James L. Townsend v. Gray Line Bus Co., A/K/A the Gray Line, Inc., 767 F.2d 11, 1st Cir. (1985)

7/26/2019 James L. Townsend v. Gray Line Bus Co., A/K/A the Gray Line, Inc., 767 F.2d 11, 1st Cir. (1985)

1/14

767 F.2d 11

38 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. 483,

37 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 35,389, 2 Fed.R.Serv.3d 412

James L. TOWNSEND, Plaintiff, Appellee,

v.GRAY LINE BUS CO., a/k/a the Gray Line, Inc., Defendant,

Appellant.

No. 85-1225.

United States Court of Appeals,

First Circuit.

July 12, 1985.

M. Robert Dushman, Boston, Mass., with whom David G. Stern, Barbara

A. Lenk and Brown, Rudnick, Freed & Gesmer, Boston, Mass., were on

brief, for defendant, appellant.

Richard L. Neumeier, Boston, Mass., with whom Parker, Coulter, Daley& White, Boston, Mass., was on brief, for plaintiff, appellee.

Before CAMPBELL, Chief Judge, BREYER and DAVIS,*Circuit

Judges.

LEVIN H. CAMPBELL, Chief Judge.

1 Defendant Gray Line Bus Company ("Gray Line") appeals from a judgment

awarding damages to plaintiff James L. Townsend. The United States District

Court for the District of Massachusetts ruled that Gray Line had discriminated

against Townsend because of his race in violation of Title VII and, in the

alternative, that Gray Line was in default. Consolidated with this appeal is Gray

Line's appeal from the order of the district court denying its motion for relief

from judgment and for new trial.

2 Gray Line raises three points on appeal. First, it contends that when the original

trial judge, Judge Julian, died after a bench trial without having filed findings of

fact and conclusions of law, his successor, Chief Judge Caffrey, should have


2/14

conducted a new trial. Instead, after Gray Line's counsel had failed to appear or

contact the court, Chief Judge Caffrey decided the case on the basis of the

record before Judge Julian. Gray Line contends that this procedure was so

faulty as to entitle it to relief from judgment and a new trial. Second, Gray Line

argues that even assuming Judge Caffrey could properly decide on the basis of

the prior record, that record contained insufficient evidence to support a finding

that Gray Line had discriminated against Townsend when it refused to hire himas a motor coach driver. Third, Gray Line denies that liability could be

imposed, alternatively, on the theory of a default.

3 We hold that Gray Line waived its right to a new trial following Judge Julian's

death, and that the court's finding that Gray Line discriminated against

Townsend in violation of Title VII was adequately supported. We do not reach

the question whether Gray Line could be held liable also on the theory that it

had defaulted.I.

4 On December 10, 1973, Townsend, who is black, went to Gray Line's offices

and completed an application for the position of motor coach driver. At that

time, Gray Line employed 53 motor coach drivers, none of whom were black

although Gray Line was located in a predominantly black community with a

black population in the entire area of approximately 18%. Gray Line recruited

applicants in part by word of mouth and its employment application specifically

required the applicant to identify the person who told him or her of the jobopportunity.

5 Townsend's application was ultimately turned down--in Townsend's view

because he was black, but according to Gray Line because he was not qualified.

Resolution of the dispute turns on inferences to be drawn from events occurring

between the time Townsend applied and the time, several weeks later, that he

received a letter of rejection.

6 Before describing what transpired, it is relevant to summarize some of the

evidence concerning Gray Line's hiring procedures. After an applicant filled out

an application, Gray Line's Director of Safety, Robert V. O'Connell, would

review it. Although the final decision to hire a driver remained with Gray Line

Vice President Patricia Galton, O'Connell was authorized to reject applicants at

this point if something on the application, e.g., lack of experience, indicated

that the person was not qualified. O'Connell testified, however, that lack of

experience driving motor coaches did not render an applicant unqualified;

although the company preferred to hire applicants with motor coach driving

experience, it would give persons with other driving experience, i.e., school bus

or tractor trailer, "a shot at the road test" and the position because not enough


3/14

experienced motor coach drivers applied due to Gray Line's low wages.

7 The applicant might then have a screening interview, after which O'Connell

would administer a written examination and a road test. Two standardized

forms reflected an applicant's road test performance. First, a "Certification of

Road Test" form, on which O'Connell attested to the applicant's qualification to

drive a motor coach, indicated that the applicant had passed the test. O'Connelltestified that he would normally fill out this form in advance of the road test and

would give it to the applicant if he passed but withhold it if he failed. Second,

O'Connell would note specific driving deficiencies, make an evaluation of an

applicant's general performance, and enter any general comments on a "Record

of Road Test" form during the road test.

8 An applicant who was successful on the road test would be asked to undergo a

physical examination by the company doctor at company expense, and to fillout an application for a Department of Public Utilities ("DPU") license.

O'Connell noted that it was "very unlikely" that Galton would send someone

who failed their road test for the physical examination because she was "pretty

tight" with expenses.

9 If all went well to this point, Gray Line would check the applicant's record with

previous employers, the Registry of Motor Vehicles, and the Board of

Probation. An applicant with a clean bill from these sources would then be

hired by Gray Line.

10 On January 16, 1974, Townsend was interviewed by Vice President Galton.

Galton provided Townsend with general information about the position for

which he had applied and advised him that before being hired, he would have to

pass a written examination and a road test, and apply for a license to operate a

motor coach from the DPU. Galton also obtained Townsend's employment

history, which included jobs driving school buses and tractor trailers but none

driving motor coaches. Apparently having found that Townsend's background

qualified him for "a shot at the road test," Galton passed Townsend on to

O'Connell.

11 O'Connell administered a written examination to Townsend and another

applicant, Jean Beaulieu. Both men passed the examination. O'Connell then

had the applicants sign the company's standardized "Certification of Road Test"form in blank. The court below found that O'Connell (contrary to what he

testified to have been his practice) did not himself complete the form prior to

the test.


4/14

12 At this point, both applicants were led to the garage for their road tests. The bus

that they were to drive had mechanical problems and was in the garage for

repair. O'Connell started the bus but had difficulty getting it into reverse and

had to have another Gray Line employee help him back it out of the garage and

turn it around. O'Connell told Townsend and Beaulieu that the clutch needed

adjustment and that they would have to "snatch," or yank, it into gear.

13 Beaulieu took the wheel first and had difficulty getting the bus into gear. After

Beaulieu had driven without comment from O'Connell for about three miles,

O'Connell asked him to pull over and let Townsend drive. Townsend drove,

also without comment from O'Connell, for approximately 1 1/2 miles when the

bus "stalled out, completely stopped running, just cut off" in an intersection.

None of the men, including O'Connell, could revive the bus so O'Connell began

walking back to the garage for help. Beaulieu and Townsend finally got the bus

started, caught up with O'Connell, and gave him a ride back to the garage.

14 O'Connell did not inform the applicants of the test results recorded on the

"Record of Road Test" form or give them back the "Certification of Road Test"

form. These forms were, however, later found in each man's file, signed and

filled out by O'Connell. The "Certification of Road Test" forms, apparently

completed after the administration of the test, read: "It is my considered opinion

that this driver possesses sufficient driving skill to operate safely the type of

commercial motor vehicle listed above."

15 On the separate "Record of Road Test" form, O'Connell had not checked off

any specific driving deficiencies on Beaulieu's form, but he had checked the

"Needs Training" portion of the "General Performance" evaluation and noted

that Beaulieu had "General good knowledge but needs some familiarization."

16 There is a dispute as to what Townsend's road test form contained as two

different documents were produced by Gray Line at different times. A copy of

the "Record of Road Test" form that Gray Line submitted to the Equal

Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC") contained only a check mark

next to "Needs Training" in the "General Performance" evaluation section and

the notation "needs extensive training." The Massachusetts Commission

Against Discrimination ("MCAD"), however, was given a different document,

also signed by O'Connell, that was alleged to be the original "Record of Road

Test" form and that contained a more critical evaluation of Townsend's

performance. Although the general comment, "needs extensive training,"

appears in the same spot and the same handwriting on this document, there

were a number of check marks next to specific driving deficiencies that did not

appear on the EEOC document, and there was a check net to "Unsatisfactory"


5/14

as well as "Needs Training" in the "General Performance" evaluation.

17 O'Connell testified that he had no independent recollection of the results of

Townsend's road test but, relying on the latter form and the fact that the

"Certification" form had not been given to Townsend, O'Connell inferred that

Townsend, in effect, flunked.1O'Connell could offer no explanation of how

these two different documents could have been produced and assignedresponsibility for the confusion on "whoever was keeping the records."After

returning to the garage, O'Connell told Townsend that Gray Line would contact

him and that he should talk to Galton before he went home. Galton had left for

the day, however, so Townsend went home and returned to see Galton on

Friday, January 18. Although there was some dispute about when Townsend

received an application for a DPU license and a form for a physical

examination to be administered by the company doctor at company expense,

the district court found and the record indicates that Galton gave Townsendthese materials during this meeting, two days after Townsend's road test.

18 Townsend immediately filled out the DPU application and successfully

underwent the physical examination. He returned the forms to Galton that same

day. Galton then told him to come in the following Monday evening and see

George, the dispatcher, who would tell Townsend what driver would be

working with him during his break-in period. Townsend appeared for work on

January 21, but George said that he had not heard anything about Townsendand referred him back to Galton. Townsend went back to the offices and,

because Galton had already gone home, talked to the receptionist, Barbara

Alexander. Alexander asked him if he had received a letter from Gray Line and,

upon learning that he had not, told him to go home and wait for the company to

contact him. Townsend received a letter from Galton dated January 29, 1974

advising him that "[a]fter examination of the results of your road test, we find

that you do not qualify for hire as a Gray Line Bus Driver."

19 Beaulieu, who is white, also received a letter dated January 29, 1974 stating

that "[a]fter examination of the results of your road test, we find that you do not

qualify for hire as a Gray Line Bus Driver." However, it appears that this was

not the true reason for Beaulieu's rejection, and, indeed, that up to a time well

after the driving test, a decision to hire him was in effect. Thus, on Beaulieu's

employment application was a notation stating "part time 1/22/74," indicating

that a decision to hire him on a part-time basis had been made. The notation had

been crossed out, and beneath it, the words "bad driving records" wereinscribed. Beaulieu's employment papers indicated that his background check

disclosed that he had had an accident in March 1973, which would have

disqualified him from employment under Gray Line's policies. No such


6/14

II.

background check appears in Townsend's file.

20 It is uncontested that after Townsend was advised that he would not be hired,

Gray Line hired other drivers, some of whom had negligible experience driving

motor coaches.

21 On January 22, 1974 Townsend filed a charge of discrimination against Gray

Line with MCAD in which he alleged that he had not been hired because of his

race. Subsequently, Townsend filed a similar claim with the EEOC. MCAD

waived jurisdiction of the complaint to the EEOC, which on February 25, 1977

found that there was "reasonable cause to believe the charge is true" and on

May 10, 1977 issued a Notice of Right to Sue to Townsend. Townsend filed

suit in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts on July1, 1977.

22 MCAD, giving substantial weight to the EEOC's findings, attempted to

"eliminate the unlawful discrimination by conference, conciliation and

persuasion" pursuant to Mass.Gen.Laws c. 151B, Sec. 5. On December 22,

1980 MCAD Commissioner Daniel O. Steele held a public hearing and took

the testimony of a number of witnesses. Commissioner Steele retired before

rendering a decision.

23 Meanwhile, Townsend's suit in district court was creeping slowly forward.

Gray Line's first counsel, Abbott L. Reichlin, was responsive to Townsend's

discovery requests and cooperated in moving the case forward. But on June 23,

1978, Reichlin withdrew as Gray Line's counsel, and Alan Caplan undertook

the defense, at which point the case began to stall. Prior to Judge Keeton's

decision to disqualify himself on June 18, 1980, he entered sanctions against

Gray Line at various times for its failure to respond to discovery requests in a

timely fashion.2

24 On June 19, 1980, the case was assigned to Judge McNaught and counsel were

notified. Townsend requested a default judgment on August 4, 1980 based on

Caplan's failure to reply to requests for production as per order of the court. No

action was taken on this motion.

25 Judge Julian was then assigned to the case and he asked the parties to appear

for a trial assignment conference on December 1, 1981. Caplan called the

deputy clerk at 3 p.m. on November 30 to say that he would be unable to


7/14

attend. On December 1, 1981 Judge Julian defaulted Gray Line for its failure to

appear at the conference. Subsequently, Caplan applied to Judge Julian to

remove the default and the application was granted on February 9, 1982. The

case was sent down for trial starting February 16, 1982.

26 The nonjury trial commenced on February 16 before Judge Julian. The parties

stipulated that the transcript of a number of witnesses' testimony beforeCommissioner Steele on December 22, 1980 would be admitted into evidence.

In addition, Townsend, Steven Kaplan (Gray Line's owner), and Michael Low

(Gray Line's expert on driving) testified in person. At the close of trial, the

attorneys for both sides requested, and Judge Julian ordered, that the parties

submit suggested findings of fact and conclusions of law in lieu of closing

argument according to a schedule the court was to set out.

27 On March 8, 1982, Townsend filed his suggested findings of fact andconclusions of law pursuant to the court's order. Gray Line was to file its

proposed findings and conclusions 14 days after receiving the same from

Townsend, which, allowing three days for mailing, would have required their

receipt by March 25, 1982. On March 31, 1982 the deputy clerk of the district

court telephoned Caplan to inquire when Gray Line intended to submit these

materials and Caplan promised him to have them in by April 5, 1982. Failing to

receive the papers, the clerk attempted to contact Caplan again on May 4 and

May 28 without success. Townsend's attorney also wrote to the court on June17 and September 27, 1983 noting that he had not received Gray Line's findings

and conclusions and asking about the status of the case. Copies of both letters

were mailed to Caplan but elicited no action from him. Indeed, from then to

now Caplan took no further action of any kind in the case on behalf of Gray

Line.

28 The case was transferred to Chief Judge Caffrey and counsel were notified on

December 29, 1983, three weeks before Judge Julian died. Prior to his death,Judge Julian had not filed his findings of fact and conclusions of law, nor had

he entered judgment for either party. On January 6, 1984, Chief Judge Caffrey

sent notice to counsel, including Gray Line's counsel, Mr. Caplan, that a

conference was scheduled for January 27, 1984 and that "[f]ailure to appear

may result in default or dismissal." Counsel for Townsend appeared at the

status conference but no one attended for Gray Line nor did Caplan or any other

representative of Gray Line contact the court in response to notice of the status

conference. Chief Judge Caffrey stated at the conference that he might decidethe case based on the trial transcript and exhibits on file and that Gray Line's

failure to file anything after being directed by Judge Julian to do so amounted to

waiver of any right to a new trial.


8/14

III.

Disability of a Judge

29 On September 28, 1984 Townsend's counsel wrote a letter to the district court

clerk, sending copies to both of Caplan's known addresses, detailing his

understanding of the status of the case. He specifically noted that "[o]n Friday,

January 27, 1984, I appeared before the Court in response to a notice by you

dated January 6, 1984 and at that time Chief Judge Caffrey suggested that he

render a decision based upon the transcript of the evidence, exhibits on file,

etc." Neither Caplan nor anyone else on Gray Line's behalf responded to thisletter or objected to the plans mentioned in it to render a decision based upon

the transcript.

30 On November 27, 1984, Chief Judge Caffrey found for Townsend on the

merits and, in the alternative, defaulted Gray Line for failure to comply with

orders of the court, 597 F.Supp. 1287.

31 Final judgment awarding damages of $76,672.53 against Gray Line was enteredon January 3, 1985. At this point, Townsend attempted to execute the

judgment. Although notice of each prior action had been mailed to Caplan, who

was Gray Line's attorney of record, Gray Line claimed that the writ of first

execution dated February 15, 1985 was the first notice it had of the adverse

judgment. On March 1, 1985 Gray Line filed a Motion to Extend Time for

Filing Notice of Appeal, which was allowed on March 4, 1985. A Notice of

Appeal was filed shortly thereafter. Additionally, Gray Line filed a Motion for

Relief from Judgment and for New Trial pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b), whichwas denied. Gray Line then filed a Notice of Appeal from the order denying its

rule 60(b) motion, and by stipulation the appeals were consolidated.

32 We first address Gray Line's claim that Judge Caffrey erred in deciding the case

on the basis of the record before Judge Julian rather than by conducting a new

trial. Rule 63 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides

33 If by reason of death, sickness, or other disability, a judge before whom an

action has been tried is unable to perform the duties to be performed by the

court under these rules after a verdict is returned or findings of fact and

conclusions of law are filed, then any other judge regularly sitting in or

assigned to the court in which the action was tried may perform those duties;but if such other judge is satisfied that he cannot perform those duties because

he did not preside at the trial or for any other reason, he may in his discretion

grant a new trial.


9/14

34 (Emphasis added).

35 Rule 63 does not explicitly cover instances where, as here, the presiding judge

in a bench trial dies or becomes disabled before he can file his findings of fact

and conclusions of law. Courts, however, have read into rule 63 the negative

inference that if the presiding judge in a civil case3dies or becomes disabled

before the rendering of a verdict or before the judge issues his findings of factand conclusions of law, a successor judge must retry the case. See Whalen v.

Ford Motor Credit Co., 684 F.2d 272 (4th Cir.1982) (en banc); Thompson v.

Sawyer, 678 F.2d 257 (D.C.Cir.1982); Arrow-Hart, Inc. v. Philip Carey Co.,

552 F.2d 711 (6th Cir.1977); Ten-O-Win Amusement Co. v. Casino Theatre, 2

F.R.D. 242 (N.D.Ca.1942); C. Wright & A. Miller, 11 Federal Practice and

Procedure Sec. 2922, at 340-41 (1973). Cf. Brennan v. Grisso, 198 F.2d 532

(D.C.Cir.1952). An exception to the rule mandating a retrial is normally made

only if all parties agree to allow the successor judge to proceed with an ongoingjury trial or, in a nonjury action, to make findings of fact and conclusions of law

based on a prior, or stipulated, record. See Milbrew, Inc. v. Commissioner of

Internal Revenue, 710 F.2d 1302, 1308 (7th Cir.1983); Whalen, 684 F.2d at

278; Thompson, 678 F.2d at 268-69; Arrow-Hart, Inc., 552 F.2d at 712-13;

Morton v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., 550 F.Supp. 416, 417 (E.D.Tenn.1982);

Stoltzfus v. United States, 264 F.Supp. 824, 826 (E.D.Pa.1967), aff'd, 398 F.2d

1002, 1003 n. 2 (3d Cir.1968), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 1020, 89 S.Ct. 627, 21

L.Ed.2d 565 (1969).

36 We agree with Gray Line that constitutional considerations, as well as the

implication of rule 63, require that a new trial ordinarily be accorded to litigants

in cases where a previous judge dies or becomes disabled before filing his

findings and rulings. Thus, but for the conduct of Gray Line, the case should

have been retried. Here, however, we are satisfied that Gray Line waived its

right to a new trial by failing to appear at the status conference, by failing to

respond when Townsend's counsel later notified it that the court would likelyproceed on the basis of the old record, and by neglecting to respond or

communicate with the court in any way during the relevant period.

37 Gray Line's attorney, Mr. Caplan, was notified that Gray Line's case had been

transferred to a new judge,4a fact that should have alerted him that the question

of how the new judge would proceed in deciding the case had necessarily

arisen. Thereafter, Mr. Caplan was given three weeks' advance notice that his

presence was required at a status conference. It took no peculiar insight todivine that the purpose of the conference was to determine the manner in which

the new judge would proceed following Judge Julian's death. Despite this, and

the warning in the notice that failure to appear could result in default, Mr.


10/14

Caplan failed either to appear or to contact the court. Eight months later,

Townsend's counsel set out in a letter to the Clerk its understanding that Chief

Judge Caffrey contemplated deciding the case on the transcript and exhibits

from prior proceedings. It sent copies to Mr. Caplan at his two addresses. In the

month between the date of this notice and the Chief Judge's decision of the

case, neither Caplan nor anyone else acting for Gray Line objected to this

procedure or communicated with the court regarding the case. Only afterexecution had issued upon an adverse judgment did Gray Line convey its

displeasure and demand a retrial. If we assume, as we do, that notice to Caplan

was notice to Gray Line, it is clear that Gray Line had no right to sit back and

await decision of the case before objecting to the procedure. See, e.g.,

Computer Systems Engineering, Inc. v. Qantel Corp., 740 F.2d 59, 69 (1st

Cir.1984) (failure to object to improper closing argument at trial or to move for

mistrial bars defendant from urging improper argument as grounds for new trial

after verdict returned) (" 'a party may not wait and see whether the verdict isfavorable before deciding to object' "); American Universal Co. v. Falzone, 644

F.2d 65, 67 (1st Cir.1981) (appellant's withdrawn motion for mistrial based on

alleged improper jury argument may not be raised on appeal after adverse jury

verdict).

38 We think the district court was entitled to infer from Gray Line's silence that

Gray Line acquiesced in the procedure it adopted and had waived its right to

retry the case.5

39 Gray Line attempts to avoid responsibility for the conduct we have deemed to

constitute waiver by pointing to its attorney, Caplan, as the sole villain of the

piece. We do not credit Gray Line's claims of total innocence. With any kind of

diligence, Gray Line should have been aware of Caplan's failings at least by the

time Judge Julian defaulted it, if not before. Gray Line knew, moreover, that

Caplan had moved to California from Boston, but it took no effective steps to

reach a fuller understanding with him or to replace him. There is no indicationthat Gray Line attempted to contact Caplan during the three years between trial

and execution to ask about the status of the case or to prod him into action.

Even if, as Gray Line claims, Caplan assured it that all possible had been done

and that there might be a lengthy period of time before the case was decided,

Gray Line's failure to make sufficient inquiry of its attorney over a three year

period constitutes a serious neglect.

40 We find no reason to make any exception to this circuit's longstanding rule withregard to the responsibility of clients for their attorney's acts or omissions. As

we stated in Damiani v. Rhode Island Hospital, 704 F.2d 12 (1st Cir.1983)

(upholding dismissal of action for failure to comply with discovery order),


11/14

There is certainly no merit to the contention that dismissal of petitioner's claim

because of his counsel's unexcused conduct imposes an unjust penalty on the client.

Petitioner voluntarily chose the attorney as his representative in the action, and hecannot now avoid the consequences of the acts or omissions of this freely selected

agent. Any other notion would be wholly inconsistent with our system of

representative litigation, in which each party is deemed bound by the acts of his

lawyer-agent and is considered to have "notice of all facts, notice of which can be

charged upon the attorney." Smith v. Ayer, 101 U.S. 320, 326 [11 Otto 320, 326], 25

L.Ed. 955.

Link v. Wabash Railroad Co., 370 U.S. 626, 633-34, 82 S.Ct. 1386, 1390, 8 L.Ed.2d

734 (1962) (footnote omitted). As Justice Harlan points out in the footnote to the

above quote, keeping a suit alive "merely because plaintiff should not be penalized

for the omissions of his own attorney would be visiting the sins of the plaintiff's

lawyer upon the defendant." Id. at 634 n. 10, 82 S.Ct. at 1390 n. 10. We have also

turned a deaf ear to this plea. Corchado v. Puerto Rico Marine Management, Inc.,

665 F.2d 410, 413 (1st Cir.1981), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 826, 103 S.Ct. 60, 74

L.Ed.2d 63 (1982); Pease v. Peters, 550 F.2d 698, 701 (1st Cir.1977).

IV.

41 The argument that the sins of the attorney should not be visited on the client is

a seductive one, but its siren call is overborne by the nature of the adversary

system.

42

43

44 Id. at 16-17.

45 Gray Line next attacks the district court's decision on the merits. A plaintiff

may establish a prima facie case of illegal discrimination by showing (1) that he

is a member of a racial minority; (2) that he was a qualified applicant for a

position for which there was a vacancy; (3) that he was rejected for the

position; and (4) that, after plaintiff's rejection, the employer continued to seek

applicants with qualifications similar to plaintiff's. McDonnell Douglas Corp. v.

Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 1824, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). The

plaintiff's prima facie case is rebutted if the employer "articulate[s] lawful

reasons for the action." Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine,

450 U.S. 248, 257, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 1096, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981). Once the

employer articulates a lawful reason, the plaintiff must have the opportunity to

show that the proffered reason was not the true reason for the employment

decision.This burden now merges with the ultimate burden of persuading the

court that [the plaintiff] has been the victim of intentional discrimination. She

may succeed in this either directly by persuading the court that a discriminatory

reason more likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing that the


12/14

employer's proffered explanation is unworthy of credence.6

46 Id. at 256, 101 S.Ct. at 1095. See also McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 804-

805, 93 S.Ct. at 1825-1826.

47 Gray Line asserts that the district court's finding that Townsend was qualified

to be a motor coach driver was clearly erroneous. Although it seems to be

challenging the court's finding of a prima facie case, Gray Line may also be

seen as attacking the court's finding that Townsend met his ultimate burden by

showing that Gray Line's asserted grounds for rejecting Townsend were not

credible. Regardless of its analytical context, Gray Line's challenge has no

merit.

48 If Gray Line is arguing that Townsend failed to establish his prima facie casebecause his lack of experience made him an unqualified candidate, we disagree.

Galton did not advise Townsend of any deficiency in his experience after

reviewing his background in the initial screening interview. Indeed, she sent

Townsend on in the application process. Additionally, O'Connell stated that

Gray Line did not regard the lack of motor coach driving experience as a bar to

employment.

49 If Gray Line is arguing that the district court erred in finding Gray Line's"legitimate, nondiscriminatory" reason for not hiring Townsend (i.e., he failed

his road test) not credible, we also must disagree. The court supportably

inferred that O'Connell did not complete the "Certification of Road Test" form

until after the test, at which time, with full knowledge of the results, he attested

that Townsend was qualified to drive a motor coach.

50 Galton's actions after the test bolsters the district court's conclusion that

Townsend had passed the road test. Galton had two days in which to find outthe results before she met with Townsend. It is reasonable to assume, given her

reputation for being very careful with company funds, that Galton would have

assured herself that Townsend had passed the road test before she sent him for

a physical at company expense and gave him a DPU license application. The

court also supportably found that when Townsend returned from the doctor's

examination, he was told to report to work on Monday. Certainly before

notifying him to come in to work, Galton would have checked to see that he

was qualified to drive.

51 Finally, the district court was supported in disregarding Gray Line's letter to

Townsend indicating that he was rejected because he failed the road test by the


13/14

Of the Federal Circuit, sitting by designation

The district court gave "no credence" to O'Connell's testimony that he filled out

and signed the "Certification of Road Test" forms in advance of administering

the test, and that he retained the certification form of any applicant who failed.This rejection of O'Connell's story is supported by the court's findings that

Townsend's and Beaulieu's certification forms were blank just prior to the road

test and that Beaulieu had not failed the road test, see infra page 15, but had

nevertheless not been given his certification form

On June 28, 1979, the court issued a notice of delinquency for Gray Line's

failure to respond to Townsend's second set of interrogatories. On July 26,

1979, the court allowed Townsend's uncontested motions (1) for sanctions for

Gray Line's repeated failure to make O'Connell available for scheduleddepositions and (2) to compel production of documents previously requested.

On August 15, 1979 the court allowed Townsend's motion to compel answers

to the interrogatories that were the subject of the June 28 notice of delinquency

and ordered Gray Line to comply within 28 days (they were finally received

April 4, 1980, eight months later)

In a criminal case, Fed.R.Crim.P. 25(a) specifically provides that if a judge

becomes disabled or dies after a jury trial has commenced, another judge of thatcourt, upon certifying that he has familiarized himself with the record of the

trial, may proceed with and finish the trial

fact that the company used an identical reason in a letter to Beaulieu, who was

actually rejected on other grounds. Moreover, like Townsend's, Beaulieu's

"Certification of Road Test" form, signed by O'Connell, was retained by Gray

Line, indicating that its retention did not necessarily indicate the applicant had

failed. See Note 1, supra.

52 In sum, we conclude that the finding that Townsend was a qualified applicantfor purposes of establishing his prima facie case, and the conclusion that Gray

Line's explanation that Townsend was not hired because he was not qualified

was not credible, are sufficiently supported by the record, and we therefore

affirm the judgment of the district court. Given our disposition of this issue, we

need not address Gray Line's challenges to alternate, default, grounds for the

judgment.

53 Affirmed.

*

1

2

3


14/14

Gray Line's derelictions prior to Judge Julian's death and Chief Judge Caffrey's

assumption of the case do not, of course, bear directly on the waiver issue here.

Nonetheless, Gray Line's sorry record of unresponsiveness and delay were

factors Chief Judge Caffrey could legitimately consider in determining whether

further efforts to prod Mr. Caplan into action were warranted

We note in passing that it is questionable to what extent, if any, Chief JudgeCaffrey's decision to try the case on the prior record worsened Gray Line's

position. In the trial before Judge Julian, the transcripts of a number of

witnesses' testimony before Commissioner Steele were admitted into evidence

by stipulation. Only three live witnesses were called. Gray Line asserts that an

evaluation of the credibility of one of these witnesses, Townsend, is crucial to

the determination of this case. But this may not be so. The crux of this case is

whether Townsend was actually determined to be unqualified to drive a motor

coach for Gray Line. O'Connell's testimony regarding the qualifications GrayLine found necessary for a motor coach driver and Gray Line's hiring

procedures, was arguably the most important evidence in the case but it had

been admitted in the prior trial, with Gray Line's consent, in transcript form

Gray Line argues that the district court's application of Title VII law to these

facts was erroneous inasmuch as the court held Gray Line liable because it

found Gray Line's legitimate reasons for failing to hire Townsend "unworthy of

credence." In view of the above quoted directive from the Court and this court's

own precedent, see Earnhardt v. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, 744 F.2d 1, 2(1st Cir.1984) ("We agree with the district court that this proferred reason was

not credible ..."), it is clear the district court's analysis was entirely proper

4

5

6

Documents

James L. Townsend v. Gray Line Bus Co., A/K/A the Gray Line, Inc., 767 F.2d 11, 1st Cir. (1985)