Jamestown was the first English settlement in North America. In what year was it founded? John SmithPocahontas In what year did the Second Continental Congress approve the Declaration of Independence? Delegates from twelve states met in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation, but instead, they wrote a new constitution for the United States. In what year was this Constitution written? In what year did the United States, under leadership of President Jefferson, purchase the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon, ruler of France? The American Civil War began with the firing on Fort Sumter and ended with the Confederate surrender at Appomattox Court House. In what year did the Civil War begin and when did it end? Fort Sumter Appomattox What is meant by the term, representative government? A form of government in which power is held by the people and exercised through the efforts of representatives elected by those people. Aboard the Mayflower in Plymouth Bay, the Pilgrims drafted a document in which they agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. What was the name of this document? Mayflower Compact What was the name of the first written constitution in the American colonies? Charter Oak What was the name of the first representative assembly in the colonies? It was founded in 1619 in Virginia. House of Burgesses Great Britains trade with her American colonies was based on an economic theory which stated that the colonies were to serve as a source of raw materials for Great Britain and as a marketplace for British goods. What is this economic theory called? Mercantilism While they were fighting the Seven Years War in Europe, the British and French fought a war in America. What was the name of the war fought in America and which side won? The French & Indian War British Victory Congress put a tax on imported goods in order to protect American factories in the Northeast from British competition. The South bitterly opposed the tax. What was this tax called? In his Farewell Address in 1796, President Washington stressed three dangers facing the nation? List them. (a) The rise of political parties which he believed could divide Americans. (b) Sectionalism - political divisions based on geographic loyalties. (c) Involvement in European rivalries. Name the foreign policy statement formulated by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and presented by President James Monroe in 1823 which reflected American nationalism. It warned European nations not to interfere with young Latin American republics and stated that the United States would not get involved in European affairs. Monroe Doctrine In the 1830s, President Andrew Jackson ignored the ruling of the Supreme Court and forced the Cherokees to move from their home in Georgia to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. What was the 800 mile journey of the Cherokees called? The Trail of Tears In 1787, the Confederation Congress passed a law which established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states. The law required new states to prohibit slavery. What was the law called? Northwest Ordinance In the 1840s, what was the popular expression based on the belief that the United states was destined to secure territory from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean? Manifest Destiny In 1794, Congress levied an excise tax on certain domestic goods. The tax resulted in a rebellion in western Pennsylvania. What was this rebellion called? The Whiskey Rebellion Issued by President Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, to go into effect on January 1, 1863, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free. It did not apply to slaves living in border states or to areas in the South occupied by federal troops. What was this document called? Emancipation Proclamation Name the speech delivered by President Lincoln on November 19, 1863, which begins with the words, Four score and seven years ago. The Gettysburg Address What is the name given to the period following the Civil War from 1865 to 1877? Following the Civil War, some members of Congress favored harsh treatment of the South and quick incorporation of the freedmen into citizenship with full privileges including voting rights for all African Americans, government seizure of land from planters for redistribution to freedmen, and funding of schools for African Americans. They also agreed that ex- Confederates were traitors and should not be readily accepted into the union. What were these members of Congress called? Radical Republicans What name was given to the system of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor which developed in the South? Plantation System What term is used to refer to the switch from hand labor to machine labor which began in England and spread to the United States in the late 1700s? Industrial Revolution What name is given to the war between the United States and Great Britain in the early 1800s which resulted from British violations of United States freedom of the seas? War of 1812 What do you call an economic system in which individuals depend on supply and demand and the profit margin to determine the answers to the four basic economic questions of what to produce, how to produce, how many to produce, and for whom to produce? Free Enterprise System What document, signed by King John, declared that the king and government were bound by the some law as other citizens of England? It contained antecedents of the ideas of due process of law and the right to a fair and speedy trial. These are also included in the U.S. Bill of Rights. Name the document, signed by King William and Queen Mary in 1689 which guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. Its influence can be seen in our Bill of Rights. William and Mary English Bill of Rights What document, adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1776, begins with the words, We hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness? Declaration of Independence What do we call the series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, which explained and urged ratification of the U.S. Constitution? Federalist Papers Madison Hamilton Jay What name was given to our first national constitution? It was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 and created a weak national government with most power at the state level. Articles of Confederation What do we call the current document which outlines the powers of our national government and divides our government into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial? U.S. CONSTITUTION What do we call the first ten amendments to the Constitution? They were ratified in The Bill of Rights The first amendment guarantees five fundamental rights of American citizens. List these rights. Freedom of Religion Freedom of Speech Freedom of the Press Right to Assemble Right to Petition What term is used to define a type of government in which everyone, including all authority figures, must obey the law? Limited Government What is the term that describes a philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people? This philosophy says that the only legitimate government is one based on the consent of the governed. Republicanism Name the system which authorizes each branch of government to share its powers with the other branches and provides methods for each branch to limit the activities and powers of the others. Checks And Balances Federalism What do we call the distribution of power between a federal government and the states within a union? The division of the powers of government among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches is called what? Separation of Powers LegislativeExecutive Judicial Which branch of government (known as Congress) makes the laws? Which branch of government, headed by the president, enforces the laws and sees that they are carried out? Executive Branch Which branch of government, headed by the Supreme Court, interprets the law? What term is used to describe the concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government. Popular Sovereignty What did the 13 th Amendment do? Abolished Slavery (in 1865) It declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States (except Indians) were citizens, that all citizens were entitled to equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels by due process of law. What did the 15 th Amendment do? It granted black men the right to vote. What do we call the power of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional? Judicial Review Federalists Those favoring ratification of the Constitution and adoption of the federalist form of government were called what? Those opposed to the Constitution because they feared the power of the national government in the new federal system (such as Patrick Henry and George Mason) were called what? Anti-Federalists Patrick HenryGeorge Mason During the Jackson administration, South Carolina, led by John C. Calhoun, declared the protective tariff null and void within its borders. This led to a crisis call what? Nullification Crisis John C. Calhoun In 1803, Chief Justice John Marshall and the Supreme Court declared a law unconstitutional for the first time, thus establishing the principle of judicial review. What was the name of this Supreme Court case? Marbury V. Madison (1803) In 1819, Maryland was opposed to the establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of the federal government to establish one. The Supreme Court ruled that the power of the federal government was supreme over that of the states and that the states could not interfere. What was the name of this case? McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) In 1824, Chief Justice John Marshall of the U.S. Supreme court ruled that the Constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the U.S. Congress, not the individual states through which a route passed. The ruling responded to a effort by the state of New York to accept a monopoly to operate steam boat traffic between New York and New Jersey on the Hudson River. What was the name of this case? Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Name the landmark Supreme Court case in 1857 which confirmed the status of slaves as property rather that citizens. Chief Just Robert Taney wrote that a slave could not be heard in federal courts because he was not a citizen and had no protection under the constitution. Also Congress had no authority over slavery in the territories, and upon statehood, each territory would determine whether it would be a slave state or a free state. Dred Scott v. Sanford ( 1857) Dred Scott Unalienable (inalienable) rights are fundamental rights or natural rights guaranteed to people naturally instead of by the law. List three of these rights found in the Declaration of Independence. Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness What do we call a person of foreign birth who is granted full citizenship? Naturalized Citizen What term applies to those individuals who played a major role in declaring U.S. independence, fighting the Revolutionary War, or writing and adopting the U. S. Constitution? Founding Fathers Citizens of a neighborhood, town, state or nation have an obligation to be active, peaceful, loyal, and supportive members of that community. Those who go a step beyond their obligations by taking an active role in improving the community and the experiences of other members of the community are said to possess a quality called what? Civic Virtue The process of defying codes of conduct within a community or ignoring the policies and government of a state or nation when the civil laws are considered unjust is called what? Civil Disobedience Martin Luther King, Jr. Henry David Thoreau Mahatma Ghandi What do we call the movement to bring an end to slavery in the United States? Abolitionist Movement A movement occurred in the 1730s and 1740s in response to inflexible Puritan doctrine. A lay ministry developed which preached personal salvation by good works in contrast to predestination as preached by Puritans. Others, led by Jonathan Edwards, urged believers to develop a personal relationship with God to gain their personal salvation. What was the movement called? The Great Awakening Efforts to reform society took on renewed purpose in the early 19 th century. What was one factor that led to increased reform activity? Charles G. Finney Second Great Awakening What do we call evidence produced by someone who participated in an event or lived during the time being studied? Primary Sources What do we call descriptions or interpretations of events prepared by people who are not involved in the events described? Secondary Sources Born in Boston, he was the leader of the Sons of Liberty and organized the Committees of Correspondence. Who was he? Samuel Adams He was an inventor, published Poor Richards Almanack, and negotiated the Treaty of Alliance with France during the Revolutionary War. Name him. Benjamin Franklin Who was king of England during the American Revolution? George III He was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, founder of the Democratic-Republican Party, and the President who purchased the Louisiana Territory from France. Thomas Jefferson He was a young French aristocrat who volunteered for America during the Revolutionary War. He helped Americans win their final victory at Yorktown in Lafayette He was the leading propagandist of the American Revolution. He wrote Common Sense, which led Americans to declare independence, and The Crisis, which inspired American soldiers during the Revolution. Thomas Paine He was the Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution and the First President of the United States of America. He was also known as the Father of our Country. George Washington ? Known as Old Hickory, he contributed to the democratic spirit in America, becoming the symbol of the common man. He won the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 and was elected President in 1828 and Andrew Jackson He was a South Carolina senator who supported states rights and defended slavery. John C. Calhoun He was known as the Great Compromiser for his ability to smooth sectional conflict through balanced legislation. First a senator then a representative to the U.S. Congress from Kentucky, he served as Speaker of the House for the majority of his thirteen years of service Henry Clay He was noted for his speaking ability and his commitment to preserving the union of states. In a famous senate debate, he said, Liberty and Union, now and forever, one inseparable! Daniel Webster From Mississippi, he was president of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. Jefferson Davis He was commander of the Union Army during the Civil War. He was elected President in 1868 and Ulysses S. Grant From Virginia, he was commander of the Confederate Army during the Civil War. Robert E. Lee He was President of the United States during the Civil War. He helped build the Republican Party, issued the Emancipation Proclamation and delivered the Gettysburg Address. Abraham Lincoln He was founder of the Federalist Party and the nations first Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton He was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses and a delegate to the First Continental Congress. He was a fiery orator who said, Give me liberty, or give me death! Patrick Henry Because of his leadership role in writing and ratifying the U. S. Constitution, he is considered the Father of the Constitution. He was President of the U. S. during the War of Who was he? James Madison His Virginia Declaration of Rights was a model for other bills of rights in the United States. He refused to sign the Constitution at the end of the convention and he did not support its ratification. The passage of the Bill of Rights and the adoption of the 10 th Amendment, which supported the powers of the states, relieved most of his concerns. GEORGE MASON He established a colony in Pennsylvania as a refuge for the Quakers. He supported freedom of worship and fair treatment of Native Americans. William Penn He was a leading American essayist, poet, and practical philosopher. He wrote Walden and the influential essay, Civil Disobedience. He refused to pay taxes during the Mexican War because of his opposition to slavery. Henry David Thoreau He was a Federalist and served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for 34 years. He established the authority of the court in defining the limits of the U.S. Constitution and the authority of the executive branch. John Marshall He was a leading African-American abolitionist in the nineteenth century who captivated his audiences with his strong presence. He published an abolitionist newspaper called The North Star. Who is considered the founder of the U.S. Navy? In a famous Revolutionary War naval battle he said, I have not yet begun to fight ! John Paul Jones He was the fifth president of the United States. He declared that the European powers should not colonize or interfere in the affairs of the nations in the Western Hemisphere in his famous doctrine in James Monroe Along with Lucretia Mott, she organized the first convention of the womens rights movement, the Seneca Falls Convention. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Where did the first two skirmishes of the American Revolution occur? Lexington and Concord Which battle was considered the turning point of the American Revolution? Battle Of Saratoga What was the final major battle of the American Revolution? Battle of Yorktown What law did Congress pass in 1807 in response to British impressment of American sailors? It prohibited all exports from the United States. Embargo Act To borrow and use an idea that you get from another culture is called what? Historically, what term applies to roads, bridges, and canals paid for by the federal government? Internal Improvements What name was given to the intellectual movement of the 1700s that stressed the power of reason? The Enlightenment Ben Franklin What is the term meaning country; outside the city? Rural What is the term having to do with cities? URBANURBAN Who is responsible for the invention of the cotton gin and the idea for interchangeable parts? Eli Whitney Mexican War A war caused by the U.S. annexation of Texas and resulted in the acquisition of territory from Texas to California. Mexico City American take over Mexico City before the war Which group of colonies had an economy based on fishing, shipping, and trade? They had a cold climate and a short growing season. They used town meetings to govern. New England Colonies Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire Which group of colonies were known as the breadbasket colonies? They raised a lot of grain crops and livestock and produced iron. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware Which group of colonies had the longest growing season and the most fertile soil? They grew cotton and tobacco. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia Which Compromise at the Constitutional Convention resolved the dispute between large and small states over representation in Congress by creating a bicameral legislature? Great Compromise Which compromise at the Constitutional Convention resolved a dispute between northern and southern states over the counting of slaves for representation purposes? Three-Fifths Compromise The End