTAX

friend, I shall say what was asked by you"; or by "like": tvam ambaya putra iti pratigrhital;t "you have been received by my mother like a son". The word also serves to designate individual words, mainly proper names as predicative des­ignations of another noun in the sentence. The word before iti is then in the nominative: Savitriti namasyas cakruJ:t "they called her S.", rajar~ir iti ma1'f't vidul;t "one knows that I am a riijar~i"; bubudhe vikrteti tam "he observed that she had changed". Dilipa iti raja means "a king named Dilipa".

EXERCISES

I

§ 21

I. asin Madre~u piirthivo da~a1).. 2. iiciiral). pradhano dhar­mal).. 3· yatra yatra dhiimas, tatra tatra pavakal).. 4. yatra vanarp tatra vrk~iil).. 5. yatha vrk~as tatha phalam. 6. brah­maI)al:}. Sagaraya vararp pradat. 7. kaccid dr~to vane daruI).e Nalal)? 8. dul:}.kharpkadacitsukhasya miilam. 9. vyaghro vyii­dhasya biil).ena hatal).. 10. upadeso miirkhiiI)iim asakrt prakopii­ya. 11. nagararp Ramasya putreI)a jitam. 12. nrpo mudital). svam 'eva bhavanarp yayau. 13. aputrasya grhalp. siinyam. I4. nara1;t sarpeI)a da~to na jivati. 15. anviccha briihmaI)arp gUl).air upetam. 16. deva pviica Madriil).iirp parthivam i;;tatp vacanam. 17. mii~ikiil:t syenEma bhak;;itii1;l. 18. silalp. narasya bhii~al).am. 19. piirthiva brahmaQ.asya putriiwyaghreQ.a hatiil:}.. 20. gramiin nagaralp. jagiima. 21. na tathii svagrhe, mitra, yathii tava grhe sadii.

1- asin = asit (§ IO) "(he) was". Madre~u: § 1I4, VII. parthivo: § 15; da~a1}.: § 4 VI.

3 - yatra yatra "wherever". 6 - pradat: 3rd sg. aor. act. pra + da- "give".

10 - prakopaya: § II4 IV; n: § 20 1. II - putrena: § 20 I 12 - yayau: 3rd sg. perf. ya- "go". 14 - na jivati "does not live", i.e. "will die" 15 - anviccha: 2nd sg. pres. act. imper. anu-i~- "seek". 16 - uvaca' 3rd sg perf. act. vac- "speak" § II4 n. 20 - jagama: 3rd sg. perf act. gam- "go". 2I - sva-grhe "own house"; tava, § 47. gen. sg. tvam "you".

GONDA, Elementary Grammar 7

98 EXERCISES

Il § 22

I. Bhimas)'a suta dina bhavati. 2. sarpe1).a ~ta kanya mrta. 3· bhadre, nrpasya senaya ripu-sena jita. 4. lajjaya kanya na pratyabha~ata. 5. Sitaya rahito Ramo 'tidulJ.khito 'bhavat. 6. kanyabhil). phalani dattani. 7. kanyayai phalarp pradat. 8. bhadre, saIayarp kany~ sidanti. 9. krpaya dhanarp pradat. 10. kanyayol). pre~ya sruarp jagama. II. Sitaya kanyayai phalarp dattam. 12. bharyaya sahito Ramo jagama.

I - bhavati· 3rd sg. pres. act. ind. bhii- "become, be". 2 - mrta: § lI5 II. 3 - ripu-sena "army of the enemy". jita: § II5 II. 4 - pratyabh.1.a: 3rd sg. impf. mid. prati-b~- "answer". 5 - 'bhavat: 3rd sg. impf. act. bhU- s. 1; § 7. 8 - sIdauti "they sit": § 61 V.

III § 23

I. paSor dul).khena sadhur dul).khito bhavati. 2. satrau santvaIP pratikaral).. 3. dharmeI)a hi~ paSubhil). samana1;t. 4. patyul). sakhye paSiin dehi. 5. agnir evagner bhe~ajam. 6. guror grharp jagama. 7. satro ma jahi bhupatim. 8. arm jahi sakhe. 9. Harel). kanyaIp Ramal). pariI)ayati. 10. V~I)o1;t

5ivasya ca bharye gate. II. chayayam avayas ti~thanti. 12. guru si~yayol;t krudhyata1;t. 13. paraSuna vr~an krntati. 14 baIo gurave phalarp pradat. 1- bhavati: 3rd sg. pres. act. ind. bhii- "become". 4 - dem: 2nd sg. pres act. imperative da- "give". 7 - zna "not" (with the imperative). jaW: 2nd sg. pres. act. imp.

han- "IalI". 9 - pa.riQayati: 3rd sg. pres act. ind. pari-nr- "marries".

II - ti~thanti: 3rd pI. pres. act. ind. stha- "stand". 12 - krudhyata.l}.: 3rd duo pres. act. ind. krudh- "be augry". 13 - kpltati: 3rd sg. pres. act. ind. krt- "cut".

EXERCISES 99

IV §§ 24-26

I. upadeSo miir~atp na santaye. 2. dhenvai sadvalatp dehi. 3. variI;la sucina p8.z}i prak~alaya. 4. sarva gatir jagama. 5. vrtha v~til;l samudrasya. 6. dhenu:rp ma jaW. 7. madhu variI).o madhutaram. 8. vfu'iI}.i hatpsa.J.:t plavante. 9. dheno k~ratp dehi. 10. dheniir dehi munaye.

1- santaye: § II4 IV. 3 - pra~laya: 2nd sg. pres. act. imp. ksal- with pra "wash off". 4 - sarv§.: ace pI. fern. 5 - samudrasya: gen. instead of dat. 7 - madhutara- "sweeter": §§ 46; Il4 V. 8 - plavante "they swim".

V

§§ 27-28

I na naryo viner~yaya. 2. striyo nisargad eva paJJc;1ita.J.:t. 3. nadyii.:rp hatpsal]. plavate. 4. strltp paSya. 5. vadhvai mahatim ajatp dehi. 6. bhuvo nadi~u matsya.J.:t santi. 7. dasibhya:rp bhik~atp dehi. 8. vadhva balo dhatryai datta1;t. 9. stri balini dhatribhya:rp dn>ta. 10. nadyos tir~u vadhva asate. II.

nrpatir nagaritp senayajayat. 12. devir devfups ca piijayati. 13. nadi~u matsyan apasyama. 14. nagarya grh~u dhenavo na ~thanti. 15. patnibhil;l sahita nagarim agacchan.

3 - 3rd sg. pres act. ind plu- "swim" . ... - paSya: 2nd sg pres. act. imper. paS- "see". 6 - santi "they are".

10 - asate "they sit". II - § 5 1. ajayat: 3Id sg. act. impf ji- "triumph, conquer". 12 - pujayati: 3rd sg pr. act. ind. (§ 98) "revere". I3 - apa§yiima: Ist pI. impf act. PaS- "see". 14 - tif!lthanti, S. exercise HI, Il. IS - agacchan: 3rd pI. impf. act. gam- "go".

roo EXERCISES

VI §§ 23-30

I. bharta para11l narya bhu~a1J,am. 2. nagarya11l Pu~kara­vatya11l mama svasa Srutasenasya bhratra pari1J,ita. 3. nari bhartul,l samipam agacchat. 4. amrtalll durlabha11l nr1J,am. 5. sa11lpattes ca vipattes ca daivam eva kara1J,am. 6. satror api gU1J,an vaded do~allls ca guror api. 7. kanya sakhibhil,l sardha11l kri<;lanti prasuptam ahiQ1 napasyat; ahina d~ta bhuvi papata. 8. kauliko ratrau samayato rajaputryoktal,l: tvayi jamatari sthite satrubhir jito me pita.

9. arthatura1J,a11l na sukha11l na bandhul,l kamatura1J,a11l na bhayalll na lajja

vidyatura1J,a11l na sukha11l na nidra k~udhatura1J,alll na rucir na pakvam.

Z - mama: gen sg. of aham "I". pariI.lita: perf. pass. part. of ni­with the prep. pari (§ zo I).

3 - agacchat: 3rd sg. impf. act. gam- "go". 6 - vaded: 3rd sg. opt. act. vad- "say": "one should say". do~aIp5

§ IZ II. . 7 - krl<;lantI: pres. act. part. fem. kri<;l- "play" napa.Syat: § 5 I:

3rd sg. impf. act. pa~- "see". papata: 3rd sg. perf. act. pat­"fall" .

8 - samayata- "come (together)". °putrya + ukta1;l, § 5 n, uktal.t "addressed". tvayi j. sthite: loco abs. § II4 VII. tvayi: loc. of "you": § 47. me "of me" (gen. sg.).

9 - arthaturanalll: § IIO.

VII

§§ 32-35

r. na bhi!?ak prabhur ayu~al,l. 2. vayur ambhasi nava11l

Z - navam § 31. harati: 3rd sg. pres. act. ind. hr- "steal, overpower, take away".

EXERCISES 101

harati. 3. dhani va1).iIi. nirdhanasya sre~thino duhitaralJl pari1).ayati. 4. tatra nadya:\:l pUQyal). pU1).yani ca saralJlsi. 5. na jalaukasam ange jalauka lagati. 6. Damayanti tu riipeQa vapu~a ca loke~u yasa:\:l prapa. 7. marud ambhasi pak~iQalJl harati. 8. yatha cittalJl tatha vaca:\:l. 9. svargo brahmavidbhyas trQam. 10. havirp~i devebhyo de~i. II. vaQijal). suta vipady apanna. 12. vrddho vaQig dvi~o duhitararp paryaQayat. 13. nara:\:l 5umana dvi~am apasyat. 14. cakl?ul?a pasyati manu~al)..

3 - dhani: nom. sg. (§ 41). va1J.in: § 10. parit;layati (ni-): "he marries".

5 - jalauka: § 34 n. lagati: "he adheres to". 6 - prapa: 3rd sg. perf. act. ap- with pra "attain".

12 - paryal,layat "he married" 13 - apaSyat: "(he) saw", cf 14. 14 - pasyati: 3rd sg. pres. act. ind. pas- "see".

VIII

§§ 36-41

1. rajovaca duhitaralJl ca vrddharps ca mantriQa:\:l: kuto gata bhavanta:\:l? 2. ajagama punar vesma Savitri saha mantribhi:\:l. 3. dvipinarp baQena hanti. 4. asid raja Nalo nama. 5. piirvarp hi sakha me 'si salJlbandhi ca. 6. tasya rajiial). putro Virasena ity asit. 7. yogi rajiiaQ phalalJl dadau. 8. Nalo davalJl dahyantalJl mahantarp dadarsa. 9. vidvadbhir balibhi:\:l

1- gaUi: § II5 n. uvaca "he spoke". 2 - ajagama punar "(he, she) came back". vesma: acc. of desti-

nation § 114 lI. 3 - hanti: 3rd sg. pres. act. ind. han- "kill". 4 - asid: No. I, I.

5 - sakha-, s. sakhi-. 'si: 2nd sg. pres. ind. as- "be". 6 - iti: § II9, tasya: § 48. 7 - rajiial;t: gen. instead of dat. dadau: "(he) gave". 8 - dahyantatp. "burning"; dadarsa "(he) saw". 9- § 1+

102 EXERCISES

sumanobhi rajabhi].l prajal) su-rak~tal}.. 10. rajiio grhe b~ag asit. II. va1,1ijal} suta rajiia pari1,1ita. 12 tyago gul).O vittavatam. 13. dul)sparsal} p§.Q.ina sikhi. 14. na rajana:ql vina ralYa:ql balavatsv api mantri!?u. IS. balavate rajfte dhimantau man­tri1,1au dehi.

16. v§.Q.i sarasvati yasya bharya riipavati sati Lak!?mir danavati yasya, saphala:ql tasya jivitam.

10 - islt "he was". II - pariJfitii. "(was) married". 16 - yasya (§ 50): gen. instead of dat sat!: nom sg. fern. pr. part.

as- "be", also "good". tasya: gen. instead of dat.

IX §§ 47-49

I. anayor aSvayol) svamy ayarp naral) 2. mahyam e!?a gaur datta, na tubhyam. 3. ime nara dhaninal) santi. 4. dinad dinaIJI. gacchaty asmakarp yauvanam. 5. avabhya:ql dhanatp dehi. 6. yuvayor mitre1,1asmad gaur hrta. 7. yu!?madbhrata dhani. 8. asmatsvasa nari sundari. 9. tasu naril?v etena nare1,1emani v3.(::aTPSY uktani. 10. asyarp purya:ql baha vo naral) santi. II. asyai vadhvai grharp dehi. 12. matpita vrddho 'sti.

3 - santi "they are" . ..,. - gacchati: 3rd sg. pres. act. ind. gam~ "go (away)". 6- § 5 I. 7 - § IIO

12 - 'sti: 3rd sg. pres. ind. as~ "be".

X §§ 53-56

I. vitpSatir nan1,1atp mrta. 2. idaIJl grharp rupakEi1,1§.IJl Satena grhitam. 3. prathame vaf!?e raja mrtal). 4. va1,1ijo

2 - grhItam: i.e. "bought" . ..,. - samagatatl "(they have) come (together)".

EXERCISES 103

duhitur arthe catvaro varal). samagatal).. 5. trtiye varl?e yud­dham abhavat. 6. saptame loke Brahma vasati. 7. l?aQ. dOl?al). purul?eI)a hatavyal}.. 8. dvabhyam asvabhyarp l?al?the divase dasame muhurte jagama. 9. trayo 'SVa5 caturbhyo brahma­I)ebhyo dattal).. 10. al?tabhir virais catasrbhyo vadhubhyas triI)i sahasraI).i phalanarp dattani.

XI

§§ 46-56

I. kasmirpscin nagare dvau brahmaI).au vasatal:t. 2. ka sa nari? 3. svamin, vaficita vayam anena durjanena. 4. tasminn antarhite nage prayayau Nalal}.. 5. kasya nariyam asH? 6. na bhavati tvad dhanyataral:t. 7. ete trayal}. puru!?asya garif?tha bhavanti: acaryal). pita mata ca. 8. siddhal). sarve YUf?makarp manorathal).. 9. kail?a puri? 10. asminn eva grhe so 'bhavat. II. kel?u grhef?u tvam abhaval).? 12. sarvasyatithir gurul}.. 13.

yasya grhe bharya nasti, tenaraI)yarp gantavyam. 14. bho bhavantal}. sarve murkhatamal}.. 15. tena miirkheI).a nareI).a khaQ.go grhital).. 16. aho kenopayenaitel?arp dhanarp labhe? 17. etan maya parijiiatam.

18. mitradrohi krtaghnas ca yas ca viSvasaghatakal:t te nara narakarp yanti yavac candradivakarau.

-----I - kasmirpscin: § 10. vasatal;t "they (dual) dwell". 4 - tasminn: § 12. prayayau "(he) went away". 5-§5I. 6 - bhavati "there is ... " tvad: § II4 V (abl. comp.).

10 - asminn: § 12 IV. 'bhavat: § 7. II - abhaval;t: 2nd sg. impf. bhii- "become, be". 12 - sarvasya: gen. instead of dat. 13 - tena gantavyam "he should go". 16 - § 5 n. labhe "I get". 17 - etan: § 10. 18 - viSv.: § no. yanti "they go". candrad.: § 109.

104 EXERCISES

XII

§§ 59-61

I. gardabho na gayati. 2. mataraql to~ayet. 3. dina\l k~iprarp. gacchanti. 4. sarvarp. lokam apasya\l. 5. si~yau bhik~am ayacetam. 6. KaIidasaIp kaviql sevamahe. 7. nica\l kalaham icchanti. 8. kanya Gangayas tire 'kriQan. 9. kirtiql labhante kavaya\l. 10. srgaIau vanad adhavatam. II. silaql bharatam. 12. rajanarp. sevevahi. 13. hastena sHam ak~ipat sainika\l. 14. siIpha vanaIp dhavantu. 15. bahiini phalani labhadhvam. 16. HimaIayaql gacchava. 17. grhaIp gacchatu. 18. Kasyam ajayatha1;l. 19. vadhiiIplabhamahai. 20. bhararp. bhareyatham. 21. pasya svanam: tava putram adasat. 22.

brahmal,lo jalam apibat. 23. ti~thantu bhavanta\l. 24. atra ti~tha. 25. kena jivama\l?

21 - ~vanam: § 40. 25 - jIv- with instr. "live on".

XIII

§§ 59-61 I. tatra taIp rajanim avasamahi. 2. putra me bahavo devi

bhaveyu\l. 3. anviccha bhartararp. gUl).avantam. 4. naditire tapasvi ti~thati. 5. tad enaIp prcchava\l. 6. Jahnu\l kruddho jalaIp sarvaIp Gangaya apibat. 7. yasmiii jivati jivanti bahava\l so 'tra jivatu. 8. nocchritaIp sahate kaScit. 9. sri\l kirtis ceha vasetam. 10. sasyani mahitale roheyu\l. II. dhiro

3 - anviccha: i~- with anu, § 61 I. 4 - ti~thati: § 61 V. 6 - GaIigaya: § 15. apibat: § 61 V. 7 - y. j.: loco abs.: § 114 VII. S - § 5 II. 9 - § 5 II.

EXERCISES !Os

nendriyarthe~u sajate. 12. viSe~arp nadhigacchfuni nirdha­nasyavarasya ca.

13. te dhanyas te vivekaj:nas te sabhya iha bhiitale, agacchanti grhe ye~arp karyartharp suhrdo janal)..

14. gandhena gaval). pasyanti vedail). pasyanti vai dvijal) carail) pasyanti rajanas cak~urbhyam itare janal)..

IS. atiriipad gata Sita atigarvel).a RavaQal) atidanad Balir baddhal) sarvatratisayarp tyaiet.

16. subha~itena gitena yuvatinarp ca lilaya yasya na dravati svantarp, sa vai mugdho 'thava pasul).

----12 - § 5 I. 13 - ag. g. y.: y. g. ag. 15 - gata. "feU". 16 - word order: yasya sv. s. g. y. ca 1. na dr., sa, etc.

XIV

§§ 62-64 I. pitararp ma dve~avahai. 2. stri rajfial). samipam eti. 3.

brahmal).arp ma dvi~ta. 4. satyarp briihi. 5. kirp rodi~i? ma rudihi. 6. Gangam ital).. 7. asava dhirau. 8. Himalayam aima. g. asvarp hanyul). 10. Sival) patu tvam. II. udeti savita. 12.

sirpharp jahi. 13. bahavo brahmal).a vane 'sminn asan. 14. edhi dharmavan. IS. Kasim ayani. 16. raj anal) prthivirp sasati. 17. garp dugdha. 18. devam astaul).. Ig. bhiimau serate. 20.

Vedam adhite. 2I. satrum advi~atam. 22. Gangayas tire 'sayi. 23. sirpham aghnan. 24. grha asmahe. 25. balo 'rodat.

XV

§§ 62-70

I. deval). sarma dadatu. 2. tvarp na jahimal).. 3. paran vroite svan dve~ti. 4. brahmal).o na pak!?imarpsarp bhufijita.

3 - subject: one.

106 EXERCISES

5. mitraya dehi dhanam. 6. brahmat:tal}. pustakalp kril).ati. 7. at:tcJani bibhrati svani na bhindanti pipilikal}.. 8. Ayodhyfun imal}.. 9. Rudraya dadhyan manal}.. 10. advi~antalp kathalJl dv~yat tvadrSal}.? II. nasvalJl na rathalJl jirt:to bhunkte na ca striyam. 12. sa Sabdal,1 sarva disal) samavroot. 13. deva bruvanti: varalJl vroi~va. 14. asyalJl nady8.lJl snatva sighralJl punite bra.hma.J.lal}.. IS. Durgalp d~tva kamam ipsitam avap­noti. 16. etasminn agnau brahmat:ta annalJl juhvati. 17. bravitu me bhavan. r8. vat:likputraS cifalJl kalalJl bhrantva punal}. svapuram agatya talp sr~thinam abravit: bhol]. Sr~thin, dehi me t8.lJl tulam. 19. atimatilJl tv8.IJ1 hi vakyair anumimimahe. 20. Lak~myai man8.IJ1si dadhmal].. 21. na kiitair ayudhair hany8.IJ1 ripiin. 22. vyaghralJl jahi. 23. yam ~Ulp haste bibhar~i, siv8.IJ1 t8.lJl kuru. 24. p~i phalarp svadv atti. 25. Rudro no buddhya subhaya satpyunaktu.

26. grhalJl Satrum api praptatp visvastam akutobhayam yo hanyat, tasya paparp syac chatabrahmat:taghatajam.

27. sprSann api gajo hanti jighrann api bhujalJlgamal]. hasann api IlfPo hanti manayann api durjanal]..

----9 - dadhyan: § IO.

14 - snitva. "after he has bathed" (§ I06). IS - § I06. 18 - brii.ntva. "after he has roamed about". igatya "after he had

come (back)". 19 - viikyair anum. "from the reports ... that you are of high

intelligence".

XVI

§§ 71-83; 107 I. yaSal}. prapsyase. 2. yak~as tatra na prabha~yanti. 3.

raja talp nihani~ati. 4. tada tvatp mok~yase sapat. 5. gurave phalalJl datasmi. 6. yal]. slokatp pathi~yati, yo va sro~yati, tau

EXERCISES 107

muktau bhavi~yatal).. 7. patnirp dr~tasi. 8. raja bhik~um upagat. 9. raja vakturp najiiasit. 10. striyai phalany adama. II. nagarim agal).. 12. balo na vyararpsit. 13. tarp pustaka1l1 tapaso 'grahit. 14. nagaram aje~thaQ.

9 - vaktum: inf. vac- "speak".

XVII

§§ 84-96

I. mantri bharyarp jagada. 2. Ramo bharyarp tatyaja. 3. nrpo navam aruroha. 4. yuvati grharp gantum iye~a. 5. nrpaQ savarp skandhe jagraha. 6. suro ral}.e sirarpsi sainikanarp jahara. 7. sainiko jailgha.s cicchedasvanam. 8. raja gramall1 vivesa. 9. Nalo bharyam upajagama. 10. suro na sokena­vasasada. n. parartho yena sadhyate, sa mahasattva ucyate. 12. nityall1 mu~yamahe caurai ratrau ratrau prabho, lak~yante te ca nasmabhiQ. 13. vihagaQ pasair badhyante. 14. janair nagarall1 gamyate. 15. kavibhir nrpal). stuyante. 16. asvena jalall1 piyate. 17. sarpel}.a dasyete narau. r8. narail} katal). kriyante. 19. kanyabhyall1 gitarp giyate. 20. r~ir nrpel}.a dharmarp PTcchyate. 21. val}.iil mataram abhiviidayarpcakre. 22. he bharye pakvall1 peci~e? 23. yogino mrgan na vividhuQ. 24. druman bhedayamasatu~. 25. nrpati ratharp pure bhra­mayamasa. 26. ghatau jalena puryete. 27. he si~ya gurul}.a­huyadhve. 28. phalall1 pitre diyate. 29. nagari nrpel}.a jiyata iti sruyate. 30. tarp desarp mapayamasathuQ.

4 - gantum: inf. gam- "go". I2 - ra.trau ra.trau: iterative or distributive doubling. 29 - iti: § II9.

loB EXERCISES

XVIII §§ 71-96; 106

I. briihi kva yasyasi? 2. tan devan uvacedatp vacal:l: na tatra gami~yamiti. 3. pita saha kanyaya vanatp prayayau. 4. cauro drak~yaty iimratarum; yadi bhok~yate tasya phalani, mari~yati. 5. tav atamanau nadim upeyatu1,l. 6. Damayanti su~vapa mahitale. 7. gajas taro1,l sakh8.Il1 pu!?karet;la babhaiija. B. bhik!?ur annatp khaditva se~afi jayaya ajahara; sa tan nidadhau. 9. vat;lijo dadrSur vanatp ramyam. 10. vyayame­nasya sirasi vedana jajfie. H. gamyatam iti mantrit;lal,l pre~ayamasa. I2. rajandho babhiiva. 13. rajarat;lyarp gatas tapas tepe. I4. sakrt kanya pradiyate. 15. raja caurarp mo­cayi~yati. I6. nrpav udvaharp karayamasatu1,l. I7. vidvan sarvatra piijyate. rB. sa tatra tapasa vart;larp manoharatp lebhe. I9. trt;lair vidhiyate rajjur yaya nago 'pi badhyate. 20. sa sarpvatsararp pro~ya paryetyovaca: katham asakatarte maj jivitum iti. 2I. cauret;loktam: avarp nagararp mo!?i!?yava1,l.

22. vrk!?all1s chittva paSiin hatva krtva rudhirakardamam yady evatp gamyate svarge, narakall1 kena gamyate ?

23. ko 'rtha1,l putret;la jatena yo na vidvan na dharmika1,l? taya gava kiI}1 kriyate ya na dogdhri na garbhit;li?

----2 - § 5 I, § II9. 5 - § 101 n. 6 - § 20 11. 8 - khaditva "after he ... (khad-}", gerund, § 106

10 - § 5 I. 12 - § 5 I. 15 - m.ocayi~yati: §§ 72 ; 97. 20 - pr~ya: § 106. paryetya: i- "go", with. pari and a; § 106.

a§akata rte § 5 n. maj: § n. 22 - svarge: loco as "whither" case. 23 - putro jatal;t, the construction of Lat. urbs condita: "the birth

of a son".

EXERCISES

XIX

§§ 97-106

109

I. Savitri priyavadena bhartararp paryato~ayat. 2. vayus tp)ani nonmiilayet. 3. puru~a1;l pradhanaJ:l sarvayatn~ pari­rak~at;liyaJ:l. 4. dhairyarp na tyajyam. 5. tv§.rp Sitarp smarayi~­yamy aharp. puna1;l. 6. raja senarp samudrarp. gamayi~yati. 7. mii<;lho 'socyani karyat;li socati. 8. sainika astr8.t;ii sisrk~anti. 9. devan yajfiena bhavayata, te deva bhavayantu vaI:t. 10.

asvan vahane yojayantu. If. hitam atmanaI:t ciki~ayeI:t. 12.

papan nivarayate yojayate hitaya. 13. yajfiair devan vardha­yeI:t. 14. brahmat;larp. me pitavasayat. IS. agnir bhiitani trasayann ayati drumaml1elihana1;l. 16. dadarsa Damayantirp. dedipyamanarp. vapu~a.

2 - § 5 11. 3 - sarvay. = sarvair yatnail}.. 5 - constr. with 2 acc., § 114 lI. 8 - srj-.

14 - § 51.

XX

§§ lo7-II3

I. Pramadvara gandharvapsarasoI:t sutasit. 2. martyasya lJ.ayur asti gatayu~aI:t. 3. adrisamipe vanam asti. 4. sarpo vi~opaliptan dasanan nijaputrya ailge nyapatayat. S. dvija­vara vanavasinas cajagmul) krpanvit§.l:t. 6. tatrasit saraI:t sumanoharam. 7. Pramadvarayarp. sarpad~tayarp. mrtayarp. ca Rurur abravic: chete sa bhuvi tanvailgi mama sokavi­vardhiniti. 8. sa raja prthivipalaI:t sarvaSastrabhrt§.rp varo

I - P.: proper name. 7 - P., etc.: loco abs. chete: § IX. tanvangi: § zz at the end.

lIO EXERCISES

babhuva. 9. raja mrgasahasral)i hatva sabalavahano vanan nirjagama. 10. suryo disam Antakasevitam agacchat. lI.

kasmirpscid vane catakadarppati tamalatarukrtanilayau pra­tivasata\! sma. 12. hemante Himalayo girir yatharthanama himavan asti. 13. brahmal)a\! phalamUlasano drQ.havrata~ svargarp gataQ. 14. putro gUl)anvito matapitror hite sada rata\!. IS. satayu~a\! putrapautran vfl)i~va bahfin pasfin hastihiral)yam asvan. 16. kamarp vyasanavrk~asya mUlarp durjanasalpgatiQ. 17. dine~u gate~u val)ikputra\! sukhavi­smrtadurgati\! svadesarp gantukamo 'bhfit. 18. abharyarp sunyalp grhapater grham. 19. tac chrutva vik~itulp sva­bhrtyan pre~ya sat yam avetya tat sa raja talp vrddhaval)ijarp muktavan. 20. nrpaQ sasutabharyo gramarp prapa. 21. tarp munirp sfiryakarasalptapaklantarp val)ig dr;;tva kutas tvam iti pr~tavan.

22. yasya cittarp dravibhutalp krpaya sarvajantu~u, tasya jfianalp ca mok~as ca; killl jatabhasmacivarai\!?

23. nasti kamasamo vyadhir nasti mohasamo ripuQ nasti krodhasamo vahnir nasti jfianasamal1l sukham ..

24. pravrtkale yatra yauvanakale pfiru~adaridryam prathamasnehe viraha~, tril)Y api dul)khany atigurul)i.

25. uttama\! svadhanail) khyatal) pitrdravyel)a madhyam~ adhama matulail) khyataQ svasurais cadhamadhamii"l).

26. na svalpasya krte bhfiri nasayen matiman naral), etad evatipal)Q.ityalp yat svalpad bhfirinasanam.

9 - vanan: § 10.

10 - d A : the south 14 - rataJ:l -I- locative. IS - ca "and" can be omitted 22 - kim with instr. "what is the benefit" or "for what purpose". 24 - piiru~a- = puru~a- (for the sake of the meter).

READING SELECTIONS

I

Hitop. 2,5

Asti Sriparvatamadhye Brahmapurabhidhanarp nagaram. tacchailaSikhare 1) Gha:t:ltakaI1)O nama rak~asal). prativasa­titi 11) janapavadal). sada sruyate. ekada ghaJ:liam ada}a 5) palayamanal). kaScic cauro vyaghreJ:la vyapadital). khaditas ca. tatpaJ:lipatita ghal.lta vanarail). prapta. te ca vanaras tatp ghal.ltarp sarvadaiva vadayanti. tatas tannagarajanail) sa manu~yal). khadito dp;tal).. pratik~:t:larp ca ghal.ltavadal). srii­yate. anantararp GhaJ:ltakaI1)al). kupito manu!?yan khadati ghaJ:ltaIJl ca vadayatity 3) uktva janal). sarve nagarat palayi­tal).. tatal). kuttanya vimp;ya markaia ghal.ltarp vadayantiti svayatp parijiiaya 4) raja vijiiapital).: deva yadi dhanopa­k~ayal). kriyate, tadaham enaIJl Ghal.ltakaTJ:latp sadhayami. tato rajiia dhanarp dattam. kuttanya ca svayarp vanarapriyapha­lany adaya 5) vanarp pravisya phalany akirJ:lani. tato ghal)tarp parityajya vanaral). phalasakta babhiivul).. kuitani ghal.ltarp grhitva samayata sakalalokapiijyabhavat.

1) sandhi § Il.

2) § II9. 3) § Il9.

4) § IJ7. 5) § 106 and § Il7 end.

II2 READING SELECTIONS

II

Hitop. 3, 3 Asti Hastinapure Visruo na.ma rajaka.1;l. tasya gardabho

'tivahad durbalo mumiiI1lur 1) abhavat. tatas tena rajakena­sau vyaghracarmaI,la pracchadyaraI,lyasaIp.nidhanasasyamadh­ye muktal;t. tato durad vyaghrabuddhya tam avalokya ~etrapataya.1;l satvaraIp. palayante. atha kenapi sasyarak~­keI,la dhiisarakambalakrtatanutral,lena dhanul;t sajjilqtyana­takayenaikante 2) sthitam 3). taIJ1 cadiire dr~tva sa gardabha.1;l pUl?tango jatabalo gardabhiyam ') iti jiiatva sabdaIp. kurv8.l,las tadabhimukhaIp. dhavital;t. tatas tena r~eI,la gardabho 'yam iti sabdan niscitya lilaya vyapadita1;t.

1) § u6 Ill. I) § 5 Ill. B) i.e., ko 'pi sasyara.laja~ ... tasthau. ') § 5 I.

III

Paftcatantra 5, 9 KasmirpScin nagare kaScit Svabhavakrpal,lo nama brah­

maI,la1;t prativasati sma. tasya b~arjitail,t saktubhir bhuk­torvaritair ghatal,t paripiirital,t. tarp ca ghatarp nagadante 'valambya tasyadhastat khatv8.rp. nidhaya satatam ekadr~tya tam avalokayati. atha kadacid ratrau suptas cintayamasa: yat paripiirI,lo 'yarp ghatas tavat saktubhir vartate, tad yadi durbhikl?aIp. bhavati tad anena riipak8.l,l8.IJ1 satam utpadyate. tatas tena mayajadvayaIp. grahitavyam. tata.1;l ~I,lmasika­prasavavaSat tabhyarp yiithaIp. bhavil?yati. tato 'jabhi1;t pra­bhiita ga grahi~yami, gobhir mahil?ir, mahil?ibhir vac;1.aval,t.

READING SELECTIONS II3

vac;1avaprasavatal;l1) prabhiita asva bhavi~yanti. te~a:ql vi­krayat prabhuta:ql suvarl)a:ql bhavi~yati. suvarl)ena catul;l­sala:ql grha:ql sa:qlpadyate. tatal). kascid brahmal)o mama grham agatya praptavayaska:ql2) riipa<;lhyarp kanyarp dasya­ti. tatsakasat putro me bhavi~yati. tasyaharp Somasarmeti 3) nama kari~yami. tat tasmifi janucalanayogye sarpjate 'ha:ql pustakarp grhitvasvasa.layal;>. Pf~thadesa upavi~tas tad ava­dharayi~yami. atrantare Somasarma ma:ql dr~tva jananyut­sailgaj janupracalanaparo 'svakhurasannavarti matsamipam agami~yati. tato 'ha:ql brahmal)i:ql kopavi~to 'bhidhasyami: grhal)a tavad balakam. sapi grhakarmavyagratayasmadvaca­na:ql na sro~yatj. tato 'harp samutthaya ta:ql padapraharel)a ta<;layi~yami. evarp tena dhyanasthitena tathaiva padapraharo datto, yatha sa ghato bhagnal;l. saktubhil;l pal)<;luratarp gatal;l.

1) § I I4 v; -tas forms an abl. sg from all stems. 2) § H2.

3) § II9.

IV Paficatantra I, 2

Kascic chrgaJal;l k~utk~amakal)tha itas tatal). 1) paribhraman vane sainyadvayasa:qlgramabhiimim apasyat. tasya:ql ca dun­dubhel;l patitasya vayuvasad vallisakhagrair hanyamanasya sabdam aSfl)ot. atha k1?ubhitahrdayas cintayamasa: aho vina~to 'smt. tad yavan nasya proccaritasabdasya df~tigocare gacchami, tavad anyato vrajamiti. athava naitad yujyate sahasaiva pitrpaitamaharp vanaJ1l tyaktum. uktarp ca:

bhaye va yadi va har~e sa:qlprapte yo vimarsayet 2) krtyarp na kurute vegan, na sa sarptapam apnuyat.

1) itas tataJ:t "here and there". 2) yadi ... yo "if anyone".

GONDA, Elementary Grammar 8

II4 READING SELECTIONS

tat tavaj janami kasyayarp sabdal,l. dhairyam alambya vimarsayan yavan mandarp mandarp pratigacchati, tavad dundubhim apasyat. yavac chiikhagrair vayuvasad dhan­yate2), tiivac chabdarp karoti, anyatha tU~I).im aste3). tatas ca samyak parijfiaya samiparp gatva svayam eva kautukiid ataq.ayad bhuyas ca har~ad acintayat: aho ciriid etad asma­karp mahad bhojanam apatitam. tan nunam etan marpsame­do'srgbhil,l puritarp bhavi~yati. tatal,l paru~acarmavaguI).thi­tarp tat katham api vidaryaikadese chidrarp krtva sa111hr~ta­manal,l pravi~tal,l. pararp carma vidarayato darp~triibhaIigal,l sarpjatal,l. atha tad darucarmavise~am alokya niriiSibhutal,l slokam enam apathat:

purvam eva maya jfiatarp purI).am etad dhi medasa; yavat praviSya pasyiimi tavac carma ca daru ca.

B) sandhi! § 17.

3) aste, cf. § 115 1.

v Paficatantra I, 13

Asti kasmirpscij jaliiSaye Kamhugrivo nama kacchapal,l. tasya Sarpkata-Vikata-namni mitre 1) harpsajatlye parama­sneham iiSrite. tau ca harpsau sarastiram asadya tena sahane­kadevar~II).arp kathal,l krtviistamanavelayarp svaniq.asarpsra­yarp kurutal,l2). atha gacchati kale 'navf~tivasat saral). sanail). sanail). so~am agamat. tatas taddul).khadul).khitau 3) tav uca­tul).: bho mitra jambiilase~am 4) etat saral,l sarpjatarp. tat

1) i.e., mitre bhavatal;!. 2) sa:tp.sraya:tp. kr- "go ... ". 3) = tasya duQ.khena du1;lkhitau. 4) bahuvnhi, § 112.

READING SELECTIONS IIS

katha:qJ. bhavan bhavi~yatiti 5) vyakulatva:qJ. nau 6) hrdi vartate. tac chrutva Kambugriva aha: bhoJ.l sa:qJ.prata:qJ. nasty asmaka:qJ. jivitavya:qJ. jalabhavat. tathapy upayas cintyatam iti. ukta:qJ. ca:

tyajya:qJ. na dhairya:qJ. vidhure 'pi kale, dhairyat kadacid gatim apnuyat sal)., 7)

yatha samudre 'pi ca potabhange sa:qJ.yatriko vafichati tartum 8) eva.

apara:qJ. ca:

mitrarthe bandhavarthe ca buddhiman yatate sada jatasv apatsu yatnena, jagadeda:qJ. vaco ManuJ.l.

tad 9) aniyatarp kacid drc;1harajj.ur laghu k~tha:qJ. vanvi!?ya­tarn ca prabhiitajalasanatha:qJ. saro, yena 10) maya madhya­pradese dantair grhite sati 11) yuvarp kotibhagayos 12) tat ka~tha:qJ. maya sahita:qJ. sa:qJ.grhya 13) tat saro nayataJ.l. tav iicatul).: bho mitraiva:qJ. kari~yaval), para:qJ. bhavata mauna­vratena bhavya:qJ. 14), no cet tava k~that pato bhavi!?yati. tathanu!?thite gacchata Kambugrivel).adhobbagavyavasthita:qJ. ki:qJ.cit puram alokitam. tatra ye pauras te tatha niyamana:qJ. vilokya savismayam idam ucuJ.l: aho cakrakara:qJ. kimapi pak!?ibhyii:qJ. niyate. pasyata pasyata. atha te!?a:qJ. kolahalam

5) § 119. 6) § 47 7) Le, the man who follows the advice given in line I. 8) = taritum, inf. of tr-, object the sea; he does not remain quietly

at home. 9) therefore.

10) so that. 11) maya with grhite; loc abs. 12) loco dual. 13) to yuvam. 14) § 112.

II6 READING SELECTIONS

akarx;tya Kambugriva aha: bho1;t kim e:;;a kolahala iti vaktu­m.ana ardhokte patitaQ. paurai1;t khax;tQ.asaQ. krtaS ca.

VI VetaIap.; The Four Suitors

Asti Dharmasthalaql nama nagaram. tatra raja Gux;tadhipo nama, tatraiva ca Kesavo nama brahmax;to 'sti. tasya duhita Mandaravati nama riipex;tativa vikhyata. sa ca varayogyabha­vat. tasya arthe catvaro vara1;t samagata1;t, catvaro 'pi samana­gux;ta brahmax;tal}. KeSavaS cintdq'l prapanno babhiiva 1): eka kanya, catvaro varal}! kasmai deya? kasmai na deya? etas­minn eva prastave Kesavasya duhita kalasarpex;ta d~ta tad­arthe mantravadinaJ:t samanital). tair mantravadibhis tdq'l vilokya bhax;titam: kalada.!?ta B) na jivati 3) kanyeyam. mantri­vacanaql srutva tadanantaraql brahmax;taQ. Kesavo naditire gatva tasyal) saqlskaraql cakara. catvaro 'pi varal} smaSane sama)1ata1;t. te~aql madnya 4) ekas citayarp pravisya mrtal). dvitiyena tasya asthini tadbhasma ca smasane kutirakrup. lqiva ra~itani. trtiyas tapasvi bhiitva desantaraql gataQ.. caturtho nijabhavanarp gata1;t.

yo desantaraql gatas tena deSantare kasyacid brahmaI}.asya grhe gatva madhyahne bhojanaql prarthitam. grhasthena brahmax;tena bbaI}.itam: bhos tapasvin, tvayatraiva bbojanaql karyam. yavad brahmax;tya bhojanaxp. ni!?paditam asaIlaxp. ca dattvopavesital) sa, tavat tasya baIakena grhe roditum arab­dham. grhasthaya brahmaI}.)1a sa balo jvalitagnau prak!?iptaQ..

1) c p.b. "he got the thought", i.e., "he reflected". B) kalad~ta.: kalasarpada.5ta. 8) na jIvati "wiU not remain in life". 4) t.m. "among them, of them", a. common paraphrase of the par­

titive genitive.

READING SELECTIONS

tad dp?tva tena bhik!?ul,la calitarp, tena brahmal).ena sa tu nivadtal). tena bhal).itam: tad darul,larp karma dr!?tva saha­bhojanarp na karomi. yasya srha idrSarp rak!?asarp karma drSyate, tasya grhe katharp bhojanarp karal,liyam? tac chrutva tena grhasthena brahmal,lena srhamadhye pravisya pustakam anitam. tad udghatya mantram ekarp japitva balako bhaslU10hiito 6) jivapital) 6). tapasvina bratunal,lasya kautukarp dn;tva c.intitam: yadidarp pustakarp mama haste ghaiati, tadaharp tarp priyarp jivapayami. iti sarpdntya tatraiva nibhrto bhiitva 7) sthital) 8). nisithe srhamadhye pra­visya tat pustakam apahrtya tatraiva smasane samayatat).

yat) smasane ti!?thati, tena pr~tal}: bho mitra, deSantare gat­va kacid vidya samajiiata? tenoktam: mrtasarpjivani vidya maya samajfiata. dvitiyenoktam: tarhimarp priyarp jivapaya. tac chrutva tena pustakam udghatya 9) mantram ekarp japit­va jalena siktva jivapita kanya. yal;t sahaiva mrtal}, so 'pi jivital}. yo grhe gatas, tena srutvayatam api 10). tasya arthe krodhandhalocanac 11) catviiro 'pi pravivadarp kurvanti. -kasya bhiirya bhavati? sruyatam:

yena jivapita kanya, sa pita jivadayakal); yat) sahaiva mrtat), so 'pi bhrata jatal} sahaiva yat; bhasmanarp sarpgraharp krtva smasane yena sarpsthitam, nicakarma 12) sa dasal) syat; sa bharta, yo grhe gatat).

5) § 107 11. 8) perf. pass part. of the caus. of jiv- "live". 7) "after he had lndden". 8) cf. § II5 II. I) § 106.

10) § II5 II: tena ••• ayitam: sa ••• ayayau. 11) i.e., krodhad andhani locanani ye~ te 11) i.e, nica.rp karma yasya ~.

lI8 READING SELECTIONS

VII

Sukasapt. 31

Gurjarajanapade Bhrguk~etrabhidhanarp nagaram. tatraiko brabmaIJa:Q. sa tu vaidheyasakala evativa daivavirahita:Q. sa tu devanaya pravartata. tadanu sanais taskaramatam anva­bhavat. tada kutrapi khatapatitabhittivibhage dasyur asau vidhrta:Q 1). rajiia:Q samipe ninyus tam. raja pratyadi~tavan: corasya daIJQo bhavati yas, tam etasya kurvantu. yata iicu:Q: coradaIJQa:Q siraScheda:Q. ityabhidhaya tarp marayitum ana­yat. tada taskaro rajanarp vyajijiiapat: deva vijiiaptir eka..<;ti. aharp kimapi ciiQamaQisamahitarp jiianam avikalam akala­yami. tarhi bhavi~yatal) samayasya kamapi jiianaprakaram abhidhasyami. tadanu bhiipalo 'py avadat: vyaharasveti. tato 'sau jagada: deva etat tvarp janihi 2). ekasmat praharad upari samasto 'pi sargo 'nyathaiva bhavi!?yati. andhakara:Q pravar­ti!?yate mahabhayanaka:Q. tarhy evarpvidhasyatigariyaso jaga­dupadravasya santikaraI.laya tvayy akank~a vartate yadi, tadanirp kuru tat. itarathaitat sarvam api parisamaptam evety aharp pasyami. tadanu medininatho giram asrjat. tarhy etasyopadravasya katharp santir bhavatity uvaca. tada rajajiiam asadya so 'py uvaca: tvam eva tasyopadravasya santirp kari~yasity, etadarthe mahyam atmana1;t satyavaca narp prayaccha, pascad abhidhasyami. tada raja tasmai satyavacanarp prayacchat. tato 'sau tacchantikarp rajanam asravayat: madrak~al)arp kartavyam, etavata tacchantir bhavi~yatity avagaccha. rajapy avocat: anyadrSi sr~tir bha­vi~yatiti tat kim? 3) so 'bravit: avadhatsva mahimahendra:

1) § lIS 11. I) jlia-. B) iti tat kim: "then what does your assertion mean?"

READING SELECTIONS II9

atmani praSamite sarvapi s~tiI:t samaptarlipaiva. yadahatp Illftas, tada samasto 'pi sargo 'nyatha jata eva. mametare­lilam apekiiiaya kirp nama prayojanam? tada raja tadvacanam apahasya tatp niramocayat.

VIII Mahabharata 1, 3 beginning

janamejayaI:t PariklilitaI:t saha bhratrbhiI:t Kuru~etre dir­ghasattram upaste sma 1). ta.. .. ya bhrataras traya1;l ~rutasena Ugraseno Bhimasena iti 2). teiiiu tat sattram upasine~v 3) agacchat Sarameya1;l. janamejayasya bhratrbhir abhihato roroyama~o 4) matuI:t samipam upagacchat. tatp mat§. roroya­m~am uvaca: kitp rodi~i kenasy abhihata iti. sa evam ukto mataratp pratyuvaca: janamejaya:sya bhratrbhir abbihato 'smiti. tarp mata pratyuvaca: vyaktarp tvaya tatraparaddhatp yenasyabhihata iti. sa tarp punar uvaca: naparadhyami kitp­cin navek~e havitp!?i navaliha 6) it;' tac chrutva 8) tasya mata Sarama putraduI:tkharta tat sattram upagacchad, yatra sa JanamejayaI:t saha bhratrbhir dirghasattram upaste. sa taya kruddhaya tatroktal;l.: ayatp me putro na kirpcid aparadhyati navek!?ate havirp!?i navalec;lhi, kimartham abhihata iti. na kitpcid uktavantas 7) te. sa tan uvaca: yasmad ayam abbihato 'napakarl, tasmad adr~tarp tvarp bhayam agami!?yatiti. ]anamejaya evam ukto devasunya Saramaya bhrSarp sarp­bhranto vi!?aJ;lJ;laS casit.

1) § IIS I. I) § II9. 3) loco abs., § II4 VII; § 101 !I. t) § 100, ru-. 5) § 7, lih-. 8) § lI. 7) § IIS 11.

120 READING SELECTIONS

IX

Mbh. 3, 167,9 ff. (3, II943 if.) Arjuna uvaca:

sp;lU hanta maharaja vidhina yena ~tavan Satakratum aharp. devaIp bhagavantarp. ca Sankaram. vidyam. adhitya blIp rajarp.s tvayoktam. arimardana bhavata ca samadi~tas tapase prasthito vanam. Bhrgutungam atho gatva Kam.yakad asthitas tapa.l;t ekaratro~ita.l;t kaIpcid apaSyaIp braIuna.:t:tarp. pathi. sa mam. aprcchat: Kaunteya 1), kvasi ganta bravihi 2) me. tasma avitathaIp sarvam abruvaIp Kurunandana. sa tathyaIp mama tac chrutva brahma:t:to rajasattama apiijayata maQ1 rajan pritimaIps cabhavan mayi. tato mam. abravit pritas: tapa ati~tha Bharata 3), tapasyan na cire:t:ta tvaQ1 drak~yase vibudhadhipam. tato 'harp. vacanat tasya girim aruhya Saisiram ') tapo 'tapaIp maharaja masaQ1 miilaphalasana.l;t. dvitiyaS capi me maso jalaQ1 bha~yato gata.l;t, niraharas trtiye 'tha mase P3.:t:ic;lavanandana. iirdhvabahus caturtharp. tu masam asmi sthitas tada na ca me hiyate prdI)as tad adbhutam ivabhavat 5). paficame tv atha saIpprapte prathame divase gate varahasarp.sthitarp. bhiitarp. matsamiparp. sa.magamat nighnan prothena prthiviIp. vilikh.a.rp.S cara:t:tair api saIpmarjafi jathare:t:torviIp vivartarp.s ca muhur muhuI:t.

1) = Arjuna. 8) = bliihi. 8) = Arjuna. ') = Him8.laya. &) It was like a miracle that pr~o me na hlyate.

READING SELECTIONS

anu tasyaparatp bhiitarp mahat kairatasatpsthitam dhanurbiil}.asimat praptarp strlgal)iinugatarp tada. tato 'harp dhanur adaya tath~ayye mah~udhi atii,Qayatp sarel)atha tad bhiitarp 10mahar~am. yugapat tatp kiratas tu vikRlya balavad dhanuQ abhyajaghne dr<;lhatararp kampayann iva me manaQ. sa tu mam abravid rajan: mama piirvaparigrahaQ mrgayadharmam utsriya kirnartharp ta<;litas tvaya? e~ 8) te nisitair bal)air darparp hanmi, sthiro bhava. sa dhanu~iin mahiikayas tato mam abhyadhavata, tato girim ivatyartham avroon miitp mahiiSaraiQ ; tarp caharp saravar1?eI).a mahata. samaviikiram. tataQ Sarair diptamukhair yantritair anumantritaiQ pratyavidhyam aharp tarp tu vajrair iva siloccayam. tasya tac chatadha 7) riipam abhavac ca sahasradha, tani ciisya saririil}.i salair aham ata<;layam. punas tani Saririil}.i ekibhiitiini 8) Bharata

121

adfSyanta maharaja, tiiny ahatp vyadhamarp punaQ. aI).ur brhacchira bhiitva brhac ciil}.usirii,Q punaQ ekibhiitas tadii rajan so 'bhyavartata marp yudhi. yadabhibhaviturp biil)air na ca saknomi tarp TaI).e tato mahiistram ati1?tharp vayavyarp BharataT1?abha. na cainam asakarp hanturp tad adbhutam ivabhavat. tasmin pratihate ciistre vismayo me mahiin abhiit. bhiiya eva maharaja savis~am aharp tataQ astrapiigena mahata raI).e bhiitam aviikiram. tato 'harp dhanur adaya tathak!?ayye mahe!?udhi

') = a.ha.m. 1} sancihi, § n. S) § 107.

I22 READING SELECTIONS

sahasabhyahanarp bhiitarp tany apy astraI).y abhak~ayat. hate!?v astre!?u sarve!?u bhak!?ite!?v ayudhe!?u ca mama tasya ca bhiitasya bahuyuddham avartata. vyayiimarp mu!?tibhil) krtva talair api samagatail), aparayarps ca tad bhiitarp ni5ce~tam agamarp mahim. tatal) prahasya tad bhiitarp tatraivantaradhiyata saha stribhir maharaja pasyato me 'dbhutopamam. cvarp krtva sa bhagavaTfls tato 'nyad riipam asthital) divyam eva maharaja vasiino 'dbhutam ambaram. hitva kiratariiparp ca bhagavarps tridasesvaral) svariipaTfl divyam asthaya tasthau tatra mahesvaral). adfsyata tatal) sak!?iid bhagavan GOVf!?adhvajal) 9) Umasahayo vyaIadhrg bahuriipal) pinakadhrk. sa mam abhyetya samare tathaivabhimukharp sthitam siilapaI).ir athovaca: tU!?to 'smiti parantapa, amaratvarn apahaya briihi yat te manogatam. tatal) prafijalir evaham astre!?u gatamanasal) 10) praI).amya manasa SarvaTfl tato vacanam adade: bhagavan me prasannas ced, ipsito 'yarp varo mama, astraI).icchamy aharp jfiatuTfl yani deve!?u kanicit. dadanity eva bhagavan abravit Tryambakas ca mam, raudram astrarp madiya1']111) tvam upasthasyati PaI).qava. pradadau ca mama prital) so 'straTfl pasupatarp mahat, uvaca ca mahadevo dattva, me 'strarp sanatanam: na prayojyarp bhaved etan manu!?e!?u katharpcana, jagad vinirdahed evam alpatejasi patitam;

9) = Siva. 10) astrei?u to be joined with gata 0 ; gatamanasal). is a bahuvrihi

comp., astrei?u. weapons (Le., to be obtained). 11) § 114 VI.

READING SELECTIONS 123

pi<;lyamanena 12) balavat 13) prayojyarp. syad Dhanafijaya. murtiman me sthitarp. parsve prasanne Gov~adhvaje utsadanam amitra1).atp parasenanikartanam. anujfiatas tv ahatp tena tatraiva samupaviSam prek~atas caiva 14) me devas tatraivantaradhiyata.

1S) i e, tvaya 13) adverb. 14) gen abs., § 114 VI.

X

Mbh. 12, 9, 4 ff. (I2, 246 if )

Yudhi~thira uvaca:

hitva gramyasukhacararp. tapyamano mahat tapal). ara1).ye phalamUlasi cari~yami mrgail). saha. juhvano 'gnirp yathakalam ubhau kalav upasprsan krsal). parimitaharas carmacira jatadharal). sitavatatapasahal). k~utpipasasramak~amaJ.:i tapasa vidhidr~tena sariram upaso~ayan manal).kar1).asukha nityarp s!'1).vann uccavaca giral). muditanam ara1).ye~u vasatarp. mrgapak~i1).am ajighran pesalan gandhan phullanarp. v:rk~avirudham nanarupan vane pasyan rama1).iyan vanaukasal;t, ekantasilo vimrSan pakvapakvena vartayan pitfn devarps ca vanyena vagbhir adbhis ca tarpayan. evam ara1).yasastra1).am ugram ugrataratp vidhim sevamanal). pratik~i~ye dehasyasya samapanam. athavaiko 'ham ekaham ekaikasmin vanaspatau caran bhaik~arp. munir mu:t;l<;lal). k~apayi~ye kalevaram parpsubhil;t samabhicchannal;t sunyagarapratisrayal). vrk~amUlaniketo va tyaktasarvapriyapriyal)..

124 READING SELECTIONS

XI

RamayaJ).a 3, II, 55 if.

Ihaikada kila kriiro Vatapir api celvalal). 1) bhratarau sahitav astalll brahmaJ).aghnau mahasurau. dharayan brahmaJ).alll riipam Ilvalal) Salllskrtalll vadan 2) amantrayati vipran sa sraddham uddiSya 3) nirghfJ).al).. bhrataralll salllskrtalll krtva tatas talll me~ariipiJ).am tan dvijan bhojayamasa sraddhadr~tena 4) karmaJ).a. tato bhuktavatalll te~alll vipraJ).am Ilvalo 'bravit: Vatape ni~kramasveti svareJ).a mahata vadan. tato bhratur vacal). srutva Vatapir me~avan nadan bhittva bhittva 5) sariral).i brahmaJ).analll vini~patat 6). brahmaJ).analll sahasraJ).i tair evalll kamariipibhil). vinasitani salllhatya nityasal). piSitasanail).. Agastyena 7) tada devail) prarthitena 8) mahar~iJ).a

anubhiiya kila sraddhe 9) bhak~ital) sa mahasural). 10). tatal). salllpannam ity uktva dattva haste 'vanejanam bhrataralll ni~kramasveti Ilvalal). samabha~ata. sa tada bha~amaDalll tu bhrataralll vipraghatinam abravit prahasan dhiman Agastyo munisattamal).:

1) Le., ca Ilvalal;1.. D) like Brahmans speaking the correct standard speech. 3) § Il7. . 4) which one considers as a funeral gift and the funeral feast

connected with it. 6) The duplication expresses the repetition. 6) § 57 V. 7) a p}i. 8) i.e., prarlhitasuradvayasatpharel).a "whom one asked for the

destruction of the two Asuras". 9) after he had celebrated and enjoyed the §raddha.

10) i.e., VatapL

READING SELECTIONS

kuto ni;;kramitull1 saktir maya jir~asya rak;;asal). bhratus tu me;;arupasya gatasya Yamasadanam. atha tasya vacal). srutva bhratur nidhanasarpsritam pradhar;;ayitum arebhe munill1 krodha.n nisacaral:,l.. so 'bhyadravad dvijendrall1 tall1, munina diptatejasa cak;;u;;analakalpena nirdagdho nidhanarp gatal)..

XII

Ram. I, 45, 15 ff. Purvall1 krtayuge Rama 1) Ditel). 2) putTa mahabalal). Adites 2) ca mahabhaga. viryavantal). sudhiirmikal). 3). tatas te!?iiq1 naravyaghra 4) buddhir [sin mah<ltmanam amara vijaras caiva katharp syamo niramayal:,l.? te;;arp cintayatarp tatra buddhir asid vipascitam k!?irodamathanall1 krtva rasall1 prapsyama tatra vai.

125

tato niscitya mathanall1 yoktrarp krtva ca Vasukim 5) manthanall1 Mandararp 6) krtva mamanthur amitaujasal).. atha var!?asahasret;la yoktrasarpasirarpsi ca vamanto 7) 'tivi!?arp 8) tatra dadall1sur dasanail:,l. siliiQ.. utpapatagnisall1kasall19) halahalamahavi!?am. tena dagdhall1 jagat sarvall1 sadevasuramanU!?am.

1) This eplsode is told to the lea.ding character of the Ramaya.t;la, Rama.

2) Diti and Aditi were two sisters, A. the mother of the gods, D. the mother of the enemies of the gods, i.e., the Daityas belonging to the Asuras.

3) 1 e, asan ') i.e., Rama. 5) prince of serpents 6) name of a sacred mountain. 7) the neutr. pl. is expected. 8) unusually effective poison. 9) i.e., siladaSanat.

126 READING SELECTIONS

atha devii mahadevarp Sankararp 10) sarat).iirthinal) jagmul) Pasupatirp Rudrarp. triihi triihiti tu~tuvul). evam uktas tato devair devadevesvaral) prabhuJ:t. pradur iisit tato 'traiva sankhacakradharo HariJ:t. uViicainarp smitarp krtva Rudrarp siiladhararp. Haril;t: daivatair mathyamiine tu yat piirvarp samupasthitam tat tvadiyarp surasre~tha, suriit;liim agrato hi yat. agrapiijiim iha sthitvii grhiit).edarp vi~arp prabho. ity uktvii ca surasre~thas 11) tatraivantaradhiyata. devatiiniirp bhayarp dr~tva srutvii viikyarp tu Siirngit;lal;t hiiliihalarp. vi~arp ghorarp sarp.jagriihamrtopamam 12). deviin visrjya deveso jagiima bhagavan HaraJ:t. tato devasural;t sarve mamanthii 13) Raghunandana. pravivesatha patiilarp. manthanal;t parvatottamal;t 14). tato deviil;t sagandharviis tu~tuvur Madhusiidanam 15) : tvarp gatil;t sarvabhiitiiniirp vise~et).a divaukasiim. palayiismiin mahiibiiho, girim uddhartum arhasi. iti srutvii Hr~ikesal;t kiimatharp riipam iisthital;t parvatarp pr~thataJ:t krtvii siSye 16) tatrodadhau Haril;t. parvatiigrarp tu lokiitmii hasteniikramya KesavaJ:t 15) deviiniirp. madhyatal;t sthitvii mamantha Puru~ottamaJ:t 15). atha var~asahasret).a iiyurvedamayal;t pumiin udati~that sudharmatmii sadaQ.Qal;t sakamat).QaluJ:t. atha Dhanvantarir 17) nama, apsaras ca suvarcasal;t;

10) § 114 u. 11) Vil?1J.U. 12) amrtopamaxp yatha bhavati tatha saxpjagraha. 13) § I6. 14) MandaraI:t 15) Vil?1J.U. 16) perf. of si- "lie there". 17) i.e., udatil?tbat.

READING SELECTIONS 127

apsu nirmathanad eva rasat tasmad varastriyal). utpetur manujasre~tha, tasmad apsaraso 'bhavan. ~a~til). kotyo 'bhavalJ1s tasam apsara1).alJ1 suvarcasam, asalJ1khyeyas tu Kiikutstha yas tiisarp paricarikaQ.. Uccail;lsrava hayasre~tho ma1).iratnalJ1 ca Kaustubham udati~than narasre~tha tathaivamrtam uttamam. atha tasya krte Rama mahan iisit kulak~ayal), Adites tu tatal). putra Ditiputran ayodhayan. ekatam agaman sarve asura rak~asail). saha, yuddham asin mahaghorarp vira trailokyamohanam yada k~ayarp gatarp sarvarp, tada Vi~1).ur mahabalal;l amrtalJ1 so 'harat tiirI)arp mayam asthaya mohinim. ye gata 'bhimukhalJ1 Vi~I)um ak~ararp puru~ottamam sarppi~tas te tada yuddhe Vi~I)una prabhavi~I)una. Aditer atmaja vira Ditel) putnin nijaghnire asmin ghore mahayuddhe Daiteyadityayor bhrsam. nihatya Ditiputrarps tu rajyalJ1 prapya Purarpdaral) sasasa mudito lokan sar~isai1ghan sacara1).an.

XIII Ram. 2, 27 1)

Evam ukta tu Vaidehi priyarha priyavadini pra1).ayad eva sarpkruddha bhartaram idam abravit: kim idalJ1 bha~ase Rima vakyarplaghutaya dhruvam, tvaya 2) yad apahasyalJ1 me srutva naravarottama. viraI)iilJ1 rajaputraI)arp sastriistravidu~arp nrpa anarham 3) ayasasyarp ca na srotavyarp tvayeritam.

1) Rama, who goes into exile, has exhorted his wife Sitii. to remain at the court of his father She answers him that she wants to follow him into the forest.

2) tvaya yad uktarp. tac chrutvapaha.syaI!l me. 3) + gen.

128 READING SELECTIONS

aryaputra pita mata bhrata putras tatha snu~a svani pUI).yani 4) bhufijanaJ:t svarp. svarp. bhagyam upiisate. bhartur bhagyarp. tu nary eka prapnoti puru~ar~abha atas caivaham adi~ta vane vastavyam ity api. na pit a natmajo natma na mata na sakhijanaI:t iha pretya ca nariI).arp. patir eko gatiI:t sada. yadi tvarp. prasthito durgarp. vanam adyaiva Raghava agratas te gami~yami mrdnanti kusakaI).takan. naya marp. vira visrabdhal), paparp. mayi na vidyate. prasadagre vimanair va vaihayasagatena va sarvavasthagata bhartul) padacchaya viSi~yate. aharp. durgarp. gami~yami vanarp. puru~avarjitam nanamrgagaI).iikirI).arp. sardG.1agaI).asevitam. sukharp. vane nivatsyami 5) yathaiva bhavane pituI:t susrii~amaI).a te nityarp. niyata brahmacariI).i. saha rarp.sye tvaya vira vane~u madhugandhi~u, tvarp. hi karturp. vane sakto Rama sarp.paripalanam. saharp. 6) tvaya gami~yami vanam adya na sarp.sayaI:t 7), na te duI:tkharp. kad;;yami nivasanti tvaya sada. agratas te gami~yami, bhok~ye bhuktavati tvayi; icchami parataI:t sailiin palvalani sararp.si ca dra~turp. sarvatra nirbhita tvaya nathena dhimata. saha tvaya visaliik~a rarp.sye paramanandini evarp. var~asahasraI).i satarp. vapi tvaya saha.

4) = karmaphalani. 5) § 72• 6) The sa which continues the discourse often has the significance

of a conjunction; with aham, tvam, etc. it is frequently conclusive. 7) n. s. "without doubt", without grammatical connection with the

sentence.

GLOSSARY

aO, before vowels ana, un- (nega­tive).

akutobhaya-, a., not being afraid, not fearing.

ak~ayya-, a., inexhaustible. ak~ara-, a., immortal, imperish­

able agni-, s. m, fire. agra-, s. n., point, surface area;

beginning; first born agratas, before, ahead of. agrapuja-, s f. donation anga-, s. n., member, part, body. aja-, s f. goat. a/-, I, wander about. a~u-, a, very small a~4a-, s. n., egg atas, then, for this reason. atiO, extremely, highly atigariyas-, s. ati and guru-. atithi-, s. m, guest. ativaha-, s. n excessive suffering

or bearing. ativi~a-, a, extremely poisonous. atisaya-, s m., excess. ativa, extremely, exceedingly,

very. atyartha-, a, excessive, extreme. atra, here, then atrlintare, meanwhile. atraiva, s. atra and eva. atha, thereupon, then, further-

more, thus, yet; atha va, or. atho, = atha -\- u. ad-, n, eat. adura-, a., not far; s, nearness.

GONDA, Elementary Grammar

adr$!a-, a , invisible; s., poisonous animal eluding the eye, ver­min, ... danger.

adbhuta-, a, amazing; s n, mar-vel.

adya, today, now adri-, s m., mountain, hill. adhama-, a, low. adhastlit, below. adhipa-, s ID, lord adhobhiiga-, s. m., the lower or in­

ferior part. anantara-, a, the nearest; adv.,

immediately afterwards. anapakiirin-, a., not doing harm. anarha-, a, unworthy. anala-, s. m, fire. anavrsji-, s. f, lack of rain. anu, with gen., (immediately)

afterwards; tadanu, hereupon anumantrita-, a, consecrated by

a formula aneka-, a., several, many. A ntaka-, name of the god of

death. antarhita-, a. (p.p.p. of °dha_) ,

disappeared. andha-, a., blind andhaklira-, s m darkness. anna-, s. n. food. anyatas, elsewhere anyatha, otherwise. anylidrs-, looking otherwise anvita-, a. (verb. adj. of i-), pro-

vided with. ap-, s. f. pI. § 45 V, water.

9

I30 GLOSSARY

apara-, a., the posterior, follow­ing, a different person, foreig­ner; aparam, further, besides.

aparlldna-, s. m., mistake, of-fense.

apavllaa-, s. m. rumor. apanllsya-, a , to be laughed at. apllhllya (hll-), with disregard,

exception of. api, also, even; (after numerals)

all aputra-, a., without son. apek§ll-, s. f., consideration, re-

spect. apsaras-, apsarll-, s. f , air nymph abkllva-, s. m, absence abkidMlna-, s. n., title, naming,

name. abhimukkam, turned towards. abkyantara-, s. n., the interior. amara-, a., immortal amaratva-, s n, immortality. amita-, R., immense, immeasur-

able. amitra-, s. m., enemy amrta-, s n., the potion of itJutlor-

tallty. ambara-, s. n., clothing. ambkas-, s n., water. ayam, dem pron, § 49. aYaSasya-, a., inglorious. Ayodkyll-, s. f., name of a city. aratJya-, s. n., forest, desert ari-, s m., enemy. arjita-, s rj-. arlka-, s. m, objective; thing,

possession; arthe, -am, for the purpose of, on account of, for, for the sake of (aCter gen.); ko 'rthall + instr, what is the

benefit of the ... , a ... arlna-, X arthayati, ask for; with

pra, approach someone with a request; wish.

arthin-, a., desiring. ardha-, a, half; s. m. n., half arh-, I, earn, 2. p. arhasi takes

the place of a polite imper., § 1I5 V.

arka-, a., deserving, worthy, fit. alpa-, a, small, little avanejana-, s. n., washing, ablu-

tion. avara-, a , low, inferior, trifling. avastkll-, s. f , condition, situation. avi-, s., sheep. avikala-, a., oC which nothing is

lacking. avitatna-, a., true. aSana-, s. n, food, meal. aSman-, s m., stone aSru-, s. n, tear aSva-, s. m, horse. as-, 1I, be. asa""khyeya-, R., countless asakyt, often. asi-, s. m., sword. asura-, s m., demon. asrj-, s. n, blood. asau, that. astamana-, s. n., sunset. astra-, s. n., missile, arrow. astki-, s. n., § 45 1I, bone. asmllkam, § 47. aki-, srn, snake, serpent. aka, interj. (astonishment, joy,

mourning). llkatik§ll-, s. f., wish. llkllra-, s. m., form, figure, con­

figuration. IlkiYtJa-, a, covered, full; s. ll-kr-.

GLOSSARY I3!

agal'a-, s n, house a&lil'a-, s m, (good) conduct. {i.(;al'ya-, s. m, teacher (esp of

the Veda). ajM-, s. f., command. aijhya-, a, rich atapa-, s. m., heat of the SUD.

iitura-, a., sick, Oil, sick on ac-count of. "

atmaja-, s. ut, son atman-, s. m., self, breath, soul;

also as refl. pron Aditya-, s. m, sons of Aditi,

name of a class of gods. anata-, s nam-. iip-, V, obtain, reach, attain;

with ava, pra, the same, with sa'l'ft-Pra, come, arrive at.

apad-, s f., misfort.une. apanna-, a.; fallen (into misfor-

tune). amra-, s. m., mango tree ayudka-, s n, weapon. ayurvedamaya-, a , containing the

science of medicine in itself ayus-, s n, life. aratl:JIa-, a, pertaining to the

wilderness. al'abdha-, s., raM-al'ta-, a, depressed, grieved. al'ya-, s. m, Aryan. aryaputl'a-, honorable. mode of

address of the husband. iJSin-, a, eating fJsnta- (sri- with a), a , present at,

having reached for something. as- 11, mid sit, remain in a state,

etc.; with upa, apply oneself to a thing, take part in something.

asakJa-, s sa'ilj-. asana-, s n, seat.

asanna-, s. n., vicinity, proxim-ity.

asit, s. as- n. aka, (be) spoke akara-, s m., nourishment.

i-, Il, go; with adki, mid., study, learn; with ava, comprehend, become acquainted with; with ii, come; with aMi-a, come near; with pari-a, return; with ud, rise, with upa, approach; with pra, die.

icchati, s. I is­ital'a-, a, other. itarathil, in another way, other-

wise. iti, § IJ9. °indra-, s. m, the first, chief indl'iya-, s n, sense. iva, as, just as; as if I i$-, icchati (§ 61) wish, with anu,

seek. H i$-, with pra, X, send. i.~u-, s m. f, arrow i$udhi-, s. m. f, quiver iSJa- (verb. adj. of I i$-), desired,

dear. iha, here ikh ik$ate, with ava, look at,

perceive; keep in view; with pl'a, catch sight of; with prati, wait for, await; with vi, catch sight of, recognize.

idrsa-, a, such ips- I, wish irita- (p.p p ir- X), uttered, pro-

nounced. il'sya-, s. f, jealousy iSa-, s. m, lord. iSval'a~, s. m., lord.

132 GLOSSARY

u, slightly emphat. part. ukta-, a., said. ugra- a, mighty. uooaya-, s. m., quantity, s. Siloo­

oaya-. uocavaca-, a., multifarious, vari­

ous. uoohrita-, a., high. uttama-, superl., highest, most

excellent. utsanga-, s. n., lap, haunch. utsiidana-, s. n., annihilating. udaka-, s n, water. udadhi-, s m., sea. uddiSya (ger , diS-), on account of,

for, according to; cf § II7. udvliha-, s. m, wedding. upak$aya-, s.m, disappearance,

exhaustion, expense. upadesa-, s. m, instruction. upadrava-, s. m. misforiune. °upama-, a., similar. upari, prep, with abl, after, ac-

cording to. upalipta-, a , smeared, anoint.ed upaya-, s. m., means, remedy. upeta-, a. (p p.p. upa-i-) , with

instr, provided with. ubha-, both Uma, the wife of Siva. urvarita-, a, left over. urvi-, sf, earth. uvaca, s vac-. u$ita-, a., s vas-, dwell. urdhva-, a, upright.

rj-, I and arjayati, obtain. fte, without, except (with abl.). f~abha-, s. m, bull. ni-, s. m., wise man, holy man.

eka-, one, alone; also indef. ar-ticle

ekatli-, s. f., union ekada, one day. ekadf~Ii-, s. f., a glance directed

at an object ekadesa-, s m, a place. ekaratra-, s n., the duration of a

night. eklinta-, s. m , solitary place. ekaham, for an entire day. ekaika-, a, each one eta!, § 48 etlivat-, (only) so much, such. eva, just, already, quit.e, only. evarj'lVidha-, a., such. evam, so, thus

ojas-, s n., strength, power.

kaccid, interrogative part. , ± per-haps.

kacchapa-, s. m, tortoise ka!a-, s m., mat. ka1Jlaka-, s. m, thorn. kanlha-, s. m, neck, throat. katham, how?; katham api, with

effort; na k. cana, in no way whatsoever

kathli-, s f., narration, conver­sation.

kadli, when'; kadacid, once upon a time, in days past; na kadli­cid, never.

kanya-, s. f., maiden, girl kaman4alu-, s m. n, water-jar. kamp-, I mid., tremble, caus.,

cause t.o tremble kambala-, s m. n., a woolen gar­

ment, gown. kara-, s. m., hand, ray.

GLOSSARY 133

kara1J,a-, s. n., the doing, the ac­tion.

karapatra-, s. n., saw. karna-, s. m., ear; akarnayati,

hear. kardama-, s. m., dirt. karman-, s. n., deed, action, work,

business. kal-, with a, akalayaii, grasp, pos-

sess. kalaha-, s. m., strife, contention. kalevara-, s. m. n., body. kalpa-, s. m., manner and way. kavi-, s. m., poet. Kakutstha-, Rama. kama-, s m., love; object of de­

sire; kamam, adv., gladly, cer­tainly.

kamalha-, a, peculiar to a tor­toise.

kamarupin-, a., assuming a form at will.

Kamyaka-, name of a forest. kaya-, s. m., body. kayastha-, s. m., writer, scribe. kara1J,a-, s. n, cause. karya-, a., to be done; s. n, mat­

ter. kala-, s. m., time; also personif.

of time, of death. kalasarpa-, s. m., a certain poi­

sonous snake. KiUi-, s. f., Benares. k~/ha-, s. n., wood, piece of

wood. ki1'J'lcid, § 50. kim, how?, why? kimartham, why? kiyat-, a., small, slight. kirata-, s. m, member of a moun­

tain tribe.

kila, certainly, namely. kirti-, s. f., fame. kilaka-, s. m., wedge, peg. ku/iraka-, s. m., cottage, hut. kullani-, s. f., procuress. kutas, whence? kutra, where? whither? kutrapi, somewhere, to some

place. kupita-, a., angry. Kuru-, name of a people and of

an ancestor. Kuruk~etra-, s. n, name of a

country. kula-, s. n., race, family. kuSa-, s. m., Kusa grass. kUla-, a., cunning, deceitful. kr-, VIII, make, do, carry out,

act, etc.; caus., cause io be done; ki1fl- kriyate -I- instr., what should one do with ...

krtaghna-, a., ungrateful. krtayuga-, s. n., the first or "gold­

en" age. krte (kr-), on account of, for

(+ gen.). krtya-, a. (grdv of kr-), to be

done; s. n., obligation, busi­ness.

krpa-, s. f., sympathy, compas­sion.

krsa-, a., lean, emaciated. kr~-, I, pull; with a, draw on,

tense, stretch; with vi, .bend (a bow).

kr-, VI kirati, scatter; with a, strew; with ava, strew, spill; with sam-ava, overflow.

kairatar, a., concerning the Ki­rata- (a despised mountain tribe).

I34 GLOSSARY

ko/i-, s. f , utmost point, bent end; ten million.

kopa-, s. m., anger. kolahala-, s m., shouting. kautuka-, s. n., curiosity, what

arouses curiosity, festivity, sol­emn ceremony.

kaulika-, s. m, weaver. kYam-, I (§ 6r 11), step; with a,

approach, come near, ascend, step into something, come into force, begin; with nis, go out.

kri-, IX, buy. krirj-, I, kri4ati, play. kf-irjana-, s. n., play, ga:tp.e. krudh-, IV, be angry. kruddha-, a., angry. krura-, a., cruel. krodha-, s. m., anger. klanta-, a, tired. kva, where?, whither? k~ama-, a., bearing, suited for

something. ksaya-, s. m., decline. k~al-, with pra, prak~alayati,

wa.'1h. k~ama-, a., dried up, dessicated. ~-, X, destroy, annihilate. k#P-, VI, throw; with pra, throw

into. k~ipra-, a., quick. k~ira-, s. m. n., milk. k~iroda-, s. m., sea of milk k~h-, s. f., k~ha-, s. f hunger. k~ubhita-, a., in excitement. k~ra-, s. m., razor. k~etra-, s. n , field. khaJvIJ-, s. f., bedstead. kharjga-, s. m., sword. khat'aa-, s. m. n., gap, lacuna,

piece; khat'rjaSas, into pieces.

kkata-, a , dug up, rooted up. kkaa-, I, eat, devour. khura-, s. m., hoof. khyata-, a., famous.

Ganga-, s. f, Ganges. gaja-, s. m., elephant. gat'a-, s m., troop, crowd. gala- (verb. adj. of gam-), gone,

s. n., going, walk, pace. gati-, s. f., path, way, way out,

refuge, condition gad-, gaaati, speak, say. gantavya- grdv. (§ n6 VII), (one)

should go. gandha-, s m., smell, odor gandkarva-, name of a class of

mythol. beings. gandkin-, a , having a smell. gam-, I gacckati, go, go away,

pass (time). With adki, find out; with anu, follow; with ava, recognize; with a, come; with upa-a, approach, come near; with sam-a, come togeth­er, coalesce, with nis, set out; with prati, return.

gar4lka-, sup. of guru-. gardabha-, s. m., ass. gardabhi-, s. f., she-ass. garbhin-, a., f. -i, pregnant. garva-, s. m., conceit. gIJ-, go. ga(y)-, I, gayati, sing. gir-, s. f., voice. giri-, s. m., mountain, hill. gita-, s. n., song gut'a-, s. m, virtue. gunavat-, a., excellent. gunJh- with ava, cover, coat. guvu-, a., heavy; s. authority,

GLOSSARY 135

person of respect, teacher, father.

Gurjara-, name of a country. grha-, s. n, house. grhastba-, s. m., the married

Brahman in charge of his own household; also adj.

grkita-, p p.p. of grab-. grMtva, ger. of gran-. go-, s. (§ 31), ox, cow goeara,-, s. m, domain, range. govr§a-, s. m., bull. graM-, = grah-. gran-, IX, take, buy; with prati,

assume; with sam, seize. grilma-, s. m., village. gyilmya-, pertaining to the village. gha}-, ghajati, get into; with ud,

X, open. ghala-, s. m., pot gha1.'Ja-, s. f., bell. ghata-, s. m., blow, homicide.

-gnataka-, a., destroying ghiitin-, a., killing. ghora-, a., terrible. °ghna_, a., killing. ghra-, I jighrati, smell; with a,

smell.

ea, and. eakra-, s. n., wheel, circle, discus. eak§US-, s. n., eye. ea?lt;alata-, s f., mobility, moodi-

ness. eaJa,ka-, s. m., sparrow. eatur-, § 54, four. eaturlha-, a., fourth. eatvaras, § 54, four. eandra-, s. m., moon. ear-, I, go; with pra-14a, caus,

cause to sound.

eara1.'a-, s. m. n, foot. earman-, s. n., skin, hide cal-, calati, move, go. ealana-, s. n, movement, creep-

ing. eara-, s. m., scout. earana-, s. m, heavenly singer. d-, with nis, determine, decide. dtii-, s f., funeral pile, pyre. eilla-, s. n, mind. dnt-, X, think, consider; with

sam, reflect, consider. cintii-, s. f., thought, idea, worry. dra-, long (of time); na eir81;la,

after not a long time. drat, after a long time, finally. cira-, s. n , a thin and long piece

of bark. civara-, s.n., dress of rags. euq,ama.",i-, s m., jewel. eiir.",ita-, a, shattered. eea, if

,e01'a-, s m, thief. eaura-, s. m., thief. chad-, ehildayati, cover; with

sam-abhi and pra, cover. ehaya-, sf, shadow. ehid-, VII, split, cut off. chidra-, s. -n., hole. eheda-, s. m., cutting off

0ja-, arisen from ... jagat-, s. n., world. janghfi-, s. f., leg. ja~, s. f., plait. jajhara-, s. n., belly. jan-, jayate, be born, arise, be­

come; with sam, be born, arise, become.

jana-, s. m., human being, pI. people.

GLOSSARY

janapada-, s. m., people, land. janani-, s. f., mother. janamejaya-, name of a king. jantu-, s. m., creature. jap-, I, mutter to oneself. jambiila-, s m., mud. jala-, s. n., water. jataSaya-, s. m., pond. jalaukas-, s. f., leech. jiita-, p.p.p. of jan-. jiitiya-, a, belonging to the

class ... , family ... janami, s. jria-. janu-, s. n., knee. jamiltr-, s. m., son-in-law. jayli-, s. f., Wife. ji-, I, defeat, conquer. jighrat-, s. ghrii-. jita-, (p.p.p. of ji-), defeated,

conquered. ji1"f}a-, a., old, dilapidated. jiv-, jivati, live, caus. jivapayati,

make living, animate, vivify. jiva-, s. n., life. jivita-, a., revived; s. n., life. °jfla-, a., knowing, acquainted

with. jM-, IX, janati, know; with anu,

dismiss; with sam + ll, learn; with pari, recognize, know exactly; with vi, caus., cause someone to know.

jflana-, s. n, knowledge, in­sight.

jvalita-, a., blazing.

tatas, from there, there, there­uPon, then.

talfa, there, therein; + eva, ibid., just there, at the very same place.

tatM, so, likewise, and; tatM + api (eva) , nevertheless.

tathya-, a., true, s n., truth. tad, adv, there; at that time;

therefore. ladanantaram, s. anantal'a­tadanu, s. anu. tadIJ, then, thereupon. tadllnim, at that time. tanu-, sf, body. tanu-, a., thin, fine. tap-, I, be warm, heat up.

tapas tap-, practice asceticism. tapas-, s. n., heat; asceticism;

tapasyati, practice asceticism. tapasvin-, a., ascetic; s. m, as-

cetic. tamala-, s. m., name of a tree. tal'U-, s. m, tree. tal'hi, then, therefore. tala-, s. m. n., surface, palm of

the hand. laskal'a-, s. m, robber. tasmad (abl. s. n.) therefore. tlJt/,-, X, strike. tllpasa-, s. m., ascetic. tavat, a, so much; adv. so long,

first, meanwhile, immediately. til'a-, s. n, bank, shore. tu, but. tulll-, s. f., balance. t~-, IV, be pleased, caus., satisfy;

with pari, caus., satisfy com­pletely.

t~/a-, a, satisfied, content. tUl'tmm, adv., quickly. til§1')im, adv., silently. trna-, s. n., grass, straw. trtiya-, a., third. trP-, IV, be satisfied; X, satisfy,

satiate, please, appease.

GLOSSARY I37

Ir-, I and VI, inf. lar(i)/um, cross over, overcome.

tejas-, s. n., sharpness, fervor, passion, power, energy, moral and magic power.

tyaj-, I, leave, abandon, desert; pari, leave, give up.

tyaga-, s. m., liberality. traya(l" § 54, three tras-, I, tremble; caus , frighten. tra-, lI, protect. Iratta-, s. n., protection. tridaSa-, the 33 gods. trailokya-, s. n , the three worlds. Tryambaka-, = Siva. tvadiya-, a., your, yours. tvam, § 47, you (fam. and polite). tvadrsa-, a , one such as you, one

like you.

daytzpati-, duo -ti-, married couple. daYfiS-, I (§ 61 Ill), daSati, bite. daytz~/ra-, S. i., pointed tooth,

fang. / dak~a-, a., able. dagdha-, p.p p. S. dah-. dattif,a-, S. m. n., stick, staff, pow-

er, punishment. datta-, p.p p. of da-, given. danta-, S. m., tooth. Damayanti, name of a queen. darpa-, S. m, insolence. dasana-, S. m, tooth. da~la- (verb. adj. of daYfiS-) ,

bitten. dasyu-, S. m., an evil or hostile

man. dah-, I, burn, consume by flre;

with nis and vi-nis, burn. dahyat-, a. (part.), burning. da-, Ill, give; with a, take, a-dll-

vacanam, begin to speak; with pra, lend, give; give in mar­riage.

dana-, S. n., liberality. danavat-, a., generous. dayaka-, a, giving. daridrya-, S. n., poverty. daru-, S. n., wood. darutta-, a, terrible, rough. dava-, S. m., forest fire. diisa-, S. m., servant. dasi-, S. f, slave girl. dina-, S. m., day. divasa-, s m., day. divakara-, S. m., sun. divaukas-, S. m, inhabitant of

heaven. divya-, a., heavenly, divine. diS-, S. f., region of the heavens. diS-, VI, show, point out, etc.;

with a, prati-a and sam-a, or­der.

dina-, a., sad. diP-, dipyale, blaze; into blaze

strongly, illuminate brightly. 4ipta-, a, blazing, radiant. dirghasattra-, S. n., a protracted

Soma celebration. dU(l,kha-, a., unpleasant; S. n.,

misfortune, suffering. dU(l,khita-, a., concerned. dU(l,sparsa-, a., harq to touch. dundubhi-, S. m, d1:jlm, kettle-

drum. durga-, a., impassable. durgati-, S. f, misery. Durga-, S. f., name of a goddess. durjana-, s. m., a bad man. durbala-, a., weak. durbhik~a-, S. n., famine. durlabha-, a., hard to attain.

GLOSSARY

duh-, II, milk. duhitr-, s. f., daughter. dura-, a, far; s. n., distance. dr-, IX, burst; vi-darayati, burst,

split. driJha-, a., firm, strong, violent. drs-, see. dr§!a- (verb. adj. of drs-), seen;

established. dr§#-, s. f., perceiving. deya-, grdv. of dii-. tleva-, s. m., god; voc. deva, also

sire. devana-, s. n., game of dice. devi-, s. f., goddess. desa-. s. m, place, spot, region,

land. deslintara-, s., foreign country. deha-, s. m. n., body. daiva-, s. n., fate daivata-, s. n., divinity. dogdhri-, giving milk. do§a-, s. m., mistake, guilt, sin. drava-, a., fluid. dravya-, s n., property, wealth. dru-, I, run, melt; with aMi,

hasten towards, approach vig­orously, set to with a will.

druma-, s. m., tree. drohin-, a., betraying. dvaya-, s. n., pair. dvija-, s. m., Brahman. dvitiya-, a, second dvih 11, hate. dvi§-, s. m., enemy. dvipin-, s. m., panther. dhana-, s. n., possession, wealth,

money. Dhana'itjaya-, = Arjuna. dhanin-, a., rich (esp. in land),

opulent.

dhanus-, s. n., bow. dhan1,l§mat-, a., provided with a

bow. dhanya-, a., fortunate. Dhanvantari-, the doctor of the

gods. dham-, I, blow; with fJi-, cause to

disperse. dhara-, a, bearing. dharma-, s. m., law, precept, duty,

etc. dharmavat-, a, just. dhii-, Ill, put, place; (+ dat.)

direct toward; with antar, pass.,disappear; with aMi, ad­dress; with ava, mid., pay at­tention; with ni, place, set down, place, place into; with vi, make, fabricate.

dhiitri-, s f., wet nurse. dharmika-, a., virtuous. dhliv-, dhiivati, run; with abhi,

run straight at or toward a thing.

dhimat-, a., intelligent, wise. dhira-, a., resolute; wise. dhuma-, s. m., smoke. dhilsara-, a., gray. dhr-, X, dhiirayati, bear, hold;

obtain, possess; with ava-, X, get acquainted with; with vi, detain, arrest.

°dhrk-, bearing. dhr§-, with pra, X, offend some­

one, overcome. dhenu-, s. f., cow. dhairya-, s. n., steadfastness,

firmness. dhyiina-, s. n., meditation. dhruva-, a., fixed, constant. dhvaja-, s. m., flag.

GLOSSARY I39

na, not. nagara-, s n., town, city. nagari-, s. f., town, city. nad-, I, cry, sound, roar, bellow. nadi-, s. f, river. nandana-, s. m, son. nandin-, a, having joy in. nam-, I, humble oneself, with a,

stoop, bow; with pra, bow be­fore

nara-, s. m., man. naraka-, s. m., hell. nas-, IV, get lost, perish; with vi,

get lost, perish; caus., destroy. naga-, s. m., elephant, snake,

serpent. niltha-, s. m, protector, ruler. nilnao, various, manifold. naman-, s. n., name; acc. s. niima,

by name; namely. nari-, s. f., woman, wife. nasana-, s. n., destroying, anni­

hilation. nikartana-, s n., massacre, slaugh­

ter niketa-, s. m., dwelling. nija-, a , own, native or inherent

to nit yam, always. nityasa[t, always nidra-, s. f., sleep. nidhana-, s. m. n., death nibkrta-, a., hidden, concealed. niyata-, s. yam-. niramaya-, a., healthy, sound. nirasibkuta-, a , who has given up

hope. nirlthltra-, a, refraining from

food. nirghrna-, a., cruel, inhuman,

bloodthirsty.

nirdagdha-, s dah-. nirdhana-, a, poor. nirbhita-, a., fearless. nirmathana-, s. n , churning. nilaya-, s. m., nest. nisacara-, s m, (nocturnal) mon-

ster. niSita-, a., sharp. nisitha-, s. m., night. niscesla-, a, motionless nisarga-, s. m., nature ni-, I, lead, take along; with It,

bring; with sam-a, bring to­gether, bring up (to the speak­er), bring home; with pari, marry.

nica-, a., low, common. nif/,a-, s. n., nest nunam, certainly. nr-, s m., man, human being nrpa-, s. m., prince. nrpati-, s. m., prince no eet, if not-. nau-, s. f., ship

pakva-, s. n., food pak~in-, s. m., bird. pac-, I, cook. pancatva-, s. n., death. pancama-, a., fifth. palh-, palhati, recite aloud. pa'f,l,f/,ita-, a.., intelligent, learned. pat-, I, fall, fall into; p p.p. pa-

tita-; with ii, unexpectedly fall to a person's lot; with ut, rise, arise; with ni, caus., cause to fall, cast or hurl down; with vi, caus., fell, slay; with vinis, come forth.

path s. m., lord. patni-, s. f., lady, wife.

140 GLOSSARY

path-, s. m., § 45 Ill, path, road. Pad-, IV mid., fall away, go to;

with vi-il, caus., destroy; with ut, arise; with nis caus., prepare; with pya, come to, go to; with sam, fall to one's lot..

pa1'a-, a., further, later; foreign; best, highest; s. m., enemy; at the end of a comp., intent on.

pa1'atas, further, abl. of pa1'a-. pa1'antapa-, a., tormenting the

enemy. pa1'am, thereupon; nevertheless. pa1'ama-, a, highest, best.; _0,

extremely, very pa1'aSu-, s. m., axe. pa1'iJ1'tha-, s. m , the advantage of

others. pa1'ig1'aha-, s. m, attainment,

possession. pa1'i&iirikii-, s. i., servant girl or

woman. pa1'ijMta-, a., recognized. pa1'if>Urita-, s. I. ~-. parif>U1'1Ja- (s. I P;-), entirely

filled. pa1'imita-, a, limited, small pa1'isamiipta- (iip-), a., completely

ended pa1'U$a-, a., rough, uneven. paruata-, s. m, mountain, hill. paliJy-, paliJyate, flee. palvala-, s. n., pond. PaS-, IV, see PaSu-, s m., cattle; also a single

head. PaSupati-, = Siva. paSeiJt, afterward, later. pa-, I, pibati, drink. Pil-, 11, protect.

pamsu-, s. m., dust, sand. pani-, s. m., hand pa1J4itya-, s. n., learning, eru-

dition. pa1J4uratii-, s. f., white color. pata-, s. m., fall. patiila-, s. n., nether world. piida-, s. m., foot papa-, s. n., evil, sin, harm. Piirik~ita-, son of Pari~t. piJ.rthiva-, s. m., prince. parsva-, s. m n., side, vicinity. plJla-, s. m, guard, keeper; pa-

layati, guard, save, rescue. plJvaka-, s. m., fire. plJSa-, s. m., noose, fetter. plJSupata-, a., consecrated to

Siva-Pa.Supati, concerning Si­va-PaSupati.

pitr-, s. m, father. pitrpaitamaka-, a., inherited. pinaka-, s. m. n., the club and

bow of Siva pipiJsa-, s f., thirst pipilika-, s. m, ant. pibati, s pa-piSita-, s. n., flesh. pis-, VII, with sam, crush. pid-, X, press, torture. punya-, a., favorable, fortunate,

fair, handsome putra-, s. m., son. putri-, s. f, daughter. punar, again, back; in contrast puma'f'S-, s. m., § 45 IV, man. pura-, s. n., town, city. Pura1ftdara-, = the god Indra. puri-, s. f., stronghold, town. PU1'U$a-, s. m, man. purusottama-, s. m, the highest

spirit, V~I}u.

GLOSSARY

pU$kara-, s. n., tip of the ele-phant's trunk.

pU$la-, a., well nourished. pustaka-, s. m., book. pu-, IX, purify. cleanse. puga-, s. m, quantity. puj-, X, honor. puja-. s. f., honoring. , pujya- (grdv. of puj-). to be hon-

ored purita-. a., filled (p p.p. of i.

Pr- X). pur1Ja- (to 1. Pr-), full, filled. re­

plete. purva-, a., earlier; adv. formerly,

earlier purusa-, = puru$a­Prthivi-. s. f., earth. Pr$ta-. p.p.p. of prach-. Pr$/ha-, s n .. back, posterior side;

Prs/hatas. from, toward the rear or back

I P'f-, IX, fill. with pari. caus. (p.p p. paripurita-) make full

II pr-. parayati. with acc., resist. pesala-, a., agreeable, charming. paitamaha-, a, pertaining to a

grandfather, grandfatherly. potabhanga-, s. m., shipwreck. pautra-, s. m., grandson. paura-, s. m., citizen. prahara-, s. m., manner, way. prakopa-, s. m., anger. pracalana-, s. n., creeping. prach-, Prcchati. § 6r I, ask. praja-, s. f. pI, subjects, vas-

sals. pra1jaya-, s. m., familiarity, con­

fidence; ab!.. frankly. pratik$anam, continually, each

moment

pratisraya-, s. m., refuge; dwell­ing.

pratikiira-, s. m., remedy, anti-dote.

prathama-, a., first. pradesa-, s. m., place, region. pradhana-, a., most excellent. prapanna-, p.p.p. of pad- with

pra. praMavi$nu-, a .• mighty; s. m.,

lord prabhu-, s m., lord. prabMUa-, a., much, copious. prayatna-, s. m, effort. prayojana-, s n, purpose, bene-

fit. pravivada-, s. m, strife, quarrel. prasanna-, a., merciful prasava-, s m, procreation. prasupta-, a, fallen asleep. prastava-, s. m., opportunity. prahara-, s. m., a time lap.,e of

about 3 hours prahara-, s m., blow. prllfijali-, a., extending the hands

(as sign of respect) prana-, s m .. breath of life. pradur as-, appear. prapta-, s. ap-. prarthita-, s. arthayati with pra. praVr$-, s. t, rainy season prasada-, s. m, palace. priya-, a., dear; priya-, the be­

loved. priyavada-, s. m., friendly words. priyavadin-, a., saying pleasant

things prita-. a., delighted, pleased. prUimat-, a., delighted, content. pretya, s. i-. prerita-, s. ir-.

GLOSSARY

pre~yli-, s. f, servant. proC(;lirita-, a., p p.p. s. car- with

pra-ud. protha-, s. m n., snout. ptu-, I, swim. phala-, s n., fruit. phulta-, a., blooming.

baddka- (p.p p. of bandh-) , bound. bandn-, IX, bind. bandnu-, s. m., relative, friend bala-, s m., power; army. balavat-, balin-, a, powerful bahiskr-, VIII, exclude. baku-, a., much. blitta-, s. m., arrow. bandnava-, s m., relative Mla-, s., child balaka-, s., small child. blihu, s m., arm. buddni-, s. f., understanding, in-

tellect, mind, opinion buddhimat-, a., understanding. budk-, I, awaken; recognize. brhat-, a., great. brahmaclirin-, a., practicing chas­

tity. brahmavid-, s. m , one who knows

piety or divine knowledge, wise man.

brlihma1.'la-, a., belonging to a Brahman; s. m., Brahman.

brlihmani-, s. f , a Brahman wom-an.

bru-, II braviti, speak. Mak~- I and X, eat Mak~ta-, p.p p of Maks-. Magavat-, a., noble, venerable Magna-, s. Manj-bhanga-, s m, a breaking, frac­

ture.

bhanj-, VII, verb. adj. Magna-, break off, shatter.

Man-, speak. Madra-, fortunate, favorable,

good; voc. f. Madre my good lady.

Maya-, s n, danger, fear. Maylinaka-, a, terrible, sinister. bhartr-, s m., husband bhavat-, nom. bhavan with the 3rd

pers. of the verb, polite pron. of the 2nd pers

bhavana-, s n, dwelling. bhasman-, s. n., ash. bhliga-, s. m., part. bhagya-, a, fortunate, s n., luck,

fortune. bhara-, s. m, burden. bMryli-, s. f , wife. Ma$-, I, speak, with sam, speak,

with prati, answer bhiksa-, s. f , alms. bhik~u-, s m, beggar, mendi-

cant friar bhitti-, s. f, wall Mid-, VII, split, break. Mi~aj-, s m., doctor bhukta-, a, eaten (lit. enjoyed);

s n., food bhuj-, VII mid., eat, enjoy bhujatJ'lgama-, s m, snake. bhu-, s. f, earth Mu-, 1., flourish, become, be;

caus., promote, cause to devel­op, nurture; with anu, feel, enjoy, suffer; with aMi, be superior, overpower; with pra, prevail, be able.

Muta-, s n, being, sinister being. bkapati-, s m, prince. bhupala-, s m, prince.

GLOSSARY I43

bkumi-, s. f., earth. bkuyas, adv., mor", very, besides,

further. bhu.ri-, a., much, significant. bk~atla-, s. n., adornment, orna­

ment, jewelry. bkr- I and Ill, bear, carry. Bkrgututiga-, name of a sacred

mountain bhrt-, bearing, possessing, bring-

ing. bkrtya-, s m., servant bhrsam, very. bhe~aja-, s n., remedy, antidote. bkaik~a-, s. n., begging; begged

food. bho([s) , 01 bhojana-, s. n., food, meal bkram-, bhramati, bhramyati, roam

about; with pari, roam about. bhriltr-, s. m., brother

matli-, s. m., jewel. mata-, verb. adj. of man-; s. n.,

opmion. mati-, s. f., understanding, reason. matimat-, a, intelligent. matsya-, s. m., fish. math-, I and IX, whirl. matkana-, s. n., churning. madiya-, a., my, mine. madhu, s. n., honey; a, sweet. MadhusUdana-, Vi~l.lu. madhya-, s. n., middle; a., in the

middle; madkyatas, adv. in the middle.

madhyama-, a., middle, midmost. madkyahna-, s. m, noon. manas-, s. n., mind, intellect,

feeling Manu, father and lord of men.

manuja-, s. m, human being, man.

man~ya-, s. m., human being, man.

manogata-, s. n., thought, desire, longing.

manoratka-, s m., wish. manokara-, a, charming. mantra-, s. m., sacred text, for­

mula, mantrayati, advise; with a, X, invite

mantravadin-, s. m, reciter of spells or incantations.

mantrin-, s. m, adviser, minister. mantkana-, s. m., churn staff. manda". mandam; quite slowly. Mandara-, s. m., name of a sacred

mountain mamt-, s. m., wind. markaja-, s. m., ape. marlya-, s. m, mortal mardana-, a, torturing, crushing. mahat-, a, great fem makati. maka-, at the beginning of comp.,

great. makatman-, a, noble, eminent,

mighty. mahiibkiiga-, a., verydistinguisbed,

prominent makaraja-, a great king, prince,

ruler. makilsattva-, a., noble; s. m, a

noble creature. mah4i-, s. f., female buffalo. maki-, s. I., earth mahendra-, s. m., great chief. ma, not (prohibitive). mil-, Ill, mimite, measure; with

anu, conclude. mii~a-, s. n., flesh

I44 GLOSSARY

miitula-, a., belonging to the moth­er's brother

mat1'-, s. f., mother. mana-, s m., honor; manayati,

honor manasa-, s. n, mind, int.ellect man~a-, s. m., human being,

man. mayii-, s. f., illusion, deception. miisa-, s. m., month miisika-, a., monthly, mensual. mit1'a-, s. n, friend; °drokin-, a.,

betraying a friend. mukta-, s. muc-. mukka-, s n, mouth, face, head. mugdka-, a , stupid, simple. mUG-, VI muncati, X, loosen, Hber­

ate; with nis, X, set free. muttda-, a., shaved, bald, having

the head shaved mudita-, a., glad. muni-, s. m., a (silent) seer and

wise m:an. mumu1'~u-, s. mr-. m~-, IX, steal, rob m~Ii-, s. m. f., fist. mulfus, mukur, mukulJ, repeated-

ly. mukurta-, s. m n., hour. mU4kf1-, a., foolish. mU1'kha-, a., stupid; s. m., fool. mU1'timat-, a., incarnate. mula-, s. n., root, unmulayati,

root out, eradicate. . mUsika-, s. m., mouse. mr-, m1'iyate, die. mrga-, s. m., wild animal, gazelle,

stag. mrgaya-, s f., hunt. mrj-, ma1'~#, ma1'jati, rub off;

with sam, rub, sweep.

mrta- (mr-) , a., dead. mrd-, IX, crush, destroy. mrs- with vi, VI and X, consider

(frequently written with ~). medas-, s. n., fat. medini-, s. f., earth. me~a-, s. m., ram. mok~a-, s. m., release. moka-, s. m , insanity, deception,

delusion. mohana-, a., deluding. mohin-, a, confusing. maunaV1'ata-, a., who observes

the vow of silence.

ya-, ret pron., who, which. yak~a-, s m., Yak~ (name of a

class of mytholog. beings). yajfla-, s m., sacrifice. yat-, yatate, strive for. yatas, whence; in consequence of

which; where; since, because. yatna-, s. m., exertion yatra, where, whither (relat.). yatha, as, that, so that yathakalam, adv. (§ II3), at the

right time, opportunely. yatha1'tha-, a., right., appropriate. yad, pron. § 50; conj. that; be-

cause. yada, when, if. yadi, if, in case. yantrita-, a., shot by a tightly

tensed bow. yam, YaGGhati, with ni, restrain,

hold back, strengthen, hold fast, with pya, lend, bestow.

Yama-, s. m., the god of the king­dom of the dead

yasas-, s. n., reputation, dignity, fame.

GLOSSARY 145

yasmiid (abl. s. n § 50), since, because.

ya-, n, go; with ii, come to; with sam-ii, come hither (together); with pra, depart, set out, jour­ney to.

yac-, I, request. yatra-, s. f., journey. yavat-, a., as great, adv, so long

as, so far as, as long, as soon as, while; yavan na, before.

yugapad, adv., simultaneously. yuj-, VII, X, yoke; yujyate, it is

right, fitting; with pra, X, discharge, shoot; with sam, provide with

yuddka-, s. n, battle. yudk-, s f., battle, combat. yudh-, yudkyate, fight; X, cause

to fight, fight against. yuvati-, s. t, young woman. yutka-, s. m., troop, herd. yoktra-, s. n., cord, rope. yogin-, a., s m., devoted to Yoga,

Yogin. yogya-, a., fitting. yauvana-, s. n., youth.

rak~-, rak§ati, p.p.p raksita-, pro­tect; with pari, protect.

rak~aka-, s. m., guard. rak~a1Ja-, s. n., protecting, pre-

serving. rak~as-, s. n., (nocturnal) demon. rajaka-, s. m., washerman. rajani-, s. f., night. rajju-, s f., cord, rope. ra1Ja-, s. n., battle. rata-, a., finding pleasure in (1). ratna-, s. n., jewel. ratha-, s. m., war-chariot.

GONDA, Elementary Grammar

rabk-, I, with a, begin, undertake. ram-, IV mid., take pleasure in;

with vi, stop, calm down. ramya-, a., graceful, charming,

beauteous. ramattiya-, a., delightful. rasa-, s. m, juice, fluid. rakita-, a., deserted by (+ instr.). rak~asa-, a., devilish; s.m., mon-

ster, demon. rajan-, s. m., king. rajaputri-, s. f., princess. riijya-, s. n., dominion, rule riitri-, s. f., night. riidk-, with apa, IV, transgress, b~

guilty ripu-, s. m., enemy. ru-, n, roar, bellow, howl. ruci-, s. f., taste. rud-, II (§ 64 VI), roditi, cry,

weep, shed tears. Rudra-, = Siva, name of a god. rudhira-, s. n , blood. ruh-, I, climb up, grow; with a,

climb. rupa-, s. n., figure, beauty. rupaka-, s. m., rupee. rupavat-, rupii4kya-, a., beautiful. °rupin-, having the figure ... ro~a-, s. m., anger. raudra-, a., frightful.

lak$-, X, perceive, notice, ob­serve.

Lak$mi-, s. f., the goddess of fortune.

lag-, I, attach oneself to. lagku-, a., light. lagkutii-, s. f., insignificance, fri­

volity, small repute. lajjii-, s. f., modesty, shame.

10

146 GLOSSARY

labh-, I mid., get. lamb-, lambate, hang down, hang

upon; with ava, caus., hang; with a, seize, submit

likh-, VI, scratch; with vi, scratch, tear up.

tih, II kif-hi, lick, intens. con­stantly lick; with ava, lick on.

li-, I, cling to, snuggle up to, at­tach oneself to

lila-, s. f., play; lilaya, without any effort.

lok-, X, look; with ava, look (at); with a, regard; with vi, look at, consider, catch sight of.

loka-, s. m, world, people. loiatman-, s. m., the soul of the

world. loeana-, s. n., eye. lomahar$ana-, a., causing the

hair to raise

vaktumanas-, a., intending to say vae-, say, name; with prati, an-

swer. vacana-, s. n., word. vacas-, s. n., word. vajra-, s m., thunderbolt vaife-, X, deceive; p. p. part.

va1feita-. vaif,ava-, s f., mare. va1J.ij-, s. m, merchant. °vat, adv suffix, like, as. vad-, vadati, speak, say; caus,

cause to sound; with abhi, X, address, greet.

vadhu.., s. f., woman. vana-, s. n., forest. vanaspati-, s. m, tree vanaukas-, s. m., inhabitant of

the forest, anchorite.

vanya-, a , living in the forest, growing in the forest.

vapus-, s. n., figure, body. vam-, I, spit, spew out. vayas-, s. n., (youthful) age vara-, a, most excellent, best. I vara-, s. m., wish. 11 vara-, s. m , suitor, husband. varalla-, s. m., wild boar. varjita-, a., to whom something is

lacking, free from, without. va1'1J.a-, s. m, color. vartin-, a., present, existent, CUT-

rent. var$a-, s. m. n., rain; year. valli-, s. f., climbing plant. vaSa-, s. m., will, wish; vasat, in

consequence .. , by virtue of I vas-, vaste, dress, clothe II vas-, I, dwell, lodge; cans,

shelter; with ni, tarry, live; with pra, set out, with prati, dwell.

vasudha-, s. f., earth, land. vallni-, s m., fire. va, or. vii.kya-, s. n., speech, words. vik-, s f., word, speech. vil:Keh-, wish. vani-, s. f., speech vata-, s m., wind. vi/.da-, s m., expression; sound,

call, ring. vanara-, s. m., ape vayavya-, a., pertaining to the

wind or to the god of the wind. vii.yu-, s. m., wind. van-, s. n, water. vlisin-, a, dwelling. Vlisuki-, s m, a prince of ser­

pents.

GLOSSARY 147

vahana-, s. n, cbariot. vikl'aya-, s. m, sale vikilyiita-, a., famous. vi jara-, a., not aging. vijitapti-, s. f, the address of an

inferior to a superior, request. vittavat-, a., rich. vid-, vindati, find; vidyate, there is

(are). viaya-, s. f , knowledge, teaching,

science. vidvat- (p.p. act of via-), know­

ing. vidki-, s. tU, method, way, rule,

fate. 'Oidkura-, a, disagreeable, unla­

vorable. vin~!a-, p.p.p. of naS- + vi. vina, without (with acc. and

instr.) vipatti-, s. f., misfortune. vipaa-, s. f., misfortune. vipascit-, a., wise. 'Oipra-, s. m., Brahman. vibudha-, s. m, god. vibkaga-, s. m., part vimana-, s. m.-n, palace; a char-

iot travelfng through the air. 'Oil'aha-, s. m, separation. vil'ahita-, a., abandoned, deprived 'Oivardhin-, a, increasing viveka-, s m, correct discrimi­

nation, judgment vis-, VI, go into; with a, p.p.p.,

filled with; with upa, sit down; caus., seat someone; witb sam­upa, sit down; with pra, enter.

viSalaksa-, a, great-eyed. viSe~a-, s m., distinction, manner;_

- 0, a definite. .; viS~ena, especially.

'Oisrabdha-, a., trusting, without besitation.

viSvasta-, a., full of confidence. viSvasa-, s. m, confidence ~a-, s n, poison. vi$anna-, a., disconcerted vismaya-, s. n., astonishment vihaga-, s m., bird. vihal'a-, s. m n, monastery. vira-, s. m, bero. 'Oil'udk-, s. I., herb, plant. vil'yavat-, a , mighty, able. I 'OY-, V, cover, with sam-a, cover;

with ni, X, hold back; restrain II vy-, IX, vrf&ite, choose, wisb;

'Oa1'am vr-, wish a wish vrk$a-, s. m., tree. vrt-, I, vartate, become, be; X,

live by (with instr ) , with abM, set about or upon; with pra, arise, begin; set a:bout, pro­ceed; (with dat.), submit, with vi, roll.

vrtka, indecl., nselessly, vainly vrddha-, a., old. vrah-, I, increase, flourisb. vr$#1.-, s. f., rain. vega-, s m., impetuosity, baste,

rashness veda-, s. m, knowledge, Veda. vedana-, s f., pain vela-, s. f, moment, period of

time. vesman-, s n., house. vai, particle of asseveration. vaidhcya-, a., stupid; s., block-

head. vaikayasa-, a, standing in the

air; s. n., air, open space. vyakta-, a., obvious, manifest. vy~ata-, s. f., occupation.

GLOSSARY

vyadk-, vidkyati, pierce; with prati, shoot (at).

vyasana-, s. n, passionate de­votion, vice.

vyllkulatva-, s. n., alarm, excite-ment.

vyllgkra-, s. m., tiger. vylldka-, s. m., hunter. vylldki-, s. m, illness vyllyllma-, s. m., bodily exertion;

battle vyltla-, s. m , beast of prey; snake. vraj-, I, go. vrata-, s. n., vow.

sak-, V, be able. sakala-, s. m. n., chip, splinter,

small piece. sakta-, a., being able. sakti-, s. f., power, ability. Sankara-, = Rudra-Siva. sankka-, s m, sea shell. sata-, s. n., hundred. Satakratu-, = Indra. satadkll, hundredfold. satru-, s. m., enemy. sanai[e ,(sanaiM, slowly, gradu­

ally. sabda-, s. m., tone, sound, word,

speech. sam-, with pra: prasamita-, anni-

hilated, killed. sara-, s. m., arrow. saratta-, s. n., shelter, refuge. sarira-, s. n., body. sarman-, s. n., protection, rescue,

preservation. Sarva- = Rudra-Siva. sava-, s. m. n., corpse. sastra-, s, n., sword, knife. sllkkll-, s. f., branch, bough.

slldvala-, s. n, lawn. sllnti-, s. f., rest, peace of mind;

the absence of an evil effect and the ceremony directed thereto.

sltntika-, s. n., preventive agent. sllpa-, s. m., curse. Sarngin-, = Vi~1).u. sardula-, s. m., tiger. salii-, s. f , hall, room, stable. sas-, 11, prevail over, master. sastra-, s. n., science, textbook sikkara-, s. n., peak, summit. sikkin-, s. m., fire. siras-, s. n., head. sUa-, s. f., stone, crag. siloccaya-, s. m., mountain, hill. siva-, a., friendly, blessed. Si$-, VII, leave remaining; with

vi: viSi$yate, be worth more (than: instr.).

si$ya-, s. m., pupil. si-, 11, mid., lie, recline. sigkra-, a., quick, rapid. sita-, a., cold. sila-, $. n., (noble) character; haQ­

it (frequently as the 2nd member of a comp., with that which has become habit for one, for which one possesses a special inclination or ability, in the 1st member).

sue-, I, mourn. suci-, a., pure, clean. suni-, s. f., bitch. subka-, a., beautiful, good, favor­

able. su$-, X, with upa, dry up, dessi­

cate. sunya-, a" empty. sula-, s. n., spit, spike, spear.

GLOSSARY I49

sQra-, s. m., hero. ugala-, s. m., jackal. se~a-, s. m. n , rest; 0_, a., of which

only ... is left. saila-, s. m., crag, mountain. soka-, s. m, grief. so~a-, s. m., drying up. so~afJ$ gam-, become dry. smaSlJna-, s. n., cemetery. syena-, s. m., falcon. Svama-, s. m., trouble. sriJddha-, s. n., funeral feast and

gifts. sri-, s. f., beauty, success. Sru-, V utloti, hear; caus., inform;

des. $uSr~ate, obey. ue$lha-, super!., most excellent. sre$lhin-, s. m., guild master. sloka-, s. m., strophe. svan-, s. m., dog. sviJSura-, a., belonging to the

father-iD-Iaw.

$al-, six. $~li-, s. f., sixty.

sao, with ... °safJ$kiJSa-, resembling ... safJ$kruddha-, a, angered, irri-

tated. satpgati-, s. f., meeting. safJ$graha-, s. m., gathering. safJSCriJma-, s m., combat, battle. safJ$jlJta-, s. jan-. safJ$jivana-, a., vivifying, ani­

mating. safJ$ti1pa-, s. m., heat; pain, re­

morse, repentance. safJ$nidhiJna-, s. n., nearness. safJ$nihita-, a., situated in the

vicinity. safJ$paffi-, s. f., success.

safJ$panna-, (pad-) a., finished, provided with.

safJ$paripiJlana-, s. n., protection, protecting.

sa~1a-, s. pi~-. safJ$priJPta-, s. iJP-. safJ$bandhin-, s. m., relative. safJ$bhriJnta-, a., confused, excit-

ed. safJ$miJrjat-, s. mrj-. s4fJ$vtltsara-, s. m., year. S4fJ$saya-, s. m., doubt; na s.

without doubt. sa~aya-, s. m., refuge, place of

-residence. S4fJ$Snta-, a., resting on, with ref­

erence to. safJ$skiJra-, s. m., consummation

of a sacrament, e.g., the burn­ing of a corpse.

safJ$skrta-, a., prepared; correct. °safJ$sthita- (sthiJ-), a., baving the

shape of ... ; s. n., form, fig­ure.

safJ$hr~/a-, a., glad. sakala-, a., all, entire, whole. sakMa-, s. m, presence; abl.

from ... sakrt, once. saktu-, s. m., grits, groats. sakki-, n. sing. sakhil, s. m., friend. sakhi-, s. f., female friend. sangha-, s. m., troop, crowd. sajjikr-, provide with a (bow)

string. safJj-, sajati, sajyate, sajjate, be

attached to; with iJ: p.p.p. lJsakta-, attached to, occupied with.

sat-, pr. part. of as-, be; also: good.

150 GLOSSARY

satatam, continuously. sattama-, s. sat-sattra-, s. n., a Soma celebration. satya-, a., true; s. n , truth satyavacana_, s. n., promise satvaram, quickly, most hastily. sad-, I, sidati, sit; with ava,

sla~ken, despair; with a, X, a~nve at. Something; asadya, wIth consId~ration for, in ac­cordance wIth.

sada, always. san~tana-, a., eternal, everlasting. sanatha-, a., provided with. saphala-, a, sUccessful. sabhya-, a., suited for sOciety sama-, a., equal. samaya-, s. m., point of time,

period of time. samara-, s. m. n., combat. samasta-, a, whole. samagata-, a., s gam- with sam-a. samana-, a., equal. samapana_, s. n, finish, end. samapta- (ap-), a., s. n.; fiuished. samahita- (dha- with sam-a) , a.,

brought forth. samipa-, s. n., nearness proxim-

ity. ' samudra-, s.m., sea. samyak, adv, quite, properly,

correctly. Sarama-, s. f., name of the bitch

of the gods. saras-, s. n., pool, lake. sarga-, s. m., creation, world,

cosmos. sarpa-, s. m., snake, serpent. sarva-, a., whole, all, every. sarvatra, everywhere. sarvada, always.

savitr-, s. m., sun. saviSe~am, quite exactly, prefer-

ably, excellently. sasya-, s. n., farm produce, crop. sah-, I endure (be able). saha, with. °saha- a., enduring. sahaja~, a., inborn, nativ~ to. sahabhojana-, s. n, eatmg to-

gether. sahas-, s. n., power . sahasa, suddenly, immedIately. sahasra-, s n., thousan~ sahaya-, s. m, compamon sahasradha, thousaudfold. sahita-, a., united (with instr.),

together. satftpratam, now . satftyatrika-, s m., seafarer, sail-

or . siiksat, adv., before the eyes, mam­

festly; in person. siidana-, s. n., seat, dwelling. siidh- X accomplish, settle, car-

ry ~ut'; bring into one's power. siidhu-, a., good, right. santva-, s. n , reconciliation. Sarameya-, s. m., name of a dog;

metron of Sarama-. siirasvata-, a., pertaining to :he

goddess of speech (SarasvatI). sardham, together with (i.). simha-, s. m., lion. si~-, siiicati, sprinkle. siddha-, a, attained. suo, well, quite sukha-, a., pleasant; s n, joy. suta- s f., daughter. sudh~rmatman-, a., quite virtuous. sudhlirmika-, a., fulfilling one's

duties exactly.

GLOSSARY 151

sundara-, a., beautiful. supta-, s. svap-. suMiisita-, s. n., a fine utterance. sumanas-, a., intel1igent. sura-, s m., god suvarcas-, a., full of vigor. suvar1tla-, s n, gold. suhrd-, s. m., friend surya-, s m, sun srj-, VI, let loose, hurl, utter;

with ud, give up, disregard; with vi, discharge. let loose, utter.

sr~Ii-. sf, universe, world, cos­mos.

sena-, sf, army. sev-, I, inhabit; serve; honor;

cherish, practice, devote one­self to.

sainika-, s. m, soldier. sainya-, s n., army. skandka-, s m., shoulder. stambha-, s. m., post, column. stu-, II § 64 VIII, praise. stf'i-, s. f., woman stklZ-, I, stand; with ace., carry

out something; with anu, pur­sue, be engaged in, carry out something; with vi-ava, stop, be settled, be; with il, resort to, take up; indulge in; with ud, arise; with sam-ud, rise up; with upa, be available or at one's disposal; with sam-upa, fall to one's Jot; with pra, set out, depart; with sam, tarry.

stkita-, s. stklZ-; also: present. sthif'a-, a., firm, resistant. snil- H, bathe sn~a-, s. i., daughter-in-Jaw. sneka-, s. m., friendship, love

sPrs-, VI, touch; with upa, bathe. sPka/-, X, tear up; p.p.p. burst,

sprung. sma, slightly asseverative parti­

cle; cf. § IIS I. smita-, s. n., smiling, smile. smr-, I, remember; with vi, for­

get. sva-, a, own, inherent. svap-, H, svapiti, sleep; verb adj.

supta. svayam, self. svara-, s. m, sound, voice. svarga-, s. m, heaven svasy-, s. f., sister svildu-, a., ta.~ty, sweet. svanta-, s. n, the heart (as seat of

the emotions). svamin-, s. m, lord, master

ha1'ftsa-, s. m., goose, gander hata- (verb adj. of kan-), killed,

slain. han-, Il, strike, hit, kill; with

aMi, strike, hit, afflict; with aMi-a, strike; with ni, strike, attack; WIth prati, strike back, kill; with sam, destroy, ger., together

hanta, come on' go to it! kaya-, s. m, horse. Hara-, = Siva Haf'i-, = Vi~l}u. har§a-, m, joy havis-, s. n., § 34, sacrificial of­

fering. kas-, hasati, Jaugh; with apa, X,

laugh about something; with pra, laugh out

hasta-, s. m, hand. hastin-, s. m., elephant.

152 GLOSSARY

Hastin~ra, s. n., name of a town or city.

hlJ.., Ill, leave; hiyate, vanish, lose; with apa-a, s apahiiYQ.

hiitavya- grdv. (§ II6 VII), what should be avoided.

hiiliihala-, s. n, a very strong poison.

hi, for, surely. hita-, verb. adj. of dhii-, good,

excellent; s. n., welfare. hitva (to hlJ..), § II7, also: with

omission of. himavat-, a., (very) snowy. hirav.ya-, s. n., gold.

hiyate, s. hii-. hu-, Ill, pour into the fire, sacri­

fice. hr-, I, take, steal; with apa, take

away; with il, bring, give; with vi-a, speak; with ud, remove eliminate, delete.

hrta-, a., stolen, robbed. hra-, s. n., heart. hraaya-, s. n, heart. Hr#kesa-, = Vi~Qu. he, vocative interj., hi! hemanta-, s m., winter. hina-, a, free of, lacking (with

instr.). Iwe- I, huayati, call.