James, Adrian (2005) - BMI · 2017. 8. 22. · Adrian James BSc (Hons), MSc., Intelligence Manager, London Metropolitan Police, Specialist Crime Directorate, New Scotland Yard & Department

.SIAK-Journal – Zeitschrift für Polizeiwissenschaft und polizeiliche Praxis

James, Adrian (2005):

Criminal Networks. The challenge to Policing the 21st Century?

SIAK-Journal − Zeitschrift für Polizeiwissenschaft und polizeiliche Praxis (3), 20-28.

doi: 10.7396/2005_3_C

Um auf diesen Artikel als Quelle zu verweisen, verwenden Sie bitte folgende Angaben:

James, Adrian (2005). Criminal Networks. The challenge to Policing the 21st Century?, SIAK-Journal − Zeitschrift für Polizeiwissenschaft und polizeiliche Praxis (3), 20-28, Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.7396/2005_3_C.

© Bundesministerium für Inneres – Sicherheitsakademie / Verlag NWV, 2005

Hinweis: Die gedruckte Ausgabe des Artikels ist in der Print-Version des SIAK-Journals im Verlag NWV (http://nwv.at) erschienen.

Online publiziert: 4/2014

Adrian James BSc (Hons), MSc.,Intelligence Manager,

London Metropolitan Police,

Specialist Crime Directorate,

New Scotland Yard & Department

of Social Policy,

London School of Economics.

e-mail:

[email protected]

20

AUSGABE 3/2005

This paper considers the growth of criminal networks and some of theways law enforcement agencies are reshaping their intelligence systems tomeet the challenges they present. Illegal immigration, a key source of rev-enue for criminal networks, is used to contextualise the nature and extent ofthe threats faced. Discussions of criminal networks and illegal immigrationtake place against the backdrop of the wider immigration debate. AcrossEurope, immigration continues to be an emotive, highly politicised subject.As a general election approaches, the major political parties in the UK viewith each other to present credible, or perhaps more importantly acceptable,immigration policies to the electorate. Whilst recognising this fact, thispaper takes an instrumental approach and focuses its attention on illegalimmigration which, all too plainly, is a bad thing not only because it is con-trary to law but also because of the human suffering it causes. Particularlysignificant in the context of this paper; illegal immigration strengthens andsustains criminal networks, many of which now claim influence across theglobe. This paper has a particular UK bias but the themes explored shouldbe familiar to many engaged in law enforcement in Member States.

The Three Ages of Modern Policing."The great forces of historical change"including advances in technology, transport and communications have "trans-formed the texture of the developed world in the second half of the 20th Century"(Garland 2001: 78). Nowhere have these changes been more keenly felt than inlaw enforcement.1

AdrianJames

. S I A K - J O U R N A L

Criminal Networks

The challenge to Policing the 21 st Centur y?

Anmerkung derRedaktion:

Eine bildliche Darstellungdes Autors ist nicht

möglich, da verdeckteErmittlungen gefährdet

werden könnten und/odereine Gefährdung desAutors nicht auszu-

schließen wäre.

to vie = wetteifernelectorate = Wählerschaftsuffering = Leidenbias = Ausrichtungadvances = Fortschrittkeenly = stark, scharf

THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY

Vocabulary:

revenue = Einkommen, Einkommensquelleto contextualise = in einen Kontext setzen,

in einen Zusammenhang setzenelection = Wahl

Images from the beginning of the20th century – local criminals and

the local “bobby”.(Pictures: West Midlands Police,

www.constabulary.com).

Ausgabe03-05_Druck65-05.qxp 11.08.2005 10:37 Seite 20

21

AUSGABE 3/2005

Modern policing in the UK began in Londonin 1829 but until the 1950s was still verymuch local in character. Constables livedamongst the communities they served.Police work meant uniformed foot patrolsthat aimed to catch offenders in the act orto deter crime by maintaining a highly visi-ble presence in the community and littleelse. For much of the 20th Century officershad access only to rudimentary communi-cation equipment; constables reported totheir supervisors from a police box sited ontheir beat. Even when radio equipment be-came available, doubts about its efficiencymeant that Scotland Yard continued to

publish guidance to patrol officers urgentlyneeding their colleagues' assistance to;blow three times on their police whistle orat night to, shine their torch in the directionof other police officers.2

The second half of the 20th Century, re-ferred to by sociologists such as Garland(2001) as "late-modernity", was charac-terised by rapid advances in technology,communications and transport but also by;increasing crime rates and opportunitiesfor crime, reduced situational controls andrelaxation of informal controls in society.The police responded inter alia by adoptinga reactive policing style known as "unitbeat" policing. Officers were distancedfrom their communities by being put intopatrol cars so that they would better beable to provide a rapid response to emer-gency calls.

During this period the police generallywaited for crimes to occur and then re-sponded to events with their new "scientif-ic" detection techniques.3 Basic scienceepitomised by techniques such as; finger-printing or scene examination for toolmarks etc. gave way to more sophisticatedtechniques such as DNA examination andbiometrics but the principles remained thesame. The police reacted to events; fulfill-ing their primary mandate of emergencyorder maintenance (Reiner 2000: 136).

Modern policing in the UK began in

London in 1829 but until the 1950s

was still very much local in character.


THE 1960s

Vocabulary:

constable = Polizist, Exekutivbeamter uniformed foot patrol = uniformierte Fußpatrouilleto deter = abschrecken, abhaltento maintain = beibehalten, erhaltenequipment = Ausrüstung, Ausstattungbeat = Rayon, Revierguidance = Orientierungshilfe, Anweisungwhistle = Pfeife, Trillerpfeifetorch = Fackel, Taschenlampeto refer to = verweisen (auf), hinweisen (auf)relaxation = Entspannung, Lockerungto provide = liefern, bieten, vorsehento occur = sich ereignen, vorfallen, eintretendetection = Erkennungto epitomise = verkörpernsophisticated = fortgeschritten

For much of the 20th Century officers

had access only to rudimentary

communication equipment;

constables reported to their

supervisors from a police box

sited on their beat.

Images from the 1960s – police control room and unit beat or “panda” car and Constable.(Pictures: West Midlands Police,

Cambridgeshire Police).


22

AUSGABE 3/2005

breaking down while others such asGiddens have argued persuasively that thephenomena characterised as "post-mod-ern" are usually just the more extreme in-stances of a fully developed modernity (ci-ted in Gauntlett 2002).

Whichever theory one subscribes to it isclear that the pace of change has quick-ened. The Internet has created new crimesand facilitated the wider commission ofmany "old" ones. There are more than 50million mobile telephones in the UK andthat number grows daily. A large proportionof these are of the pay-as-you-go variety;no self-respecting criminal would be with-out one. Text messaging, unheard of twen-ty years ago is now for many, the preferredform of communication. This mass of com-munication and electronic data has createda "data-smog".

In the policing sector the result has beenbifurcation; increasing emphasis on devel-oping more proactive, national structureswith all the technological "wizardry" avail-able to combat transnational crime but also(perhaps, learning from the failed experi-ment of unit beat policing) an increasingrecognition of the importance of servicedelivery; of continuing to meet local needsby encouraging greater community in-volvement to enhance problem-solving ac-tivities that may provide sustainable solu-tions to policing problems. At first glancethese may be perceived to be competingpriorities but one need only consider thelived reality of many local communities fac-ing for example; widespread drugs prob-lems or gun crime to begin to see a priori

A little simplistic perhaps because duringthis period there was the emergence ofScot-land Yard's Criminal IntelligenceBranch and the establishment of regionalcriminal intelligence offices but these unitsrepresented only a tiny fraction of police re-sources.

The third phase from the 1980s to thepresent is characterised by an information-soaked environment. Sociologists such asLyon (1999) have suggested that societyhas moved into the post-modern age; thatsociety, as it is commonly understood, is


emphasis = Schwerpunkt, Betonung, Gewichtungwizardry = Hexereidelivery = Zustellung, Lieferungto enhance = erweitern, verbessernsustainable = anhaltendto perceive = wahrnehmen, erkennencompeting = konkurrierend

Vocabulary:

soaked = durchdrungenpersuasively = überzeugendpace = Tempo, Schrittcommission = Verübung, Begehungpay-as-you-go (mobile phone) = Wert-

karten (-telefon)

MOBILE PHONE SUBSCRIBERS (2003)

The number of MobileTelephone Subscribers in the

European Union 2003.(Source: CNN.com)

1,000.000 –3,000.000

3,000.001 –5,000.000

5,000.001 –7,000.000

7,000.001 –9,000.000

11,000.001 –13,000.000

20,000.001 –30,000.000

40,000.001 –50,000.000

50,000.001 –UP

N/A


23

AUSGABE 3/2005

that there are clear links between transna-tional crime and local problems. This alsohighlights another, often overlooked, truth.Every major criminal, every member ofevery criminal network lives within a com-munity and on some local police officer's"patch". Properly exploited, the local intelli-gence opportunities routinely afforded canbe useful adjuncts to the more sophisticat-ed intelligence gathering methods that onemight usually consider when discussingtransnational crime and these opportuni-ties must not be ignored.

The Risk Society. Risk management hasbecome an essential element of modernpolicing. Though to many citizens only themost abstract of notions, there is an impor-tant connection between corporate riskmanagement and routine policing interven-tions. Ericson and Haggerty's thesis Poli-cing the Risk Society (1997) attempts to liftthe analysis of policing in late modernityout of the narrow field of crime control andinto the field of governance (O'Malley 1999cited in Campbell 2004). They suggest thatthe police have become information bro-kers to institutions such as insurance com-panies, and other organisations that oper-ate based on knowledge of risk. In turn,these institutions influence the ways thatpolice officers think and act and that theseinstitutions are part of a "risk society" wheresuch knowledge is used to control danger.It has been argued that though the man-agement of risk is increasingly important"policing intervention in the lives of othersin the name of law and order, peace-keep-ing, crime fighting and community safety is


Vocabulary:

exploited = ausgenutzt, ausgebeutetadjunct = Zusatz, Beifügung, Beigabe, Attributnarrow = beschränkt, engbroker = Makler, Maklerin, Vermittlerprevailing = vorherrschend, überwiegendoverwhelming = überwältigendvulnerability = Verwundbarkeit, Verletzbarkeit

GROWTH OF THE INTERNET

popularly demanded and expected" (i.e.,that the lived reality of our communitiescannot be ignored) and that Ericson andHaggerty's work fails to adequately explorethe relationship between the police's riskmanagement role and the "prevailingstructures of belief in policing's ability toactually manage risk" (Campbell 2004).The public's confidence in the police tomanage that risk may largely be a questionof faith. That faith, or trust, is negotiatedand renegotiated each day through thetens of thousands of routine interactionsthat take place between police and public;the overwhelming majority of which takeplace at the local level. It is for this reasonthat the bifurcation described, far frombeing problematic, is so very necessary ifpublic confidence and support is to beretained.

Corporate concern with risk is a productof the information-soaked environment, ofglobalisation and what it brings; a sense ofvulnerability in being part of a world sys-tem. Often, risks cannot be delimited spa-tially and may become ever more difficultto manage because of their global nature.In the past risks were largely perceptible:today the risks are "global, implicit in post-industrialisation and in the main unseen"

Often, risks cannot be delimited

spatially and may become ever

more difficult to manage because

of their global nature. Risk

management has become an

essential element of modern policing.

6.000,000.000

4.000,000.000

2.000,000.000

1977 1987 1992 2001 2002 by 2010

Growth of the Internet:1977: 111 hosts1987: 10.000 hosts1992: 1,000.000 hosts2001: 150 – 175 million hosts2002: over 200 million hostsby 2010: about 80% of the planet

will be on the internet.

Number of hosts:


24

AUSGABE 3/2005

(Coker 2002). In the information bog of late-modernity, there are few certainties.The key to effective risk management is credible, actionable intelligence.Recognising this, law enforcement agencies around the world are reassessingtheir intelligence gathering capabilities. In the USA, in the wake of the catastroph-ic events of 9/11, the first director of national intelligence has been appointed. Hewill have authority over the budgets of the 15 US intelligence agencies and will beable to order the collection of new intelligence, information sharing between agen-cies and establish common standards for the management of intelligence. In 2003,the discovery of a terrorist plot to use poison gas on the streets of London and thedevastation wrought by the Madrid bombings of 2004 have given a new impetusto the reform of intelligence management but in the UK at least, as recent well-publicised intelligence failures testify, there is still much to do.4

Illegal Immigration to the European Union. There has always been illegal immi-gration. In the past these enterprises were essentially small-scale; now humansmuggling and trafficking are big business and few migrants make their journey tothe West without assistance. The routes taken by migrants to enter the EU are wellestablished.5 The enlargement of the EU free movement zone in 2004 brought theEU's borders closer to many would-be migrants but whilst more effective (or atleast, the promise of more effective) policing in the EU Accession countries hasshifted the nexus points eastwards to Russia, Turkey and the Ukraine, illegal immi-gration to the free movement zone has not reduced significantly.

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime reports that globally each year,500,000 to 700,000 people are trafficked and that this evil trade earns criminalgangs between $12 and $20 billion annually (UNODC 2003).6 Evidence suggeststhat facilitation networks prefer to work within their own ethnic or family back-ground. Migrants may be charged anything from £2,000 to £20,000 to enter theUK, dependent on the route travelled and the level of risk of capture or discoveryas assessed by the smugglers (who usually carry out their own dynamic risk analy-ses).7

There have been some audacious and high profile attempts to enter the UK ille-gally. In February 2000, nine Afghans seized a passenger aircraft on a flight fromKabul and eventually landed the plane near London. The whole question of whe-ther this was a real hijacking or simply mass illegal immigration has been the sub-ject of much debate but events such as these can distract attention from thegreater problem. The truth is that few migrants are able to reach the West unaid-ed and they are usually willing to pay handsomely for the assistance. Criminal net-works provide counterfeit identity and travel documents to those with the means topay and will often provide expert help to facilitate migrants' journeys. At Heathrow


accession = Beitrittassessed = eingeschätzt, beurteilt, bewertetaudacious = wagemutig, mutig, kühnhijacking = Entführungunaided = ganz allein, ohne Unterstützungcounterfeit = Fälschung

Vocabulary:

bog = Sumpf, Morastdevastation = Verwüstungimpetus = Anstoß, Auftriebtestify = bezeugen

In the USA, in the wake of the

catastrophic events of 9/11, the

first director of national

intelligence has been appointed.

The routes taken by migrants to enter

the EU are well established.

Migrants may be charged

anything from £2,000 to £20,000

to enter the UK.


25

AUSGABE 3/2005

Airport up to 50 individuals a week areintercepted with counterfeit documents thathave been supplied by criminal networks.Parcels containing hundreds of counterfeitpassports are regularly seized at UK portsin the possession of couriers or are inter-cepted in the mail.8 Commonly such docu-ments have been counterfeited in Thailandwhere there is a thriving forgery and coun-terfeiting network although there are anumber of other countries where the man-ufacture of EU passports is an equally prof-itable business.

Organised Crime Groups or CriminalNetworks? The smuggling of migrants andhuman trafficking by criminal networks arereal problems facing Member States. Muchof the literature on serious and organisedcrime describes the organisational forms attheir heart as "organised crime groups" butas Williams (2003) notes "most criminal ac-tivities are initiated by individuals or smallgroups and can best be understood as"disorganised crime"". This does not meanto suggest that "organised crime" is a chi-mera. Crime groups exist but few moderngroups conform to media-driven imagesand it is probably more accurate to de-scribe them as criminal networks. A crimi-nal network is a "highly sophisticated orga-nizational form" with the capacity to infil-trate the legal economy, undermine publicmorals and neutralize law enforcementthrough corruption at national, regional andeven global level (Williams 2003a). Suchnetworks are often characterised by signif-icant linkages between people, places and

The smuggling of migrants and

human trafficking by criminal

networks are real problems facing

Member States.

events. These networks pose the singlegreatest challenge to law enforcementagencies in the 21st Century.

In many countries criminal networkshave infiltrated both private and publicinstitutions and as a result have blurred theline between licit and illicit activity. Forexample, it is broadly accepted that Rus-sian-speaking criminal networks are activein many neighbouring countries including,Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Georgia andtheir reach extends into much of Europeand North America. Infiltration of these net-works is always difficult, often impossible.Prosecutions must be painstakingly as-sembled and can take a great deal of timeduring which the network may be able tooperate relatively unhindered.9

Increasingly, criminal networks operateacross a range of markets and in multiplejurisdictions for example, Chinese criminalnetworks in Europe are involved in humantrafficking but they are also involved in


Vocabulary:

to intercept = auffangen, abfangencourier = Kurierthriving = prächtig gedeihend, blühend, florierendforgery = Fälschungto undermine = untergrabenlicit = gesetzmäßig, erlaubt, gesetzlichpainstakingly = sorgfältigunhindered = ohne Hindernis

A criminal network is a "highly

sophisticated organizational form"

with the capacity to infiltrate the legal

economy, undermine public morals

and neutralize law enforcement

through corruption at national,

regional and even global level.

EUROPEAN MAP – SMUGGLING ROUTES

Main Smuggling Routes

Central and Eastern European

North russian

Balkan

East Mediterranean

Drug trafficking and human smuggling routes.(Source: Europol 2004).


26

AUSGABE 3/2005

networks and the NIM can only take UKlaw enforcement so far. The challenge forpolicing is to look beyond the UK's bordersand to work even more effectively with itsEuropean partners. The National Intelli-gence Model (NIM) provides a mechanismfor the coordination of UK law enforcementactivity but to continue that success allMember States' governments and lawenforcement agencies must think andbehave much more in network terms andcreate systems based on professionalism,trust and the free flow of intelligence thatallow the same flexibility of action as thecriminal networks they aim to dismantle(Williams 2003). Member States requirelocal systems that ensure that local intelli-gence opportunities are exploited andcommunity confidence is maintained andnational structures that can capture thatintelligence, add value to it and ensure thatfinite resources are allocated to identifiedpriorities but as this paper has indicated; inthe data smog of late-modernity nationalstructures are, by definition, limited in theircapacity to meet the challenge of transna-tional criminality.

As criminality increasingly ignores natio-nal boundaries there is an urgent need forharmonisation of national processes to pro-duce a "European Intelligence Model" thatwill support the development of standard-ised intelligence products that may moreeasily be exchanged between the law en-forcement agencies of all Member States.Only then can European law enforcementagencies truly claim to be making progressagainst transnational criminal networks.

Sophisticated organisational

responses are required to meet this

challenge.

drug trafficking, money laundering and themanufacture and sale of counterfeit goods(NCIS 2004). Most of the known illegal im-migration routes are also well-establisheddrug trafficking routes. It is probably wrongto view the problems that networks createas "the immigration problem" or "the drugsproblem" or the "counterfeit goods prob-lem" but rather as the more generic "trans-national crime problem".

Organisational Responses. Sophistica-ted organisational responses are requiredto meet this challenge. The continuing de-velopment of the Schengen arrangements,the growth of Europol and increasing coop-eration in the areas of justice and homeaffairs, shows that the EU and its MemberStates are working hard to improve intelli-gence-gathering and the coordination oflaw enforcement activity. In the area of ille-gal immigration the EU has established theRisk Analysis Centre (RAC) that is basedin Helsinki. The centre's purpose is to con-duct threat assessments and risk analysesof illegal immigration and to report on thosefindings for the benefit of Member States.10

The UK's response is the National Intelli-gence Model (NIM) that was introduced in2000 by the UK National Criminal Intelli-gence Service. The purpose of the NIM is"to provide strategic direction, to make tac-tical resourcing decisions about opera-tional policing and to manage risk (HomeOffice 2004)". The model stresses the im-portance of accurate evidence-based intel-ligence assessments, presented in stan-dardised formats that enable decision-makers to prioritise resources and to makeeffective and timely interventions. The NIMrepresents an attempt to ameliorate prob-lems by enabling decision-makers to dothe best thing on the balance of the avail-able evidence rather than just doing something.

Conclusions. The UK is not alone in fac-ing the challenge of transnational criminal

Most of the known illegal immigra-

tion routes are also well-established

drug trafficking routes.


Vocabulary:

money laundering = Geldwäscheto ameliorate = verbessernto dismantle = demontieren, abbauen, abbrechenprogress = Fortschritt

The challenge for policing is to look

beyond the UK's borders and to

work even more effectively with its

European partners.


27

AUSGABE 3/2005

Die illegale Immigration stellt in vielen

Fällen die Haupteinkommensquelle

für kriminelle Netzwerke dar.

Quer durch ganz Europa ist die

Diskussion über den Themenbereich

Immigration nach wie vor sehr

emotionsgeladen und höchst politisch.

Das „National Intelligence Model“

kann die Polizeiarbeit in

Großbritannien nur bis zu einem

bestimmten Grad unterstützen.


Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit derZunahme krimineller Netzwerke und derArt und Weise, wie die zuständigen Or-gane der Rechtspflege11 die Struktur ih-rer “Intelligence Systems”12 diesen Ver-änderungen anpassen. Ziel dieser Um-strukturierungen ist es, den neuen Her-ausforderungen gerecht zu werden. Dieillegale Immigration stellt in vielen Fäl-len die Haupteinkommensquelle für kri-minelle Netzwerke dar. Diskussionendarüber und über illegale Immigrationfinden im Schatten einer umfassendenImmigrationsdebatte statt. Quer durchganz Europa ist die Diskussionüber denThemenbereich Immigration nach wievor sehr emotionsgeladen und höchstpolitisch. Als allgemeines Wahlkampf-thema wetteifern die führenden Parteienin Großbritannien mit einer glaubwürdi-gen oder vielleicht noch wichtiger, miteiner allgemein akzeptablen Immigrati-onspolitik um die Wählerschaft.

Großbritannien ist nicht allein mit denHerausforderungen durch transnationa-le kriminelle Netzwerken konfrontiert.Das "National Intelligence Model" kanndie Polizeiarbeit in Großbritannien nurbis zu einem bestimmten Grad unter-stützen. Die Herausforderung für dieÜberwachungstätigkeiten besteht in derAuseinandersetzung mit den Gegeben-heiten hinter den britischen Grenzenund in einer effektiveren und effiziente-ren Zusammenarbeit mit den europäi-schen Partnern.

Das "National Intelligence Model" bie-tet eine Unterstützung zur Koordinationvon polizeilichen Aktivitäten in Großbri-tannien. Um die erzielten Erfolge auf-recht zu erhalten, müssen die Regie-

rungen aller EU-Mitgliedsländer und dieOrgane der Rechtspflege nicht nur ver-netzter denken, sondern auch handeln.Weiters sollten bzw. müssen Möglich-keiten des Informationsaustauschesgeschaffen werden, die auf Professio-nalität, Vertrauen und frei fließendemDatenaustausch beruhen. Diese Syste-me müssen im Endergebnis über die-selbe Flexibilität und Schnelligkeit ver-fügen wie die der kriminellen Netzwer-ke, die sie zu zerschlagen versuchen.Die einzelnen Staaten benötigen dafüreigene lokale Systeme, die garantieren,dass lokale Informationsflüsse ausge-nützt werden können und eine ausrei-chende Vertrauensbasis vorherrscht.Ein wichtiges Element ist auch, dassdie begrenzten Ressourcen den defi-nierten Schwerpunktbereichen zugeteiltwerden. Allerdings beschreibt dieserBeitrag auch ausführlich, dass für na-tionale Strukturen nach heutiger Defini-tion die transnationalen agierenden Kri-minalitätsnetzwerke eine große Heraus-forderung darstellen.

Da die Kriminalität zunehmend natio-nale Grenzen ignoriert, herrscht eindringender Bedarf an einer Harmonisie-rung nationalstaatlicher Prozesse in derEU. Dies ist die Voraussetzung ein "Eu-ropean Intelligence Model" entwickelnzu können. Ein solches Modell sollte dieMöglichkeit bieten, einen standardisier-ten Informationsfluss zwischen den Or-ganen der Rechtspflege zu gewährleis-ten. Nur so können die europäischenzuständigen Einrichtungen wirklich be-haupten, dass sie den Herausforderun-gen der transnationalen kriminellenNetzwerken entgegentreten können.

Zusammenfassung


28

AUSGABE 3/2005

Der Beitrag beschreibt ausführlich,

dass für nationale Strukturen

nach heutiger Definition

die transnationalen agierenden

Kriminalitätsnetzwerke eine große

Herausforderung darstellen.

Da die Kriminalität zunehmend

nationale Grenzen ignoriert, herrscht

ein dringender Bedarf an einer

Harmonisierung nationalstaatlicher

Prozesse in der EU.


Weiterführende Literatur und Links:

Campbell, D. (2004). Police Narrative in the Risk

Society. British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 44:5

September 2004.

Coker, C. (2002). Security, Independence and Liberty

after 9/11 retrieved 04/10/2004 from http://www.

21stcenturytrust.org/post911.htm.

Garland, D. (2001). The Culture of Control: Oxford.

Gauntlett, D. (2002). Media, Gender and Identity: An

Introduction,London and New York (Extracts available

at www.theory.org.uk).

Lyon, D. (1999). Postmodernity (Concepts in the Social

Sciences): Buckinghamshire.

NCIS (2000). The National Intelligence Model: London,

National Criminal Intelligence Service.

Home Office (2004). The National Policing Plan 2004-

2007: London, Home Office.

NCIS (2004). UK Threat Assessment 2003: London,

National Criminal Intelligence Service.

Williams, P. (2003). Organised Crime, and Cyber-

crime: Synergies, Trends and Responses retrieved

04/10/2004 from http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itgic/

0801/ijge/gj07.htm.

Williams, P. (2003). Transnational Criminal Networks

retrieved 04/10/2004 from www.rand.org/publica-

tions/MR/MR1382/MR1382.ch3.pdf.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2003).

retrieved 04/10/2004 from http://www.unodc.org/unodc/

en/publications/publications_trafficking.html.

1 This paper builds on the notion of policing set out by

Brian Flood of the UK's National Criminal Intelligence

Service in his paper “Are we really serious about intel-

ligence…“ Delivered at the National Crime Squad HQ

on 14th July 2004.

2 From the now defunct Metropolitan Police Instruction

Book, once mandatory reading for recruits (incidentally,

these instructions were still in force in 1977 when this

paper's author joined the service).

3 For example, White, P.C. (2003) Crime Scene to

Court: Essentials of Forensic Science. London, Royal

Society of Chemistry.

4 For example, HM Government's dossier on Weapons

of Mass Destruction.

5 Source – Tor Burman, Europol Serious Crime Depart-

ment, Illegal Immigration Group.

6 UN Office on Drugs & Crime 2003.

7 UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office 2003.

8 Data obtained from a member of the Heathrow Human

Smuggling Team, September 2004.

9 Based on the author's experience.

10 Threat Assessment – criminal pressure towards the

EU external borders; risk analysis – vulnerabilities of

society and the EU external border security system

itself.

11 Die Begrifflichkeit wurde in Absprache mit dem Autor

gewählt.

12 Da es im Deutschen keine allgemein gültige, gene-

relle Übersetzung für den Terminus "Intelligence Sys-

tem" gibt, wurde der englische Ausdruck beibehalten.

Generell kann unter diesem Terminus die Summe der

Mittel zur Verbrechensbekämpfung, welche vor allem

umfassende Informationssysteme, technische Hilfsmit-

tel sowie sämtliches zur Verfügung stehendes Know-

how sind, verstanden werden.

Literaturhinweise


Documents

James, Adrian (2005) - BMI · 2017. 8. 22. · Adrian James BSc (Hons), MSc., Intelligence Manager, London Metropolitan Police, Specialist Crime Directorate, New Scotland Yard & Department