James Spinymussel (Pleurobema collina)

Recovery Plan

Prepared by Annapolis Field Office

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Annapolis, Maryland

James Spinymussel(Pleurobemacollina)

RecoveryPlan

Preparedby:

G. Andrew MoserAnnapolis Field OfficeAnnapolis,Maryland

U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceRegion5

NewtonCorner,Massachusetts

Approved ~77d4~$41~47RegionalDirector, .S.Fish andWildlife Service

Date: _________

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYJAMES SPINYMUSSEL RECOVERY PLAN

CurrentStatus: The endangeredJamesspinymusselhasexperienceda precipitousdeclineover the pasttwo decades.The speciesappearsto beextirpatedfrom 90% of its historic range,with survivaldocumentedonly in afew small tributariesto theJamesRiver. Its restricteddistributionmakesthespeciesvulnerableto threatssuchas waterquality perturbations,disease,anddisplacementby the exoticAsian clam.

HabitatRequirementsandLimitiun Factors: Thisspecieslives in streamsitesthat vary in width from10-75 feet anddepthof 1/2 to 3 feet. It requiresa slowto moderatewatercurrentwith cleansandandcobblebottomsediments. The spinymusselis limited to areasof unpollutedwater, andmaybe moresusceptibleto competitionfrom exotic clam specieswhenits habitatis disturbed.

RecoveryGoal: To delist the Jamesspinymusselby protectingandenhancingthe habitatof existingpopulationsandby establishingor expandingpopulationswithin its historicalrange.

RecoveryObjectives

:

1. To reclassifythis musselto threatenedby (a) determiningthatpopulationsin the CraigCreekdrainageand80% of all otherknown populationsarestableor expanding(focusingon distributionofpopulationswithin four rivers or creeks)and(b) protectingall known populationsandtheir habitatfromforeseeablethreats.

2. To delist the speciesby meetingthe aboveconditionsandby (c) re-establishingor locatingnewpopulationsin two additional rivers or threesegmentsof the JamesRiver drainageand (d) showing thathabitatprotectionstrategieshavesucceededin enhancing75% of all siteswith viable populations.

Actions Needed

:

Actions to protectandrecoverthe Jamesspinymusselinitially will focuson:

- identificationof essentialhabitat- investigationof specific threatssuchassiltation, pesticidecontamination,municipal and

industrialeffluents,andinteractionswith theAsian clam- assessmentof projectsposingpotentially negativeeffectson the speciesandits habitat,and

monitoringof threats

Basedon the informationthat resultsfrom theseinitial efforts, the following actionsmaybe taken:

- methodsto control Asianclamswill beimplementedaswarranted- protectionstrategiesfor essentialspinymusselhabitatwill be determinedandimplemented- studiesof the life history andecologicalrequirementsof this specieswill beconductedin order

to determinethe feasibility andtechniquesof re-introducingthe speciesinto otherareaswithinits historic range

- populationswillbe re-establishedas warranted- existingandintroducedpopulationswill be monitoredon an ongoingbasis

CostsandTime Frame: Projectedcostsfor recoveryof the Jamesspinymusseloverthe next threeyearsamount to $210,500. The main portionof this fundingwill go towardsurveywork, investigationsintointeractionswith the Asian clam, and determinationof the effectsof siltation,pesticides,andeffluentsonspinymusselsandtheir habitat. The costof land acquisitionin Task 2.33 hasnot beenincludedbecauseneither theamount of land to beacquirednor its costareknownat this time. The total costof recoveryandthe overalltime frameto achieverecoveryarenot possibleto predictat this point. Cost andtimeestimateswill be madefollowing resultsof the studiesandinvestigationscalledfor in this plan.

Recoveryplansdelineatereasonableactionsbelievedto berequiredto recoverand/orprotectlisted species.Plansarepublishedby theU.S. Fish andWildlifeService,sometimespreparedwith the assistanceof recoveryteams,contractors,stateagencies,andothers. Objectiveswill be attainedandanynecessaryfundsmadeavailablesubjectto budgetaryandotherconstraintsaffectingthepartiesinvolved, aswell astheneedto addressotherpriorities. Recoveryplansdo not necessarilyrepresenttheviews, official position, or approvalof anyindividualsor agenciesinvolved in planformulation,other thanthe U.S. Fish andWildlife Service. Theyrepresentthe official positionof the Serviceonly aftertheyhavebeensignedby theRegionalDirector or Directorasapproved. Approvedrecoveryplansaresubjecttomodification asdictatedby newfindings, changesin speciesstatus,andthecompletionof recoverytasks.

Literaturecitationsshouldreadasfollows:

U.S. Fish andWildlife Service. 1990. JamesSpinymussel(Plew-obernacollina)RecoveryPlan. NewtonCorner,Massachusetts.38 pp.

Additional copiesmaybe purchasedfrom:

Fish andWildlife ReferenceService5430 GrosvenorLane,Suite 110Bethesda,Maryland 20814301-492-6403or 1-800-582-3421

Feesvary dependingon numberof pages.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PartI: INTRODUCTION 1

Description 2Distribution 3Life History andEcology 4ReasonsFor DeclineandThreatsto ContinuedExistence 8

PartII: RECOVERY 13

RecoveryGoal andObjectives 13RecoveryTasks 15LiteratureCited in PartsI andII 23

PartIII: IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE 27

PartIV: LIST OF REVIEWERS 31

Figures and Tables

Figure1. JamesRiver DrainageShowingCurrentDistribution of theJamesSpinymussel 6

Figure2. Typical Life Cycle of a FreshwaterMussel 7

Table 1. Historicandpresentoccurrencesof the Jamesspinymussel 5Table2. Step-downoutline of recoverytasksfor the Jamesspinymussel 16

Part I: INTRODUCTION

TheJamesSpinymussel(Pleurobemacollina) was listed asanendangeredspecieson

July 22, 1988 (53 FR 27693). Prior to its decline,the speciesapparentlylived

throughoutthe JamesRiveraboveRichmond,in theRivannaRiver, andin

ecologicallysuitableareasin all of the major upstreamtributaries(ClarkeandNeves

1984). Historical recordsindicatethatthe specieswas collectedfrom several

locationson theJamesRivermainstemandnine sites on tributaryrivers andcreeks.

It now survivesin only a few headwatertributaries.

Although it is probablethat the declineof the Jamesspinymusselbeganwith

municipal growthandindustrializationof cities andtownsin the JamesRiver

watershed,muchof the declinehasoccurredin thelast 20 years. Thespecies

remainedwidespreadthroughthe mid-1960’s,but it now appearsto be extirpated

from approximately90% of its historic range,with survivaldocumentedonly in a few

creeksandsmall rivers in theupperJamesRiverdrainage. This restricted

distributionmakesthe speciesvulnerableto threatssuchaswaterquality

perturbations,disease,anddisplacementby expandingpopulationsof the exotic Asian

clam (Corbiculafluminea).

TheJamesspinymusselwas first discoveredin theCalfpastureRiver, Rockbridge

County,Virginia, by T. A. Conradin 1836 (Conrad1846). The specieswas originally

describedby Conrad (1837) asUnic collinus, but hasbeensubsequentlyplacedin

differentgeneraby variousworkers. Synonymsfor this speciesareasfollows:

• Unic collinusConrad,1837: Plate36, Figure2.

• Margaron (Unjo) collinus (Conrad)- Lea 1852:23.

• Alasmidontacollina (Conrad)- Simpson1900:669.

1

• Canthyriacollina (Conrad)- Frierson1927:1946;Stansbery1971:14;Clarkeand

Neves1984; ZetoandSchmidt 1984:147.

• Elliptio (Canthyria) collina (Conrad)- Morrison 1955:20.

• Pleurobemacollina (Conrad)- BossandClench1967:45;Heard1970:27;Burch1975:12.

• Pleurobema(Lexingtonia)collina (Conrad)- Johnson1970:300.

• Fusconaja(Lexingtonia)collina (Conrad)- JohnsonandClarke 1983:296.

ClarkeandNeves(1984) determinedthatthe Jamesspinymusselusesonly its outer

gills to broodglochidiaandis not thereforea speciesofFusconaja,which are

currentlythoughtto use all four gills to brood glochidia. This conclusionis supported

by theobservationsof Hove (1990). Clarke andNeves(1984) suggestedplacingthe

speciesin the genusCanthyriadueto thepresenceof spineson the shell andsome

charactersof soft anatomy. Pendingfurther taxonomicresearch,thisplanfollows

Turgeonet al. (1988),who place theJamesspinymusselin the genusPleurobema.

Description

The shellsof juvenile Jamesspinymusselsusuallybearoneto threeshort but

prominentspineson eachvalve. The shells of adultsusuallylack spines. The foot

andmantleof the adult areconspicuouslyorangeandthemantleis darkly pigmented

in anarrowbandaroundandwithin the edgesof thebranchialandanalopenings.

The shell of Pleurobemacoiina is subrhomboidin juveniles(i.e., in thoselessthan 40

mm long) with anobliquelysubtruncatedposterior,widely-spacedconcentric

striations,a shiny, straw-coloredperiostracum,andwith or without spineson each

valve. With growth the shellbecomesmore ovateor evenarcuate,developsa

2

roundedposteriorandabrownish-blackperiostracum,andin most casesloses any

spinesit mayhavehad. In the adult theposteriorridge is alsobroadandrounded,

hingeteetharemedium-sizedbut strongandcompletelydeveloped,andnacreis

whitish andwith orwithout pink or bluish suffusions(ClarkeandNeves1984).

Additional detailsof anatomyareprovidedin ClarkeandNeves(1984).

Asidefrom theJamesspinymussel,only two otherfreshwaterspinedmusselsare

known to exist: Elkptio (Canthyria)spinosa,a large-shelledandlong-spinedspecies

known only from theAltamahaRiver systemin Georgia,andEll~ptio (Canthyria)

steinstansana,a specieswith intermediateshellsize andspinelength found only in the

Tar River in North Carolina. The latter specieswas listed asendangeredon June27,

1985 (50 FR 26575). TheJamesspinymusselis smallerandhasshorterspinesthan

theseothertwo species.

Distribution

TheJamesspinymusselwas historicallywidespreadin the JamesRiverdrainage(see

Table 1). A.H. Clarkesurveyed73 potentialand/orhistoric locationsfor the species,

but was able to find the spinymusselat only six of thesesites: two in JohnsCreek,

threein Craig Creek,andonein PottsCreek(ClarkeandNeves1984). Basedon

this extensivefield samplingof potentialandhistoric habitatsalongwith othermore

recentsurveydata(Hove 1990 andNevespers.comm.), thespeciesis now known to

inhabit sites in tenstreams:

Craig Creekdrainage- Craig andBotetourtCounties.VA

1. Craig Creek2. JohnsCreek3. Dicks Creek4. PattersonCreek

3

Otherdrainages

5. PottsCreek - Monroe County,WV andCraig andAlleghany Counties,VA

6. PedlarRiver - AmherstCounty,VA

7. MechumsRiver - AlbemarleCounty,VA

8. MoormansRiver - AlbemarleCounty, VA9. Rocky Run (MoormansRiver) - AlbemarleCounty, VA

10. CatawbaCreek- Botetourt County,VA

The generallocationsof theseextantpopulationsareshown in Figure 1. With the

exceptionof the Craig andJohnsCreekpopulations,all extantpopulationsappearto

be small andvery restrictedin distribution.

Life History and Ecology

Informationon the life history of the Jamesspinymusselis availablefrom thesis

researchcompletedat Virginia PolytechnicInstituteand StateUniversity (Hove

1990). This spinymusselhas a life cycle similar to otherNorth American unionids

(seeFigure 2). Male musselsreleasesperminto the water columnwhich are takenin by femalesduring siphoning. Fertilizedeggsareretainedin the gills which serve

asbroodpouchesfor the developinglarvae, or glochidia. The glochidiaare released

into the water,and within threeor four daysmust attachto an appropriatehost fish.

If attachmentoccurs,the glochidiametamorphoseanddrop from the fish as free-

living juvenile mussels. The Jamesspinymusselis a tachytictic (short-term)brooder;

its eggsarefertilized in the springandglochidiaare releasedin springand summer.

The spinymusselreleasesglochidiafrom June3 throughJuly 25 (Hove 1990).

Glochidia are releasedin a formation known as a conglutinate. The glochidiaof P.

collina arearrangedaroundthe perimeterof the conglutinatewith a ribbon of tan

pigmentationin the center(Hove 1990).

4

Historic (H) and present (P) occurrences ofthe Jamesspinyinussel.Data taken from Clarke and Neves1984; Neves,in litt., 1989.

JamesRiver Mainstem

JamesRiver nearNaturalBridgeJamesRiver at BuchananJamesRiver at ColumbiaJamesRiver at NewCantonJamesRiver oppositeMaidensJamesRiver at MaidensJamesRiver at Rock CastleJamesRiver at Pembertonand Cartersville

RockbridgeCounty, VABotetourtCounty, VAFluvanaCounty,VABuckiughamCounty, VAGoochlandCounty, VAGoochlandCounty, VAGoochlandCounty,VAGoochlandandCumberlandCounties,VA

RivannaRiver Drainane

RivanaRiver nearColumbiaRivannaRiver nearPalmyraRivannaRiver at CroftonMechumsRiverRockyRun (MoormansRiver)MoormansRiver

FluvannaCounty, VAFluvannaCounty, VAFluvaninaCounty, VAAlbemarleCounty, VAAlbemarleCounty, VAAlbemarleCounty, VA

Maurv River Drainage

CalfpastureRiverNorth (= Maury) River,LexingtonMill CreeknearMiliboro

RockbridgeCounty, VARockbridgeCounty,VABathCounty, VA

Craig CreekDrainage

Craig CreeknearNew CastleCraigCreeknearSilent DellCraigCreeknearEagleRockJohnsCreeknearMaggieJohnsCreekalongSevenmileMountainDicks CreekPattersonCreek

Craig County, VABotetourtCounty, VABotetourtCounty, VACraig County, VACraig County, VACraig County, VABotetourtCounty, VA

JacksonRiver Drainage

SouthFork PottsCreekPottsCreek

Monroe County,WVaCraig andAlleghanyCounties,VA

Other Drainanes

CatawbaCreekPedlarRiver

BotetourtCounty, VAAmherstCounty, VA

Table 1.

(H)(H)(H)(H)(H)(H)(H)(H)

(H)(H)(H)(P)(P)(P)

(H)(H)(H)

(P)(P)(P)(P)(P)(P)(P)

(P)(P)

(P)(P)

S

Cz0

C)

I-ci,w

Ca,CCCa

Figure1.

JamesR

iverD

rainageS

howing

Current

Distribution

ofJamesS

pinymussel

6

Figure 2. Typical Life Cycle of aFreshwater Mussel

@1

Y

7

Sevenfish hosts,all in thefamily Cypriidae(minnows),havebeenidentified for the

Jamesspinymussel(Hove 1990). They are:

• Blueheadchub Nocomisleptocephalus• Rosysidedace Clinostomusfunduloides• Blacknosedace Rhinichthysatratulus• Mountain redbellydace Phoxinusoreas• Rosefinshiner Notropis ardens• Satinfin shiner Notropisanalostanus• Stoneroller Campostomaanomalum

A descriptionof chemicalandphysical conditionsat sitescurrentlysupportingthis

speciesis givenin ClarkeandNeves(1984). They indicatethat streamwidth at these

sitesvariesfrom 10 to 75 feetwith awaterdepthof 0.5 to 3 feet. Historic siteson

theJamesRiverwere, of course,muchwider -- up to 500feet across. Thewater

velocity at sitessupportingthis speciesis slow to moderate;bottomsedimentsare

sandandcobblewith or without boulders,pebbles,or silt.

Freshwatermusselspresentlyco-occurringwith P. collina includethe following

species: Strophitusundulatus,Villosa constricta,Alasmidontaundulata,Ellz~tio

lanceolata Fusconaiamasoni,Lasmigonasubviridis, andEll4tio complanata. The

Asian clam, Corbiculaflurninea,was noticeablyabsentfrom all of thesesites. C.

flurninea is now abundantthroughoutthe mainstemJamesRiver andis alsofound in

severalof its tributariesincluding Muddy River, RivannaRiver, andtheAppomattox

River (ClarkeandNeves1984) wheretheJamesspinymusselis absent.

ReasonsFor Decline And Threats To Continued Existence

Although theJamesspinymusselstill occursat a numberof sites, its rapid decline

during thepasttwo decadesaswell asthe small size andextentof most of its

8

remainingpopulationsindicatethat it is highly vulnerableto extirpation. This section

providesageneraldiscussionof activitiesin the JamesRiverbasinandotherriver

systems,andhow theyarethoughtto havecontributedto the declineof freshwater

musselsin the Southeast,including theJamesspinymussel.

Siltation,generatedby agriculturalandforestryactivitiesandroad construction,is a

significantfactor contributingto waterquality problemsandthe consequentdecline

of theJamesspinymussel. Musselsaresedentaryandunableto move long distances

to more suitableareasin responseto heavysilt loads. Naturalsedimentation

resultingfrom seasonalstormeventsprobablydoesnot significantly affect mussels,

but humanactivitiesoften createexcessivelyheavysilt loads that canhavesevere

effects on musselsandotheraquaticorganisms(USFWS 1987). For instance,

reductionsin musselabundancein the StonesRiver in Tennesseewere thoughtto be

a partial resultof siltationfrom gravel dredgingduringsummerlow flow conditions

(Schmidt 1982). Suspendedsedimentcan clog the gills of filter feedingmusselsand

eventuallysuffocatethem, so musselsoften respondby closingtheir valves(Ellis

1936). Kitchel et al. (1981) reportedreducedsiphoningactivity, andconsequently

reducedfeeding,by musselsplacedin aquariawith suspendedcoal fines. Indications

arethat siltationcan severelystressmusselsandleadto chroniceffects.

The invasionof the Asianclam maybe oneof the most significant threatsto both the

Jamesspinymusselandthe Tar Riverspinymussel(ClarkeandNeves1984). This

potentialproblemwas discussedin the Tar River SpinymusselRecoveryPlan

(USFWS 1987) andis restatedin thefollowing paragraphs.

TheAsian clam is oneof 204 introducedmollusk speciesin North America(Dundee

1969). It was first discoveredin theUnited Statesin the ColumbiaRiver, Oregon,in

1939. It appearedin Californiain the 1940’s and 1950’s, in theOhio/Mississippiand

Gulf of Mexico drainagesin the 1960’s and 1970’s, andin theAtlantic drainagein the

1970’s and 1980’s (Clarke1988). Onceestablishedin a river, Corbiculafluminea

9

populationsachievehigh densitiesandexpandrapidly. Densitiesof 1,000/in2in the

JamesRiver, Virginia (Diaz 1974), the New River, Virginia (Rodgerset al. 1977), and

theTar River, North Carolina(Clarke 1983), and 10,000/in2in theAltamahaRiver

in Georgia(Gardneret a!. 1976) havebeenreported. Clarke(1988) indicatesthat

Corbiculawasfirst introducedinto theJamesRiver in 1971 nearHopewell,Virginia,

about15 miles belowRichmond,andby 1984 hadspreadupstreamto themouth of

CraigCreek,a distanceof about195 miles (an averageof 15 miles peryear).

Malacologistsarenow concernedaboutthe possibility of acompetitiveinteraction

betweenAsian clamsandnativebivalves. Quantitativestudiesby Cohenet a!. (1984)

supportthe hypothesisthat anextensiveC. flumineabedin areach of the Potomac

River removed40-60%of thephytoplanktonin this reach. It is not unreasonableto

concludethat C. flumineahasthepotentialto depletethe food supplyof unionids.

Disturbanceof watershedsappearsto play a role in theexpansionof theAsian clam;

it predominatesin riversalteredby humanactivities,andmayexcludenativeunionids

evenwhen suitablehabitatexists. Becauseit is hermaphroditic,requiresno fish host,

andspawnstwice eachyear,C. flumineamaybe competitivelysuperiorto native

musselsin disturbedhabitats. However,evenin undisturbedareastheAsian clam

mayultimately gain a competitiveadvantageby producinglargerbroods(Kraemer

1979). Competitionwith unionidsmay not occuramongadultsbut ratherat the

juvenile stage(NevesandWidlak 1987).

Impoundmentson riversin the Southeasthavebeenresponsiblefor the declineof

manymusselpopulations. Musselpopulationshavebeeneliminatedfrom large

sectionsof theTennesseeandCumberlandRivers in TennesseeandKentuckyby the

constructionof morethan50 dams(USFWS 1984a,1984b,1984c, 1984d, 1987).

Flood controldamsunderconsiderationin theupperJamesRiverpresenta similar

threatto theJamesspinymussel.Theeffectsof impoundmentson musselsarewell

documented.Closureof damschangeshabitatfrom lotic to lentic conditions. Depth

10

increases,flow decreases,andsilt accumulateson the bottom. Hypolimnetic

dischargelowerswatertemperaturesdownstream. Fish communitieschange,and

host fish speciesmaybe eliminated. Musselcommunitieschange,as speciesrequiring

cleangravelandsandsubstratearereplacedby silt-tolerantspecies(Bates1962).

Pollution of inland watersis oneof themost importantenvironmentalconcernsin the

United States. Many rivershavebeenseverelydegradedby pollution from municipal,

industrial, andagriculturalsources. At variouslocationsin the Southeast,freshwater

musselpopulationshavebeenreducedand, in somecases,completelyextirpatedfrom

lakesandstreamsby pollutantsincluding effluentfrom chlor-alkali plants,fly ashand

sulfuric acid spills (Cairnset a!. 1971, Raleighet a!. 1978), acidmine drainage(Neel

andAllen 1964) andorganicwastes(Schmidt1982). SalankiandVaranka(1978)

found that insecticideshavesignificanteffectson mussels. Low concentrationsof

lindane(.006 g/l), phorate(.008 g/l), andtrichlorfon (.02 g/l) causeda 50 percent

reductionin siphoning activity, and1 g/l phorateor 1 ml/l trichlorfon were lethal

concentrations.Chlorinatedeffluentfrom sewagetreatmentplantscanaffect the

diversityand abundanceof aquaticmollusks. Recoveryof molluskpopulationsmay

not occurfor up to two miles below the dischargepoint (Goudreau1988). Acid rain

mayalsoposea threatto Atlantic drainagemusselpopulations,especiallythose

inhabitingpoorlybufferedsystems.

The disappearanceof P. collina from the North River in RockbridgeCounty,Virginia

maywell havebeenbroughtaboutby industrialandsewagepollution (Clarkeand

Neves1984). Within thepresentrangeof the species,severalsewagetreatment

plantsposea potentialthreatto thespinymussel. Of these,theplant at New Castle,

Virginia on Craig Creekis the mostsignificant, becauseit is locatedin the midst of

the bestknownpopulationof the species.

Since 1982biologistsandcommercialmusselmenhavereportedextensivemusseldie-

offs in rivers andlakesthroughoutthe United States. Kills havebeendocumented

11

from the Clinch River (Virginia), Powell River (Virginia, Tennessee),Tennessee

River (Tennessee),GrandRiver (Oklahoma),the UpperMississippiRiver (Wisconsin

to Iowa), andriversin Illinois, Kentucky, andArkansas(USFWS1987). Lake St.

Clair (Michigan), ChatauquaLake (New York), andCourtOreilles Lac (Wisconsin)

have alsobeenaffected. The causeis unknown,but numerousspeciesof musselsare

involved,including severalcommerciallyimportantandFederallylisted species

(USFWS 1987). The significanceof this potentialthreatto theJamesspinymusselis

indicatedby the fact thatpersonnelinvolved in asurveyfor theTar River

spinymusselin April 1986 discovereda largedie-off of musselsin the Tar River in

North Carolina. Hundredsof freshly deadandrecentlydeadjuvenile andadult

musselswere observedat two locationsbelowRockyMount, North Carolina. All

speciesappearedto be affectedandseveralshells(spineless)of whatwere believed

to be Tar Riverspinymusselswere found (USFWS 1987).

12

Part II: RECOVERY

RecoveryGoal

Thegoal of this recoveryplan is to maintain andrestoreviable populationsof

Pleurobemacollina to a significantportionof its historic rangeandremovethe

speciesfrom theFederallist of endangeredandthreatenedspecies.This canbe

accomplishedby (1) protectingandenhancinghabitat containingP. collina

populationsand(2) establishingor expandingpopulationswithin rivers andriver

corridorswhich historically containedthis species.

RecoveryObjectives

Objective 1. ReclassifyP. collina from endangeredto threatenedstatuswhen the

likelihood of extinction in theforeseeablefuture hasbeeneliminatedby meetingthe

following criteria:

A. Populationsof P. collina throughoutthe Craig Creekdrainage(including

JohnsCreek) and 80% of all otherknown populationsarestableor

expanding(as shownby monitoringover a 10-yearperiod)and show

evidenceof recentrecruitment(specimensage five or younger).

B. Populations in at least four rivers (or creeks)aredistributedwidely enough

within their respectivehabitatssuchthat it is unlikely thata single adverse

event in theriver would result in the total loss of thatpopulation.

13

Theprobablelocationsof thesefour populationsare:

• Craig Creekandits larger tributariesfrom WebbsMill downstreamto its confluencewith the JamesRiver, andJohnsCreekfrom itsheadwatersto its confluencewith Craig Creek

• PottsCreek

• PedlarRiver

• MechumsRiver

C. All knownpopulationsof thespeciesareprotectedfrom presentand

foreseeableanthropogenicandnatural threatsthatmay interferewith their

survival.

Objective2. RemoveP. coiina from theFederallist of endangeredandthreatened

specieswhenthe following criteria havebeenmet, in additionto A-C above:

D. Throughre-establishmentand/ordiscoveriesof newpopulations,viable

populations1of the speciesexist in two additional rivers or threeriver

segmentswithin theJamesRiver drainage. Eachriver or river segment

will containat leastthreepopulationcenters2which aredispersedto the

extentthat a single adverseeventwould be unlikely to eliminateP. collina

from its naturalor re-establishedlocation. For a re-establishedpopulation,

surveysmust showthatthreeyear-classes,including oneyear-classof age

10 or older, havebeennaturally producedwithin eachof thepopulation

centers.

1viable population- a reproducingpopulationthat is large enoughto maintainsufficientgeneticvariation to enableit to evolve andrespondto naturalhabitatchanges.

2 populationcenter- a single shoalor groupingof shoalswhichcontainPleurobemacoiina insuchcloseproximity thatthey canbe consideredasbelongingto asingle breedingunit.

14

E. Habitat protection strategieshavebeensuccessful,as evidencedby

recruitmentandan increasein populationdensityand/oran increasein

the populationsize andlengthof river reachinhabitedat 75%of the sites

with viable populations.

Recovery Tasks

Table2 showsthe step-downoutline of recoverytasksfor Pleurobemacollina. This

outline is includedprimarily for purposesof referenceto the Implementation

Schedule.The following narrativedescribesthesetasksin moredetail.

1. Collect basicdataneededfor protectionof P. collina populations

.

1.1 Conductpopulationandhabitatsurveysfor P. collina

.

1.11 Determinespecies’presentdistributionandstatus. Surveyswill be

conductedin JamesRiver tributariesandsomesectionsof the

mainstemJamesto determinethe spinymussels’total rangeand

relativeabundance.Recentdiscoveriesof thespeciesin the Pedlar

River, MechumsRiver, MoormansRiver, andRocky Run

demonstratetheurgentneedfor additionaldistributionalsurveys.

TheForestServicehasinitiated surveysin the PottsCreekand

upperPedlarRiverdrainagesto allow assessmentof impactsfrom

plannedforestmanagementactivities.

15

Table2. Step-down outline of recovery tasks for the Jamesspinymussel

1. Collectbasicdataneededfor protectionof P. collina populations.

1.1 ConductpopulationandhabitatsurveysforP. collina.

1.11 Determinespecies’presentdistributionandstatus.

1.12 Identify essentialhabitatandspecific areasin needof protection.

1.2 Identify threatsto species’survival.

1.21 Determinesignificanceof specific threatsfacedby the speciessuchas siltation,pesticidecontamination,andmunicipal andindustrialeffluents.

1.22 Investigateinteractionswith Asianclam, andmethodsto control the clam’s spread.

2. PreserveP. collina populationsandoccupiedhabitats.

2.1 Continueto utilize existinglegislationandregulationsto protectthe speciesandits habitats.

2.2 Implementavailablemeasuresto control or slow down the invasion of exoticbivalves.

2.3 Determineandimplementprotectionstrategiesfor areasidentified in Task 1.12.

2.31 Encouragethe establishmentof musselsanctuaries,scenicrivers,andregulationsto

protectwaterquality.

2.32 Meetwith riparian landowners,local governmentofficials, andregulatoryagencyrepresentativesto solicit supportfor protectionof thespeciesandmitigation ofimpacts to the speciesandits essentialhabitats.

2.33 Provide long-termprotectionof essentialhabitatsthroughacquisition,registry,managementagreements,andthe establishmentof streambuffer zones.

2.34 Developan educationalprogramusingsuchitemsas slide/tapeshowsandbrochures.Presentthis material to businessgroups,civic groups,youth groups,schools,churchorganizations,etc.

3. Conductlife history studiesandidentify ecologicalrequirementsof the species.

3.1 Conductlife historyresearchon the speciesto includereproduction,food habits,ageandgrowth,mortality factors,etc.

3.2 Characterizethe species’habitatrequirements(relevantphysical,biological, andchemicalcomponents)for all life historystages.

16

4. Determinethe feasibility of re-establishingpopulationswithin the species’historic rangeand,iffeasible,introducethespeciesinto such areasin the JamesRiver drainage.

4.1 Determinethe need,appropriateness,andfeasibility of augmentingandexpandingexistingpopulations.

4.2 Developa successfultechniquefor re-establishingand augmentingpopulations.

43 Coordinatewith appropriateFederalandstateagencypersonnel,local governments,andinterestedpartiesto identify streamssuitablefor augmentationandreintroductionsandthosemosteasily protectedfrom further threats.

4.4 Reintroducethe speciesinto its historic rangeandevaluatesuccess.

4.5 Implementthe sameprotectivemeasuresfor any introducedpopulationsas outlinedforestablishedpopulations.

5. Periodicallymonitorexistingpopulationsandall introducedpopulations.

6. Evaluatethe successof recoveryactivities andmakerevisionsas necessary.

1.12 Identify essentialhabitatandspecificareasin needof protection

.

Craig andJohnsCreeksin Craig andBotetourtCounties,Virginia,

arethe mostimportantknown refugiafor the species.Essential

habitatcanbe delineatedtherewith little additionalsurveying.

Delineationof essentialhabitatin otherrivers andcreeksmust

await moredefinitive surveydatadevelopedduring implementation

of Task 1.11.

1.2 Identify threatsto species’long-termsurvival. Reasonsfor the

spinymussel’srecentdeclinearenot known. Until theyarebetter

understood,completerecoveryof the speciesmay be impossible.

1.21 Determinethe significanceof specific threatsfacedby the species

suchassiltation. pesticidecontamination,andmunicipal and

17

industrialeffluents. Studieswill be conductedto quantify acuteand

chroniceffectsof contaminantson the speciesat both individual and

populationlevels. Surrogatespecieswould, in most cases,be

utilized for any laboratorystudies.

1.22 Investigateinteractionswith the Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea

)

andmethodsto controlthe clam’s spread. The mutuallyexclusive

distributionof the spinymusselandthe Asian clam in theJames

River drainageindicatesthat competitionfrom Corbicula maybe

the single greatestthreatto P. collina. Definitive studiesneedto be

conductedto determinethenatureandsignificanceof this

competition. Thesestudiesshouldbe coordinatedwith similar

efforts describedin the Tar Riverspinymusselrecoveryplan.

Researchshouldalsobe conductedon methodsthat hold promise

for controlling theAsian clamwithout interferingwith the survival

andreproductionof nativemollusks.

2. PreserveP. collina populationsandoccupiedhabitats

.

2.1 Continueto utilize existinglegislationandregulations(FederalandState

EndangeredSpeciesActs, waterquality regulations.streamalteration

regulations.etc.) to protectthe speciesandits habitats. Prior to and

during implementationof this recoveryplan, thepresentpopulationscan

be protectedonly by thefull enforcementof existing laws andregulations.

Landmanagementandregulatoryagenciesthatmay haveespecially

importantrolesto play in the recoveryof this speciesincludethe U.S.

ForestService,Soil ConservationService,Army Corps of Engineers,

Virginia Departmentof GameandInalandFisheries(VDGIF), Virginia

WaterControlBoard, andcountyplanningandzoning departments.

18

2.2 Implementavailablemeasuresto control or slow down the invasionof

exotic bivalves. To slow down thespreadof Corbicula, it is recommended

thatregulationsprohibiting the useof Corbicula asbait in specific

drainagesbe implementedasquickly aspossible(prior to definitive results

from Task 1.22). Similar regulationsmaybe neededfor thezebramussel

(Dreissenapolyrnorpha) if it invadestheJamesRiverdrainage. Any other

controlmethodsdevelopedasa result of Task 1.22shouldalsobe

implemented.

2.3 Determineandimplementprotectionstrategiesfor essentialhabitatareas

identified in Task 1.12

.

2.31 Encouragethe establishmentof musselsanctuaries,scenicriver

designations.andregulationsto protectwaterquality. The U.S. Fish

andWildlife Servicewill work with stateagenciesin Virginia and

WestVirginia to assignspecialstatusto river andstreamreaches

providingprime habitatfor thespinymussel.For instance,the

Virginia WaterControlBoardmaywish to designatespecific

river/streamreachesfor the protectionof this endangeredspecies,

asit hasdonefor otheraquaticendangeredspecies. In addition, the

statefish andgameagenciesmaydesignatemusselsanctuariesor

useothermechanismsto prohibit commercialor recreational

collecting. The VDGIF hasrecentlyproposedregulationsfor this

purpose,limiting collection of musselsin the upperJamesRiverand

upperTennesseeRiverdrainages.

2.32 Meetwith riparianland owners,local governmentofficials, and

regulatoryagencyrepresentativesto solicit supportfor protectionof

the speciesandmitigation of impactsto the speciesandits essential

habitats. Riparianland ownersandlocal governmentsand

19

regulatoryagencyofficials will be informedof the species’presence

in theriver andtheimportanceof protectingits habitat. The

Virginia Division of NaturalHeritagehasindicatedan interestin

assistingwith landownercontact. Landownerswill alsobe

encouragedto work with the Soil ConservationService(SCS)and

stateagenciesto developmeasuresto reducesedimentanderosion.

2.33 Providelong-termprotectionof essentialhabitatsthrough

acquisition.registry.managementagreements.andthe establishment

of streambuffer zones. Much of the besthabitat of P. collina is

within the proclamationboundariesof theJeffersonor George

WashingtonNationalForests. Whereverpossible,the ForestService

shouldacquirethosehabitatareasandtheirwatersheds,with

priority placedon the Craig/JohnsCreekwatershed.Such

acquisitionwould provide the most effective protectionfor the

speciesandits habitat,althougha lesserdegreeof protectioncould

be providedby registryandmanagementagreements(including

establishmentof buffer zones)with private landowners.

Managementagreementsor othermechanismsareneededto

control erosioncausedby livestockgrazing,timbercutting, and

other land-useactivitesadjacentto streambanks. Whereriparian

land remainsin private ownership,landownersshouldbe

encouragedto install fencingto limit accessby farm animalsandto

leaveagriculturalandsilvicultural buffer strips alongstreambanks.

A major role in thisprocesscould beplayedby SCS andVirginia

Departmentof Soil andWaterConservationprogramsfor

installationof agriculturalbestmanagementpractices,and

developmentof buffer zonesunderthe conservationreserve

programof the 1990FoodSecurityAct.

20

2.34 Develop an educationalprogramusingsuchitems asslide/tape

shows.brochures.etc. A strategyfor distributinginformationaland

educationalmaterialsto businessgroups,civic groups,youth groups,

schools,churchorganizations,etc.,will be developed. These

materialswill thenbeproducedon a contractbasisor in

cooperationwith stateagencies.

3. Conductlife history studiesandidentify ecologicalrequirementsof the species

.

3.1 Conduct life history researchon the speciesto include reproduction.food

habits.age andgrowth. mortality factors.etc. Life history researchhas

beencompletedby Hove (1990).

3.2 Characterizethe species’habitatrequirements(relevantphysical

.

biological, andchemicalcomponents)for all life history stages. Much of

this information hasbeenprovidedby recentlycompletedresearch(Hove

1990). Additional habitatcharacterizationmaybe neededprior to

implementationof Task 4.

4. Determinethe feasibility of re-establishingpopulationswithin thespecies’historic

rangeand, if feasible,introducethespeciesinto suchareasin theJamesRiver

drainage. The presentrangeof the Jamesspinymusselis muchsmaller than it

was historically. There maybe areaswithin the species’former rangethatcould

supportre-establishedpopulations. However,implementationof this taskmust

await theresultsof Task 1.11 and 1.23. If 1.23 showsCorbicula competitionto be

assignificantassomemalacologistsbelieve,transplantationinto most historical

habitatswill beunworkable.

4.1 Determinethe need,appropriateness,andfeasibility of augmentingand

expandingexistingpopulations. Severalpopulationsarelikely belowthe

21

numberneededto maintainlong-termviability. Thesepopulationsmaybe

able to expandnaturallyif environmentalconditionsareimproved.

However,somepopulationsmay needto be supplementedto reacha

viable size. Populationsfor this taskwill be selectedbasedon present

populationsize,habitatquality, andthelikelihood of long-termbenefits

from thetask.

4.2 Developa successfultechniquefor re-establishingandaugmenting

populations. This taskis alsopart of theTar Riverspinymusselrecovery

plan. Techniquesdevelopedfor thatspeciesshouldwork for the James

spinymusselaswell.

4.3 Coordinatewith appropriateFederalandstateagencypersonnel.local

governments,andinterestedpartiesto identify streamssuitablefor

augmentationandreintroductionsandthosemosteasily protectedfrom

further threats

.

4.4 Reintroducethe speciesinto its historic rangeandevaluatesuccess

.

4.5 Implementthesameprotectivemeasuresfor any introducedpopulationsas

outlinedfor establishedpopulations

.

5. Periodicallymonitor existingpopulationsandall introducedpopulations. In light

of the spinymussel’srapiddecline,this taskis especiallyimportant. This task

would beginwith abaselinequantitativesurveyandthencontinuewith systematic

monitoringof all populationseveryfive yearsto keeptrack of their statusand

ensuretheir continuedsurvival.

6. Evaluatethe successof recovervactivitiesandmakerevisionsasnecessary

.

22

Literature Cited in Parts I and II

Bates,J. M. 1962. The impactsof impoundmentson themusselfaunaof KentuckyReservoir,TennesseeRiver. Am. Midl. Nat. 68:232-236.

Boss,K. J. andW. J. Clench. 1967. Noteson Pleurobemacollina (Conrad)from theJamesRiver, Virginia. Occas.Pap.Mollusks (Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard)3(7):45-2.

Burch, J. B. 1975. FreshwaterUnionaceanClams (Mollusca: Pelecypoda)of NorthAmerica, revisededition. MalacologicalPulications,Hamburg,Michigan.

Cairns,J., J. S. Crossman,K. L. Dickson,andE. E. Herricks. 1971. The recoveryofdamagedstreams.Assoc.Southeast.Biol. Bull. 18:79-106.

Clarke,A. H. 1983. Statussurveyof the Tar River spiny mussel. Final ReporttoU.S. Fish andWildlife Servicewith supplement.63 pp.

_____ 1988. Aspectsof Corbiculid-unionidsysmpatryin the United States.MalacologyDataNet 2(3/4):57-99.

_____ andR. J. Neves. 1984. Statussurveyof theJamesRiver spiny mussel,Canthyriacollina, in the JamesRiver, Virginia. A reportfor RegionS of the U.S.Fish andWildlife Service. 32 pp.

Cohen,R. R., P. V. Dresler,E. J. Phillips, andR. L. Cory. 1984. The effect of theAsiatic clam, Corbiculafluminea,on phytoplanktonof thePotomacRiver,Maryland. Limnol. Oceanogr.,29(1): 170-180.

Conrad,T. A. 1837. Monographyof the Family Unionidae. No. 8:65.

_____ 1846. Noticesof freshwatershells,etc.,of RockbridgeCounty,Virgtnia.

Amer.J. Sci. (Series2)1:405-407.

Diaz, R. J. 1974. Asiatic clam, Corbiculamanilensis(Philippi) in the tidal James

River, Virginia. ChesapeakeSci. 15(2):118-120.

Dundee,D. S. 1969. Introducedmolluscsof theUnited States. Malacologia.

9(1):264.

Ellis, M. M. 1936. Erosionsilt asa factor in aquaticenvironments.Ecology. 17:29-42. in the WaccamawRiverbasinof the Carolinas(Mollusca: Bivalvia). ASBBulletin. 23(2):60.

23

Frierson,L. 5. 1927. A Classified andAnnotatedCheckList of the North AmericanNaiades. Baylor UniversityPress. Waco,Texas.

Gardner,J. A., Jr., W. R. Woodall,Jr., A. A. Staats,Jr., andJ. F. Napoli. 1976. Theinvasionof the Asiatic clam (CorbiculamanilensisPhilippi) in the AltamahaRiver,Georgia. Nautilus. 90(3):117-125.

Goudreau,S. E. 1988. Effectsof sewagetreatmentplant effluentson mollusksandfish of the Clinch River in TazewellCounty,Virginia. M. S. Thesis. Virg.Polytech.Inst. andStateUniv., Blacksburg,VA. 127 pp.

Heard,W. H. 1970. EasternFreshwatermollusks(II) the SouthAtlantic andGulfdrainages.In A. H. Clarke (ed.). Paperson the RareandEndangeredMollusksof North America. Malacologia10(1):23-27.

Hove, M. 1990. Distribution andlife history of the endangeredJamesspinymussel,Pleurobemacollina (Bivalvia: Unionidae). M.S. Thesis.Virg. Polytech.Inst. andStateUniv., Blacksburg,Virginia. 113 pp.

Johnson,R. I. 1970. The systematicsandzoogeographyof the Unionidae(Mollusca:Bivalvia) of the southernAtlantic Sloperegion. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.140(6):263-449.

Johnson,R. I. andA. H. Clarke. 1983. A new spiny mussel,Elllptio (Canthyria)steinstansana(Bivalvia: Unionidae)from the Tar River, North Carolina. Occas.Pap.Mollusks (Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard)4(61):289-298.

Kitchel, H. E., J. C. Widlak, andR. J. Neves. 1981. The impact of coal miningwasteson endangeredmusselpopulationsin thePowell River, Lee County,Virginia. Final Report to StateWaterControl Board, Richmond,VA. 26 pp.

Kraemer,L. R. 1979. Corbicula (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea)vs. indigenousmussels(Bivalvia: Unionacea)in U.S. rivers: ahard casefor interspecificcompetition?Am. Midl. Nat. 99:237-242.

Lea,I. 1852. Observationson the GenusUnio, Togetherwith Descriptionsof NewSpeciesin theFamiliesUnionidaeColinaceaandMelaniana.I. Lea,Philadelphia.

Morrison,J. P. E. 1955. Noteson the spiny freshwatermussels(Canthyria). Amer.Malacolog.UnionAnn. Rept. 1955:19-20.

Neel, J. K. andW. R. Allen. 1964. The musselfaunaof the upperCumberlandbasinbeforeits impoundment. Malacologia. 1:427-459.

24

Neves,R. J. andJ. C. Widlak. 1987. HabitatEcology of juvenilefreshwatermussels(Unionidae)in aheadwaterstreamin Virginia. Amer. Malacol.Union Bulletin.5(1):1-7.

Raleigh,R. F., D. H. Bennett,andL. 0. Mohn. 1978. Changesin fish stocksaftermajor fish kills in the Clinch River nearSt. Paul,Virginia. Am. Midl. Nat. 99:1-9.

Rodgers,J. H., Jr., D. S. Cherry,K. L. Dickson,andJ. Cairns, Jr. 1977. Invasion,populationdynamics,andelementalaccumulationof Corbiculaflumineain theNew River at GlenLyn, Virginia. Proc. 1st Int. Corbicula Sym. 99-110.

Salanki, J. andI. Varanka. 1978. Effectof someinsecticideson theperiodicactivityof the freshwatermussel(AnodontacygneaL.). Acta. Biol. Acad. Sci. Hung.29(2):173-180.

Schmidt, J. E. 1982. The freshwatermusselsof the StonesRiveraboveJ. PercyPriestReservoir,Tennessee.M. S. Thesis,Tenn.Tech. Univ., Cookeville,TN. 65pp.

Simpson,C. T. 1900. Synopsisof the Naiades,or PearlyFresh-waterMussels. Proc.U. S. Natl. Mus. 22:501-1044.

Stansbery,D. H. 1971. Rareandendangeredfreshwatermollusksin the easternUnited States. P. 5-18 in S. E. JorgensenandR. W. Sharp(eds.). Proc. Symp.RareandEndangeredMollusks (Naiads)of the U. S. U.S. Fish andWildlifeService,Twin Cites,Minnesota.

Turgeon,D. D., A. E. Bogan,E. V. Coan,W. K. Emerson,W. G. Lyons, W. L. Pratt,C.F.E. Roper, A. Scheltema,F.G. Thompson,andJ. J. Williams. 1988. Commonandscientific namesof aquaticinvertebratesof the United StatesandCanada:Mollusks. Am. FisheriesSoc.Spec.Publ. 16. Bethesa,Md. 227 pp.

U.S. Fish andWildlife Service. 1984a. Tanriffle shellpearlymusselrecoveryplan.U.S. Fish andWildlife Service,Atlanta, GA. 56 pp.

_____ 1984b. Shinypigtoepearlymusselrecoveryplan. U.S. Fish andWildlifeService,Atlanta, GA. 67 pp.

_____ 1984c. White warty-backpearlymusselrecoveryplan. U.S. Fish andWildlifeService,Atlanta, GA. 43 pp.

_____ 1984d. Fine-rayedpigtoepearlymusselrecoveryplan. U.S. Fish andWildlifeService,Atlanta, GA. 67 pp.

25

Part III: IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

TheImplementationSchedulethat follows outlines actionsandestimatedcostsfor

the recoveryprogram. It is a guide for meetingthe objectivesdiscussedin PartII of

this Plan. This scheduleindicatestaskpriorities, tasknumbers,taskdescriptions,

durationof tasks,the responsibleagencies,andestimatedcosts. Theseactions,when

accomplished,shouldbring aboutthe recoveryof the speciesandprotect its habitat.

Key to ImplementationSchedulePriorities (column 1

)

Priority 1 -

Priority 2 -

Priority 3 -

An actionthat must betakento preventextinctionor to preventthe

speciesfrom declining irreversiblyin the foreseeablefuture.

An actionthatmust betakento preventa significantdeclinein

speciespopulation/habitatquality or someothersignificantnegative

impactshort of extinction.

All other actionsnecessaryto providefor full recoveryof the

species.

27

)

JamesSuinymusselRecoveryPlanImplementationSchedule

September,1990

Task TaskPriority Number TaskDescription Duration

ResponsibleA2encies1FWS

Region Division Others2

EstimatedFiscalYear Costs($000~FYi FY2 FY3 Comments

1 1.1 Conductsurveysfor P. collina 2 years 5 FWE USFSVDGIFVANI-IPWVDWR

10 10 -- Alternatively, maybe doneby contract

1 1.22 InvestigateinteractionswithAsian clam

3 years 5 FWE Contract 20 20 20 Sametype of studycalledfor in Tar SpinymusselPlan

1 2.1 Continueto utilize existinglegislationandregulationstoprotectspecies

1 2.2 Implementmeasuresto controlor slow downinvasionof exoticbivalves

continuous 5 FWE USFSVDGIFVADNHWVDWRSCSACOEVAWCB

continuous 5 FWE VDGIFWVDWR

1 1 1

-- -- -. Except for developmentofregulations,cannotbeginuntil 1.22 is completed

Providelong-termprotectionofessentialhabitatsthroughacquisition,registry,managementagreements,etc.

10 years 5 FWE SCSUSFSVADSWCVDGIFVANHPWVNHP

-- 10 1000 Fundsprincipally for USFSlandacquisition

)

t’J00

1 2.33

1 3.1 Conductlife history research 2 years 4 SE Contract Completed. Fundedby R4

)

1 5.0 Periodicallymonitorpopulations

)

continuous 5 FWE Contractor

VDGIFVANHPWVDWR

-- 15 -- Onceevery5 years

2 1.21 Determineeffectsof siltation,pesticides,effluents

3 years 5 FWE Contract 25 25 25

Encourageestablishmentofmusselsanctuariesandregulationsto protectwaterquality

Seeksupportfrom landowners,local governments,andagencies

3 years 5 EWE VAWCBVDGIFWVDWR

continuous 5 FWE SCSUSFSVDGIFVANHPWVNHPWVDWRTNC

-- -- -- Taskcan beginnow,butcannotbecompleteduntilTask1.1 is done

1 1 1

2 years2 3.2 Characterizehabitatrequirements

5 FWE Contract -- 10 10

3 4.0 Determinefeasibility of re-establishingpopulationsinhistoric rangeand,if feasible,introducein areasof JamesRiverdrainage

3+ years 5 EWE Contractsand

VDGIFVANI-IPWVDWR

3 2.34 Developan educationalprogram 1 year 5 EWE Contractor

VDGIF

-- -- 3

)

2 231

2 2.32

) )

3 6.0 Evaluatesuccessof recovery continuous 5 EWE VDGIF 0.5 0.5 0.5activitiesandreviseas necessary VANHP

WVDWR

‘ ACOE = Army Corps of EngineersEWE = FishandWildlife EnhancementEWS = FishandWildlife ServiceSCS = Soil ConservationServiceTNC = The NatureConservancyUSFS= U.S. ForestServiceVADNH = Virginia Division of NaturalHeritageVADSWC = Virginia Division of Soil andWaterConservationVAWCB = Virginia WaterControl BoardVDGIF = Virginia Departmentof GameandInland FisheriesWVDWR = WestVirginia Departmentof Wildlife ResourcesWVNHP = WestVirginia Natural HeritageProgram

02 Other agencies’responsibilitywill be of acooperativenatureor projectsfundedundera contract

or grantprogram. In somecasescontractsmay be let to universitiesor privateenterprises.

Part IV: LIST OF REVIEWERS

[* indicatesthosereviewerswho submittedcommentson the Technical/AgencyDraftRecoveryPlan]

* Mr. Bud BristowExecutiveDirectorDepartmentof GameandInland FisheriesP.O. Box 11104Richmond,VA 23230

Mr. AndrewG. GerberichDivision of MollusksNationalMuseumof NaturalHistorySmithsonianInstitutionWashington,DC 20560

DirectorOffice of HydropowerLicensingFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission825 North Capitol St., NEWashington,DC 20426

Mr. GeorgeFenwickTNC, Virginia Field Office1110 Rose Hill Drive, Suite200Charlottesville,VA 22901

Mr. RichardN. BurtonExecutiveDirectorStateWaterControlBoardP.O. Box 11143Richmond,VA 23230

* Mr. MichaelLipfordDivision of NaturalHeritageDepartmentof ConservationandRecreation203 GovernorStreet,Suite402Richmond,VA 23219

31

* Mr. R. J. NevesVirginia Coop. FisheriesUnitDepartmentof FisheriesandWildlifeVirginia TechBlacksburg,VA 24061

* Mr. GeorgeC. NorrisStateConservationistSoil ConservationServiceFederalBuilding400 N. Eighth St.Richmond,VA 23240

* Mr. RaymondW. MathenyEcologicalEffectsBranchOffice of PesticidesandToxic SubstancesUnited StatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyWashington,DC 20460

* Mr. CharlesW. Cartwright,Jr., SupervisorJeffersonNationalForest210 FranidinRd., SWCaller Service2900Roanoke,VA 24001

* Colonel JosephJ. ThomasDistrict EngineerNorfolk District, Army Corpsof EngineersFort Norfolk, 803 Front StreetNorfolk, VA 23510

Mr. Rollin SwankStateConservationistSoil ConservationService75 High StreetMorgantown,WV 26505

Dr. Eli McCoyChief, WaterResourcesDivision1201 GreenbrierSt.Charleston,WV 25311

32

Dr. Arthur E. BoganDepartmentof MalacologyAcademyof NaturalSciencesNineteenthandtheParkwayPhiladelphia,PA 19103

Dr. DavidH. StansberyMuseumof ZoologyOhio StateUniversity1813 North High St.Columbus,OH 43210

Mr. DavidWhitehurst,ChiefFishDivisionVirginia Departmentof GameandInland Fisheries4010W. BroadSt., Box 11104Richmond,VA 23230

Mr. Roland B. Geddes,DirectorDivision of Soil andWaterConservation203 N. GovernorSt., Suite206Richmond,VA 23219

* Mr. R. L. HundleyVirginia Departmentof Transportation1401 EastBroadSt.Richmond,VA 23219

Mr. J. EdwardHamrick IIIDirector, Departmentof NaturalResourcesCapitol ComplexBldg. 3, 1900 KanawhaBlvd. EastCharleston,WV 25305

* GeorgeW. Kelley, ForestSupervisorGeorgeWashingtonNationalForestHarrisonPlazaP.O. Box 233Harrisonburg,VA 22801

Dr. Arthur Clarke325EastBayviewPortland,TX 78374

33

Mr. JohnAldermanNorth CarolinaWildlife ResourcesCommissionRt. 4, Box 518Pittsboro,NC 27312

Mr. RichardBigginsU.S. Fish andWildife Service100 Otis St., Room224Asheville, NC 28801

Ms. Helen KitchelVirgina Departmentof GameandInland Fisheries4010W. BroadSt.Richmond,VA 23230

Mr. Craig StihlerWV Departmentof NaturalResourcesP.O. Box 67Elkins, WV 26241

Mr. Bill TolinU.S. Fish andWildlife ServiceUSDA ForestryBldg., Room311Elkins, WV 26241

Ms. KarenMayneU.S. Fish andWildlife ServiceMid-County CenterP.O. Box 480White Marsh,VA 23183

Mr. Eric Bartsch,DirectorDivision of WaterProgramsOffice of HealthProtectionJamesMadisonBuilding109 GovernorSt.Richmond,VA 23219

* Mr. RodgerWaldman

ChesapeakeAudubonSociety, Inc.P.O. Box 3173Baltimore,MD 21228

34

* Mr. J. Stull CarsonMayorTownof BuchananP.O. Box 205Buchanan,VA 24066

* Mr. RalphW. Bolgiano

Rt. 1, Box 331Fuiks Run, VA 22830

35